218:
1526:
603:
30:
617:
2704:
265:, due to the native maritime culture of the Philippine Islands. By 1619, the crew of the Manila galleons were composed almost entirely of native sailors, many of whom died during the voyages due to harsh treatment and dangerous conditions. Many of the galleons were also old, overloaded, and poorly repaired. A law passed in 1608 restricted the gear of Filipino sailors to
523:, leading to the modern confusion of early Filipino immigrants with the much later Chinese immigrants in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Intermarriage and assimilation into Native American communities also buried the true extent of Filipino immigration, as they became indistinguishable from the bulk of the peasantry.
286:
complained to the king in 1619 that of the 75 Filipino crewmen aboard the ship, only 5 remained for the return voyage. The rest had deserted. These sailors settled in Mexico and married locals (even though some may have been previously married in the
Philippines), particularly since they were also in
253:. Though the numbers are unknown, it was so prevalent that slaves brought on ships were restricted to one per person (except persons of rank) in the "Laws Regarding Navigation and Commerce" (1611–1635) to avoid exhausting ship provisions. They were also taxed heavily upon arrival in
257:
in an effort to reduce slave traffic. Traffic in
Filipina women as slaves, servants, and mistresses of government officials, crew, and passengers, also caused scandals in the 17th century. Women comprised around 20 percent of the migrants from the Philippines.
526:
Another factor is the pre-colonial
Filipino (and Southeast Asian) tradition of not having last names. Filipinos and Filipino migrants acquired Spanish surnames, either after conversion to Christianity or enforced by the
279:
to sign a law in 1620 forcing merchants to issue proper clothing to native crews. During this period, many
Filipino sailors deserted as soon as they reached Acapulco. Sebastian de Piñeda, the captain of the galleon
306:) and could own property and have rights that even Native Americans did not have, including the right to carry a sword and dagger for personal protection. They often owned coconut plantations in
1884:
499:
Colonial-era
Filipino immigrants to Mexico are difficult to trace in historical records because of several factors. The most significant factor being the use of the terms
1226:
Zizumbo-Villarreal, Daniel; Colunga-GarcíaMarín, Patricia (June 2008). "Early coconut distillation and the origins of mezcal and tequila spirits in west-central Mexico".
1877:
374:, although in modern times, the area has become more associated with later Chinese migrants. A notably large settlement of Filipinos during the colonial era is
854:. Vol. 2 of The Cambridge History of Latin America: Colonial Latin America. I-II (illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
152:
ancestry. There are approximately 1,200 Filipino nationals residing in Mexico. In addition, genetic studies indicate that about a third of people sampled from
1472:
1357:
2760:
2755:
670:
2750:
1870:
434:
was also introduced by
Filipino migrants in the late 16th century, via the adaptation of the stills used in the production of Philippine palm liquor (
314:, who was recorded to have paid thirteen pesos in taxes for the purchase of Chinese silks from the Manila galleons in the 17th century. The cities of
849:
230:
529:
210:. The majority of the Asian migrants to Mexico during this period were Filipinos, and to a smaller extent, other Asian slaves bought from the
2745:
1735:
640:
2041:
903:
217:
1434:
310:, an example from 1619 was Andrés Rosales who owned twenty-eight coconut palms. Others were merchants, like Tomás Pangasinan, a native of
2006:
1810:
700:
2036:
1570:
886:
516:
2021:
876:
2740:
2099:
1981:
1156:
1129:
1076:
1049:
2016:
630:
2151:
1465:
1825:
2317:
2233:
1959:
1943:
1540:
913:
859:
735:
169:
581:
2312:
2079:
1575:
2238:
2336:
1790:
367:
99:
1445:
1146:
357:
before the 17th century, which were seriously depopulated of Native
American settlements during that period due to the
1565:
1458:
1038:
Veneracion, Jaime (2008). "The
Philippine-Mexico Connection". In Poddar, Prem; Patke, Rajeev S.; Jensen, Lars (eds.).
