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matriarchal mystics and figures who performed sacrifices, underwent suffrage and works of martyrdom which was to be expected, given their pious upbringing. Women writers also passed judgment against the typical portrayal of women as sex symbols. Among the first lady writers to break away from the old style and genre, exemplified in the works of past female writers, were Paz
Latorena's traditional "teachings" about the ideal Filipina in the feminist poet,
1784:), languages and dialects. Filipinos of all genders were able to obtain schooling and learning opportunities resulting in their education in the English language and a high literacy rating for a developing country like the Philippines. However, despite this advantage, grants and similar forms of funding were not immediately available to Philippine writers. Nevertheless, despite this lack of financial support for writers, many works in the
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began writing about the situations of female domestic helpers and slum dwellers employing their skills in both the vernacular and
English. The purpose of writing also in the native language was to stimulate, educate and awaken the consciousness of the citizenry. Many writers were either "detained, tortured," or "killed." Among the women who became writers of this societal, political and activist genre were
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2064:. Women were gradually beginning to regain equal footing with men, as it was during precolonial times. Women were able to publish works in their newly adopted language. During this European-Hispanic to Anglo-American linguistic transition, among the women who became active in creating Philippine literature in English were
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One aspect of
Filipino women's writings includes the production of the so-called "migratory literature," an account of how and why women had to leave their country in order to excel and express themselves through pen and print. In the 1930s, Filipino women authors opted to travel after obtaining the
2141:
The 20-year authoritarian rule of
Ferdinand Marcos in the 1970s brought forth literary themes of cultural revolution, social awakening and political consciousness, reinvigorated nationalism, opinionated movements and protests, disapproval of the patriarchal society, and mass migration. Women writers
2011:
against the governing
Spaniards, although less prominently than their male counterparts. Among their role and contributions were "to influence" the state of affairs of an "emerging republic" and to claim equal opportunity in education, which includes learning the Spanish-language. An inspiring group
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in 1946, and the official adoption of
Filipino as a second official language other than English in 1987. The persistence of this competitive phenomenon was due to the close economic, military and cultural association of the Philippines to the United States, the encouragement of the use of English in
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During World War II, the
Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Philippine literati in developing the vernacular literature, in parallel existence with the English language introduced by the Americans through public education. The impact of this fellow-Asian intervention lingered through
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image portrayed by the
Philippine paladin, José Rizal, as well as critiques and feminine disapproval of how Filipino men writers wrote about women. Contemporary feminist female writers were also inclined to break away from the traditional, idealized and typecast image of the Filipina of the past as
1992:
Isabella II introduced the
Education Decree of 1863 (10 years before Japan had a compulsory free modern public education and 40 years before the United States government started a free modern public school system in the Philippines) that provided for the establishment of at least two free primary
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From the onset of the early years of the "benevolent" American occupation of the
Philippine archipelago – after Spain lost control of the islands through war and opted to sell its Asian colony to the U.S. – the ambience was approving to the publication of vernacular literature which included the
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became the focus of Philippine women writers – first in poetry and then prose – in order to break away from what was termed the "Great Grand Silence of the Centuries". Creating an image unique to themselves – through their own individual efforts – became the norm. There was criticism against the
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in the Second World War, the Japanese introduced the concept of "Asia for Asians," an idea that halted the proliferation of English as the language of literature in the Philippines because it sparked the publication and media broadcasts with the exclusive use of the vernacular or the "childhood
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contribution to the Filipino's linguistic enlightenment reawakened the already existing move to lift the status of local languages as forms of literary expression prior to the introduction and propagation of English in the Filipino archipelago. The common "languages of childhood" of Filipinos,
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The Ateneo Library of Women's Writings - a part of the Rizal Library at the Ateneo de Manila University and the first of its kind in Philippines - facilitates the collection, archiving, preservation, and promotion of Filipino women's literature about and written by Filipino women. The program
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Yet there were still some of those who chose to remain, instead of abandoning the Philippines, as in the case of Lilledeshan Bose; and there were also home-comers who, after traveling and staying abroad, returned to stay permanently, such as Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo. Other authors of "migrant
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Filipino women have been receiving recognition and support from non-governmental organizations, libraries, and other publishers, but despite the efforts of these organizations and the writers themselves, there are challenges that still confront Filipino women's literary careers. These include
2100:-language writer who was able to produce volumes of manuscripts. Among Jalandoni's 24 Hiligaynon novels, two were translated into English. Among those who excelled in both English and their local lingua franca was Lina Espina Moore, who became known as a forefront promoter of
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Still, despite the Filipino's reawakening of their "languages of childhood", the status of the English language returned and was elevated. The rejuvenation was due in part to the spread of English-based Philippine magazines in conjunction with the publication of serial
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society". But the exodus of Filipino female writers during the 1970s differed in purpose from that of the 1930s, because they left the country to survive economically and escape government persecution. One of the first voyager-writers was Paz Latorena.
