1578:
backwards. Although unmentioned in the magnum opus of the history of
Kazakhstan (Istorija Kazakhstana s drevnejshyhvremen do nashihdnej, 2010: 284 et sqq.), the genocide argument currently found in certain textbooks were to some extent an empty exercise because it was not based on the international legal definition of genocide and did not go particularly far in terms of evidence. Instead, these arguments were consistent with the official Soviet contention that considered that the forced resignation of Goloshchekin and his replacement by Mirzojan reveal that the entire episode was the work of a single man. Although it has been demonstrated and acknowledged that as political leader, Goloshchekin played a key role in covering up the full extent of increases in mortality between 1930 and 1933, it remains there is scant evidence of a desire on the part of the government or particular individuals to exterminate the Kazakhs as a group, or even to identify compelling motives for such a deliberate strategy. Indeed, the Kazakh population never represented a political danger for the Soviet government, nor did the protest movement or secessionist leanings among the population at any time imperil Soviet territorial integrity (Ohayon, 2006: 365).
969:
Kazakhs. One-sixth of the indigenous population left their historical homeland forever. Of 3.5 million
Kazakhs in 1897 accounting for 82% of the region's population, by 1939 there were only 2.3 million, their share in the population of the republic fell to 38%". Two Soviet censuses show that the number of the Kazakhs in the Kazakh ASSR dropped from 3,637,612 in 1926 to 2,181,520 in 1937. The actions of the Soviet government made Kazakhs a minority in the Kazakh ASSR, and not until the 1990s did Kazakhs become the largest group in Kazakhstan again.
784:, appointed as commandant of the Ipatiev House by the decision of the Soviet. Though Yurovsky held direct command on the grounds, overall command was ultimately held by Goloshchyokin as Military Commissar of the Ural Region. In this capacity, he frequently oversaw the dismissal of guardsmen believed too sympathetic to the family and their replacement with more hardened, ruthless Bolshevists. When one of the guards, Ivan Skorokhodov, who was smitten with the
887:
quarters, with the most valuable items piled into
Yurovsky's office and later transported to Moscow in sealed trunks under heavy guard by commissars on Goloshchyokin's instructions, while items deemed of little consequence were stuffed into the stoves and burned. Goloshchyokin was safely evacuated from Ekaterinburg along with most of the other members of the Ural Soviet prior to the arrival of the White Army, who captured Ekaterinburg on 25 July.
2278:
76:
463:, acting as the People's Commissar for Military Affairs for the Ural Region, and a member of the Central Executive Committee of the Ural Regional Council of Workers', Peasants', and Soldiers' Deputies, more commonly known as the Ural Soviet, as well as a member of the Perm Central Executive Committee. He was one of the primary perpetrators of the
2357:
2312:
2372:
2367:
2362:
1052:
After his return to Moscow, despite being appointed to a senior post as
President of the State Council of Arbitration, Goloshchyokin brooded over his dismissal, and threatened suicide until his exasperated wife, Elizaveta Arsenievna Goloshchyokina, handed him a pistol and dared him to shoot himself –
886:
On 19 July, Goloshchyokin announced at the Opera House on Glavny
Prospekt that "Nicholas the Bloody" had been shot and his family taken to a secure location. He subsequently oversaw the disposal of the remains along with Yurovsky, while Beloborodov and Nikulin oversaw the ransacking of the Romanov's
1031:
Goloshchyokin defended himself by claiming that the poor and middle income
Kazakhs had "Voluntarily, in powerful waves, turned towards socialism". At first it appeared he had Stalin's support. On 11 November 1932, he and Isaev ordered the mass arrest and deportation of peasants accused of impeding
968:
While a general figure of around 1–2 million deaths is often given, some Kazakh historians, such as
Professor K.M. Abzhanov, Director of the Institute of History and Ethnology, give significantly higher estimates of the number of victims of the famine and violence: "Hunger killed at least 3 million
866:
Ortino, "the last pathetic remnant of the
Imperial Family", was brought out on the end of a Red Guardsman's bayonet and unceremoniously hurled onto the fiat, Goloshchyokin sneered, "Dogs deserve a dogs death" as he glared at the dead tsar. Goloschyokin climbed into the truck and departed along with
1040:
in
Kazakhstan – but a few days later, he was suddenly sacked, and was subject to widespread public criticism for his handling of collectivization. By blaming the famine on Goloshchyokin personally rather than larger structural issues with collectivization, Stalin failed to prevent similar problems
1577:
In the early 1990s, some Kazakh historians (Abylkhozhin, Tatimov) characterized the famine as "Goloshchekin's genocide," attributing sole responsibility for this tragedy to the first secretary of the
Communist Party of Kazakhstan and accentuating his contempt towards the people, whom perceived as
901:
From October 1922 to 1925, Goloshchyokin served as Chairman of the Samara Provincial Council of Workers, Peasants and Red Army Deputies, Chairman of the Samara Gubernaya Executive Committee and a member of the Provincial Committee of the RCP. On October 23, 1922, he abolished martial law in the
848:
Goloshchyokin is said to have nervously paced back and forth along the perimeter palisade erected around the Ipatiev House in an attempt to determine whether anyone could hear what was going on from outside as one of the guardsmen revved the engines of the fiat truck waiting outside to mask the
803:
Yurovsky detailed his interactions with Goloshchyokin in great detail in his memoirs, stating: “In about the middle of July, Filipp told me we had to make preparations for the liquidation in case the front got any closer." On 15 or 16 July, Yurovsky was informed by the Ural Soviet that
882:
in London with the message, "The Tsar Nicholas the Second was shot last night." Goloshchyokin snatched it, and struck out the words of Preston's text with a red pencil, rewriting on the paper, "The hangman Tsar Nicholas was shot last night – a fate he richly deserved."