222:
575:
1365:
2715:
Jews and Romani originate in the Middle East and South Asia respectively, with most arriving to Mexico via Europe
1969:
1725:
1643:
1510:
546:
678:
275:, further causing a great number of deaths of Filipino sailors through exposure. These conditions prompted King
1820:
1617:
1323:
Rocha, Franklin H.; Infante, Francisco; Quilantán, Juan; Goldarazena, Arturo; Funderburk, Joe E. (March 2012).
379:
1093:
555:
2578:
2538:
1846:
1429:
533:
during the mid-19th century. This makes it very difficult to trace
Filipino immigrants in colonial records.
390:
The
Filipinos introduced many cultural practices to Mexico, such as the method of making palm wine, called "
183:
987:
Astudillo-Melgar, Fernando; Ochoa-Leyva, Adrián; Utrilla, José; Huerta-Beristain, Gerardo (22 March 2019).
1893:
1679:
1669:
1605:
772:
145:
2228:
1805:
1684:
1674:
1653:
560:
989:"Bacterial Diversity and Population Dynamics During the Fermentation of Palm Wine From Guerrero Mexico"
349:, as well as numerous smaller intermediate settlements along the way. They also settled the regions of
186:. For two and a half centuries, between 1565 and 1815, many Filipinos and Mexicans sailed to and from
2634:
2290:
2262:
2181:
2056:
1841:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1700:
1505:
1068:
Manila Men in the New World: Filipino Migration to Mexico and the Americas from the Sixteenth Century
419:
375:
358:
333:
The descendants of these early migrants mostly settled in the regions near the terminal ports of the
2245:
2213:
2061:
2051:
2026:
1800:
1795:
1775:
1765:
1730:
1710:
1705:
1622:
1515:
396:
276:
244:
2193:
2001:
1986:
1976:
1925:
1851:
1815:
1720:
1648:
1638:
1612:
1600:
1560:
1545:
1500:
1495:
1481:
1408:
830:
645:
608:
125:
461:), which became applied to a type of thatching using coconut leaves that resembles the Filipino
2684:
2307:
2302:
2285:
2218:
2156:
2139:
2129:
2106:
2094:
2046:
1991:
1785:
1715:
1400:
1173:
1152:
1125:
1072:
1045:
1020:
909:
882:
855:
822:
542:
346:
211:
2639:
2629:
2573:
2502:
2351:
2223:
2203:
2144:
2134:
2031:
1996:
1336:
1303:
1293:
1262:
1235:
1010:
1000:
942:
773:"Asia llega a América. Migración e influencia cultural asiática en Nueva España (1565-1815)"
710:
650:
564:
458:
342:
326:
had enough Filipino neighborhoods that they formed segregated markets of Asian goods called
137:
95:
91:
87:
2654:
2604:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2431:
2406:
2322:
2295:
2250:
2208:
2176:
2171:
2111:
2089:
1550:
705:
587:
453:
334:
112:
2356:
1199:
1282:"Independent Origins of Cultivated Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in the Old World Tropics"
2674:
2416:
2366:
2361:
2257:
2198:
2188:
2166:
2161:
2121:
2071:
2011:
1015:
988:
635:
477:
402:
195:
179:
173:
39:
908:. Andrew Gordon, Alexander Keyssar, Daniel James. Duke University Press. p. 200.
511:, but they lost that classification when they reached the Americas, since the term in
2734:
2708:
2669:
2659:
2644:
2533:
2280:
1935:
1041:
Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires
622:
569:
473:
319:
551:
29:
2664:
2517:
2472:
2457:
2426:
1862:
1439:
1204:
423:
2396:
156:
have Asian ancestry with genetic markers matching those of the populations of the
67:
1298:
1281:
1119:
1066:
1039:
2679:
2624:
2568:
2558:
2543:
2497:
2487:
2462:
2401:
2376:
930:
371:
323:
315:
262:
191:
157:
2609:
2482:
1239:
931:"To make tuba in Mexico and the Philippines. Four centuries of shared history"
598:
1404:
1005:
826:
2619:
2467:
584:– Representative of Mexico in the Reina Hispanoamericana 2011 beauty contest
512:
407:
250:
149:
1024:
327:
1442:(Photo of General Francisco Mongoy's descendants in the State of Guerrero)
2649:
2588:
2492:
2452:
1964:
1903:
1341:
1324:
1253:
Bruman, Henry J. (July 1944). "The Asiatic Origin of the Huichol Still".
