25:
425:(DOS 4.0 onward) and compatibles to support CD-ROM and network file systems. Instead of adding code to the kernel, as in the old scheme, or using kernel facilities as in the kernel-based scheme, it traps all calls to a file and identifies if it should be redirected to the kernel's equivalent function or if it has to be handled by the specific filesystem driver, and the filesystem driver "directly" access the disk contents using low-level
381:
thresholds. These may cause user access to be suspended to a specific structure (usually to the displeasure of the user or users effected) or may be started as low priority asynchronous tasks or they may be deferred to a time of low user activity. Sometimes these routines are invoked or scheduled by the system manager or as in the case of
482:) for VFAT, the ISO9660 filesystem driver (along with Joliet), network shares, and third party filesystem drivers, as well as adding to the original DOS APIs the LFN API (that IFS drivers can not only intercept the already existent DOS file APIs but also add new ones from within the 32-bit protected mode executable).
377:
blocks included in linked structures. Incomplete structures or other inconsistencies may be caused by device or media errors, inadequate time between detection of impending loss of power and actual power loss, improper system shutdown or media removal, and on very rare occasions file system coding errors.
531:
For example, the ext2 driver for OS/2 is simply a wrapper from the Linux's VFS to the OS/2's IFS and the Linux's ext2 kernel-based, and the HFS driver for OS/2 is a port of the hfsutils to the OS/2's IFS. There also exists a project that uses a
Windows NT IFS driver for making NTFS work under Linux.
376:
As a filesystem is used directories, files and records may be added, deleted or modified. This usually causes inefficiencies in the underlying data structures. Things like logically sequential blocks distributed across the media in a way that causes excessive repositioning, partially used even empty
348:
Some of the metadata is maintained by the file system, for example last-modification date (and various other dates depending on the file system), location of the beginning of the file, the size of the file and if the file system backup utility has saved the current version of the files. These items
259:
API may be explicitly requested or implicitly invoked upon the issuance of the first operation by a process on an object. It may cause the mounting of removable media, establishing a connection to another host and validating the location and accessibility of the object. It updates system structures
224:
Writing user data to a file system is provided for use directly by the user program or the run-time library. The run-time library for some programming languages may provide type conversion, formatting and blocking. Some file systems provide identification of records by key and may include re-writing
356:
Some applications store more metadata. For images the metadata may include the camera model and settings used to take the photo. For audio files, the meta data may include the album, artist who recorded the recording and comments about the recording which may be specific to a particular copy of the
352:
Additional meta data supported by some file systems may include the owner of the file, the group to which the file belongs as well as permissions and/or access control (i.e. What access and updates various users or groups may perform), and whether the file is normally visible when the directory is
319:
may cause dismounting or ejecting removable media and updating library and file system structures to indicate that the object is no longer in use. The minimal specification to the close references the object. Additionally, some file systems provide specifying a disposition of the object which may
306:
Depending on the programming language, additional specifications in the open may establish the modules to handle these conditions. Some libraries specify a library module to the file system permitting analysis should the opening program be unable to perform any meaningful action as a result of a
380:
Specialized routines in the file system are included to optimize or repair these structures. They are not usually invoked by the user directly but triggered within the file system itself. Internal counters of the number of levels of structures, number of inserted objects may be compared against
281:
a declaration that other processes may access the same object while the opening process is using the object (sharing). This may depend on the intent of the other process. In contrast, a declaration that no other process may access the object regardless of the other processes intent (exclusive
403:
With modular kernels it allows adding filesystems as any kernel module, even third party ones. With non-modular kernels however it requires the kernel to be recompiled with the new filesystem code (and in closed-source kernels, this makes third party filesystem impossible).
396:
It differs with the old schema in that the kernel itself uses its own facilities to talk with the filesystem driver and vice versa, as contrary to the kernel being the one that handles the filesystem layout and the filesystem the one that directly access the hardware.
507:
The advantage is that a filesystem can be made portable between operating systems as the high-level operating system functions it uses can be as common as ANSI C, but the disadvantage is that the API is unique to each application that implements one.
307:
failure. For example, if the failure is on the attempt to open the necessary input file, the only action may be to report the failure and abort the program. Some languages simply return a code indicating the type of failure which
527:
As all filesystems (at least the disk ones) need equivalent functions provided by the kernel, it is possible to easily port a filesystem code from one API to another, even if they are of different types.
