150:
Nonetheless, once oligomerized or aggregated, alpha-synuclein is likely degraded by macroautophagy instead of CMA. Interestingly, A53T and A30P mutants of alpha-synuclein are poorly degraded by CMA, but are instead degraded by macroautophagy. Furthermore, the alpha-synuclein mutants inhibit CMA, reducing CMA-mediated degradation of alpha-synuclein and survival factor MEF2D. Concomitant with the inhibition of CMA, overexpression of alpha-synuclein mutants results in a compensatory activation of macroautophagy. Activation of macroautophagy is also evident in cells treated with neurotoxin MPP+, a well-established model for
Parkinsonism, or following overexpression of GPR37, another protein that is present in Lewy bodies. Finally, recent studies reveal that macroautophagy also plays a role in the turnover of fragmented mitochondria. These observations highlight the potential involvement of the autophagic pathways in the pathogenesis of PD.
217:
223:
91:
149:
There are 3 types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Deregulation of both macroautophagy and CMA are implicated in the pathogenesis of PD. CMA is involved in the degradation of soluble wildtype alpha-synuclein, the major constituent of Lewy bodies.
659:{{Information |Description={{en|1='''Implication of autophagy deregulation in Parkinson's disease (PD).'''<br/> There are 3 types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). Deregulation of both macroautophagy and
736:
43:
731:
642:
264:– You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
195:
475:
387:
351:
769:
This file contains additional information, probably added from the digital camera or scanner used to create or digitize it.
570:
533:
496:
441:
407:
335:
468:
371:
318:
772:
If the file has been modified from its original state, some details may not fully reflect the modified file.
746:
678:
57:
53:
47:
233:
102:
230:
70:
110:
652:
202:
This picture is part of a paper distributed under CC-by 2.0 as stated in the link provided.
701:
711:
97:
641:
636:
175:
61:
42:
673:
721:
696:
609:
Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.
146:
Implication of autophagy deregulation in
Parkinson's disease (PD).
756:
85:
302:
Add a one-line explanation of what this file represents
129:
109:
Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.
158:
Papel de la
Autofagia en la enfermedad de Parkinson
737:Биология клетки/Часть 1. Клетка как она есть/9/10
75:(960 × 720 pixels, file size: 148 KB, MIME type:
90:
216:
8:
271:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0
247:– to copy, distribute and transmit the work
774:
611:
298:
689:The following other wikis use this file:
388:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
457:f95f9847582ac3e531c4b20388e6971c6dd73aff
776:
671:
584:
568:
547:
531:
510:
494:
455:
439:
421:
405:
385:
369:
349:
333:
316:
313:
294:
287:
732:Биология клетки/Одностраничная версия
669:The following 2 pages use this file:
7:
600:
222:
767:
307:
301:
238:
213:
152:
139:
122:
68:
306:
277:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0
292:
258:Under the following conditions:
229:This file is licensed under the
221:
215:
89:
31:
21:
289:
153:
140:
14:
288:
26:
1:
36:
314:Items portrayed in this file
798:
753:Usage on zh.wikipedia.org
743:Usage on te.wikipedia.org
728:Usage on ru.wikibooks.org
718:Usage on ja.wikipedia.org
708:Usage on he.wikipedia.org
693:Usage on cs.wikipedia.org
702:Programovaná buněčná smrt
601:
16:
291:
234:Attribution 3.0 Unported
167:Published september 2009
96:This is a file from the
658:
190:
182:
171:
166:
163:
132:
100:. Information from its
679:User:Jamir1234/sandbox
103:description page there
46:Size of this preview:
637:12:50, 15 April 2010
469:determination method
253:– to adapt the work
52:Other resolutions:
785:
784:
685:Global file usage
662:
372:copyright license
300:
206:
205:
199:
196:Reusing this file
118:
117:
98:Wikimedia Commons
32:Global file usage
789:
775:
649:
589:
552:
515:
478:
473:
336:copyright status
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
231:Creative Commons
225:
224:
219:
218:
193:
178:, Biomed Central
157:
144:
136:
130:
114:
93:
92:
86:
80:
78:
65:
62:960 × 720 pixels
58:640 × 480 pixels
54:320 × 240 pixels
48:800 × 600 pixels
797:
796:
792:
791:
790:
788:
787:
786:
763:
683:
663:
655:
647:
603:
602:
599:
598:
597:
596:
595:
594:
593:
592:
590:
587:
577:
576:
575:
573:
562:
561:
560:
559:
558:
557:
556:
555:
553:
550:
540:
539:
538:
536:
525:
524:
523:
522:
521:
520:
519:
518:
516:
513:
503:
502:
501:
499:
488:
487:
486:
485:
484:
483:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
471:
462:
461:
460:
458:
448:
447:
446:
444:
433:
432:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
426:
424:
414:
413:
412:
410:
399:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
392:
390:
378:
377:
376:
374:
363:
362:
361:
360:
359:
358:
357:
356:
354:
342:
341:
340:
338:
327:
326:
325:
324:
323:
321:
305:
304:
303:
286:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
237:
226:
212:
207:
176:Molecular Brain
159:
151:
134:
127:
120:
119:
108:
107:
106:is shown below.
