414:, or fintech, has been proposed as an effective strategy to achieve financial inclusion. While incorporation of technology does pose some risks, it is being used to deliver banking services to those in rural and remote areas who are typically unserved. The United Nation 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (UN-2030-ASD) and the G20 High-Level Principles for Digital Financial Inclusion (G20-HLP-DFI) describes the importance of using Fintech to reduce financial exclusion and income inequality which means that the financial inclusion through Fintech may shows significant signs on the reduction of inequality. Banks have been advised to make effective use of information and communications technology (ICT), to provide banking services to people directly through the BC model where the accounts can be operated by even illiterate customers by using biometrics, thus ensuring the security of transactions and enhancing confidence in the banking system. In 2018 the
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unbanked population represents a small percentage, about 7 million people, but most of them represent poor and minority communities(Association, 2021). According to the
American Banker Association's 2021 Bank Access Report, some of the reasons unbanked individuals have named for not wanting an account include lack of trust in banks, not having enough money to keep accounts open, or feeling bank fees are high. In an effort to promote financial inclusion and address the structural and motivational barriers for those without a bank account, the Bank On program was created which offers accounts with no overdraft fees, online bill pay and debit or prepaid cards.
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fund flow process and to track the outcome of public expenditure through budget tracking. Organizations like
International Budget Partnership (IBP) are undertaking global surveys in more than 100 countries to study the openness (transparency) in budget making process. There are various tools used by different civil society groups to track public expenditure. Such tools may include performance monitoring of public services, social audit and public accountability surveys. In India, the institutionalization of Right to information (RTI) has been a supporting tool for activists and citizen groups for budget tracking and advocacy for social inclusion.
605:", considering the money they offered these organizations was exempted by the US government. Another beneficial aspect that these MFI organizations brought was economic prosperity to entrepreneurs and most importantly to their local community. Through the empowerment of their local communities, MFI organizations are able to reach larger marginalized communities to support and promote upward mobility. Over the past several decades that MFI organizations have been operating within the United States, they have loaned over several billions over dollars (~15 billion) and have had a ~97% repayment rate.
297:(BSP) reports on Financial Inclusion Initiatives and Financial Inclusion in the Philippines summarizes the country's accomplishments and significant milestones in financial inclusion. These reports show that 4 out of 10 Filipinos saved money in 2015 (up from 2 out of 10 in 2009). Among Filipino adults, 24.5% never saved and only 31.3% (up from 26.6%) have an account at a formal financial institution. The lack of enough money was cited as the main reason for not having a bank account. While there has been significant progress, much more must be done.
590:". This action is tailored to the needs of low- to moderate-income entrepreneurs. One criticism of MFI in the US is that its services didn't extend outside of providing credit, where other MFI programs overseas "extended their offerings to deliver education, training, and other relevant services". To address this gap, MFI non-profit organizations emerged, many focused on specific minority populations, such as African Americans, who are excluded from mainstream credit.
616:., an unarmed Black man was murdered by police officers. The assault was filmed and made available to the world via media outlets and social media. The event sparked a renewed commitment by many organizations to address racial division in the United States. Many financial institutions like Ally, JP Morgan Chase, Bank of America and Citi provided statements about financial inclusion and racial equity that detailed efforts to drive change.
80:, and then direct sustainable financial services to them. Providing financial inclusion entails going beyond merely opening a bank account. Banked individuals can be excluded from other financial services. Having more-inclusive financial systems has been linked to stronger and more sustainable economic growth and development, thus achieving financial inclusion has become a priority for many countries across the globe.
358:, expressed concern regarding the exclusion of millions from the formal financial system and urged banks to better align their existing practices with the objective of financial inclusion in both his annual and midterm policy statements. The RBI has continued in its efforts in conjunction with the Government of India to develop banking products, craft new regulations, and advocate for financial inclusion.
184:, on 29 December 2003, said: "The stark reality is that most poor people in the world still lack access to sustainable financial services, whether it is savings, credit or insurance. The great challenge is to address the constraints that exclude people from full participation in the financial sector. Together, we can build inclusive financial sectors that help people improve their lives."
467:(MGNREGA) is meant to provide supplemental employment at a guaranteed minimum wage and facilitate financial inclusion to empower women and rural laborers. While achieving financial inclusion is not its main goal, the program directly deposits wages into bank accounts as a way to limit corruption, speed delivery of benefits, and connect wage laborers to bank accounts.
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Organization a robust positive association between financial inclusion and bank stability. The authors show that the positive association is more pronounced with those banks that have higher retail deposit funding share and lower marginal costs of providing banking services; and also, with those that operate in countries with stronger institutional quality.
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providers. The quick expansion of financial inclusion in
Tanzania is almost entirely due to the proliferation of mobile banking options. While a recent cooling effect has taken place due to a government crackdown on counterfeit SIM cards, over half of Tanzania's population has access a degree of financial services through mobile banking.
304:, the country's 2015 poverty incidence (the proportion of people below the poverty line versus the total population) is at 26.3% while the subsistence incidence (the proportion of Filipinos in extreme or subsistence poverty) is at 12.1%. This means that there are around 26 million Filipinos who are still living below the poverty line.
