591:, and no haplotypes were completely identical to tundra reindeer (Baranova et al. 2012). Kharzinova et al. (2018) also “found contrasting patterns in the genetic structure” of the tundra and forest reindeer, “in accordance with their morphological and ecological difference.” She and her colleagues then sampled reindeer domesticated by the Tuva and Tofalar people of the Altai Mountains and found that these reindeer “...are tall with rather long bodies, deep chests, well-developed muscles, and are light in color.” Statistical analysis of the mtDNA “…revealed a different genetic structure of the taiga reindeer from their counterparts inhabiting the tundra.” Nei's standard genetic distance was 28.3% and the Fixation Index was 29.9% (Kharzinova et al. 2022); both of these measures of distinctiveness are in the range that usually distinguish different
404:, represents “an extreme adaptation of reindeer to grazing in open, dry, periglacial environments.” It dispersed westward during the last glacial maximum (21,000 – 18,000 years BP), mixed with and replaced local European reindeer forms. Its “relatively short limb bones, simple long antlers with small palmations and large cheek-teeth mark it as an open-landscape grazer.” (Croitor 2018) Its food habits may have been similar to those of the fossil reindeer from Alaska that displayed a heavy occlusal tooth wear for young and adult animals that reflects a very abrasive diet (Rivals & Solounias 2007). Unlike modern reindeer, however, the volume of nasal cavity of
31:
44:
727:
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557:“a larger, tall-legged reindeer with short, stout antlers reminiscent of barren-ground antlers, but with oval beams and a bez tine set well above the brow-tine. Woodland-type antlers as found in North American forest caribou these antlers are not! In shape they stand close to the tundra type antlers, but are more massive with some tendency for palmation.”
549:"...the long legs of the wild forest reindeer are an important adaptation to taiga conditions, where the snow cover is usually deep and soft. The mountain types have evolved in areas with hard-backed tundra snow, and consequently the semi-domestic reindeer have difficulty surviving in coniferous forests, especially in winters with deep, soft snow."
415:
The above picture is one of primitive reindeer evolving in northern
Eurasia in the Late Pliocene or earliest Pleistocene, spreading westward into Europe (and eastward into North America) and adapting to forests during an early Pleistocene interstadial when tundra retreated and forests expanded. When
342:
Finnish forest reindeer use the
Metsola Biosphere Reserve (MBR) for summer pastures, rutting and calving, while some of these animals also use this area as winter pastures. Telemetry showed that some individual migrated in winter across the Russian-Finnish border, a distance of < 50 km. They
315:
According to a census carried out by helicopter in
Finland's Kainuu region this year, the population there totals 793 individuals. There are roughly 1,000 in the Suomenselkä area, with a few dozen around the towns of Ähtäri and Lieksa. Miettunen says that levels have remained quite steady in recent
1188:
Kharzinova VR, Dotsev AV, Deniskova TE, Solovieva AD, Fedorov VI, Layshev KA, Romanenko TM, Okhlopkov IM, Wimmers K, Reyer H (2018) Genetic diversity and population structure of domestic and wild reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L. 1758): A novel approach using BovineHD BeadChip. PloS one 13: e0207944.
260:
The
Finnish forest reindeer is one of the largest subspecies of reindeer. It is 180–220 cm long and the tail 10–15 cm. The adult male is larger, weighing 150–250 kg, while adult females weigh about 100 kg. Their longer legs, wide hooves and narrower V-shaped antlers facilitate
1234:
Yannic G, Pellissier L, Ortego J, Lecomte N, Couturier S, Cuyler C, Dussault C, Hundertmark KJ, Irvine RJ, Jenkins DA, Kolpashikov L, Mager K, Musiani M, Parker KL, Røed KH, Sipko T, Þórisson SG, V.Weckworth B, Guisan A, Bernatchez L, Côté SD (2013) Genetic diversity in caribou linked to past and
599:
Genetic analysis of all wild caribou and reindeer ecotypes in the world, at the coarsest level of refinement, K = 2, clearly separated North
American woodland caribou from all others; K = 3, however, revealed a third distinctive genetic cluster in Finnish forest reindeer and PCA (principal
586:
DNA analysis has confirmed the forest reindeer's distinctiveness and genetic distance from other reindeer types. A total of 16 mtDNA control region haplotypes (unique segments of DNA inherited in the female line) were identified in forest reindeer from
Karelia and Murmansk that were unique to
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Kharzinova VR, Dotsev AV, Solovieva AD, Shimit LD-O, Kochkarev AP, Reyer H, Zinovieva NA (2022) Genome-Wide SNP Analysis
Reveals the Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Domestic Reindeer Population (Rangifer tarandus) Inhabiting the Indigenous Tofalar Lands of Southern Siberia.