82:
76:
74:
67:
66:
51:
12:
11:
5:
795:
793:
783:
782:
779:
766:
762:
761:
760:
759:
751:
750:
749:
741:
740:
739:
734:
726:
725:
724:
716:
715:
714:
706:
705:
704:
699:
687:
686:
682:
681:
676:
667:
666:
661:
660:
657:
653:
650:
644:
639:
634:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
607:
606:
591:
585:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
574:
569:
567:
566:
565:
564:
563:
554:
548:
546:
545:
544:
543:
542:
541:
537:
532:
530:
529:
528:
527:
526:
517:
511:
509:
508:
507:
506:
505:
504:
500:
495:
493:
492:
491:
490:
489:
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
459:
456:
454:
453:
452:
451:
450:
449:
445:
440:
438:
437:
436:
435:
434:
425:
422:
420:
419:
418:
417:
416:
415:
411:
406:
404:
403:
402:
401:
400:
391:
386:
384:
383:
382:
381:
380:
379:
375:
370:
368:
367:
366:
365:
364:
355:
350:
348:
347:
346:
345:
344:
343:
339:
334:
332:
331:
330:
329:
328:
322:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
297:
296:
293:
290:
268:
267:
266:
265:
256:
255:
254:
248:
241:You are free:
228:
227:
214:
211:
208:
204:
203:
200:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
173:
169:
168:
165:
161:
160:
137:
128:
126:
123:
121:
116:
115:
94:
84:
83:
45:
41:
40:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
794:
780:
777:
773:
770:
764:
758:
755:
754:
752:
748:
745:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
730:
729:
727:
723:
720:
719:
717:
713:
710:
709:
707:
703:
700:
698:
695:
694:
692:
691:
690:
684:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
664:
656:
651:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
613:
612:
610:
604:
572:
535:
498:
477:
470:
443:
409:
389:
373:
353:
337:
320:
263:
260:
259:
257:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
240:
239:
235:
232:
220:
209:
201:
197:
192:
189:
186:Cheung and Ip
185:
181:
177:
174:
170:
162:
156:
148:
147:
143:
138:
135:Autophagy.jpg
131:
124:
112:
105:
104:
99:
95:
88:
87:
81:
72:
71:Original file
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
38:
35:
33:
30:
28:
25:
23:
20:
18:
15:
771:
768:
697:Buněčná smrt
688:
668:
654:Gustavocarra
608:
605:File history
261:
250:
244:
154:
145:
141:
111:You can help
101:
69:
22:File history
352:copyrighted
262:attribution
133:Description
778:_error
674:Cell death
665:File usage
646:960 × 720
622:Dimensions
423:image/jpeg
408:media type
274:CC BY 3.0
191:Permission
77:image/jpeg
27:File usage
619:Thumbnail
616:Date/Time
497:data size
210:Licensing
155:Español:
142:English:
765:Metadata
712:מוות תאי
648:(148 KB)
512:151,754
442:checksum
295:Captions
251:to remix
245:to share
236:license.
37:Metadata
747:ఆటోఫాగి
633:current
628:Comment
319:depicts
299:English
125:Summary
73:
534:height
183:Author
172:Source
588:pixel
571:width
551:pixel
476:SHA-1
625:User
586:960
549:720
514:byte
283:true
280:true
164:Date
17:File
722:細胞死
757:自噬
472::
60:|
56:|
50:.
781:0
198:)
194:(
113:.
79:)
64:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.