365:
Renaming a file, moving a file (or a subdirectory) from one directory to another and deleting a file are examples of the operations provide by the file system for the management of directories.
330:
A device error may occur on the media where the object is stored while writing buffered data, the completion structure or updating meta data related to the object (for example last access time).
440:
It is a cleaner scheme as the filesystem code is totally independent, it allows filesystems to be created for closed-source kernels and online filesystem additions or removals from the system.
470:
for providing a FAT filesystem driver in 32-bit protected mode, and cached, (VFAT) that bypassed the DOS FAT driver in the kernel (MSDOS.SYS) completely, and later in the
Windows 9x series (
357:
file (i.e. different copies of the same recording may have different comments as update by the owner of the file). Documents may include items like checked-by, approved-by, etc.
286:
These are requested via a programming language library which may provide coordination among modules in the process in addition to forwarding the request to the file system.
242:, may include a direction (forward or reverse) or in the case of a keyed file system, a specific key. As with writing run-time libraries may intercede for the user program.
100:
through which a utility or user program requests services of a file system. An operating system may provide abstractions for accessing different file systems transparently.
103:
Some file system APIs may also include interfaces for maintenance operations, such as creating or initializing a file system, verifying the file system for integrity, and
437:
The API is "driver-based" when the kernel provides facilities but the file system code resides totally external to the kernel (not even as a module of a modular kernel).
245:
Positioning includes adjusting the location of the next record. This may include skipping forward or reverse as well as positioning to the beginning or end of the file.
54:
393:
The API is "kernel-level" when the kernel not only provides the interfaces for the filesystems developers but is also the space in which the filesystem code resides.
485:
However that API was not completely documented, and third parties found themselves in a "make-it-by-yourself" scenario even worse than with kernel-based APIs.
327:
There may not be sufficient capacity on the media to save any data being buffered or to output a structure indicating that the object was successfully updated.
463:
In this API all filesystems are in the kernel, like in kernel-based APIs, but they are automatically trapped by another API, that is driver-based, by the OS.
2000:
497:
when the filesystem does not directly use kernel facilities but accesses disks using high-level operating system functions and provides functions in a
320:
indicate the object is to be discarded and no longer be part of the file system. Similar to the open, it must be expected that something may go wrong.
556:
721:
696:
181:
As additional file system types, hierarchy structure and supported media increased, additional features needed some specialized functions:
1953:
1428:
368:
Metadata operations such as permitting or restricting access the a directory by various users or groups of users are usually included.
1943:
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97:
76:
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913:
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The object or intent may be improperly specified (the name may include an unacceptable character or the intent is unrecognized).
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239:
226:
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37:
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41:
33:
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The process may be prohibited from accessing the object (it may be only accessible by a group or specific user).
58:
1819:
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The file system may be unable to create or update structures required to coordinate activities among users.
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listed. These items are usually modifiable by file system utilities which may be executed by the owner.
119:
400:
It is not the cleanest scheme but resolves the difficulties of major rewrite that has the old scheme.
333:
A specification to release the object may be inconsistent with other processes still using the object.
1974:
1935:
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568:
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1979:
1925:
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978:
573:
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315:
1969:
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1349:
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In the case of a new (or replacement) object, there may not be sufficient capacity on the media.
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The intended type of operations to be performed after the open (reads, updates, deletions)
194:
104:
1814:
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917:
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162:
More coordination such as device allocation and deallocation required the addition of:
1994:
1844:
1789:
1463:
1403:
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610:
Wiley - UNIX Filesystems: Evolution, Design, and
Implementation - By Steve D. Pate -
590:
O'Reilly - Windows NT File System
Internals, A Developer's Guide - By Rajeev Nagar -
289:
It must be expected that something may go wrong during the processing of the open.
1908:
1616:
1204:
1171:
1109:
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110:
Each operating system includes the APIs needed for the file systems it supports.
1606:
705:
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151:
91:
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263:
Usual requirements for requesting access to a file system object include:
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780:
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512:
150:
Some early operating systems were capable of handling only tape and disk
135:
337:
Considerations for handling a failure are similar to those of the open.
267:
The object which is to be accessed (file, directory, media and location)
1611:
1585:
1412:
1045:
1015:
906:
862:
170:
As file systems provided more services, more interfaces were defined:
637:
516:
311:
by the program, which decides what to report and if it can continue.