219:
215:
189:
185:
2452:
730:
1668:Қазақстан тарихы: Аса маңызды кезеңдері мен ғылыми мәселелері. Жалпы білім беретін мектептің қоғамдык- гуманитарлық бағытындағы 11-сыныбына арналған оқулық / М.Қойгелдиев, Ә.Төлеубаев, Ж.Қасымбаев, т.б. — Алматы: «Мектеп» баспасы, 2007. — 304 бет,суретті.
829:. There is no surviving documented record of a final answer from Moscow, although Yurovsky insisted that an order from the Central Executive Committee to move forward signed by Sverdlov had been passed on to him by Goloshchyokin at around 7:00 PM.
671:, informing the local Bolsheviks: "Comrade Philippe has gone to the Urals; a man; very energetic; with the right party line". He served as a member of the Perm Committee of the All-Union Communist Party, then a member of the Regional Committee.
664:
795:
should be executed. Goloshchyokin arrived in Moscow on 3 July with a message insisting on the tsar's death. Only seven of the 23 members of the Central Executive Committee were in attendance at the time, three of whom were Lenin, Sverdlov and
840:
as a representative of the Ural Soviet to direct the executions, but did not appear to physically participate in the shooting himself, and instead remained outside with the other guardsmen while Yurovsky personally led the assembled
857:
and gun butts. As the corpses were brought out from the house and loaded onto the truck, Goloshchyokin stooped down to examine the corpse of the tsar, murmuring, "So this is the end of the Romanov Dynasty, is it...", to which
812:
at around 6:00 PM to Lenin and Sverdlov in Moscow, but the lines were down and they could not get a direct connection, leaving them with no choice but to send the telegram on the direct line to Petrograd instead addressed to
929:
ordered the forced collectivization of agriculture throughout the Soviet Union, Goloshchyokin ordered that Kazakhstan's largely nomadic population was to be forced to settle in collective farms. This caused a deadly
984:, a cynic. He did not count the Kazakhs as people at all. Goloshchekin did not have time to appear in Kazakhstan, as he stated that there is no Soviet power, and it is "necessary" to orchestrate a "Small October".
2337:
988:
Statements that, in seven years, he never went outside the capital and was not interested in how the people lived, did not correspond to reality. In April 1931, for example, Goloshchyokin toured ten
765:, and they suspected that the militant Ekaterinburg Bolsheviks would lynch him instead, but ultimately agreed that the prisoner and his family should pass through Ekaterinburg on the way to Moscow.
518:, in which 1.5 million people died, of whom 1.3 million were ethnic Kazakhs. An estimated 25 to 42 percent of all Kazakhs died or emigrated, the highest percentage of any ethnic group killed by the
2382:
1033:
903:
475:
211:
181:
980:. This is a man who does not stop the blood. This trait is especially noticeable in his nature: the executioner, cruel, with some elements of degeneration. In party life he was arrogant, was a
1100:
was not a criminal offense in the USSR in 1925, though it was criminalized in 1934, but Goloshchyokin, who was almost 20 years older than Yezhov, was arrested nonetheless on 15 October 1939.
1092:
was the head of the NKVD; but when Yezhov was arrested in 1939, he made a detailed confession to his interrogators, including the information that he had lived in Goloshchyokin's apartment in
1042:
2442:
949:
in the Soviet famines of the early 1930s. Violent measures were taken to enable the transfer of nomads to sedentary lifestyles, which led to massive casualties, mainly among the indigenous
785:
2457:
1054:
2387:
2172:
222:
192:
2447:
832:
While Beloborodov and Safarov remained at the local Cheka Headquarters at the Amerikanskaya Hotel nearby, Goloshchyokin arrived personally at the Ipatiev House along with
1008:, wrote to Stalin accusing Goloshchyokin of believing his own myth that every single Kazakh had decided to join the collective farms, and of blaming his own mistakes on '
2397:
2233:
808:
contingents were retreating in all directions, and the executions could not be delayed any longer. A coded telegram seeking final approval was sent by Goloshchyokin and
788:, smuggled a birthday cake to the grand duchess for her 19th birthday and was caught fraternizing with the same, Goloshchyokin had him arrested and tightened security.
