203:
20:
604:
1508:, a small town of 5,000 people, in 1983. Today, it has approximately $ 2 million in endowed principal, which generates approximately $ 110,000 annually to distribute in scholarships to high school graduates and fund special projects in the district, which can not be afforded by the tax base. To promote the development of endowment associations across Kansas, USD 368 Endowment Association, which received a statewide award recognizing, has developed a "starter kit" to assist other Kansas school districts in the organization and establishment of new endowment associations.
481:) is a position permanently paid for with the revenue from an endowment fund specifically set up for that purpose. To set up an endowed chair generally costs between US$ 1 and $ 5 million at major research universities. Typically, the position is designated to be in a certain department. The donor might be allowed to name the position. Endowed professorships aid the university by providing a faculty member who does not have to be paid entirely out of the operating budget, allowing the university to either reduce its student-to-faculty ratio, a statistic used for
529:
2778:
2768:
2748:
2728:
2718:
63:
2758:
2738:
734:
artists", related feedback from an unnamed Native leader that "nce put the stuff in place for an Indian program, then it is not usually funded very well. It lasts as long as the program officer who had an interest and then goes away" and recommended that an independent endowment be established and that "ative leadership is crucial".
658:
indicates that major academic endowments often act in times of economic downturn in a way opposite of the intention of the endowment. This behavior is referred to as endowment hoarding, reflecting the way that economic downturns often lead to endowments decreasing their payouts rather than increasing
402:
Academic institutions, such as colleges and universities, will frequently control an endowment fund that finances a portion of the operating or capital requirements of the institution. In addition to a general endowment fund, each university may also control a number of restricted endowments that are
705:
Critics like
Justice Funders' Dana Kawaoka-Chen call for "redistributing all aspects of well-being, democratizing power, and shifting economic control to communities.". Endowment repatriation refers to campaigns that acknowledge the history of human and natural resource exploitation that is inherent
485:
and other institutional evaluations, or direct money that would otherwise have been spent on salaries toward other university needs. In addition, holding such a professorship is considered to be an honour in the academic world, and the university can use them to reward its best faculty or to recruit
456:
In the United States, the endowment is often integral to the financial health of educational institutions. Alumni or friends of institutions sometimes contribute capital to the endowment. The use of endowment funding is strong in the United States and Canada but less commonly found outside of North
634:
is often used to illustrate the downsides of the legal concept of donor intent as applied to endowments. In the 2000s, Helmsley bequested a multi-billion dollar trust to "the care and welfare of dogs". This trust was estimated at the time to total 10 times more than the combined 2005 assets of all
323:
and asked him to advise him about it. The
Prophet said, 'If you like, make the property inalienable and give the profit from it to charity.'" It goes on to say that Umar gave it away as alms, that the land itself would not be sold, inherited or donated. He gave it away for the poor, the relatives,
710:
Many might say that, by definition, philanthropy is about redistributing resources. Yet to truly embody this principle, philanthropy must move far beyond the 5% payout requirements for grants and distribute ALL of its power and resources. This includes spending down one's endowment, investing in
706:
to many large private funds. Repatriation campaigns ask for private endowments to be returned to the control of the people and communities that have been most affected by labor and environmental exploitation and often offer ethical frameworks for discussing endowment governance and repatriation.
511:
is tuition (and possibly other costs) assistance that is permanently paid for by an organisation or individual with the revenue of an endowment fund specifically set up for that purpose. It can be either merit-based or need-based (the latter is only awarded to those students for whom the college
498:
is a position permanently paid for to recruit and retain new and/or junior (and above) professors who have already demonstrated superior teaching and research. The donor might be allowed to name the faculty fellowship. A faculty fellow appointment cultivates confidence and institutional loyalty,
721:
After the Heron
Foundation's internal audit of its investments in 2011 uncovered an investment in a private prison that was directly contrary to the foundation's mission, they developed and then began to advocate for a four-part ethical framework to endowment investments conceptualized as Human
594:
In the United States, typically 4–6% of the endowment's assets are spent every year to fund operations or capital spending. Any excess earnings are typically reinvested to augment the endowment and to compensate for inflation and recessions in future years. This spending figure represents the
733:
in 2007. The Ford
Foundation provided a portion of the initial endowment after self-initiated research into the foundation's financial support of Native and Indigenous artists and communities. This results of this research indicated "the inadequacy of philanthropic support for Native arts and
163:
All endowments ensure that the original principal, inflation-adjusted, is held in perpetuity and prudent spending methods should be applied in order to avoid the erosion of corpus over reasonable time frames. Restricted endowments may also facilitate additional donor requirements.