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schools: one for boys and another for girls in each town under the responsibility of the municipal government. That put the Philippines way ahead of others in Asia in offering education for women, indeed even ahead of some European countries.
1564:. They employed the "power of the pen" and the printed word in order to shatter the so-called "Great Grand Silence of the Centuries" of Filipino female members, participants, and contributors to the progress and development of the
1975:. Indigenous Filipino women were also singing tribal songs at a time when they enjoyed equal status to their male counterparts. They could own property, become rulers themselves in place of men, act as ritual leaders or
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Contrary to the treatment received by Filipinos during the Spanish colonial period, the education of the Philippine citizenry was prioritized during the time of the American occupation, as seen in the activities of the
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literary commercialism that prevents women writers from becoming parallel with so-called "esteemed authors", the struggle for additional acknowledgement of their status as writers, and obstacles related to economics.
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Literature penned by women authors in the Philippines embraced the many realities and faces of Filipino society: the gap and the friction between the rich and the peasantry, personal experiences and dilemmas,
215:
2499:, KASAMA Vol. 11 No. 3, Solidarity Philippines Australia Network, Cpcabrisbane.org, July–August–September 1997 and Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, Manila], retrieved on: April 16, 2008
2225:. In general, this "Great Migration" of Filipinos created "films, novels, short stories, poetry and comics" in the Philippines that portrayed wayfarers as economic heroes and heroines of the country.
2092:. Most of these literary pioneers also wrote simultaneously in the vernacular, although there were also those who became defiant and wrote exclusively in their mother tongue. An example of this was
1981:, and had the right to divorce their husbands. In this sense, the Philippines was very similar to Spain, where the highest power was bestowed upon a woman. Both the founder of the Spanish nation (
1999:, a female poet who was the product of that public education system during the final moments of the 19th century, is now regarded as the "founder of women's literature" in the Philippines.
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includes the acquisition of related photographic material, and literary promotion are held through lectures, exhibitions, publications and book launchings. ALIWW holds the annual
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Vartti, Riitta (editor). Preface of the anthology Firefly, Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja (Firefly - Filipino Short Stories), Kääntöpiiri: Helsinki, Finland 2001/2007
1623:. Often mentioned in Philippine literature, these four represent the struggle, perception and character of how it is to be a woman in Philippine society. Gabriela Silang was a
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in the 18th century. Silang was a contrast to the chaste and religiously devout image of the Filipino lady as portrayed by Jose Rizal through his Spanish-language novels,
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who is considered the "matriarch of Filipino writers in English". This special program also assists in bringing to light Filipino women who excel in vernacular writings.
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2125:. There were also published manuscripts that confer personal familiarity with events that occurred during the four-year-long Japanese period such as those achieved by
2012:
of women who debated against and pushed for the eradication of discriminatory laws, particularly the right to be educated in schools, was the so-called "21 women from
2024:(1849–1884), who eventually became "the mother of Philippine women's literature", and who was also regarded as the conduit from "oral to literary tradition". Born in
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Present-day associations that support, endorse, publish and collect works of Filipino women writers include the Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW) of the
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The competition between the use of English and Filipino as main modes of communication was unrelenting even after the end of World War II, the proclamation of
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Prior to the surge of Spanish conquerors and colonizers, Filipino women were already creating and recording poetry using perishable materials such as
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was the first Cebuano novel in the English language. Filipino women authors also became active participants in the development of Philippine media.