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sp. from the Early
Pleistocene of Omsk, Russia dates back to 2.1-1.8 Ma and suggests northern Eurasia as a center of reindeer origin (Bondarev et al. 2017). Its pedicles (antler bases), unlike modern reindeer, are inclined backward and set parallel to each other, demonstrating the primitive
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van
Kolfschoten T, van der Jagt I, Beeren Z, Argiti V, van der Leije J, van Essen H, Busschers FS, Stoel P, van der Plicht H ( 2011) A remarkable collection of Late Pleistocene reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) remains from Woerden (The Netherlands). , : 4-11. Quaternary International 238:
951:
Bondarev AA, Tesakov AS, Simakova AN, Dorogov AL (2017) Reindeer (Rangifer) from Early
Pleistocene of the south of Western Siberia (in Russian). In: Bogdanov AA, others (Eds) Integrative palaeontology: development prospects for geological objectives, material of the LXIII session of the
600:
components analysis) confirmed a distinctive Fennoscandian group apart from the Eurasia-Beringia clade. The secondary contact zone between the clusters is located in Eastern Finland, where admixture (interbreeding) was observed. This clustering and PCA analysis omitted Greenland and
399:
In contrast, all known Middle and Late Pleistocene reindeer of Eurasia — except the forest forms mentioned above — share with the advanced American barren-ground caribou a peculiar specialized antler shape with the short distance between the first and second tines. One such,
459:
Lönnberg, 1909. Miller Jr. (1912), recognizing its consistent morphological differences from tundra reindeer—larger body, longer legs and “skull with nasal bones narrow and highly arched ; teeth relatively small”—elevated it to full species,
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Geist V (1991) On an objective definition of subspecies, taxa as legal entities, and its application to Rangifer tarandus Lin. 1758. In: Butler CE, Mahoney SP (Eds) Proceedings 4th North American Caribou Workshop, 1989. St. John's, Newfoundland,
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Puputti A-K, Niskanen M (2009) Identification of semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus, Linnaeus 1758) and wild forest reindeer (R t fennicus, Lönnberg 1909) from postcranial skeletal measurements. Mammalian Biology 74:
993:
Rivals F, Solounias N (2007) Differences in tooth microwear of populations of caribou (Rangifer tarandus, Ruminantia, Mammalia) and implications to ecology, migration, glaciations and dental evolution. Journal of Mammal Evolution 14:
454:
Although Carl Linnaeus named reindeer in 1758, and naturalists and trained taxonomists since then named many species of reindeer, the Finnish forest reindeer was not described until 1909 as a subspecies of Eurasian tundra reindeer:
595:
of other cervids (see review in Harding, 2022). These results suggest that the Tuva and Tofalar people may have domesticated Altai forest reindeer, as opposed to all other domesticated types that derived from tundra reindeer.
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Baranova AI, Kholodova MV, Davydov AV, Rozhkov II (2012) Polymorphism of the mtDNA control region in wild reindeer Rangifer tarandus (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) from the European part of Russia. Russian Journal of Genetics 48:
1028:
Linnæi C (1758) Systema Naturae Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis Edition 10 Tomus 1. Vol. 1,Laurentii Salvii, Holmæi , 824
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Panchenko DV, Paasivaara A, Hyvärinen M, Krasovskij YA (2021) The wild forest reindeer, Rangifer tarandus fennicus, in the Metsola Biosphere Reserve, northwest Russia. Nature Conservation Research 6(Suppl.1):
440:). However, since forest and tundra reindeer do not share a direct common ancestor, they cannot be subspecies of the same species, according to the principles of phylogenetic species and subspecies definition.