155:
Quasi endowment funds are designated endowments by an organization's governing body rather than by the donor. Therefore, both the principal and the income may be accessed at the organization's discretion. Quasi endowment funds are still subject to any other donor restrictions or
175:
Endowment revenue can be restricted by donors to serve many purposes. Endowed professorships or scholarships restricted to a particular subject are common; in some places, a donor could fund a trust exclusively for the support of a pet. Ignoring the restriction is called
512:
expense would cause their family financial hardship) depending on university policy or donor preferences. Some universities will facilitate donors' meeting the students they are helping. The amount that must be donated to start an endowed scholarship can vary greatly.
646:. He created a corporately structured foundation that could utilize community gifts in a responsive and need-appropriate manner. Scrutiny and control resided in the "live hand" of the public as opposed to the "dead hand" of the founders of private foundations.
786:
Generally, endowment taxes are the taxation of financial endowments that are otherwise not taxed due to their charitable, educational, or religious mission. Endowment taxes are sometimes enacted in response to criticisms that endowments are not operating as
151:
True endowment (also called permanent endowment). This is the type that is subject to UPMIFA in most states. The donor has stated that the gift is to be held permanently as an endowment, either for general purposes or for specific (or restricted)
384:), is a pond called Birkat Ḥabash together with its surrounding orchards, whose revenue was to be used to operate a hydraulic complex and feed the poor. In India, wakfs are relatively common among Muslim communities and are regulated by the
760:
which was used to protest apartheid policies. By the end of apartheid, more than 150 universities divested of South
African investments, although it is not clear to what extent this campaign was responsible for ending the policy.
515:
Fellowships are similar, although they are most commonly associated with graduate students. In addition to helping with tuition, they may also include a stipend. Fellowships with a stipend may encourage students to work on a
833:
264:
The earliest universities were founded in Europe, Asia and Africa. Their endowment by a prince or monarch and their role in training government officials made early
Mediterranean universities similar to Islamic
120:
711:
local and regional economic initiatives that build community wealth rather than investing in Wall Street, giving up decision-making power for grants, and, ultimately, turning over assets to community control.
328:, the travelers and the guests. And it will not be held against him who administers it if he consumes some of its yield in an appropriate manner or feeds a friend who does not enrich himself by means of it.
180:" the endowment. But change of circumstance or financial duress like bankruptcy can preclude carrying out the donor's intent. A court can alter the use of restricted endowment under a doctrine called
2648:
1835:
2226:
768:
which refers to investments "made into companies, organizations, and funds with the intention to generate a measurable, beneficial social or environmental impact alongside a financial return."
434:
at both universities, this time in five subjects: divinity, civil law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic—the last of those corresponding to what is now known as medicine and basic sciences. Today, the
813:
397:
112:
1744:
2721:
2198:
582:
140:
1360:"تعريف و شرح و معنى حبوس بالعربي في معاجم اللغة العربية معجم المعاني الجامع، المعجم الوسيط ،اللغة العربية المعاصر ،الرائد ،لسان العرب ،القاموس المحيط – معجم عربي عربي صفحة 1"
1063:
591:
and managed by a trustee or team of professional managers. Typically, the financial operation of the endowment is designed to achieve the stated objectives of the endowment.
1603:
1024:
147:
that helps define what restrictions are imposed on the principal and earnings of the fund. Endowments in the United States are commonly categorized in one of three ways:
662:
Large U.S.-based college and university endowments, which had posted large, highly publicized gains in the 1990s and 2000s, faced significant losses of principal in the
159:
Term endowment is created with a gift or funds set aside by the board which can be spent in their entirety upon a set date or occurrence, such as the death of the donor.