1621:
1530:
1525:
1329:
1030:
422:
600:
Microsoft Press - Inside
Windows NT File System - By Helen Custer -
1879:
1677:
1662:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1540:
1535:
1473:
1354:
1307:
1302:
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123:
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1141:
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448:
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407:
131:
127:
115:
678:
674:
1156:
1136:
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18:
501:
that a series of utilities use to access the filesystem.
345:
Information about the data in a file is called metadata.
620:
Microsoft Press - Inside
Windows NT - By Helen Custer -
225:
an existing record. This operation is sometimes called
274:
Additional information may be necessary, for example
154:. These provided the most basic of interfaces with:
1962:
1934:
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1394:
1320:
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638:
324:The specification of the object may be incorrect.
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
690:
349:cannot usually be altered by a user program.
8:
421:There is a variation of this scheme used in
523:Interoperatibility between file system APIs
1777:
1493:
1257:
743:
697:
683:
675:
504:This is useful for handling disk images.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
557:Filing Open Service Interface Definition
260:to indicate that the object is in use.
670:A FileSystem Abstraction System for Go
200:Multi-user systems required APIs for:
238:Reading user data, sometimes called
7:
2001:Application programming interfaces
14:
98:application programming interface
16:Application programming interface
511:Examples of this scheme are the
443:Examples of this scheme are the
23:
418:have used this modular scheme.
1:
459:Mixed kernel-driver-based API
126:systems can include APIs for
1870:Filesystem-level encryption
2022:
717:Comparison of file systems
542:Comparison of file systems
1780:
1496:
746:
712:
188:Data structure management
114:has file system APIs for
1820:Extended file attributes
1521:Compact Disc File System
466:This scheme was used in
220:Write, read and position
158:Write, read and position
32:This article includes a
1919:Installable File System
650:A Tour of the Linux VFS
563:Installable File System
235:(if the record exists)
177:File system maintenance
61:more precise citations.
967:TiVo Media File System
831:Encrypting File System
372:Filesystem maintenance
309:always must be checked
2006:Computer file systems
962:Macintosh File System
1975:GUID Partition Table
1322:Distributed parallel
1070:Shared File System (
569:List of file systems
361:Directory management
185:Directory management
1980:Apple Partition Map
1926:Virtual file system
1865:Access-control list
979:NetWare File System
574:Virtual file system
341:Metadata management
195:Non-data operations
174:Metadata management
1970:Master Boot Record
1795:Data deduplication
1434:Google File System
1350:Google File System
836:Extent File System
798:Byte File System (
655:Microsoft's IFSKit
643:2015-11-03 at the
552:Filename extension
493:The API is in the
207:Restricting access
34:list of references
1988:
1987:
1895:
1894:
1785:Case preservation
1691:
1690:
1390:
1389:
1316:
1315:
1078:Smart File System
191:Record management
112:Microsoft Windows
87:
86:
79:
2013:
1805:Execute in place
1778:
1511:Boot File System
1494:
1258:
794:Boot File System
744:
699:
692:
685:
676:
433:Driver-based API
414:systems such as
389:Kernel-level API
234:
229:
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1991:
1990:
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1984:
1958:
1930:
1914:File system API
1891:
1851:
1827:File change log
1769:
1745:Record-oriented
1718:Self-certifying
1687:
1644:
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1312:
1256:
1199:
1166:
739:
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729:Unix filesystem
708:
703:
645:Wayback Machine
634:
587:
582:
538:
525:
491:
461:
435:
391:
383:defragmentation
374:
363:
343:
251:
232:
227:
222:
217:
148:
142:to name a few.
105:defragmentation
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
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1857:Access control
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1815:File attribute
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1800:Data scrubbing
1797:
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1755:Steganographic
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1735:Log-structured
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1058:Reliance Nitro
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918:Classic Mac OS
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789:Be File System
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632:External links
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489:User space API
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249:Open and close
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166:Open and close
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122:file systems.
85:
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42:external links
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1790:Copy-on-write
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1909:File manager
1478:
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1205:Flash memory
1172:Optical disc
1110:soft updates
1090:Soup (Apple)
740:non-rotating
706:File systems
530:
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152:file systems
149:
118:and several
109:
102:
90:
88:
73:
67:January 2017
64:
53:Please help
45:
1875:Permissions
1490:Specialized
722:distributed
547:File system
468:Windows 3.1
451:respective
429:functions.