511:, India's leading credit rating and research company is collecting data from 666 districts in India and ranking on a scale from 0 to 100 based on four parameters of financial services. CRISIL publishes semi-frequent reports based on their findings with regional, state-wise, and district-wise assessments of financial inclusion.
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While financial inclusion is an important issue, it may also be interesting to assess whether such inclusion as earmarked in policies are actually reaching the common beneficiaries. Since the 1990s, there has been serious efforts both in the government agencies and in the civil society to monitor the
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There is evidence that digital financial services can empower women to earn more and build assets, helping address that 35% of women worldwide—approximately 980 million—remain excluded from the formal financial system. Digital financial services have been shown to help give women greater control over
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By the end of 2019, 75 percent of adult population in
Indonesia is expected to have access to formal financial services. The National Council for Financial Inclusion, led by the President of Indonesia, is established to coordinate and synchronize the implementation of the strategy, to determine plans
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as the United
Nations Secretary-General's Special Advocate for Inclusive Finance for Development (UNSGSA), housed in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). As the UN Secretary-General's Special Advocate, Queen Máxima is a leading global voice on advancing universal access to and responsible
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in an attempt to stop corruption and the flow of black money. This move forced people to deposit their money into banks or see its value evaporate, with the goal of integrating citizens into a cashless and taxable economy and banking system. While India has seen new bank accounts continue to open in
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in his 2014 Independence Day Speech and launched in August 2014 in an effort to provide "universal access" to banking through the creation of basic banking accounts that come with other basic financial services. Modi informed all Indian banks of the initiative and declared it a national priority. On
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Results from research on the effectiveness of financial inclusion programs to improve economic, social, behavioral and gender-related outcomes in low- and middle-income countries have been mixed and programs to improve access to financial services often have small or inconsistent effects on income,
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in 2015, the UNSGSA and UN member-state partners worked to ensure financial inclusion's strong presence within the agenda. As a result, financial inclusion is now referenced in seven of the 17 goals as a key enabler for fulfilling the SDGs, and the
General Assembly has passed a resolution stressing
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At the individual level, banks work to enhance financial inclusion by offering products and services to all communities across
America. In 2019, most Americans were banked, with about 94.6% of the population having a checking or savings account with an insured FDIC institution. The remaining
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Increasing the number of rural banks remains a priority for the RBI. In 2009, the RBI relaxed previous policies requiring authorization before opening new branches in the hopes that simplified authorization would increase branches in underserved areas. Beginning in 2011 the RBI required 25% of new
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Know-your-customer (KYC) requirements for opening bank accounts were relaxed for small accounts in August 2005, eliminating a documentation barrier to banking. The new procedure only requires an introduction by an account holder who has been subjected to the full KYC screening. Additionally, banks
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In India, RBI initiated several measures to achieve greater financial inclusion. These rely on the efforts of the financial sector. These initiatives include no frills accounts (NFAs), now known as basic savings bank deposit accounts (BSBDAs) can be opened with zero or minimal balances, removing a
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the number of adults without access to an account has steadily declined from 2.5 billion in 2011 to 1.7 billion in 2017 to 1.4 billion in 2021. As of 2021, 76% of the world's adult population had an account. But because account ownership is nearly universal in high-income economies, virtually all
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Readily available data outlining gaps in access and contextualizing the situation of financial inclusion is necessary for both service providers and policy makers looking to achieve financial inclusion. Several organizations conduct surveys to measure indicators of financial inclusion and collect
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The business correspondents (BC) model was launched in
January 2006, when the RBI permitted banks to engage intermediaries in the banking process. This model enables banks to service neglected areas by allowing intermediaries to facilitate transactions and deliver other banking services directly.
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announced 100% financial inclusion in all their districts. The Indian
Reserve Bank vision for 2020 is to open nearly 600 million new customers' accounts and service them through a variety of channels by leveraging on IT. However, illiteracy, low-income savings, and lack of bank branches in rural
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Over the last five years financial inclusion has made strong strides forward: 515 million more people gained access to financial services between 2014 and 2017; 50+ countries have adopted financial inclusion plans and strategies; the major global regulators—the standard-setting bodies (SSBs)—now
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While not all individuals need or want financial services, financial inclusion aims to remove all barriers, both supply-side and demand-side. Supply-side barriers stem from financial institutions themselves. They often indicate poor financial infrastructure, and include lack of nearby financial
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in the United States. The crisis serves as a reminder of the necessity of appropriate regulatory and educational frameworks and it remains a challenge to separate microcredit from the large and complex field of financial inclusion. A report by Dvara
Research also points to the exclusion in the
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In 2006 just 11% of Tanzanians had access to a financial account, but with the advent of digital financial services that number has increased to 60%. The current situation in Tanzania has improved steadily over the past 12 years with the introduction of mobile money by Tanzania's main telecom
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Indonesia's national strategy for financial inclusion was established in 2016. The strategy is a guideline for all government institutions in Indonesia and private stakeholders to improve public access to financial services. Priority segments of Indonesia's financial inclusion programs are:
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Financial inclusion in India is often closely connected to the aggressive micro credit policies that were introduced without appropriate regulations, oversight, or consumer education policies. As a result, consumers quickly became over-indebted to the point of committing suicide and lending
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The theoretical and empirical evidence on the link between financial inclusion and bank stability are limited. Banking literature indicates several potential channels through which financial inclusion may influence bank stability. A recent study appeared in Journal Economic Behavior &
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institutions, high costs to opening accounts, or documentation requirements. Demand-side barriers refer to aspects of the individual seeking financial services and include poor financial literacy, lack of financial capability, or cultural or religious beliefs (such as suspicion of
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their own finances, including safe, convenient, and discreet access to banking accounts. This greater financial power can increase gender equality and economic growth. Bannik (2023) further expounds on the importance of technology in inclusivity in developing countries.