2332:
1873:
907:
1932:
1566:
800:, where it was seemingly agreed the tsar should be killed without delay, with the details and preparations being left to the discretion of the Ural Soviet.
911:
136:
2462:
2437:
2352:
2327:
1922:
679:
614:. From 1909, he worked in the Moscow Committee of the RSDLP and directed it. In 1909 he was arrested and exiled to the Narym region, and fled in 1910.
941:
of the Kazakhs, however others do not accept this view. In Kazakhstan some studies repeated the Soviet explanation of the genocide, labeling it as the
849:
sounds of the gunfire and barking dogs. When it was clear that the gunfire could be discerned even from outside the palisade walls, one of the guards,
2402:
1927:
1427:
1270:
1937:
1917:
687:
825:, with a request to forward a copy to Sverdlov in Moscow. Zinoviev duly forwarded the telegraph to Moscow, noting that he had done so by 5:50 PM
2253:
875:
499:
483:
436:
140:
690:. Goloshchyokin recalled that before his departure for the Urals, Lenin aimed at delaying the convocation and the subsequent dispersal of the
2281:
1765:
1740:
1694:
1653:
1344:
331:
2477:
1912:
1866:
1571:
931:
655:
In 1913 he was again arrested by the Russian authorities and deported to the Turukhansk Territory in Siberia, and released only after the
2392:
2238:
440:
379:
343:
371:
2432:
2347:
1846:
1185:
His first wife, Bertha Iosifovna Perelman, was born in 1876 to the family of an artisan. She was arrested and sent into exile in the
962:
1820:
1673:
1549:
1506:
1396:
791:
In a special session on 29 June the Ural Soviet met at the Cheka headquarters in the Amerikanskaya Hotel and agreed that the entire
487:
88:
2467:
2407:
2317:
1859:
745:
While he was in Moscow in the spring of 1918, Goloshchyokin decided to first suggest to Yakov Sverdlov that the former Emperor
675:
464:
375:
1758:
Fear and the Muse Kept Watch, The Russian Masters – from Akhmatova and Pasternak to Shostakovich and Eisenstein – Under Stalin
1096:, then the capital of the Kazakh ASSR, in the latter half of 1925, and that during those months, they were homosexual lovers.
896:
519:
515:
2322:
2412:
479:
415:
132:
31:
474:
in 1922, in his capacity as a senior figure in the Communist Party, he was elected as a Full and Candidate Member of the
2472:
2218:
2108:
1882:
1166:
The surname is often written as "Goloshchekin", a transliteration of the surname written without diacritics: Голощeкин.
734:
691:
954:
2422:
2417:
1004:
In August 1932, the second most senior communist in Kazakhstan, the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars,
2342:
2248:
2118:
850:
2358:
Members of the Central Committee of the 6th Conference of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)
2093:
1140:
922:
868:
575:: Shaya or Shai) and Isak, Isayevich, Isaakovich, Itskovich are indicated as real names. After graduating from a
307:
722:
1131:
by 17 October, when the headquarters of the NKVD were evacuated there in connection with the approach of the
2377:
2103:
1151:
859:
611:
552:
544:
444:
1053:
after which he reputedly never threatened suicide again. Throughout his term as Chief State Arbiter of the
996:" under his leadership in Kazakhstan is remembered by a feeling of hatred and horror by the Kazakh people.
2228:
2072:
1016:
reporting finding corpses stacked like firewood by the roadside in the Turgai district of Kazakhstan. The
633:
organization with its own Central Committee, of which Goloshchyokin was a founding member. He assumed the
862:
responded: "No, not yet; there is still much work to be done". According to Kudrin, when the body of the
2427:
2037:
1906:
749:
should be moved to Ekaterinburg, where there was less chance of his being rescued by the anti-Bolshevik
541:
2313:
Candidates of the Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2307:
2302:
1120:
1061:
1037:
826:
529:
1107:, the preparation of a terrorist act, excesses in the matter of collectivization, and of spying for
2373:
Members of the Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2368:
Members of the Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2363:
Members of the Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
1136:
726:
710:
656:
269:
2152:
2148:
2052:
1613:
1301:
1169:
He is also often referred to as Shaya Goloshchekin (Шая) by the diminutive from the name Isay in
1025:
698:
683:
511:
448:
2243:
972:
A historian of the revolution, V.L. Burtsev, who knew Goloshchyokin, characterized him as such:
1336:
753:. Sverdlov and Lenin were reluctant to agree because they planned to put the former emperor on
2263:
2158:
2027:
1842:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1761:
1736:
1690:
1669:
1649:
1545:
1502:
1392:
1340:
1309:
1219:
921:
with virtually no outside interference. He played a prominent part in the construction of the
797:
702:
584:
452:
1732:
1726:
1292:
Pianciola, Niccolò (1 January 2001). "The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933".