1093:
Millais JG (1915) The Asiatic reindeer and elk. In: Carruthers D, Millais JG, Wallace HF, Kennion LCRL, Barklay FG (Eds) The Gun at Home and Abroad. London & Counties Press Association Ltd., London, U.K.,
366:
Van Kolfschoten et al. (2011) reported fossils of reindeer in Europe from the early Middle Pleistocene of Germany, France, and England. One of the earliest fossils, an unnamed, large reindeer from Moldova
1169:
Soveri T, Nieminen M (2007) Papillar morphology of the rumen of forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) and semidomesticated reindeer (R. t. tarandus). Anatomia, Histologia, Embryologia 36: 366-370.
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Croitor R (2010) Preliminary data on reindeer fossils from the Palaeolithic site Rascov-8 (eastern Moldova) with remarks on systematics and evolution of Upper Pleistocene reindeer. Ştiinţele Naturii 1:
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in October 2013, while the wild Finnish forest reindeer are in decline, the semi-domesticated mountain reindeer, which are kept separated from the wild reindeer, have a population of at least 200,000.
561:
He described the “Altai reindeer” as similar to Finnish forest reindeer, but with “a light-coloured (sand to fox red) woodland form with a dark face and small antlers…” In a 1998 update, he named
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Miller Jr. GS (1912) Catalogue of the mammals of Western Europe (Europe exclusive of Russia) in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum (Natural History), London, U.K., 1019 pp.
576:
Other taxonomists have confirmed the statistically significant morphological differences of forest reindeer, especially the proportionately longer legs (e.g., Puputti and Niskanen 2009).
1222:
Harding LE (2022) Genetic distance, supplementary file 2 for Harding, “Available Names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies”. ZooKeys 1119: 1-20.
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another ice age came and forests retreated, grassland- and then tundra-adapted “modern” reindeer evolved and spread throughout northern Eurasia; but the forest types, descended from
806:
604:, which were too different genetically to be included in the analysis (Yannic et al. 2013) These considerations led to the renaming of the Finnish forest reindeer as a full species
343:
have a harem-guarding mating system (Panchenko et al. 2021), that differs from the aggregated rutting, individual mate-tending, and synchronized calving system of tundra caribou.
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Croitor R (2018) Plio-Pleistocene deer of Western Palearctic: taxonomy, systematics, phylogeny. Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Chișinău, 142 pp.
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were forest reindeer related more to Finnish forest reindeer than to tundra types. He also included several formerly named subspecies as forest reindeer synonymous with
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Nieminen M, Helle T (1980) Variations in body measurements of wild and semi-domestic reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in Fennoscandia. Annales Zoologici Fennici 17: 275-283
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Banfield AWF (1961) A revision of the reindeer and caribou, genus Rangifer. National Museum of Canada Bulletin 177, Biological Series No. 66, Ottawa, Ontario, 137 pp.
494:, noting that measurements showed “no overlap in some ranges & means quite different” of the skull shape, especially the rostra (noses). Banfield (1961) placed
396:(Croitor 2018). All of these are relatively large, “primitive” forest forms that do not have the modern adaptations to grassland or to extreme cold of later types.
370:“is an archaic form of reindeer that arrived in Europe during the earlier expansion of the species. It equals in size the modern forest North American subspecies
1518:
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There are about 150 Finnish forest reindeer in 25 European zoos. These animals have made the WildForestReindeerLIFE reintroduction project in Finland possible.