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The History of Filipino Women's Writings, an article from Firefly - Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007
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liberty to do so, and for other reasons such as the lack of a grant system within the confines of a developing country and the "resistance of a
2518:, Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW), Ateneo de Manila University, Philippines and Rizal.Lib.Admu.edu.ph], retrieved on: April 16, 2008
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and survived after the Philippines achieved the status of a freely governing Republic. Exemplars are the Philippine-language works written by
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2480:, an article from Firefly - Filipino Short Stories (Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja), 2001 / 2007, retrieved on: April 14, 2008
1645:. Within the pages of these 19th-century novels, Rizal depicted Leonor Rivera - a girlfriend of his - through the fictional character of
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2295:) by Riitta Vartti sponsored by the Philippine-Finnish Society. Another non-governmental human rights organization publication is
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and U.S. military personnel in the islands in the early 20th century. Thus, only the elite class of society – those known as the
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In addition, the Filipino settlers who founded Filipino communities in the United States of America triggered the generation of
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1655:– the "beauty queen and dictator’s wife … a power-seeking type of woman…" – after that, the country saw the advent and rise of
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combination with the dialects in schools and universities, and the need to gain a larger audience of readership. As a result,
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of the past, as the living voices of their personal experiences, thoughts, consciousness, concepts of themselves, society,
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Preface to the Finnish anthology Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja (Firefly - Filipino Short Stories), Kääntöpiiri
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1890:
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1679:, respectively), followed in the footsteps of Corazon Aquino to become a leader and political figure of an Asian nation.
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Among the principal influences on the Filipina self-image are the writings of four women in Philippine history, namely:
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dislodged the despot from the seat of power, and was replaced by an elected first woman president, Corazon C. Aquino.
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abundance of local magazines. Parallel to this, the United States of America established an English-based
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and the highest ruler of Spain and the Philippines during the last years of the Spanish colonization (
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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
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2264:(NGOs) in the Philippines. Outside the country, there is the Philippine-Finnish Society in
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having created enduring works of fiction and non-fiction across the genres. Writing in
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In the latter years of modern-day Philippine literature, from the 1960s to the 1980s,
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1837:" novels by women writers who wrote in their "mother tongue" through the pages of
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as the epitome of virtue, i.e., the ideal Filipina. Then there was the arrival of
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During the final stages of the 19th century, Filipino women participated in the
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or a revolutionary – a representation of female bravery – who fought against
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1945:
1933:
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2060:. Women were able to study in schools, colleges, universities such as the
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background who wrote in Ilocano and Spanish. Her poems were recognized in
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Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny, Maria Rosa Luna Henson: Woman of Courage
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stayed in the U.S., publishing for both Philippine and American readers.
1977:
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even stepped forward to boldly make it a "fashion" to discuss aspects of
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1989:) were women and held absolute power to lead the future of the nation.
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2260:, and the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, among other
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literature" are Marianne Villanueva, Nadine Sarreal and Edessa Ramos.
1593:, one of the four influences to Filipina women writers. Rivera is the
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published by the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, and
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and the Philippines – the elected 1986 replacement of a male despot,
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Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW), Admu.edu.ph/ALIWW.html
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Vartti, Riitta (editor). Tulikärpänen filippiiniläisiä novelleja
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1792:, but fewer however saw print in the local maternal languages.
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Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW) website, main page
2150:. Anti-Marcos movements, the "fiery texts" of writers, the
47:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2360:
List of countries where English is an official language
53:
161:
Gender representation on corporate boards of directors
2580:
Vartti, Riitta (editor). Filippiinit-seuran julkaisut
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Samples of published Filipino women's literature are
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1900:, their formative years, married life, employment;
1788:style proliferated and were written dominantly in
2618:Filipino Women Writers in Filipino (the language)
1700:, Rosario Cruz Lucero, Ligaya Victorio-Reyes and
2365:List of countries by English-speaking population
2236:literature such as the works of female novelist
1712:in Philippine society, such as those dealing in
384:Science, technology, engineering and mathematics
2631:Filippiinit-seura ry Finnish-Philippine Society
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2620:at Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW)
2614:at Ateneo Library of Women's Writings (ALIWW)
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8:
2311:, a series of lectures established to honor
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2285:Tulikärpänen - filippiiniläisiä novelleja
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
2471:The History of Filipino Women's Writings
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1881:- became the linguistic style and norm.
1743:. An example is the 1992 publication of
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2044:in 1889 following her untimely death.