2067:
2062:
1897:
1641:
1603:
1328:
1210:
1112:
822:
818:
814:
792:
556:
503:
407:
395:
2258:
2042:
1968:
1834:
1144:
1017:
1013:
2166:
2143:
2113:
2088:
2047:
2022:
2017:
1205:
1116:
1089:
1085:
1065:
993:
879:
863:
837:
809:
777:
660:
622:
595:
537:
317:
273:
173:
115:
1200:
Goloshchyokin was portrayed by Lithuanian actor Jokūbas Bareikis in the 2019 American
2296:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2098:
1958:
1953:
1617:
1329:
1097:
926:
833:
769:
714:
576:
491:
456:
422:
48:
768:
Upon arrival in Ekaterinburg, the family and their retainers were imprisoned in the
75:
2057:
1963:
1271:"The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33 and the Politics of History in the Post-Soviet Space"
1155:
1124:
1108:
1021:
773:
758:
706:
471:
426:
321:
297:
293:
265:
92:
17:
709:, and was elected Military Commissar of the Urals, where he formed and headed the
1542:'The Touch of Civilization': Comparing American and Russian Internal Colonization
2202:
1135:
towards Moscow. He was one of 20 'especially dangerous' prisoners, who included
1073:
1024:, also complained about starving Kazakhs pouring into Siberia, while Stalin and
1005:
842:
746:
718:
603:
533:
2453:
Members of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union executed by the Soviet Union
1851:
2223:
2182:
2162:
1214:
1104:
762:
754:
750:
626:
495:
429:
419:
335:
35:
737:, during the period when the Left SRs were in coalition with the Bolsheviks.
713:
in the region and oversaw the activities of the Red Army Reserve District in
1990:
1201:
1174:
1154:
in 1961, 20 years after his death. From 1976 to 1990, one of the streets in
1132:
1093:
1058:
1046:
981:
649:
634:
630:
599:
526:
1313:
1189:
region. In exile Bertha Perelman married Goloshchyokin. She died in 1918.
1645:
906:
in 1924, and a Full Member in 1927. On 19 February 1925, he was appointed
2138:
977:
958:
945:. 38% of all Kazakhs died, the highest number of any ethnic group killed
938:
918:
805:
1635:
1305:
705:, he was elected to the Presidium of the Ural Regional Soviet, based in
1728:
Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940
1361:
1170:
950:
854:
572:
571:
contractors, his true birth name is unknown, in various sources, Isai (
460:
43:
1428:"The terrible fate of Russia's last tsar and his family 100 years ago"
925:, which was constructed to open up Kazakhstan's mineral wealth. After
1128:
1028:
queried the number of Kazakh refuges crossing the border into China.
989:
618:
607:
289:
1608:
1591:
992:
of the republic. Nonetheless, the handling of collectivization and "
729:, and was a prisoner in Ekaterinburg, but was ordered not to by the
686:. At the Second Congress of Soviets, he was elected a member of the
1592:"The Kazakh Famine of 1930–33: Current Research and New Directions"
2177:
1186:
1009:
937:
Some historians and scholars contend that this famine amounted to
781:
668:
591:
455:
he was a major figure in the establishment of Soviet power in the
1487:
The House of Government: A Saga of the Russian Revolution, p. 156
1147:
near the village of Barbysh and consigned to an unmarked grave.
1069:
867:
Yurovsky, Kudrin, Ermakov, and Vaganov, while Yurovsky's deputy
580:
568:
548:
522:. Other sources state that as many as 1.0 to 2.3 million died.
1855:
878:, a diplomat at the British Consulate, attempting to cable Sir
490:
of the USSR from 1933 to 1939. He played a deadly role in the
1192:
He subsequently married Elizaveta Arsenievna Goloshchyokina.
904:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
874:
At a telegraph office in Ekaterinburg on 18 July, he caught
476:
Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1158:, then known as Sverdlovsk, was named after Goloshchyokin.
1043:
collectivization in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
953:
population. Large numbers of Kazakh nomads fled across the
902:
Samara Province. He was elected a Candidate Member of the
1687:
The House of Government, A Saga of the Russian Revolution
27:
Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician (1876–1941)
1327:
Getty, J. Arch; Manning, Roberta Thompson, eds. (1993).
617:
In 1912, he was a delegate to the Bolshevik Congress in
1088:, he survived the Great Purge unscathed for as long as
1072:
from 1936 to 1938 during the most active period of the
665:
Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee
2338:
First secretaries of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan
1839:
The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg
1567:"The Kazakh Famine: The Beginnings of Sedentarization"
1499:
The Last Days of the Romanovs: Tragedy at Ekaterinburg
1111:. He spent 12 months under heavy interrogation in the
1032:
grain collection. In January 1933, at a plenum of the
418:
February 26] 1876 – October 28, 1941) was a
2173:
Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War
1389:
A People's Tragedy, The Russian Revolution 1891–1924
917:
From 1925 to 1933 he ran the Kazakh ASSR as a local
678:, Goloshchyokin arrived in Petrograd. He joined the
2383:
People executed by the Soviet Union by firing squad
2211:
2131:
2081:
2010:
2003:
1977:
1946:
1896:
1889:
367:
350:
327:
313:
303:
279:
248:
243:
209:
179:
167:
157:
131:
121:
109:
86:
57:
1731:. Stanford, Ca: Hoover Institution Press. p.