105:
2219:
1094:
1786:
823:
92:
independent of the organizations and the causes the endowment is meant to serve. Institutions that commonly manage endowments include academic institutions (e.g.,
202:
2295:
423:
2781:
2212:
2033:
19:
2064:
573:
which are typically endowed by an individual or family. The term foundation though may also be used by organizations not involved in public grant-making.
2693:
1983:
1832:
818:
878:
59:
or "corpus" value is kept intact, while a portion of the fund can be (and in some cases must be) spent each year, utilizing a prudent spending policy.
2183:
1876:
947:
840:
548:
403:
intended to fund specific areas within the institution. The most common examples are endowed professorships (also known as named chairs), and endowed
353:(deed) documents are from the 9th century, while a third one dates from the early 10th century, all three within the Abbasid Period. The oldest dated
128:
88:
that, while serving a good cause, might not qualify as a public charity. In some jurisdictions, it is common for endowed funds to be established as a
1037:
427:
1128:
1041:
465:
universities. Endowment funds have also been created to support secondary and elementary school districts in several states in the United States.
968:
607:
Students at Tufts
University in 2013 "marched forth on 4 March". The march was a divestment campaign with the goal of pressuring universities to
2172:
1735:
2156:
1518:
1318:
1298:
66:
1897:
828:
1273:
697:
reported a loss of 31% ($ 545 million) of its previous year-end value in 2009. The loss is attributed to over-investment in hedge funds.
2515:
2510:
678:, reported an endowment of $ 16 billion as of September 2009, a 30% annualized loss that was more than predicted in December 2008. At
603:
2418:
1334:
as Royal
Offices: Mediterranean Universities of Medieval Europe", in Courtenay, William J.; Miethke, Jürgen; Priest, David B. (eds.),
124:
1462:
1252:
1229:
1212:
1188:
1055:
446:
269:, although madrasas were generally smaller, and individual teachers, rather than the madrasa itself, granted the license or degree.
104:); cultural institutions (e.g., museums, libraries, and theaters); service organizations (e.g., hospitals, retirement homes; the
1595:
1548:
2303:
2280:
1762:
757:
482:
358:
2751:
2493:
2108:
1343:
565:
through grants, but may engage directly in charitable activities. Foundations include public charitable foundations, such as
1086:
2083:
1436:
2807:
2761:
2731:
1953:
1702:
380:
The earliest known waqf in Egypt, founded by financial official Abū Bakr Muḥammad bin Ali al-Madhara'i in 919 (during the
756:
campaigns to encourage endowments to not hold unethical investments. One of the earliest modern divestment campaigns was
2741:
2498:
730:
687:
667:
116:
32:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
1665:
339:
When a man dies, only three deeds will survive him: continuing alms, profitable knowledge and a child praying for him.
2802:
2375:
1265:
1574:
2585:
2535:
2473:
2433:
2380:
303:
religious or charitable purposes with no intention of reclaiming the assets. The donated assets may be held by a
2040:
1927:
674:, the pioneer of an approach that involved investing heavily in alternative investments such as real estate and
2771:
2688:
2683:
2068:
796:
655:
639:
532:
1990:
1783:
922:
870:
2668:
2663:
2618:
1795:
1771:
986:
595:
proportion that historically could be spent without diminishing the principal amount of the endowment fund.
562:
458:
2370:
2191:
1479:
2678:
2643:
2540:
808:
788:
663:
608:
554:
544:
415:
81:
77:
1338:, Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, vol. 10, Leiden: Brill, pp. 96–98,
948:"Ivy League Endowments 2015: Princeton University On Top As Harvard Struggles With Low Investment Return"
2595:
2503:
1808:
694:
435:
431:
419:
1120:
2623:
2408:
2285:
2116:
1596:"What is a foundation | Foundations | Funding Resources | Knowledge Base | Tools"
643:
638:
In 1914, Frederick Goff sought to eliminate the "dead hand" of organized philanthropy and so created
625:
566:
462:
385:
44:
2698:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2413:
2015:
679:
181:
56:
1526:
1359:
2673:
2633:
2570:
2565:
2403:
1905:
570:
177:
85:
1270:
1151:
2638:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2270:
2152:
2146:
1458:
1339:
1314:
1294:
1248:
1225:
1208:
1184:
769:
1178:
686:'s endowment fell 27 percent to $ 2.04 billion in the fiscal year that ended June 30, 2009.