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The term "financial inclusion" has gained importance since the early 2000s, a result of identifying financial exclusion and it is a direct correlation to poverty according to the World Bank. The United Nations defines the goals of financial inclusion as follows:
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In 2021, about 1.4 billion adults lacked a bank account. Among the unbanked, a significant number are women and poor people in rural areas. Often, those excluded from financial institutions face discrimination or belong to vulnerable or marginalized populations.
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As per Cruz, "Many people still do not realize that the value of having a credit opportunity is synonymous to generating financial power. Creditworthiness is the same as to owning a keycard that can be used in navigating to the society of better possibilities."
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institutions saw repayment rates collapse after politicians in one of the country's largest states called on borrowers to stop paying back their loans. The crisis threatened the existence of the $ 4 billion Indian microcredit industry, has been compared to the
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Four million unbanked Filipinos are seen to benefit from the nascent credit scoring industry, a development that is seen to serve the people that is classified at the bottom of the economy an easy access to credit once the service is available to the public.
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reduces the opportunity for African Americans to receive financial support compared to White Americans. This is due to the preexisting conflicts in the US that continue to remain relevant in the modern world. Organizations such as Main Street Launch, an
689:) apps, which can reach people who were formerly excluded. For example, digital financial services can provide low-income households with access to affordable and convenient tools that can help increase their economic opportunities or access to credit.
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remains largely unbanked. Poverty alleviation is often linked with a given population's access to formal banking instruments, and mobile money can serve as a crucial bridge for offering savings, credit, and insurance to Tanzania's rural population.
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Collins, J. M. (2011). Improving financial literacy: The role of nonprofit providers. Financial Literacy: Implications for Retirement Security and the Financial Marketplace, 268–287. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199696819.003.0015
111:, and welfare assistance. Non-profit organizations dedicate themselves to serving underprivileged communities through private resources and state funding. Within California, state legislation allows for grants to be disbursed during the
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Unique credit cards are now offered by banks, the most popular being general purpose credit cards (GCCs), and Kisan credit cards. These unique cards offer credit to those in rural and semi-urban areas, farmers, and others with adjusted
582:) ideals in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Compared to other countries, the United States was late to implement these changes, but nevertheless, once active the US had the experience of other countries to draw upon. According to the
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the wake of this policy change, and an overall increase in use of digital payment systems and other financial services, the policy change caused an extreme disruption to the financial system and debate continues on its efficacy.
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A broad understanding of Sub-Saharan Africa is well explained by Balele (2019), the analysis of 25 countries. With a population of 55.57 million people and only 19% of its population enrolled into an account with a formal bank,
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Originally, a fairly limited number of entities, including NGO's and certain microfinance institutions were eligible to act as BCs, however in 2010 the list was expanded to include for-profit companies In 2018, operators of
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Breitkreuz, R, Stanton, C.J., Brady, N., Pattison Williams, J., King, E.D., Mishra, C., Swallow, B. (2017). The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme: A Policy Solution to Rural Poverty in India?
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and policies in solving problems and obstacles within the implementation as well as to support governors and regent/mayors in determining regional financial inclusion policies at provincial and district/city levels.
601:–based microfinance organization centered on empowering African American entrepreneurs, were able to flourish due to the value they brought to local communities. The big banks viewed microfinance organizations as a "
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Due to the lack of financial infrastructure and financial services many under-served and low-income communities suffer. Specifically, the lack of proper information can harm low-income communities and expose them to
455:, or other microfinance institutions. Group-based models in which members pool their savings have also been seen as tools for social and economic empowerment, particularly when women are leaders and participants.
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Financial Access Surveys focus more on the firm side, measuring the supply of financial institutions in a country. Still others focus more on the regulatory environment for financial access, such as the
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The Lead Bank Scheme followed nationalization as a way to coordinate banks and credit institutions by districts to more comprehensively ensure that rural areas had their credit needs met. In 1975, the
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332:, brought banking facilities to previously unreached areas of the country. The "branching" of banks into rural areas increased lending for agriculture and other unserved rural populations and
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health, and other social outcomes. Programs geared toward savings opportunities have had small but more consistently positive effects, and fewer risks, than credit-oriented programs.
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Female, people with disability as well as migrant workers, communities in disadvantaged and remote areas, the elderly, former convicts, homeless communities, students, and youth.
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is an example of the state recognizing the lack of financial inclusion of young adults; the bill encourages pupil instruction and financial literacy lessons to begin as early as
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Since 2011, more than 1.2 billion people have gained access to financial services—and therefore have a better chance to transform their lives. Leading up to the adoption of the
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Access at a reasonable cost for all households to a full range of financial services, including savings or deposit services, payment and transfer services, credit and insurance.