853:, told the killers to cease fire and to use their
486:from 1925 to 1933, and Chief State Arbiter of the
2443:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905
2234:Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg
1064:, and was a frequent contact and collaborator of
1036:, he boasted of the "enormous successes" of the
974:
536:(1936–1938), he was arrested after the fall of
2458:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
934:which killed between 1 and 2 million people.
1867:
153:19 February 1925 – 12 September 1933
8:
1933:Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia
1637:Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin
1544:. University Press of Colorado. p. 47.
205:19 December 1927 – 10 February 1934
105:12 September 1933 – 15 October 1939
2388:People from Nevelsky District, Pskov Oblast
1143:on 28 October 1941 on the direct orders of
1127:, and was then transferred a final time to
912:Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic
567:Born 9 March 1876 in Nevel to a family of
2007:
1923:Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia
1893:
1874:
1860:
1852:
1808:What Stalin Knew, The Enigma of Barbarossa
1012:'. In October, a prominent Kazakh writer,
680:Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee
74:
54:
2448:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
1760:. New York: New Press. pp. 159–160.
1689:. Princeton: Princeton U.P. p. 434.
1607:
1264:
1262:
1260:
871:was left in charge of the Ipatiev House.
717:. In Spring 1918, he proposed to execute
555:in 1961, 20 years after his death, after
2398:People of the Russian Revolution of 1905
1928:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia
482:of the Kazakh Regional Committee of the
439:since 1903 and a founding member of the
2333:Perpetrators of the Red Terror (Russia)
1938:Alexei Nikolaevich, Tsarevich of Russia
1918:Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia
1596:East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies
1256:
1232:
780:, a ranking member of the Ekaterinburg
688:All-Russian Central Executive Committee
583:, Goloshchyokin worked for a time as a
235:2 June 1924 – 19 December 1927
2254:Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia
1565:Ohayon, Isabelle (28 September 2013).
1335:. Cambridge University Press. p.
908:First Secretary of the Communist Party
723:Chairman of the Provisional Government
610:and other cities. He took part in the
437:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1725:Jansen, Marc; Petrov, Nikita (2002).
1629:
1627:
594:. He conducted revolutionary work in
7:
1590:Cameron, Sarah (10 September 2016).
1572:Paris Institute of Political Studies
776:, a member of the Ural Soviet, with
441:Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)
2239:Church of All Saints, Yekaterinburg
1501:. St. Martin's Press. p. 200.
1360:Pannier, Bruce (28 December 2007).
470:Following the establishment of the
380:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
360:Elizaveta Arsenievna Goloshchyokina
1362:"Kazakhstan: The Forgotten Famine"
1331:Stalinist Terror: New Perspectives
1119:by August 1941 at the time of the
1057:, he was an active participant in
757:in a grand public spectacle, with
25:
2463:Executed regicides of Nicholas II
2438:20th-century Russian LGBTQ people
2353:Jews executed by the Soviet Union
2328:Executed Great Purge perpetrators
1368:. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
1137:14 high-ranking military officers
1121:Axis invasion of the Soviet Union
1115:, after which he was returned to
2277:
2276:
1811:. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp.
1391:. London: Pimlico. p. 650.
1269:Volkava, Elena (26 March 2012).
692:All-Russian Constituent Assembly
2403:People of the Russian Civil War
1103:He was accused of sympathy for
676:All-Russian Congress of Soviets
1841:. St. Martin's Griffin, 2010.
1055:Council of People's Commissars
786:Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna
731:People's Commissar for Justice
625:formalized the break with the
488:Council of People's Commissars
443:, he was a participant in the
392:Filipp Isayevich Goloshchyokin
376:Shooting of the Romanov Family
372:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933
253:Shaya Itsikovich Goloshchyokin
89:Council of People's Commissars
1:
551:in 1941. He was posthumously
465:killing of the Romanov family
32:Eastern Slavic naming customs
1883:Murder of the Romanov family
735:Left Socialist Revolutionary
674:As a delegate to the Second
667:, sent Goloshchyokin to the
2478:Inmates of Sukhanovo Prison
87:Chief State Arbiter of the
2494:
2393:People from Nevelsky Uyezd
2249:Romanov Family Association
1783:Stalin's Loyal Executioner
1781:Jansen and Petrov (2002).
897:Kazakh famine of 1931–1933
894:
520:Soviet famine of 1932–1933
516:Kazakh famine of 1932–1933
30:In this name that follows
29:
2433:Russian LGBTQ politicians
2348:Jewish Soviet politicians
2272:
1497:Rappaport, Helen (2017).