2478:
2347:
2258:
1716:
1706:
765:
747:
683:
558:
304:
222:
214:
2658:
2580:
2428:
2390:
2265:
2239:
1839:
1790:
1766:
1748:
1689:
Brown, Jeffrey R.; Dimmock, Stephen G.; Kang, Jun-Koo; Weisbenner, Scott J. (March 2014).
1440:
1277:
726:
671:
536:
450:
381:
285:
276:
250:
234:
206:
43:
is a legal structure for managing, and in many cases indefinitely perpetuating, a pool of
24:
1691:"How University Endowments Respond to Financial Market Shocks: Evidence and Implications"
1984:"Native Arts and Cultures: Research, Growth and Opportunities for Philanthropic Support"
2483:
2398:
2275:
2235:
1844:
675:
631:
528:
101:
1480:"A Brief History of The Lucasian Professorship of Mathematics at Cambridge University"
2796:
2590:
2575:
2555:
2443:
2204:
1740:
1505:
904:
845:
781:
743:
1759:
1420:
Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 783. Quoted in Waḳf,
1407:
Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 784. Quoted in Waḳf,
682:, the endowment was reduced from $ 17 billion to $ 12 billion as of September 2009.
2703:
2628:
2600:
2545:
2438:
2090:
621:
520:. Frequently, teaching or working on research is a mandatory part of a fellowship.
442:
258:
226:
144:
97:
70:
62:
52:
2120:
1556:
670:, which held $ 37 billion in June 2008, was reduced to $ 26 billion by mid-2009.
261:. Later, similar endowments were set up in some other major cities of the Empire.
1242:
299:, which typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for
167:
An expendable endowment fund is one which can be spent in certain circumstances.
2488:
1455:
Lady
Margaret Beaufort and Her Professors of Divinity at Cambridge: 1502 to 1649
1433:
1244:
A History of the
University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages
792:
508:
404:
89:
48:
28:
1961:
449:
at Cambridge beginning in 1669, more recently held by the celebrated physicist
357:
goes back to 876 CE, concerns a multi-volume Qur'an edition and is held by the
241:
in AD 176. Aurelius created one endowed chair for each of the major schools of
2653:
2423:
1504:
Kansas incorporated its first public school district endowment association in
1291:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages
1205:
A History of the University in Europe. Vol. 1: Universities in the Middle Ages
753:
422:, created the first endowed chairs in divinity at the universities of Oxford (
411:
242:
193:
1877:"What Do Our Times Require? Funders Propose a Philanthropic "Green New Deal""
1114:
1112:
539:
reported assets of US$ 12.4 billion and approved US$ 507.9 million in grants.
111:
Private endowments are some of the wealthiest entities in the world, notably
2550:
517:
474:
246:
184:
meaning to find an alternative "as near as possible" to the donor's intent.
1224:
Hunt Janin: "The university in medieval life, 1179–1499", McFarland, 2008,
2148:
Unmaking the public university: the forty-year assault on the middle class
1711:
1690:
1383:
969:"Is Taxing Harvard, Yale and Stanford the Answer to Rising College Costs?"
499:
keeping the institution competitive over hiring and retention of talents.
441:
Private individuals also adopted the practice of endowing professorships.
1203:
Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in:
1152:"Alexander of Aphrodisias > 1.1 Date, Family, Teachers, and Influence"
362:
320:
291:
254:
230:
2067:. The Commonwealth Fund 1 East 75th Street, New York, NY. Archived from
1721:
1570:
588:
316:
266:
210:
93:
377:, with no written date but considered to be from the mid-9th century.
108:); and religious organizations (e.g., churches, synagogues, mosques).