1797:Japanese occupation of the Philippines
2309:Paz Marquez-Benitez Memorial Lectures
7:
2516:Maria Rosa Luna Henson (1927 - 1997)
2289:Firefly: Writings by Various Authors
657:Gender representation in video games
2640:(official website, navigation page)
1967:Precolonial to Spanish colonization
1542:local languages and native dialects
1520:have played important roles within
25:
2612:Filipino Women Writers in English
1708:that were previously regarded as
27:History of Filipino women writers
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3445:
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2355:Philippine literature in English
2162:Modern-day challenges and status
174:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
101:
34:
2293:Firefly: Filipina Short Stories
2277:Comfort Woman: Slave of Destiny
2189:The destinations of journeying
1659:, the first woman president in
3412:British Indian Ocean Territory
3005:British Indian Ocean Territory
2542:, retrieved on: April 16, 2008
2340:Timeline of Philippine history
2262:non-governmental organizations
2171:Migratory trends and movements
1800:languages" of Filipinos. This
1:
2653:(official website, main page)
2428:: Helsinki, Finland 2001/2007
2330:Literature of the Philippines
2062:University of the Philippines
1891:Literature of the Philippines
1671:, after two male presidents (
2137:Marcos and Martial Law years
1885:Themes, character, and genre
1761:Education in the Philippines
625:Portrayal in American comics
216:Heads of state or government
2258:Ateneo de Manila University
2240:. Migrant Filipino writers
1696:. Other women writers like
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2644:Finnish-Philippine Society
2335:History of the Philippines
2246:Cecilia Manguerra Brainard
1962:History of the Philippines
1955:
1888:
1754:
1582:History of the Philippines
1575:
1544:, female writers from the
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3033:
2417:Vartti, Riitta (editor).
3161:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2754:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2325:Women in the Philippines
2129:, Maria Luna Lopez, and
2086:Cristina Pantoja-Hidalgo
2003:Revolution against Spain
1958:Women in the Philippines
1578:Women in the Philippines
3422:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3015:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2252:Recognition and support
1914:American military bases
1870:Philippine Independence
1669:Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
211:Conservatives in the US
184:Explorers and travelers
3481:Filipino women writers
2144:Gilda Cordero-Fernando
2104:. Moore's 1968 novel,
2078:Genoveva Edroza-Matute
2074:Angela Manalang-Gloria
1983:Isabella I of Castille
1912:, the presence of the
1751:Language and education
1731:from former husbands,
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1546:Philippine archipelago
1518:Filipino women writers
514:In Shakespeare's works
56:by rewriting it in an
2112:Japanese intervention
1952:Historical background
1795:During the four-year
1698:Kerima Polotan Tuvera
1589:
1522:Philippine literature
270:Nobel Prize laureates
18:Filipino women writer
3336:United Arab Emirates
2929:United Arab Emirates
2156:1986 Edsa Revolution
2084:, Lilledeshan Bose,
2020:". Another would be
1987:Isabella II of Spain
1757:Philippine languages
1427:United Arab Emirates
364:in the United States
179:Economic development
169:Diversity (politics)
155:Female entrepreneurs
3363:limited recognition
2956:limited recognition
2688:Literature of Asia
2313:Paz Marquez-Benitez
2094:Magdalena Jalandoni
2068:, Paz M. Latorena,
2066:Paz Marquez Benitez
2032:, Florentino was a
1841:and magazines like
1741:childless marriages
1631:Spanish colonialism
1572:Image and influence
1566:Philippine Republic
1412:Trinidad and Tobago
647:Speculative fiction
540:Theological figures
485:Feminist philosophy
285:Reproductive rights
91:Part of a series on
2649:2008-06-17 at the
2636:2008-06-17 at the
2585:2008-06-18 at the
2573:2007-10-17 at the
2561:2011-07-20 at the
2538:2008-05-13 at the
2476:2011-07-20 at the
2424:2007-10-17 at the
2350:Philippine English
2176:Migrant literature
2106:Heart of the Lotus
2102:Cebuano literature
2082:Loreto Paras-Sulit
2048:American interlude
1940:, and the need to
1805:generally include
1790:Philippine English
1737:premarital affairs
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977:Dominican Republic
744:Mixed martial arts
714:Fastpitch softball
295:Violence and abuse
280:Positions of power
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45:is written like a
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2234:Filipino-American
2119:Lualhati Bautista
2090:Lina Espina-Moore
2009:nationwide revolt
1946:economic survival
1928:, the effects of
1657:Corazon C. Aquino
1642:El Filibusterismo
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1997:Leona Florentino
1906:Second World War
1825:, among others.
1665:Ferdinand Marcos
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300:Voting rights
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66:November 2022
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
32:
31:
19:
3401:Dependencies
3331:Turkmenistan
3296:Saudi Arabia
2994:Dependencies
2924:Turkmenistan
2889:Saudi Arabia
2550:Bibliography
2308:
2305:
2303:of stories.
2297:She Said No!