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because of their obvious morphological and ecological similarity as noted above under Evolution, the Finnish forest reindeer became a subspecies by monotypy:
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In the 17th century, the Finnish forest reindeer ranged throughout Finland and western Russia. Hunting, reindeer husbandry and habitat degradation through
651:. Zoo employees also participate in planning the daily care of the animals living in the on-site enclosures, and provide wildlife veterinarian assistance.
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was followed by — and may have been an ancestor of — modern tundra reindeer that dispersed from Beringia during or after the last glacial maximum (LGM).
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but hunting and reindeer farming wiped them out in that area as well. In 1979 to 1980 they were introduced from Kainuu, Finland to middle Finland to
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311:, which is found in eastern Finland and northwest Russia. The estimates for the Finland population ranges from 850 reindeer to up to 2,000 or 3,000.
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Reindeer originated in a late Pliocene North American-Beringian radiation of New World deer (Geist 1998). A frontoparietal skull fragment of
327:
814:
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Sokolov II (1937) Половая, возрастная и расовая изменчивость черепа диких и домашних северных оленей . Soviet Reindeer Industry 9: 1-102.
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led to their near complete extinction in Finland by the end of the 19th century. In 1700, in Russia the population was concentrated in
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project in Finland started in 2016, lasting seven years. The project is coordinated by Wildlife Service Finland and co-funded by the
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Differences are not only in size and shape. The forest reindeer rumens have smaller papilli than do the semi-domesticated reindeer,
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Neiminen et al. (1980) gave measurements of a larger series of specimens, comparing them to tundra reindeer, and noted that:
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in Canada, which are also forest-dwelling and avoid humans, are also experiencing a decline in populations and were designated as
1115:
Harding LE (2022) Available names for Rangifer (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Cervidae) species and subspecies. ZooKeys 1119: 117-151.
666:(EAZA)'s population management plan since a studbook of the species was founded in 1998. From 2020, the species was added to the
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408: was small, indicating that this Paleolithic reindeer had not yet evolved adaptations to cold air breathing (Flerov 1952).
942:
Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp.
30:
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Geist V (1998) Deer of the world: their evolution, behavior, and ecology. Stackpole Books, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, 421 pp
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Flerov CC (1952) Mammals: Musk deer and deer. In: Fauna of the USSR. Academy of Sciences, Moscow and Leningrad, USSR, 222-247.
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583:, reflecting dietary differences between feeding habits consistent with different ecology (Soveri and Neiminen 2007).
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380:— large, but with relatively small teeth — originated in a small Western Europe refugium and was a likely ancestor of
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or other archaic forest forms, persisted in Western European refugia and evolved into the Eurasian forest reindeer (
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296:. While their populations have been recovering in Finland, it has been suggested that an increasing, returning
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persisted into the Holocene, with dates of 11,000 and 7,200 years ago. It was apparently contemporaneous with
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Hilzheimer M (1936) Über drei neue Formen des Rentieres. Zeitschrift für Säugetiere-kunde 11: 154-158.
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in Finland, though some range into central south Finland. They are distinct from the semi-domesticated
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Groves CP (2017) Phylogenetic species concept. The International Encyclopedia of Primatology: 1-2.
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In 2013 Finnish and Russian researchers began a collaborative comprehensive population study using
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Flerov CC (1933) Review of the Palaearctic reindeer or caribou. Journal of Mammalogy 14: 328-338.
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1306:"Metsäpeurojen suojelua maailman eläintarhoissa koordinoidaan nyt Korkeasaaresta käsin – YouTube"
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Lönnberg, 1909, in a recent revision by a single author, something not supported in the field.
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252:. The Finnish herd migrates seasonally back and forth across the long Russo-Finnish border.
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Flerov (1933) named the Altai-Sayan forest reindeer as a subspecies of tundra reindeer,
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Lönnberg E (1909) Taxonomic notes about Palearctic reindeer. Arkiv för Zoologi 6: 1-17.
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tags, collars linked to satellites to track the populations of the rare and threatened
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624:. One of its main goals is to reintroduce forest reindeer to its original habitats in
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were chosen as the reintroduction sites. The first animals were released in 2019.