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Maity, Shrabanti (September 2019). "Financial inclusion and multidimensional poverty reduction through self-help-group-led microfinance: evidence from Bodoland, Assam, India".
422:(IMF) launched the Bali Fintech Agenda to provide a framework for domestic policy discussions around deepening access to financial services in a variety of different contexts.
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As an emerging country with a sizeable number of people living in poverty, access to financial services is an important challenge. Based on a March 18, 2016, report from the
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Deposit penetration is the key driver of financial inclusion–the number of deposit accounts (1646 million) is almost eight times the number of credit accounts (196 million).
2482:
2149:
Reddy, D.N., Reddy, A.A., Bantilan, M.C.S. (2014). The Impact of Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on Rural Labor Markets and Agriculture.
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Financial Inclusion Tracker Surveys are household surveys attempting to measure usage of financial services from the consumer's perspective. Other data sources like the
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regularly meet for the purpose of addressing financial inclusion; and, growing research is showing strong links between financial inclusion and major development goals.
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incentivizing country governments to do more to improve financial inclusion, to individual countries better understanding where they need to target interventions. The
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Several surveys and datasets have worked to measure various aspects of financial inclusion including access and usage of financial services. Some sources, such as the
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both supply and demand side data. MIX is one platform that produces data driven reports to track progress towards financial inclusion across the globe. According to
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8.10. Studies show that none of the current indicators measure financial inclusion as per globally accepted definitions of the concept, including definitions by
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447:(SHG) linkage model has also been proposed to improve financial inclusion by linking community groups to the formal banking sector through government programs,
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436:(EBT) is being implemented by banks at the advice of the RBI with the goal of reducing dependence on cash, lowering transaction costs, and address corruption.
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the inauguration day of the scheme, 1.5 crore (15 million) bank accounts were opened and since then, more than 18 million bank accounts have been created.
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, digital financial exclusion has become more prominent in the US as some businesses no longer accept cash for purchases.
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1642:
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Valliammal, V. (2018). Socio-economic Empowerment of Women Through Self Help Groups – A Study with Reference to Thoothukudi District in Tamilnadu.
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3079:"Report of the TOT on Open Budgets for inclusion of Excluded Communities in Accessing Services and Development - Lokkatha: Voice of the Masses"
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586:, the expansion opened a new avenue to disadvantaged communities, primarily African Americans to "expand economic opportunities and to foster
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none of the currently used indices in India measure financial inclusion as per globally accepted operational definitions of the concept.
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Ibrahim, S.S; Aliero, H. M. (2020). "Testing the impact of financial inclusion on income convergence: Empirical evidence from Nigeria".
483:
1814:
286:, highlighted that this is expected to unlock much economic potential in sectors of the economy that are crucial for inclusive growth.
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1062:"Microfinance for poverty alleviation: Do transnational initiatives overlook fundamental questions of competition and intermediation?"
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Technology-enabled innovations represent an opportunity to promote financial inclusion. Inclusive digital financial services refer to
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of banks, which occurred from the mid-1950s to the late 1960s, culminating in 1969 with the nationalization of 14 commercial banks by
192:
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By the early 2000s, the term 'financial inclusion' was being used in the Indian context. In 2004 the Khan Commission, created by the
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1844:
1662:"Statement by Dr. Y. Venugopal Reddy, Governor, Reserve Bank of India on the Mid-term Review of Annual Policy for the year 2005–06"
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The all-India CRISIL Inclusix score of 58.0 is above average as of April 2016, this is a significant improvement from 35.4 in 2009.
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fees on NFAs. The RBI continues to change and relax policies regarding these accounts in an effort to better serve bank customers.
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241:
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301:
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Taruna & Kumar, N. (2017). Demonetization in rural areas of Lucknow (U.P): Immediate impact make life difficult to live.
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Ranjani, K.S.; Bapat, Varadraj (January 2015). "Deepening Financial Inclusion Beyond Account Opening: Road Ahead for Banks".
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471:
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became the first village in India where all households were provided banking facilities. States or union territories such as
354:, investigated the state of financial inclusion in India and laid out a series of recommendations. In response, RBI Governor
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The concept of financial inclusion, extending financial services to those who typically lack access, has been a goal for the
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Mahajan, V & Ramola, B.G. (1996). Financial Services for the Rural Poor and Women in India: Access and Sustainability.
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meant to exclusively meet demand in the rural economy and the number of RRBs has significantly increased over the years.
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branches opened in a given year be in unbanked rural areas centers to ensure a more even spread of banking facilities.
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areas remain a roadblock to financial inclusion in many states, and there is inadequate legal and financial structure.
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1305:
1213:
433:
419:
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The public sector spearheads outreach and education for adults to receive free financial services such as education,
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1413:"Philippines: The Road Towards Financial Inclusion | BIIA.com | Business Information Industry Association"
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685:, online accounts, electronic payments, insurance and credit, combinations of them and newer financial technology (
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2007:
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The lowest income families, particularly those with limited access to financial services or without access at all.
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2313:
444:
2371:
2439:
535:
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3044:"Unlocking the Path to Inclusive Growth: Examining the Impact of Financial Inclusion in Developing Economies"
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784:
Nanda, Kajole; Kaur, Mandeep (2016). "Financial Inclusion and Human Development: A cross-country Evidence".