488:
481:
462:
436:
415:
361:
and Spanish forced labor. They also settled in signiciant numbers in the
338:
311:
302:
Christianized Filipinos comprised the majority of free Asian immigrants (
272:
254:
207:
153:
71:
1412:
1388:
947:
834:
810:
2614:
2583:
2477:
2447:
2421:
2411:
2371:
487:
A genetic study in 2018 found that around a third of the population of
469:
445:
427:
391:
354:
294:
63:
1325:"'Ataulfo' Mango Flowers Contain a Diversity of Thrips (Thysanoptera)"
1308:
194:
as sailors, crews, slaves, prisoners, adventurers and soldiers in the
2507:
2386:
2381:
1450:
451:
Filipino words also entered Mexican vernacular, such as the word for
441:
431:
363:
350:
307:
288:
236:
187:
75:
1266:
468:
Various crops were also introduced from the Philippines, including
2512:
2391:
1446:
Insurgent Leaders during Mexican War of Independence against Spain
1389:"The Chinos in New Spain: A Corrective Lens for a Distorted Image"
216:
199:
962:
203:
1866:
1454:
1280:
Gunn, Bee F.; Baudouin, Luc; Olsen, Kenneth M. (22 June 2011).
1148:
Textiles of Southeast Asia: Trade, Tradition and Transformation
905:
Cultures in Contact: World Migrations in the Second Millennium
881:. Fernando Iwasaki. University of Arizona Press. p. 134.
382:, which at one point in history was called "Filipino town".
241:(bonded serf) system in the Philippines to circumvent the
1430:
Color Q World: Asian-Latino Intermarriage in the Americas
811:"Geographic Influences of the Galleon Trade on New Spain"
963:"Cultural exchanges between Mexico and the Philippines"
736:"Latin America's lost histories revealed in modern DNA"
1358:"Mexico tries to claim 'Manila mango' name as its own"
590:- Mexican filmmaker, screenwriter and film producer.
2597:
2526:
2440:
2344:
2335:
2271:
2120:
2070:
1952:
1934:
1918:
1911:
1834:
1748:
1693:
1662:
1631:
1593:
1586:
1533:
1488:
457:(originally meaning "coconut palm leaf petiole" in
249:and acquire Filipino slaves for the voyage back to
118:
105:
81:
57:
47:
330:(named after similar markets in the Philippines).
1121:Seville, Cordoba, and Granada: A Cultural History
878:The Affinity of the Eye: Writing Nikkei in Peru
16:Overview of immigration along the Galleon Route
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
701:":: Welcome to Manila Bulletin Online ::"
563:– Mexican General and Lieutenant commander of
1878:
1466:
1124:. Oxford University Press. pp. 136–143.
292:
281:
266:
242:
234:
233:, Spaniards took advantage of the indigenous
178:Filipinos first arrived in Mexico during the
8:
1174:"The Spicy, Sour, Ruby-Red Appeal of Chamoy"
507:. In the Philippines, natives were known as
22:
2721:Originated in what is now the United States
1044:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 574.
53:1,200 Filipino nationals residing in Mexico
2341:
1915:
1885:
1871:
1863:
1590:
1473:
1459:
1451:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
28:
21:
1340:
1307:
1297:
1014:
1004:
946:
662:
231:Spanish colonization of the Philippines
851:The Cambridge History of Latin America
729:
727:
291:for their skills in the production of
1200:"Guayabera's Origin Remains a Puzzle"
641:Mexican settlement in the Philippines
7:
1228:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
537:Notable Mexicans of Filipino descent
271:which consisted of a single pair of
58:Regions with significant populations
1198:Armario, Christine (30 June 2004).
1118:Nash, Elizabeth (13 October 2005).
2761:Filipino diaspora in North America
2756:Mexican people of Filipino descent
578:– Governor of Guerrero (1951–1954)
545:- Lieutenant Colonel commander of
14:
426:technology for the production of
287:high demand by wine-merchants in
2702:
1894:Ancestry and ethnicity in Mexico
1524:
615:
601:
530:Catálogo alfabético de apellidos
148:citizens who are descendants of
1356:Adams, Lisa J. (19 June 2005).