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2255:
2231:
2227:
2211:Arab nations
2188:
2179:
2165:
2152:People Power
2140:
2115:
2105:
2051:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1976:
1970:
1926:prostitution
1898:love stories
1894:
1875:bilingualism
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1842:
1835:melodramatic
1827:
1794:
1779:
1764:
1744:
1688:
1681:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1624:
1606:
1594:
1517:
1516:
1457:Vatican City
1402:Turkmenistan
1332:South Africa
1312:Sierra Leone
1297:Saudi Arabia
762:Roller derby
560:Christianity
545:Baháʼà Faith
424:Architecture
124:legal rights
72:
63:
44:
3460:Asia portal
3361:States with
3281:Philippines
3221:South Korea
3216:North Korea
3111:Afghanistan
3053:Asia portal
2954:States with
2874:Philippines
2814:South Korea
2809:North Korea
2704:Afghanistan
2281:Rosa Henson
2183:patriarchal
2131:Rosa Henson
1877:- and even
1786:Filipiniana
1689:Maria Clara
1648:Maria Clara
1596:Maria Clara
1342:South Sudan
1337:South Korea
1282:Puerto Rico
1267:Philippines
1232:North Korea
1217:New Zealand
1102:Ivory Coast
992:El Salvador
822:Afghanistan
679:Auto racing
652:Video games
565:Catholicism
344:Engineering
221:Legislators
3341:Uzbekistan
3316:Tajikistan
3231:Kyrgyzstan
3211:Kazakhstan
3131:Bangladesh
3121:Azerbaijan
2934:Uzbekistan
2909:Tajikistan
2824:Kyrgyzstan
2804:Kazakhstan
2724:Bangladesh
2714:Azerbaijan
2371:References
2221:and other
2098:Hiligaynon
2030:Ilocos Sur
1815:Hiligaynon
1772:Ilustrados
1768:Thomasites
1729:separation
1626:katipunera
1603:'s novels.
1601:José Rizal
1558:Philippine
1540:and other
1447:Uzbekistan
1377:Tajikistan
1307:Seychelles
1182:Mauritania
1157:Madagascar
1137:Kyrgyzstan
1117:Kazakhstan
997:East Timor
872:Bangladesh
862:Azerbaijan
815:By country
802:See also:
792:Volleyball
734:Ice hockey
729:Gymnastics
689:Basketball
480:Philosophy
468:Literature
415:Humanities
395:Telegraphy
330:Technology
245:Journalism
206:Government
3427:Hong Kong
3381:Palestine
3306:Sri Lanka
3301:Singapore
3181:Indonesia
3020:Hong Kong
2974:Palestine
2899:Sri Lanka
2894:Singapore
2774:Indonesia
2376:Footnotes
2301:anthology
2219:Singapore
2207:Australia
2038:Ilustrado
1978:babaylans
1934:pollution
1920:of 1986;
1706:womanhood
1477:Kurdistan
1462:Venezuela
1357:Sri Lanka
1317:Singapore
1187:Mauritius
1082:Indonesia
1047:Guatemala
857:Australia
847:Argentina
570:Mormonism
507:Punk rock
463:Fine arts
359:dentistry
339:Computing
305:Workforce
189:Education
3475:Category
3450:Category
3371:Abkhazia
3321:Thailand
3276:Pakistan
3256:Mongolia
3251:Maldives
3246:Malaysia
3146:Cambodia
3043:Category
2964:Abkhazia
2914:Thailand
2869:Pakistan
2849:Mongolia
2844:Maldives
2839:Malaysia
2739:Cambodia
2647:Archived
2634:Archived
2583:Archived
2571:Archived
2559:Archived
2536:Archived
2474:Archived
2422:Archived
2319:See also
2266:Helsinki
1863:Tagumpay
1855:Bulaklak
1850:Bannawag
1844:Liwayway
1831:romantic
1802:Japanese
1781:baybayin
1733:abortion
1684:feminism
1554:politics
1538:Filipino
1382:Thailand
1352:Suriname
1277:Portugal
1257:Paraguay
1242:Pakistan
1197:Mongolia
1167:Maldives
1162:Malaysia
1127:Kiribati
1062:Honduras
1002:Ethiopia
972:DR Congo
937:Colombia
917:Cambodia
912:Bulgaria