729:
540:
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Dixit, R., Ghosh, M. (2013). Financial Inclusion for Inclusive Growth of India – A Study of Indian States.
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400:
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were permitted to accept more easily produced forms of documentation for proof of identity and address.
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Some experts express skepticism about the effectiveness of financial-inclusion initiatives. Research on
2343:"A Framework for Measuring Financial Inclusion in India - Bridging Gaps Between Theory & Practice"
759:
613:
427:
411:
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Since financial inclusion was established as a priority for the GOI and RBI, progress has been made.
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Balele, N.W.P (2019). "The impact of financial inclusion on economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa".
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initiatives indicates that wide availability of credit for micro-entrepreneurs can produce informal
3147:"Impact of financial inclusion in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review of reviews"
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1353:
739:
598:
344:
340:
318:
1358:"A Framework for Measurement of Financial Inclusion - Bridging Gaps Between Theory & Practice"
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3127:
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Asli, Demirguc-Kunt; Leora, Klapper; Dorothe, Singer; Saniya, Ansar; Jake, Hess (19 April 2018).
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2551:"Tanzania economic update : money within reach – extending financial inclusion in Tanzania"
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In 2019, 76.19% of adult population in Indonesia were said to have accessed financial services.
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can access appropriate, affordable, and timely financial products and services - which include
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1989:
1700:
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Bank nationalization, financial savings, and economic development : a case study of India
948:
843:
507:
launched the CRISIL Inclusix, an index to measure the status of financial inclusion in India.
355:
101:
2646:"The future of microfinance in the United States: regulatory reforms for economic prosperity"
1868:
635:
Micro businesses and small entrepreneurs with limited resources to expand their business; and
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spoke of it as a tactic to "accelerate development" and to address poverty and unemployment.
169:
Financial and institutional sustainability, to ensure continuity and certainty of investment.
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3176:
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3119:
3055:
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2255:
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1979:
1530:
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940:
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Sound and safe institutions governed by clear regulation and industry performance standards.
147:
50:
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1661:
1357:
2645:
2446:
2423:
2008:"The Bali Fintech Agenda: A Blueprint for Successfully Harnessing Fintech's Opportunities"
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1646:
1623:
1617:"Report of the Internal Group to Examine Issues relating to Rural Credit and Microfinance"
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1312:
1139:
550:
325:
58:
2953:
1187:
2955:
The Global Findex Database Measuring Financial Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution 2017
1822:
3181:
3146:
2185:
2163:
504:
404:
253:
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uses two of these indicators (from Findex and the Financial Access Surveys) to measure
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177:
143:
89:
2526:
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3198:
3131:
2275:
2122:
1735:"Financial Inclusion in India: Do Microfinance Institutions Address Access Barriers?"
1550:
1520:"Financial Development, Bank Ownership, and Growth: Or, Does Quantity Imply Quality?"
1442:
1061:
1017:"Financial Inclusion in India: Do Microfinance Institutions Address Access Barriers?"
960:
865:"Financial Inclusion in India: Do Microfinance Institutions Address Access Barriers?"
805:
659:
602:
475:
333:
329:
275:
97:
1968:"Fintech, financial inclusion and income inequality: a quantile regression approach"
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International perspectives on socio-economic development in the era of globalization
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These data have been used in a range of ways, from donor organizations, such as the
764:
682:
579:
139:
73:, and insurance towards improving household income and reducing income inequality
17:
2209:"PM 'Jan Dhan' Yojana launched; aims to open 1.5 crore bank accounts on first day"
1984:
1967:
1966:
Demir, Ayse; Pesqué-Cela, Vanesa; Altunbas, Yener; Murinde, Victor (2020-06-01).
2846:"Perpres No. 82/2016: Presiden Pimpin Langsung Dewan Nasional Keuangan Inklusif"
1162:"Financial Inclusion on the Rise, But Gaps Remain, Global Findex Database Shows"
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112:
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2722:"Statement: Ally's Commitment to Racial Justice and Equity in Our Communities"
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and security requirements with the objective of providing hassle-free credit.
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also began working as BCs to further improve penetration of banking services.
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128:
108:
70:
3172:
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1993:
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followed this with efforts to specifically reach rural areas by establishing
2864:"Siaran Pers Survei OJK 2019 Indeks Literasi Dan Inklusi Keuangan Meningkat"
2770:"Bank of America pledges $ 1 billion to address racial, economic inequality"
2621:"Tax Incentives: An Economic Basis for Charitable Giving | Learning to Give"
1490:
917:
388:
54:
3190:
2259:
1894:"Over 20% of business correspondents faced fraud in 2017: MicroSave report"
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2572:
2246:
Hosain, Md Sajjad (2019-06-06). "Demonetization Debate: A Policy Review".
1534:
1077:
889:
Morgan, P. J. (2020). "Fintech and financial literacy in Viet Nam 1154".
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104:. Such people may become trapped and indebted to predatory institutions.
62:
3105:"Is financial inclusion good for bank stability? International evidence"
2997:"Strengthening Women's Financial Control Through Personal Bank Accounts"
1086:
1043:"The 34 billion dollar question: Is microfinance the answer to poverty?"