1294:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
1173:. "Filipp" was his party
923:Turkestan-Siberia railway
697:After the success of the
525:An active participant in
507:
484:All-Union Communist Party
432:, and party functionary.
411:
399:
385:
357:Bertha Iosifovna Perelman
308:Execution by firing squad
239:
228:
198:
146:
141:All-Union Communist Party
137:Kazakh Regional Committee
98:
82:
73:
64:
1805:Murphy, David E (2005).
1795:Helen Rappaport, p. 215"
1634:Snyder, Timothy (2010).
1141:executed by firing squad
701:and the outbreak of the
682:and participated in the
400:Филипп Исаевич Голощёкин
304:Cause of death
210:Candidate Member of the
65:
2104:Mikhail Medvedev-Kudrin
1712:The House of Government
1685:Slezkine, Yuri (2019).
1387:Figes, Orlando (1996).
1239:Also transliterated as
1209:, and by Russian actor
1045:that would lead to the
741:Killing of the Romanovs
629:and created a separate
612:Revolution of 1905–1907
378:, senior figure of the
344:Russian Communist Party
2468:Soviet rehabilitations
2408:Persecution of Kazakhs
2318:Executed Soviet people
2229:List of Russian saints
2073:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky
1756:McSmith, Andy (2015).
1540:Sabol, Steven (2017).
1084:Unlike most prominent
986:
943:Goloshchyokin genocide
640:, also transliterated
590:In 1903 he joined the
2323:Genocide perpetrators
2038:Alexander Beloborodov
1907:Nicholas II of Russia
910:in the newly created
772:on the suggestion of
563:Early life and career
510:, a reference to the
414:) (March 9 [
2413:Anti-Asian sentiment
2033:Filipp Goloshchyokin
1913:Alexandra Feodorovna
1150:He was posthumously
1080:Arrest and execution
932:famine in Kazakhstan
891:Famine in Kazakhstan
721:, who had served as
59:Filipp Goloshchyokin
2473:Soviet LGBTQ people
727:February Revolution
657:February Revolution
540:in 1939, and later
478:from 1924 to 1934,
270:Vitebsk Governorate
180:Full Member of the
18:Filipp Goloshchekin
2423:Russian communists
2418:Ethnic persecution
2153:October Revolution
2149:Russian Revolution
2053:Nikolay Tolmachyov
1530:Rappaport, p. 206.
1521:Rappaport, p. 200"
1478:Rappaport, p. 195"
1469:Rappaport, p. 193.
1460:Rappaport, p. 130.
1451:Rappaport, p. 132.
1414:A People's Tragedy
1196:In popular culture
1068:, the head of the
1026:Vyacheslav Molotov
976:This is a typical
965:during this time.
817:, the head of the
719:Prince Georgy Lvov
699:October Revolution
684:October Revolution
514:), leading to the
449:October Revolution
445:Revolution of 1905
163:Viktor Naneishvili
2343:Jewish socialists
2290:
2289:
2264:Romanov impostors
2159:Russian Civil War
2127:
2126:
2028:Felix Dzerzhinsky
1999:
1998:
1767:978-1-59558-056-6
1742:978-0-8179-2902-2
1696:978-0-6911-9272-7
1655:978-0-465-03147-4
1346:978-0-5214-4670-9
1220:The Crying Steppe
1034:Central Committee
963:Republic of China
798:Felix Dzerzhinsky
703:Russian Civil War
659:in 1917. In May,
585:dental technician
453:Russian Civil War
389:
388:
212:Central Committee
182:Central Committee
127:Vsevolod Mozheiko
16:(Redirected from
2485:
2280:
2279:
2068:Gavril Myasnikov
2063:Fyodor Lukoyanov
2008:
1894:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1827:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1682:
1676:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1631:
1622:
1621:
1611:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1494:
1488:
1485:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1424:
1418:
1417:
1412:Figes, Orlando.
1409:
1403:
1402:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1300:(3/4): 237–251.
1289:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1266:
1244:
1237:
1211:Sergei Nikonenko
1113:Sukhanovo Prison
823:Smolny Institute
819:Petrograd Soviet
815:Grigory Zinoviev
763:Chief Prosecutor
557:de-Stalinization
509:
435:A member of the
413:
404:Shaya Itsikovich
401:
341:
286:
262:
260:
244:Personal details
233:
223:Party Congresses
203:
193:Party Congresses
170:
160:
151:
124:
112:
103:
78:
68:
67:Филипп Голощёкин
55:
21:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2268:
2259:Provender House
2207:
2123:
2094:Grigory Nikulin
2077:
2043:Boris Didkovsky
1995:
1973:
1969:Ivan Kharitonov
1942:
1885:
1880:
1835:Helen Rappaport
1831:
1830:
1823:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1640:. Basic Books.