777:Swimming
739:Lacrosse
684:Baseball
582:Hinduism
575:Opus Dei
555:Buddhism
530:Religion
354:Medicine
260:Military
194:Feminism
150:Business
3346:Vietnam
3261:Myanmar
3241:Lebanon
3171:Georgia
3126:Bahrain
3116:Armenia
2939:Vietnam
2854:Myanmar
2834:Lebanon
2764:Georgia
2719:Bahrain
2709:Armenia
2601:Finnish
2591:Finnish
2270:Finland
2191:migrant
2018:Bulacan
2014:Malolos
1942:migrate
1922:poverty
1902:culture
1823:Ilocano
1819:Cebuano
1811:Visayan
1807:Tagalog
1776:scripts
1725:divorce
1721:erotica
1717:anatomy
1534:Spanish
1530:English
1524:, with
1467:Vietnam
1452:Vanuatu
1442:Uruguay
1422:Ukraine
1392:Tunisia
1327:Somalia
1302:Senegal
1227:Nigeria
1207:Myanmar
1202:Morocco
1147:Lebanon
1067:Iceland
1032:Germany
1027:Georgia
1017:Finland
982:Ecuador
967:Denmark
947:Croatia
942:Comoros
892:Bolivia
877:Belgium
867:Bahrain
852:Armenia
837:Andorra
832:Algeria
827:Albania
772:Surfing
749:Netball
709:Cycling
704:Curling
699:Cricket
597:Sikhism
592:Judaism
378:Science
349:Geology
326:Science
112:Society
52:Please
3391:Taiwan
3326:Turkey
3291:Russia
3226:Kuwait
3206:Jordan
3196:Israel
3156:Cyprus
3141:Brunei
3136:Bhutan
2984:Taiwan
2919:Turkey
2884:Russia
2819:Kuwait
2799:Jordan
2789:Israel
2749:Cyprus
2734:Brunei
2729:Bhutan
2203:Europe
2201:– and
2088:, and
2055:public
2042:Europe
1908:, the
1859:Aliwan
1839:comics
1739:, and
1714:female
1417:Uganda
1407:Tuvalu
1397:Turkey
1372:Taiwan
1362:Sweden
1292:Russia
1272:Poland
1252:Panama
1192:Mexico
1132:Kuwait
1112:Jordan
1097:Israel
1052:Guyana
1042:Greece
1022:France
957:Cyprus
907:Brunei
902:Brazil
897:Bosnia
887:Bhutan
842:Angola
782:Tennis
767:Rowing
694:Boxing
672:Sports
620:Comics
602:Taoism
275:Piracy
265:Mother
240:Health
120:
3432:Macau
3351:Yemen
3311:Syria
3286:Qatar
3266:Nepal
3201:Japan
3176:India
3166:Egypt
3151:China
3025:Macau
2944:Yemen
2904:Syria
2879:Qatar
2859:Nepal
2794:Japan
2769:India
2759:Egypt
2744:China
2299:, an
2215:Japan
2026:Vigan
1710:taboo
1472:Yemen
1387:Tonga
1367:Syria
1347:Sudan
1322:Spain
1287:Qatar
1247:Palau
1222:Niger
1212:Nepal
1152:Libya
1122:Kenya
1107:Japan
1077:India
1072:Italy
1057:Haiti
1037:Ghana
987:Egypt
961:North
932:China
927:Chile
882:Benin
758:Rodeo
637:Music
587:Islam
550:Bible
497:Music
446:Dance
390:Space
199:Womyn
137:Woman
3271:Oman
3236:Laos
3191:Iraq
3186:Iran
2864:Oman
2829:Laos
2784:Iraq
2779:Iran
2244:and
2146:and
2121:and
2096:, a
2034:poet
1960:and
1944:for
1932:and
1861:and
1833:and
1821:and
1759:and
1675:and
1661:Asia
1639:and
1619:and
1580:and
1560:and
1262:Peru
1237:Oman
1172:Mali
1142:Laos
1092:Iraq
1087:Iran
1012:Fiji
952:Cuba
922:Chad
724:Golf
502:Jazz
451:Film
429:Arts
411:Arts
231:List
3403:and
2996:and
2287:or
2279:by
2036:of
1727:or
1599:in
250:Law
3477::
2523:^
2504:^
2485:^
2433:^
2384:^
2272:.
2268:,
2217:,
2213:,
2209:,
2205:,
2133:.
2080:,
2076:,
2072:,
2028:,
2016:,
1948:.
1936:,
1924:,
1865:.
1857:,
1853:,
1847:,
1817:,
1813:,
1809:,
1735:,
1723:,
1719:,
1667:.
1615:,
1611:,
1556:,
1536:,
1532:,
3087:e
3080:t
3073:v
2680:e
2673:t
2666:v
2603:)
2599:(
2593:)
2589:(
2291:(
1829:"
1778:(
1506:e
1499:t
1492:v
963:)
959:(
126:)
122:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
20:)
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