263:pressed into service as sailors
229:During the early period of the
1092:Arranz, Adolfo (27 May 2018).
734:Wade, Lizzie (12 April 2018).
671:"Filipinos in Mexican history"
221:Embassy of The Philippines in
170:Landing of the first Filipinos
1:
875:López-Calvo, Ignacio (2013).
848:Bethell, Leslie, ed. (1984).
2751:Mexico–Philippines relations
2746:Filipino diaspora by country
2718:Primarily arrived via Canada
1435:Filipinos in Mexican History
1299:10.1371/journal.pone.0021143
809:Guzmán-Rivas, Pablo (1960).
631:Mexico–Philippines relations
491:have 10% Filipino ancestry.
1362:The San Diego Union-Tribune
519:. Instead they were called
440:) which were introduced to
2777:
1065:Mercene, Floro L. (2007).
167:
2697:
1900:
1522:
1387:Slack, Edward R. (2009).
1240:10.1007/s10722-007-9255-0
1071:. UP Press. p. 125.
993:Frontiers in Microbiology
929:Machuca, Paulina (2019).
547:Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
214:or captured through war.
123:
110:
86:
62:
52:
27:
2741:Asian diaspora in Mexico
2345:More than 100,000 people
2072:From South and East Asia
1393:Journal of World History
1098:South China Morning Post
1006:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00531
572:– painter and printmaker
554:- Military commander of
380:Costa Grande of Guerrero
223:Colonia Veronica Anzures
2598:Fewer than 1,000 people
1936:From Sub-Saharan Africa
1145:Maxwell, Robyn (2012).
576:Alejandro Gómez Maganda
196:Manila-Acapulco Galleon
184:Manila-Acapulco Galleon
180:Spanish colonial period
902:Hoerder, Dirk (2002).
293:
282:
267:
243:
235:
226:
141:
2441:20,000–100,000 people
1440:Afro-Filipino Mongoys
1151:. Tuttle Publishing.
561:Isidoro Montes de Oca
484:, rice, and bananas.
220:
202:in its trade between
119:Related ethnic groups
1736:United Arab Emirates
1342:10.1653/024.095.0126
1329:Florida Entomologist
681:on 27 September 2007
359:Cocoliztli epidemics
261:Filipinos were also
100:Philippine languages
36:San Pedro de Cerdeña
2527:1,000–20,000 people
1255:Geographical Review
948:10.29340/en.v2n3.82
406:, and possibly the
245:Leyes de las Indias
142:Mexicanos Filipinos
24:
1482:Overseas Filipinos
1368:on 11 October 2018
815:Revista Geográfica
646:Mestizos in Mexico
609:Philippines portal
556:José María Morelos
495:Historical records
227:
126:Filipino diasporas
38:on display at the
34:Model of the ship
2728:
2727:
2709:Mexico portal
2693:
2692:
2331:
2330:
2272:From Western Asia
1953:From the Americas
1860:
1859:
1744:
1743:
771:Carrillo, Rubén.
420:Yucatán Peninsula
376:Coyuca de Benítez
347:San Blas, Nayarit
134:Filipino Mexicans
131:
130:
113:Roman Catholicism
23:Filipino Mexicans
2768:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2539:Chichimeca Jonaz
2342:
2274:and North Africa
1916:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1864:
1591:
1528:
1527:
1475:
1468:
1461:
1452:
1417:
1416:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1364:. Archived from
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1172:Tellez, Lesley.
