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Brussels. of authority, the uncertainty in point of faith, and the
Vaudois heresy, whichshot through Western Europe like a poisoned barb, gave rise to frequentdissensions amongst the faithful, the disputes being carried on even amongstmembers of the same family, whilst in many localities the people, attractedby a form of worship where the chanting and the prayers were recited in thevulgar tongue, deserted their parish church for the heretic priest; this was 294 THE SECULAR CLERGY. the origin of an infinity of disturbances and tumults in the large towns,especially in those governed by a municipality. And yet the bishops had contributed in a material degree to theestablishment of the communes ;
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233), but the enormousexpenses of these distant expeditions had ruined it. There was not, indeed,a single diocese where the property was not loaded with mortgages, norwhere the services were not crippled by the reduction of the diocesanrevenues. This penury, coupled with the absence of a great number of the THE SECULAR CLERGY. 2Q3 most esteemed ecclesiastics, who had taken up the cross, left many importantchurches almost without resources or guidance; hence arose a generalrelaxation of morals on the part of the clerks, whose misconduct was in somecases so flagrant that it became necessary to expel them from the religioushouses and parishes which had been committed to their charge. The abuses
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al domain of the diocesan chapter. When the
Crusades brought about the concord, or rather the calm, ofwhich the Church had so long been deprived, its progress became moreregular, more marked, and more easy; it also suffered less from the encroach-ment of laymen upon its rights and privileges (Fig.
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Fig. 233.—Treaty of Arras, concluded in 1191, by the interposition of
William of Champagne,Archbishop of Eheims, between Baldwin V., Count of Hainault, and Matilda of Portugal,Widow of Philip, Count of Flanders.—Miniature from the Chroniques de Hainaut(Fifteenth Century), Burgundian Library,
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