1633:
1632:
1625:
1609:10.21226/T2T59X
1589:
1588:
1584:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1552:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1273:. Wilson Center
1268:
1267:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1198:
1183:
1164:
1145:Lavrentiy Beria
1082:
1014:Gabit Musirepov
1002:
899:
893:
821:, based in the
743:
648:, as his party
565:
512:"Great October"
480:First Secretary
363:
342:
339:
328:Political party
288:
284:
283:28 October 1941
264:
258:
256:
255:
254:
234:
229:
204:
199:
168:
158:
152:
147:
133:First Secretary
122:
110:
104:
99:
69:
66:
60:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2378:Old Bolsheviks
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2156:
2146:
2144:Russian Empire
2141:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2119:Alexey Kabanov
2116:
2114:Stepan Vaganov
2111:
2109:Pavel Medvedev
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2089:Yakov Yurovsky
2085:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2048:Georgy Safarov
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2023:Yakov Sverdlov
2020:
2018:Vladimir Lenin
2014:
2012:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:978-0312603472
1829:
1828:
1821:
1797:
1788:
1773:
1766:
1748:
1741:
1717:
1714:. p. 435.
1702:
1695:
1677:
1661:
1654:
1646:2027/heb.32352
1623:
1582:
1557:
1550:
1532:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1419:
1416:. p. 636.
1404:
1397:
1379:
1352:
1345:
1319:
1284:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1206:The Last Czars
1197:
1194:
1182:
1179:
1163:
1160:
1117:Butyrka prison
1090:Nikolai Yezhov
1086:Old Bolsheviks
1081:
1078:
1066:Nikolai Yezhov
1038:Five year Plan
1001:
998:
994:dekulakization
892:
889:
880:Arthur Balfour
876:Thomas Preston
864:French Bulldog
860:Mikhail Kudrin
851:Alexei Kabanov
838:Stepan Vaganov
827:Petrograd time
810:Georgy Safarov
793:Romanov family
778:Yakov Yurovsky
742:
739:
661:Yakov Sverdlov
623:Vladimir Lenin
596:St. Petersburg
564:
561:
538:Nikolai Yezhov
387:
386:
383:
382:
369:
365:
364:
362:
361:
358:
354:
352:
348:
347:
329:
325:
324:
315:
311:
310:
305:
301:
300:
287:(aged 65)
281:
277:
276:
274:Russian Empire
252:
250:
246:
245:
241:
240:
237:
236:
226:
225:
207:
206:
196:
195:
177:
176:
174:Levon Mirzoyan
171:
165:
164:
161:
155:
154:
144:
143:
129:
128:
125:
119:
118:
116:Vasily Schmidt
113:
107:
106:
96:
95:
84:
83:
80:
79:
71:
70:
62:
61:
58:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2490:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2198:Ipatiev House
2196:
2194:
2193:Yekaterinburg
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2099:Peter Ermakov
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1959:Anna Demidova
1957:
1955:
1954:Eugene Botkin
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1824:
1822:0-300-10780-3
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1774:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1752:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1721:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1674:9965-36-106-1
1671:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1551:9781607325505
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1510:
1508:9780312603472
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1398:0-7126-7327-X
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1152:rehabilitated
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:Homosexuality
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1018:West Siberian
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
991:
985:
983:
979:
973:
970:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
928:
927:Joseph Stalin
924:
920:
915:
913:
909:
905:
898:
890:
888:
884:
881:
877:
872:
870:
865:
861:
856:
852:
846:
844:
839:
835:
834:Peter Ermakov
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
801:
799:
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:Ipatiev House
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
740:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
577:dental school
574:
570:
562:
560:
558:
554:
553:rehabilitated
550:
546:
545:without trial
543:
539:
535:
531:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
508:Малый Октябрь
505:
501:
500:Small October
497:
493:
492:Sovietization
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
451:. During the
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
431:
428:
424:
423:revolutionary
421:
417:
409:
405:
397:
393:
384:
381:
377:
373:
370:
366:
359:
356:
355:
353:
349:
345:
337:
333:
330:
326:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
299:
295:
291:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
251:
247:
242:
238:
232:
227:
224:
221:
217:
213:
208:
202:
197:
194:
191:
187:
183:
178:
175:
172:
166:
162:
156:
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
120:
117:
114:
108:
102:
97:
94:
90:
85:
81:
77:
72:
63:
56:
51:
50:
49:Goloshchyokin
45:
42: and the
41:
37:
33:
19:
2428:Russian Jews
2244:White émigré
2219:Canonization
2082:Executioners
2058:Pyotr Voykov
2032:
2004:Perpetrators
1964:Alexei Trupp
1838:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1782:
1776:
1757:
1751:
1727:
1720:
1711:
1705:
1686:
1680:
1664:
1636:
1599:
1595:
1585:
1576:
1570:
1560:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1498:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1435:. Retrieved
1431:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1388:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1330:
1322:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1275:. Retrieved
1241:Goloshchekin
1240:
1235:
1218:
1213:in the 2021
1204:
1199:
1191:
1184:
1168:
1165:
1156:Ekaterinburg
1149:
1125:World War II
1109:Nazi Germany
1102:
1083:
1051:
1030:
1022:Robert Eikhe
1020:party boss,
1003:
987:
975:
971:
967:
946:
942:
936:
916:
900:
885:
873:
847:
831:
802:
790:
774:Pyotr Voykov
767:
759:Leon Trotsky
744:
715:Ekaterinburg
707:Ekaterinburg
696:
673:
654:
645:
641:
637:
616:
589:
566:
524:
472:Soviet Union
469:
434:
412:Шая Ицикович
403:
391:
390:
298:Soviet Union
294:Russian SFSR
285:(1941-10-28)
263:9 March 1876
230:
200:
169:Succeeded by
148:
123:Succeeded by
100:
93:Soviet Union
47:
39:
2308:1941 deaths
2303:1876 births
2203:Ganina Yama
2188:Ural Soviet
1372:26 November
1139:, who were
1074:Great Purge
1006:Uraz Isayev
843:death squad
747:Nicholas II
669:Ural Region
621:, at which
604:Sestroretsk
534:Great Purge
532:during the
346:(1918–1939)
340:(1903–1918)
314:Nationality
159:Preceded by
111:Preceded by
44:family name
2297:Categories
2224:New Martyr
2183:Red Terror
2132:Background
2011:Organizers
1813:237–8, 260
1710:Slezkine.