1169:
1163:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1094:"The China Ship"
1089:
1083:
1082:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
1008:
984:
978:
977:
975:
973:
959:
953:
952:
950:
926:
920:
919:
899:
893:
892:
872:
866:
865:
845:
839:
838:
806:
789:
788:
786:
784:
768:
751:
750:
748:
746:
731:
722:
721:
719:
718:
709:. Archived from
697:
691:
690:
688:
686:
677:. Archived from
667:
651:Filipino mestizo
625:
620:
619:
618:
611:
606:
605:
604:
565:Vicente Guerrero
517:Native Americans
478:Manilita mangoes
397:mantón de Manila
343:Barra de Navidad
337:. These include
298:
285:
270:
268:"ropa necesaria"
248:
240:
48:Total population
32:
25:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2703:
2701:
2689:
2593:
2522:
2436:
2327:
2273:
2267:
2116:
2066:
1948:
1930:
1907:
1896:
1891:
1861:
1856:
1830:
1740:
1689:
1658:
1627:
1582:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1484:
1479:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1037:
1036:
1032:
986:
985:
981:
971:
969:
961:
960:
956:
928:
927:
923:
916:
901:
900:
896:
889:
874:
873:
869:
862:
847:
846:
842:
808:
807:
792:
782:
780:
770:
769:
754:
744:
742:
733:
732:
725:
716:
714:
706:Manila Bulletin
699:
698:
694:
684:
682:
669:
668:
664:
659:
621:
616:
614:
607:
602:
600:
597:
588:Miguel A. Reina
539:
497:
388:
335:Manila galleons
176:
168:Main articles:
166:
43:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2685:Tohono Oʼodham
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1913:
1912:Non-Amerindian
1909:
1908:
1901:
1898:
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2458:Chontal Maya
2427:Yucatec Maya
2229:Scandinavian
2084:
1902:
1726:Saudi Arabia
1571:Demographics
1555:
1511:South Africa
1399:(1): 35–67.
1396:
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1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1361:
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1205:Miami Herald
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821:(53): 5–81.
818:
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781:. Retrieved
779:. Asiadémica
776:
743:. Retrieved
739:
715:. Retrieved
711:the original
704:
695:
683:. Retrieved
679:the original
674:
665:
582:Lili Rosales
528:
525:
520:
515:referred to
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424:Distillation
411:
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177:
133:
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35:
19:Ethnic group
2660:Motozintlec
2291:Palestinian
2122:From Europe
2100:Mexico City
2007:Costa Rican
1847:New Zealand
1821:Switzerland
1791:Netherlands
1618:South Korea
783:19 December
552:Luis Pinzón
543:Ramón Fabié
372:Mexico City
324:Guadalajara
304:chino libre
192:Philippines
158:Philippines
42:in Acapulco
2735:Categories
2579:Qʼanjobʼal
2559:Mexicanero
2337:Amerindian
2214:Portuguese
2062:Venezuelan
2052:Salvadoran
2042:Nicaraguan
2027:Guatemalan
2022:Ecuadorian
1632:South Asia
1372:11 October
1309:1885/62987
1261:(3): 418.
1183:1 November
967:Geo-Mexico
915:0822384078
861:0521245168
717:2017-02-15
685:13 January
657:References
378:along the
277:Philip III
212:Portuguese
198:assisting
2630:Kaqchikel
2605:Aguacatec
2574:Pima Bajo
2503:Tojolabal
2397:Purépecha
2352:Chinantec
2263:Ukrainian
2234:Norwegian
2194:Hungarian
2182:Mennonite
2152:Bulgarian
2057:Uruguayan
2017:Dominican