3163:
3060:
3043:
2971:
1919:"Common Service Centres to work as banking correspondents of HDFC bank"
1596:
839:
686:
120:
76:
Financial-inclusion efforts typically target those who are unbanked or
66:
42:
38:
2321:
1845:"Business Correspondents / Business Facilitators (BCBF) Model Details"
1640:"Reserve Bank of India – Annual Policy Statement for the Year 2005–06"
665:
In 2015, the China Academy of Financial Inclusion was established at
508:
374:
233:'s Mobile Money Regulatory Index, or the World Bank's, now defunct,
2164:"Prime Minister to Launch Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana Tomorrow"
1722:. Rapid Academy of Competitive Exams (RACE) Institute. p. 67.
1072:(3). United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: 103–117.
715:
Evidence on the effectiveness of financial inclusion interventions
132:
2868:
Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (Indonesia's Financial Services Authority)
1685:
Sen, Saurabh; Bhattacharya, Anshuman; Sen, Ruchi (8 March 2016).
673:
tasked with developing financial inclusion mechanisms for China.
2081:
International Journal of Recent Research Aspects, Special Issue,
1240:
387:
cost barrier to banking. Banks are also meant to charge minimal
230:
96:
target low-income persons who are not adequately informed about
46:
1438:"BusinessWorld | April inflation seen steady at slow pace"
2746:"JPMorgan Chase Commits $ 30 Billion to Advance Racial Equity"
1208:
Villanova, Hector Carcel; Chhabra, Esha; Fan, Yingjie (2020).
524:
The top three states are Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.
1387:"4 million unbanked Filipinos to benefit from credit scoring"
824:
Global Financial Development Report 2014: Financial Inclusion
196:
usage of affordable, effective and safe financial services.
33:
is the availability and equality of opportunities to access
3103:
Ahamed, M. Mostak; Mallick, Sushanta K. (January 1, 2019).
3015:"Igniting SDG Progress Through Digital Financial Inclusion"
654:
In China, financial inclusion is an important component of
172:
Competition to ensure choice and affordability for clients.
2417:"India's oldest microfinance firm on the verge of closure"
2234:
International Journal of Commerce and Management Research.
2188:. Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India. 25 August 2014
2166:. Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India. 27 August 2014
975:
International Journal of Business Management and Research.
1144:
Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID)
57:
products. It provides paths to enhance inclusiveness in
2465:"India Microcredit Sector Faces Collapse From Defaults"
1784:"Reserve Bank relaxes the norms for no-frills accounts"
1255:"World Bank Group to Discontinue Doing Business Report"
482:
In 2016, the Government of India instituted a sweeping
2565:"Reports · Financial Inclusion Insights by Intermedia"
1280:"Strengthening Financial Inclusion on MCC's Scorecard"
1060:
Arp, Frithjof; Ardisa, Alvin; Ardisa, Alviani (2017).
465:
Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
282:(CIBI) as one of the accredited credit bureaus in the
1815:"Financial Inclusion | A road India needs to travel"
1210:
FINANCIAL ACCESS SURVEY 2020 Trends and Developments
697:
Tracking financial inclusion through budget analysis
2463:Polgreen, Lydia; Bajaj, Vikas (17 November 2010).
115:and non-profits can apply for additional funding.
37:. It refers to processes by which individuals and
187:In 2009, former United Nations Secretary-General
2650:Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development
2601:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
584:Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
3112:Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
3073:
3071:
2819:"Who Gets Hurt When the World Stops Using Cash"
2347:Journal of Financial Counselling & Planning
1362:Journal of Financial Counselling & Planning
514:Some key conclusions from the 2018 report are:
474:policy scheme was announced by Prime Minister
3145:Duvendack, Maren; Mader, Philip (June 2019).
3048:International Journal of Science and Business
2888:One and All: The Logic of Chinese Sovereignty
1742:ACRN Journal of Entrepreneurship Perspectives
1024:ACRN Journal of Entrepreneurship Perspectives
1003:unbanked adults live in developing economies.
872:ACRN Journal of Entrepreneurship Perspectives
8:
1503:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2881:
2879:
2877:
2795:"Action for Racial Equity – One Year Later"
278:, president and chief executive officer of
2401:"CRISIL Inclusix February 2018 | Volume 4"
27:Opportunities to access financial services
3180:
3162:
3059:
2509:Journal of Applied Economics and Business
1983:
1085:
2033:"Financial inclusion for whose benefit?"
1892:Gupta, Asit Ranjan Mishra (2018-02-15).
1306:"P Chidambaram launches Crisil Inclusix"
574:Financial inclusion in the United States
2095:Enterprise Development and Microfinance
2057:"Reserve Bank of India – Notifications"
1230:Muthiora, Brian; Bahia, Kalvin (2020).
1192:United Nations Capital Development Fund
1133:"Financial Services for the Poor – Aid"
776:
2850:Sekretariat Kabinet Republik Indonesia
2591:
2589:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1589:"Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) of India"
1496:
1233:The Mobile Money Regulatory Index 2019
706:Financial inclusion and bank stability
594:Racial inequality in the United States
578:The United States began to adopt MFI (
269:Financial inclusion in the Philippines
2440:"India Rocked By Microfinance Crisis"
2395:
2393:
2391:
1565:"Lead Bank Scheme – Agri & Rural"
1469:Journal of International Development.