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472:. Lönnberg designated the type locality as Enontekiö, Finnish Lappland, Finland.
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464:. When later taxonomists named other forest reindeer in Russia as subspecies of
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Forest reindeer are classified as a subspecies of Eurasian tundra reindeer,
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The animals moved to Suomenselkä originate from Kainuu and Finnish zoos:
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887:"Experts concerned about collapse of wild forest reindeer population",
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Palaeontological Society, April, 3-7, 2017. Sankt-Peterburg, 173-175.
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population may be partially responsible for slowing the recovery.
424:). Isolated populations then split into Finnish forest reindeer (
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Comparison with other populations of woodland reindeer globally
432:); the narrow-nosed forest reindeer found east of Lake Baikal (
807:"Counting elusive Finnish forest reindeer in Russian Karelia"
248:
habitat, where they are rarely seen by humans, over the open
244:) in their larger size, longer legs and preference for dense
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https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/80233/download/suppl/32/
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future climate change. Nature Climate Change 4: 132-137.
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Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada
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Geist, 1991, described “European” forest reindeer as:
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and northwestern Russia. They are found primarily in
813:, Eye on the Arctic, 12 October 2013, archived from
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as subspecies but was uncertain about the status of
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292:. A small population of some 1,000 also thrive in
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261:movement through deep snow and wooded habitats.
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662:The Finnish forest reindeer has been part of
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863:"Kaksi metsäpeuraa kuoli Etelä-Pohjanmaalla"
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670:(EEP). The programme coordinator works in
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20:
908:"Metsäpeura – Rangifer tarandus fennicus"
1278:"Zoos help protect wild forest reindeer"
664:European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
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1316:from the original on 21 December 2021
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751:According to an article published in
7:
1459:d0ad420b-5a5d-40f3-b7d2-759c80caa0a0
914:. Ministry of the Environment. 2019
483:and the Kamchatka forest reindeer,
378:... Its long metapodials guettardi
328:Finnish Ministry of the Environment
542:Hilzheimer, 1936. They remain so.
479:, but Sokolov (1937) brought both
14:
1018:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0044
725:
713:
436:); and the Kamchatkan reindeer (
363:morphology for archaic cervids.
42:
330:considers the subspecies to be
612:WildForestReindeerLIFE project
498:back under tundra reindeer as
1:
428:); Siberian forest reindeer (
392:, which was even larger than
1195:10.1371/journal.pone.0207944
390:Cervus (Rangifer) bucklandii
212:is a rare subspecies of the
520:Tarandus rangifer buskensis
450:Rangifer tarandus fennicus.
194:(Rangifer tarandus fennicus
1581:
1565:Habitats Directive species
1419:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
1389:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
1365:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
1121:10.3897/zookeys.1119.80233
839:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
777:"European Forest Reindeer"
457:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
309:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
242:Rangifer tarandus tarandus
172:Rangifer tarandus fennicus
869:(in Finnish). 6 June 2010
852:. Accessed 11 April 2010.
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712:
692:Rangifer tarandus caribou
290:Salamajärvi National Park
168:
161:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1336:"PROGRAMMES » EAZA"
1253:"WildForestReindeerLIFE"
210:European forest reindeer
24:Finnish forest reindeer
892:– International Edition
837:"Wild Forest Reindeer (
688:boreal woodland caribou
406:R. tarandus constantini
402:R. tarandus constantini
191:Finnish forest reindeer
781:Highland Wildlife Park
668:EAZA Ex-situ Programme
618:WildForestReindeerLIFE
559:
551:
538:Hilzheimer, 1936, and
477:R. tarandus valentinae
324:
555:
547:
434:R. t. angustrirostris
368:
321:Alaska Dispatch, 2013
294:Southern Ostrobothnia
224:and the provinces of
202:лесной северный олень
1454:Fauna Europaea (new)
1312:. 12 November 2020.
1241:10.1038/NCLIMATE2074
1206:Diversity 14: 1-13.