2002:Colombian
1987:Brazilian
1977:Argentine
1842:Australia
1694:West Asia
1680:Singapore
1670:Indonesia
1606:Hong Kong
1594:East Asia
1405:1045-6007
972:14 August
827:0031-0581
513:New Spain
408:guayabera
386:Influence
251:New Spain
82:Languages
68:Michoacán
2675:Qʼeqchiʼ
2655:Lacandon
2650:Kumeyaay
2564:Ocuiltec
2554:Jacaltec
2549:Guarijio
2498:Tepehuán
2493:Popoluca
2468:Cuicatec
2407:Tlapanec
2402:Rarámuri
2308:Assyrian
2303:Armenian
2286:Lebanese
2219:Romanian
2157:Croatian
2130:Austrian
2095:Japanese
2085:Filipino
2047:Peruvian
2037:Honduran
1992:Canadian
1982:Belizean
1960:American
1904:Mexicans
1806:Portugal
1685:Thailand
1675:Malaysia
1654:Pakistan
1644:Maldives
1566:template
1534:Americas
1413:40542720
1286:PLOS ONE
1211:10 April
1025:30967846
935:EncArtes
835:41888470
777:raco.cat
595:See also
489:Guerrero
470:coconuts
463:nipa hut
437:lambanog
418:and the
416:Veracruz
412:filipina
410:(called
394:", the
368:San Juan
339:Acapulco
312:Pampanga
273:breeches
255:Acapulco
208:Americas
206:and the
190:and the
182:via the
154:Guerrero
150:Filipino
106:Religion
72:Guerrero
2635:K'iche'
2620:Ixcatec
2615:Cocopah
2610:Cochimí
2589:Tepehua
2584:Tacuate
2478:Huichol
2453:Chatino
2432:Zapotec
2422:Tzotzil
2417:Tzeltal
2412:Totonac
2372:Mazatec
2367:Mazahua
2362:Huastec
2323:Turkish
2318:Iranian
2246:Spanish
2239:Swedish
2224:Russian
2204:Italian
2145:Cornish
2140:British
2135:Belgian
2080:Chinese
2032:Haitian
1997:Chilean
1965:Mascogo
1926:Mestizo
1835:Oceania
1781:Ireland
1771:Germany
1761:Belgium
1756:Austria
1701:Bahrain
1576:History
1506:Nigeria
1016:6440455
999:: 531.
745:14 July
740:Science
474:Ataulfo
459:Tagalog
428:tequila
400:, the
355:Jalisco
164:History
146:Mexican
138:Spanish
96:English
92:Tagalog
88:Spanish
64:Jalisco
2670:Paipai
2645:Kiliwa
2640:Kikapú
2534:Chocho
2508:Triqui
2448:Amuzgo
2382:Mixtec
2313:Jewish
2296:Syrian
2251:Basque
2209:Polish
2177:German
2172:French
2112:Romani
2107:Korean
2090:Indian
1970:Mormon
1944:Kenyan
1919:Mexico
1816:Sweden
1801:Poland
1796:Norway
1776:Greece
1766:France
1749:Europe
1731:Turkey
1711:Kuwait
1706:Israel
1623:Taiwan
1556:Mexico
1546:Canada
1541:Brazil
1516:Uganda
1489:Africa
1411:
1403:
1155:
1128:
1103:19 May
1075:
1048:
1023:
1013:
912:
885:
858:
833:
825:
521:chinos
509:indios
472:, the
454:palapa
442:Colima
432:mezcal
403:chamoy
364:barrio
351:Colima
345:, and
328:Parián
322:, and
320:Puebla
316:Mexico
308:Colima
289:Colima
237:alipin
188:Mexico
144:) are
124:Other
76:Colima
2665:Opata
2518:Zoque
2513:Yaqui
2473:Huave
2392:Otomi
2387:Nahua
2357:Ch'ol
2258:Swiss
2199:Irish
2189:Greek
2167:Dutch
2162:Czech
2012:Cuban
1852:Palau
1811:Spain
1786:Italy
1721:Qatar
1649:Nepal
1639:India
1613:Japan
1601:China
1501:Libya
1496:Egypt
1409:JSTOR
1178:Taste
831:JSTOR
505:chino
501:indio
482:abacá
444:with
200:Spain
2680:Seri
2625:Ixil
2569:Pame
2544:Chuj
2488:Mayo
2463:Cora
2377:Mixe
2281:Arab
1716:Oman
1587:Asia
1551:Cuba
1401:ISSN
1374:2018
1213:2015
1185:2021
1153:ISBN
1126:ISBN
1105:2019
1073:ISBN
1046:ISBN
1021:PMID
974:2022
910:ISBN
883:ISBN
856:ISBN
823:ISSN
785:2016
747:2021
687:2022
503:and
476:and
446:tubâ
430:and
392:tubâ
353:and
295:tubâ
204:Asia
172:and
74:and
2483:Mam
1337:doi
1304:hdl
1294:doi
1263:doi
1236:doi
1011:PMC
1001:doi
943:doi
422:).
414:in
370:of
2737::
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