1301:
1299:
1225:
1223:
1203:
1201:
1156:
1154:
1152:
403:(CSCs) who work with local governing
7:
2290:"How to Measure Financial Inclusion"
817:
815:
503:In 2013, Finance Minister of India,
201:Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
2597:"Microfinance in the United States"
1194:. Nations Capital Development Fund.
135:) that impact financial decisions.
65:population to access the means for
2483:"State of Direct Benefit Transfer"
2248:Asian Journal of Law and Economics
1869:"Reserve Bank of India – Database"
1481:Ketkar, Kusum W. Ketkar, Suhas L.
1188:"Financial Inclusion and the SDGs"
933:Business Perspectives and Research
212:Measurement of Financial Inclusion
25:
2186:"PM's email to all bank officers"
1330:"SDG Indicators — SDG Indicators"
1041:Arp, Frithjof (12 January 2018).
1284:Millennium Challenge Corporation
735:Alliance for Financial Inclusion
623:Financial inclusion in Indonesia
242:Millennium Challenge Corporation
3085:from the original on 2013-09-28
1972:The European Journal of Finance
556:Financial inclusion in Tanzania
302:Philippine Statistics Authority
193:Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
2031:SRINIVASAN, R. (30 May 2012).
1278:Fletcher, Terry (2021-10-19).
669:. The Academy is a government
588:community economic development
472:Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
220:Global Findex database or the
1:
1985:10.1080/1351847X.2020.1772335
786:Management and Labour Studies
491:Measuring financial inclusion
226:International Monetary Fund's
2925:"Digital Financial Services"
2207:ET Bureau (28 August 2014).
1917:Rathee, Kiran (2018-07-04).
650:Financial inclusion in China
459:Government policy strategies
330:Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
308:Financial inclusion in India
250:Sustainable Development Goal
3151:Campbell Systematic Reviews
2675:American Banker Association
1214:International Monetary Fund
677:Digital financial inclusion
434:Electronic benefit transfer
420:International Monetary Fund
382:Financial sector strategies
352:Reserve Bank of India (RBI)
345:Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)
295:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
3250:
3124:10.1016/j.jebo.2017.07.027
2644:Raheb, Laura (Fall 2017).
2527:"Financial Inclusion Data"
2138:Development Policy Review.
2107:10.3362/1755-1986.18-00012
1518:Cole, Shawn Allen (2007).
1168:. World Bank Global Findex
1098:. UNCTAD/DIAE/IA/2017D4A8.
1066:Transnational Corporations
906:African Development Review
3064:– via ResearchGate.
3022:Better than Cash Alliance
3001:Jameel Poverty Action Lab
2964:10.1596/978-1-4648-1259-0
2892:Stanford University Press
2697:"2021 Bank Access Report"
2668:"2021 Bank Access Report"
1527:SSRN Working Paper Series
891:ADBI Working Paper Series
832:10.1596/978-0-8213-9985-9
822:World Bank (2013-11-07).
543:scheme of the Government.
2531:datatopics.worldbank.org
1733:Shankar, Savita (2013).
1718:Seeman, Bharath (2014).
1593:madhavuniversity.edu.in/
1015:Shankar, Savita (2013).
945:10.1177/2278533714551864
863:Shankar, Savita (2013).
798:10.1177/0258042X16658734
536:subprime mortgage crisis
146:, an unintended form of
2923:Uttamchandani, Mahesh.
1923:Business Standard India
1760:"Reserve Bank of India"
1354:Pradhan, Dr Tapan Kumar
1049:. World Economic Forum.
918:10.1111/1467-8268.12413
730:AFI Global Policy Forum
541:Direct Benefit Transfer
2886:Laikwan, Pang (2024).
2260:10.1515/ajle-2019-0005
1813:Chakrabarty, Dr. K.C.
1622:June 10, 2012, at the
750:Financial intelligence
498:Dr Tapan Kumar Pradhan
401:Common Service Centers
280:CIBI Information, Inc.
264:Initiatives by country
2900:10.1515/9781503638822
2750:www.jpmorganchase.com
1819:Reserve Bank of India
1673:Reserve Bank of India
1651:Reserve Bank of India
1628:Reserve Bank of India
755:Financial social work
484:demonetization policy
235:Doing Business Report
2958:. World Bank Group.
2852:. 16 September 2016.
2453:, December 09, 2010.
1943:"World Bank Fintech"
1535:10.2139/ssrn.1158078
1078:10.18356/10695889-en
760:The Maya Declaration
412:financial technology
363:Mangalam, Puducherry
1849:sakshieducation.com
1675:, October 25, 2005.
740:Financial deepening
599:Oakland, California
449:credit cooperatives
341:Government of India
319:Government of India
31:Financial inclusion
18:Financial Inclusion
3164:10.4073/csr.2019.2
3061:10.58970/IJSB.2179
2824:The New York Times
2625:learningtogive.org
2469:The New York Times
2445:2017-06-23 at the
2422:2015-07-25 at the
2213:The Economic Times
1825:on 23 October 2011
1788:The Indian Express
1667:2015-12-08 at the
1645:2015-04-11 at the
1311:2013-06-29 at the
1138:2014-02-12 at the
826:. The World Bank.
