121:(B) The procedure of insect transformation via transgenic symbionts is depicted. Here two orders are represented: reduviids (Hemiptera) on the left panel and mosquitoes (Diptera) on the right panel. (I) Bacteria or viruses symbionts can be genetically modified to express a gene blocking parasite development in vectors’ tissues. (II) Symbiotic bacteria are transformed with plasmids (blue) expressing a gene (green) to inhibit parasite development in the insect gut. Alternatively, the viral genome (red) is inserted into a plasmid (blue) and manipulated to express a transgene (green). Viral particles can be generated by the expression of such a plasmid in insect cells. (III) Insect hosts acquired the transformed symbionts through larvae or nymph feeding, or through thoracic injection. (IV) Once obtained,, the microorganisms can express proteins to inhibit pathogen development (2).
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