628:: National Parks of
563:fennicus, valentinae
536:R. t. transuralensis
500:R. tarandus fennicus
470:R. fennicus fennicus
817:on 31 December 2013
154:R. t. fennicus
1368:at the website of
1282:www.suomenpeura.fi
1257:www.suomenpeura.fi
690:of the subspecies
534:Hilzheimer, 1936,
524:T. r. yukutskensis
508:phylarchus, setoni
502:, but agreed that
16:Subspecies of deer
1547:
1546:
1532:Open Tree of Life
1381:Taxon identifiers
1212:10.3390/d14110900
897:accessed 11.04.10
894:, 11 April 2007,
890:Helsingin Sanomat
736:
735:
606:Rangifer fennicus
602:Svalbard reindeer
410:R. t. constantini
238:mountain reindeer
204:), also known as
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708:External images
698:in 2002 by the
684:
672:Korkeasaari Zoo
657:
641:Korkeasaari Zoo
614:
532:R. t. silvicola
526:Millais, 1915,
522:Millais, 1915,
446:
349:
340:
332:Near Threatened
323:
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222:Russian Karelia
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1343:. Retrieved
1340:www.eaza.net
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1260:. Retrieved
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866:
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815:the original
810:
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371:
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355:: Evolution
350:
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148:Subspecies:
138:
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96:Artiodactyla
18:
1480:iNaturalist
1413:Wikispecies
1345:30 December
1320:30 December
1287:30 December
1262:30 December
845:(copyright
843:Outdoors.fi
821:30 December
786:30 December
702:(COSEWIC).
634:Seitseminen
630:Lauhanvuori
626:Suomenselkä
581:R. tarandus
466:R. fennicus
462:R. fennicus
422:R. fennicus
382:R. fennicus
279:Kantalahti)
275:Kandalaksha
200:, Russian:
140:R. tarandus
116:Capreolinae
112:Subfamily:
1554:Categories
763:References
696:threatened
645:Ähtäri Zoo
632: and
567:phylarchus
504:valentinae
485:phylarchus
481:valentinae
283:Lake Onega
216:native to
198:metsäpeura
867:Iltalehti
649:Ranua Zoo
418:geuttardi
394:guettardi
347:Evolution
305:telemetry
196:(Finnish:
134:Species:
62:Kingdom:
56:Eukaryota
1560:Reindeer
1511:14200334
1404:Q2304677
1398:Wikidata
1314:Archived
1179:939-944.
994:182-192.
972:323-330.
933:116-126.
918:12 April
676:Helsinki
589:fennicus
516:fennicus
496:fennicus
492:fennicus
444:Taxonomy
360:Rangifer
353:Reindeer
319:—
271:forestry
214:reindeer
206:Eurasian
180:Lönnberg
127:Rangifer
106:Cervidae
102:Family:
86:Mammalia
76:Chordata
72:Phylum:
66:Animalia
52:Domain:
1472:5706310
1446:4446259
1094:216-223
912:laji.fi
873:8 April
338:Ecology
230:Savonia
218:Finland
182:, 1909)
122:Genus:
92:Order:
82:Class:
1537:114866
1524:228255
1498:898507
1485:528824
1160:49-58.
849:2010)
593:genera
487:under
316:years.
250:tundra
234:Kainuu
1433:7KR4V
1141:1-76.
962:4-11.
739:Notes
1519:NCBI
1493:ITIS
1467:GBIF
1347:2020
1322:2020
1289:2020
1264:2020
920:2021
875:2012
841:)",
823:2013
788:2020
686:The
647:and
616:The
565:and
510:and
374:and
351:See
326:The
298:wolf
281:and
256:Size
232:and
189:The
1506:MSW
1441:EoL
1428:CoL
1237:doi
1208:doi
1191:doi
1117:doi
1061:doi
1029:pp.
1014:doi
674:in
208:or
1556::
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1297:^
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1108:^
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678:.
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489:R.
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1210::
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1119::
1063::
1016::
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277:(
240:(
178:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