658:'s concept of the
549:2022-07-18 at the
356:Y. Venugopal Reddy
222:Gates foundation's
180:Secretary-General
35:financial services
3042:Banik, B (2023).
2981:978-1-4648-1259-0
2799:www.citigroup.com
2372:"CRISIL Inclusix"
2153:. 12(3), 251–273.
1696:978-1-4666-9909-0
1393:. August 23, 2016
1212:. Washington DC:
849:978-0-8213-9985-9
667:Renmin University
321:since the 1950s.
102:compound interest
16:(Redirected from
3241:
3203:
3202:
3184:
3166:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3075:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:World Bank Group
2929:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2890:. Stanford, CA:
2883:
2872:
2871:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2815:
2809:
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2805:
2791:
2785:
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2766:
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2742:
2736:
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2733:
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2718:
2712:
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2709:
2707:
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2686:
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2672:
2664:
2658:
2657:
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2635:
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2632:
2631:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2571:. Archived from
2561:
2555:
2554:
2547:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2485:. Archived from
2479:
2473:
2472:
2460:
2454:
2437:
2431:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2386:
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2383:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2320:. Archived from
2310:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2243:
2237:
2230:
2224:
2223:
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2198:
2197:
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2147:
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2126:
2090:
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2071:
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2068:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
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2043:
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2021:
2019:
2018:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1821:. Archived from
1810:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
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1724:
1723:
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1708:
1682:
1676:
1659:
1653:
1637:
1631:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1494:
1478:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1446:. Archived from
1434:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1326:
1320:
1319:, June 25, 2013.
1303:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1251:
1245:
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1205:
1196:
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1184:
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1177:
1175:
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1123:
1121:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:
984:
978:
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965:
964:
928:
922:
921:
901:
895:
894:
886:
880:
879:
869:
860:
854:
853:
819:
810:
809:
781:
745:Financial ethics
612:On May 25, 2020
371:Himachal Pradesh
204:its importance.
148:entrepreneurship
131:or rejection of
92:. For instance,
61:by enabling the
21:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3206:
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3143:
3139:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3088:
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3077:
3076:
3069:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3017:
3013:
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3008:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2934:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2894:. p. 176.
2885:
2884:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2793:
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2788:
2779:
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2768:
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2763:
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2752:
2744:
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2720:
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2715:
2705:
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2699:
2695:
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2643:
2642:
2638:
2629:
2627:
2619:
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2595:
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2587:
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2563:
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2549:
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2544:
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2520:
2506:
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2501:
2492:
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2481:
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2476:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2447:Wayback Machine
2438:
2434:
2430:, Jul 27, 2011.
2424:Wayback Machine
2415:
2411:
2403:
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2169:
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2157:
2148:
2144:
2140:35(3), 397–417.
2134:
2130:
2092:
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2065:
2063:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2041:
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2025:
2016:
2014:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1927:
1925:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1891:
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1886:
1877:
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1867:
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1793:
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1766:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1737:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1720:Bank Exam Pedia
1717:
1716:
1712:
1697:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1669:Wayback Machine
1660:
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1647:Wayback Machine
1638:
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1624:Wayback Machine
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1313:Wayback Machine
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1140:Wayback Machine
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699:
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652:
625:
614:George Floyd Jr
576:
558:
551:Wayback Machine
531:
493:
461:
445:self-help group
405:gram panchayats
384:
326:nationalization
315:
310:
271:
266:
214:
156:
144:inter-mediation
109:tax preparation
90:financial risks
59:economic growth
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3247:
3245:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3216:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3157:(1–2): e1012.
3137:
3095:
3067:
3054:(1): 233–247.
3034:
3006:
2995:Field, Erica.
2987:
2980:
2944:
2915:
2908:
2873:
2855:
2837:
2810:
2786:
2761:
2737:
2713:
2688:
2659:
2636:
2612:
2585:
2569:finclusion.org
2556:
2542:
2518:
2499:
2474:
2455:
2432:
2409:
2387:
2363:
2334:
2314:"Publications"
2305:
2281:
2238:
2225:
2199:
2177:
2155:
2142:
2128:
2101:(3): 152–173.
2085:
2072:
2048:
2023:
1999:
1958:
1934:
1909:
1884:
1860:
1836:
1800:
1775:
1751:
1725:
1710:
1695:
1689:. IGI Global.
1677:
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792:(2): 127–153.
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284:Philippines
189:Ban Ki-moon
129:loan sharks
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113:fiscal year
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3218:Categories
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2831:2020-09-16
2804:2023-10-20
2780:2023-10-20
2755:2023-10-20
2731:2023-10-20
2630:2020-05-08
2606:2020-05-08
2579:2018-05-01
2536:2018-04-28
2493:2022-07-18
2381:2020-05-08
2357:2024-07-24
2328:2020-05-08
2299:2020-05-08
2294:World Bank
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2042:2020-05-08
2017:2020-05-08
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1794:2020-05-08
1769:2020-05-08
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1119:2018-12-09
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1110:"Overview"
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988:"Overview"
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671:think tank
656:Xi Jinping
428:collateral
416:World Bank
410:Expansion
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258:World Bank
191:appointed
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547:Archived
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