1602:(2): 117.
1432:medium.com
1251:References
1105:Trotskyism
1062:repression
947:per capita
895:See also:
761:acting as
751:White Army
725:after the
627:Mensheviks
530:repression
496:Kazakhstan
430:politician
336:Bolsheviks
259:1876-03-09
36:patronymic
1947:Entourage
1618:132830478
1202:docudrama
1175:cryptonym
1133:Wehrmacht
1129:Kuybyshev
1094:Kzyl-Orda
1059:Stalinist
1047:Holodomor
982:demagogue
711:Red Guard
650:cryptonym
631:Bolshevik
600:Kronstadt
527:Stalinist
420:Bolshevik
368:Known for
290:Kuybyshev
231:In office
201:In office
149:In office
101:In office
40:Isayevich
2282:Category
2139:Regicide
1911:Empress
1905:Emperor
1898:Romanovs
1437:July 12,
1314:20034146
1306:41036834
1000:Downfall
978:Leninist
959:Xinjiang
939:genocide
919:dictator
855:bayonets
806:Red Army
646:Philippe
447:and the
402:) (born
1890:Victims
1171:Yiddish
1123:during
1041:during
961:in the
869:Nikulin
642:Philipp
573:Yiddish
547:by the
504:Russian
461:Siberia
408:Russian
396:Russian
351:Spouses
318:Russian
214:of the
184:of the
139:of the
135:of the
91:of the
2212:Legacy
2167:Whites
2165:&
1987:Jemmie
1984:Ortino
1845:
1819:
1764:
1739:
1693:
1672:
1652:
1616:
1548:
1505:
1395:
1343:
1312:
1304:
1277:9 July
1215:Kazakh
1181:Family
1010:kulaks
990:raions
955:border
951:Kazakh
663:, the
638:Filipp
619:Prague
608:Moscow
569:Jewish
427:Soviet
322:Soviet
34:, the
2178:Cheka
1614:S2CID
1366:RFERL
1302:JSTOR
1227:Notes
1217:film
1187:Narym
957:into
782:Cheka
755:trial
635:alias
592:RSDLP
457:Urals
332:RSDLP
266:Nevel
2163:Reds
1978:Pets
1843:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1737:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1503:ISBN
1439:2018
1393:ISBN
1374:2021
1341:ISBN
1310:PMID
1279:2015
1162:Name
1070:NKVD
836:and
733:, a
581:Riga
549:NKVD
542:shot
502:), (
459:and
416:O.S.
280:Died
249:Born
220:14th
218:and
216:13th
190:16th
188:and
186:15th
1991:Joy
1642:hdl
1604:doi
1337:265
914:.
694:.
644:or
587:.
579:in
498:, (
494:of
406:) (
46:is
38:is
2299::
1837:.
1815:.
1735:.
1733:18
1648:.
1626:^
1612:.
1598:.
1594:.
1575:.
1569:.
1430:.
1364:.
1339:.
1308:.
1298:25
1296:.
1259:^
1223:.
1177:.
1076:.
1049:.
845:.
652:.
606:,
602:,
598:,
559:.
506::
467:.
425:,
410::
398::
374:,
338:)
320:,
296:,
292:,
272:,
268:,
2169:)
2161:(
2155:)
2151:(
1875:e
1868:t
1861:v
1825:.
1785:.
1770:.
1745:.
1699:.
1658:.
1644::
1620:.
1606::
1600:3
1554:.
1511:.
1441:.
1401:.
1376:.
1349:.
1316:.
1281:.
1243:.
394:(
334:(
261:)
257:(
52:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