92:file system
59:introducing
1995:Categories
1901:Interfaces
1885:Sticky bit
1765:Versioning
1730:Journaling
1673:Rubberhose
1469:SMB (CIFS)
1261:host-side
580:References
495:user space
445:Windows NT
278:a password
210:Encryption
1760:Synthetic
1703:Clustered
1650:Encrypted
1581:OverlayFS
1190:ISO 13490
766:Amiga OFS
761:Amiga FFS
412:Unix-like
1845:Symbolic
1774:Features
1750:Semantic
1658:eCryptfs
1602:configfs
1571:SquashFS
1459:POHMELFS
1360:OrangeFS
1185:ISO 9660
1105:UFS/UFS2
1053:Reliance
1041:ReiserFS
887:Files-11
781:bcachefs
738:Disk and
660:hfsutils
641:Archived
536:See also
515:and the
513:hfsutils
136:ReiserFS
1963:Layouts
1949:Default
1612:debugfs
1586:UnionFS
1480:more...
1413:OpenAFS
1381:more...
1046:Reiser4
1016:OpenZFS
907:HAMMER2
863:ext3cow
843:Episode
585:Sources
499:library
204:Sharing
146:History
55:improve
1836:Links
1810:Extent
1740:Object
1708:Global
1626:specfs
1622:procfs
1617:kernfs
1595:Pseudo
1576:UMSDOS
1531:Davfs2
1526:cramfs
1464:Hadoop
1444:Lustre
1330:BeeGFS
1296:NILFS2
1031:QNX4FS
994:NILFS2
902:HAMMER
892:Fossil
665:adflib
624:
614:
604:
594:
559:(OSID)
517:adflib
423:MS-DOS
408:Unixes
138:, and
96:is an
1936:Lists
1880:Modes
1725:Flash
1696:Types
1678:SSHFS
1663:EncFS
1640:WinFS
1635:tmpfs
1630:sysfs
1607:devfs
1541:FTPFS
1536:EROFS
1474:SSHFS
1355:OCFS2
1308:UBIFS
1303:YAFFS
1291:NILFS
1286:LogFS
1281:JFFS2
1237:EROFS
1227:exFAT
1132:Xiafs
1115:WAPBL
1100:UBIFS
1011:OneFS
989:NILFS
984:Next3
974:MINIX
880:exFAT
808:Btrfs
776:AthFS
756:AdvFS
565:(IFS)
416:Linux
316:Close
282:use).
140:Btrfs
124:Linux
40:, or
1840:Hard
1832:Fork
1713:Grid
1566:MVFS
1561:NOVA
1556:LTFS
1551:Lnfs
1546:FUSE
1516:CDfs
1506:AXFS
1501:Aufs
1439:GPFS
1424:Coda
1375:Xsan
1365:PVFS
1345:GFS2
1340:CXFS
1335:Ceph
1276:JFFS
1271:CHFS
1252:NVFS
1242:F2FS
1232:TFAT
1217:APFS
1207:and
1151:z/OS
1142:Xsan
1127:WAFL
1122:VxFS
1095:Tux3
1085:SNFS
1067:SFS
1036:ReFS
1006:NTFS
958:MFS
944:HTFS
939:HPFS
934:HFS+
897:GPFS
868:ext4
858:ext3
853:ext2
827:EFS
818:CXFS
813:CVFS
800:z/VM
785:BFS
771:APFS
751:ADFS
622:ISBN
612:ISBN
602:ISBN
592:ISBN
478:and
453:IFSs
449:OS/2
447:and
427:BIOS
410:and
256:open
253:The
233:PUTX
132:ext3
128:ext2
116:NTFS
1683:ZFS
1668:EFS
1454:NFS
1449:NCP
1429:DFS
1419:AFP
1409:AFS
1396:NAS
1370:QFS
1247:JFS
1222:FAT
1209:SSD
1195:UDF
1180:HSF
1161:Sun
1157:ZFS
1147:zFS
1137:XFS
1063:RFS
1026:QFS
1021:PFS
1001:NSS
954:LFS
949:JFS
928:MVS
924:HFS
914:HFS
875:FAT
848:ext
823:DFS
240:GET
231:or
228:PUT
120:FAT
94:API
1997::
1404:9P
1072:VM
519:.
480:Me
476:98
474:,
472:95
455:.
385:.
134:,
130:,
107:.
89:A
44:,
36:,
1415:)
1411:(
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1159:(
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1149:(
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926:(
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916:(
802:)
698:e
691:t
684:v
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
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