2253:
495:
370:
300:
296:
238:
923:"Harvard's Endowment Soars to $ 53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns"
871:"Harvard's Endowment Soars to $ 53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns"
1931:
1624:
1009:
Newman, Diana, "Endowment Building", John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 2005
527:
374:
333:
Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 784
325:
201:
1289:
Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.):
797:
depriving local governments of essential property and other taxes
722:
Capital, Natural Capital, Civic Capital, and Financial Capital.
344:
Ibn Ḥad̲j̲ar al-ʿAsḳalānī , Bulūg̲h̲ al-marām, Cairo n.d., no. 78
139:
Most private endowments in the United States are governed by the
55:. Endowments are often structured so that the inflation-adjusted
1483:
850:
388:
and governed by Wakf Act 1995 (which superseded Wakf Act 1954).
312:
272:
197:
2208:
1121:"Bankrupt But Endowed – The NonProfit TimesThe NonProfit Times"
1087:"Monkey to Inherit House, Garden, Trust Fund – India Real Time"
1180:
Aristotle's school; a study of a Greek educational institution
987:"Consolidated Financial Statements December 31, 2017 and 2016"
1650:
Rosenwald, Julius (May 1929). "Principles of Public Giving".
1183:. University of California Press. pp. 19––207, 213–216.
553:
A foundation (also a charitable foundation) is a category of
772:
provide capital to address social and environmental issues.
410:
The practice of endowing professorships began in the modern
814:
Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size
690:
lost 18% in that same fiscal year, down to $ 1.08 billion.
398:
Lists of institutions of higher education by endowment size
51:, or other investments for a specific purpose according to
2065:"Ways and Means Questions Nonprofit Hospitals' Tax Status"
1453:
Collinson, Patrick; Rex, Richard; Stanton, Graham (2003).
635:
registered animal-related charities in the United States.
587:
A financial endowment is typically overseen by a board of
561:
that will typically provide funding and support for other
418:, Countess of Richmond and grandmother to the future king
1898:"The Resonance Framework: Guiding Principals and Values"
989:. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 3 September 2018
752:
Another approach to reforming endowments is the use of
119:(valued at $ 53.2 billion as of June 2021) is the
76:
Endowments are often governed and managed either as a
2039:. The Global Impact Investing Network. Archived from
1892:
1890:
1857:
Burrows, Malcom D. (2010). "The End of Endowments?".
1044:, published 18 April 2019, accessed 15 November 2023
609:
eliminate investments in fossil-fuel related ventures
583:
Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act
430:). Nearly 50 years later, Henry VIII established the
141:
Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act
123:
in the world. As of 31 December 2022, the
2609:
2528:
2452:
2389:
2346:
2337:
2294:
2246:
1025:American Institute of Certified Public Accountants
2084:"Testimony Before House Ways and Means Committee"
69:headquarters complex in Seattle as seen from the
1313:by Niall Ferguson, Publisher: Allen Lane 2011 –
764:A proactive version of divestment campaigns is
708:
693:In Canada, after the financial crisis in 2008,
337:
309:
2109:"Cambridge Seeks to Tax Earnings on Endowment"
1928:"Linden Endowment Repatriation Broadside v1.3"
1336:Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society
2220:
8:
2722:Private equity and venture capital investors
2757:
2737:
2694:Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
2511:Private investment in public equity (PIPE)
2343:
2227:
2213:
2205:
1457:. Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
2151:. Harvard University Press. p. 162.
1720:
1710:
1666:"Cleveland Foundation 100 – Introduction"
841:List of wealthiest charitable foundations
738:Divestment campaigns and impact investing
549:List of wealthiest charitable foundations
143:which is based in part on the concept of
1738:, a September 11, 2009 article from the
1085:Dhanya Ann Thoppil (February 19, 2015).
1038:Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator
1005:
1003:
898:
896:
602:
486:top professors from other institutions.
392:Modern college and university endowments
61:
35:was valued at $ 53.2 billion as of 2021.
18:
16:Legal structure for managing investments
1989:. Ford Foundation. 2010. Archived from
1793:, a September 3, 2009 article from the
1784:Stanford University endowment loses big
861:
131:, with an endowment of $ 67.3 billion.
1097:from the original on February 22, 2015
766:impact investing, or mission investing
414:in England on September 8, 1502, when
881:from the original on October 14, 2021
659:them to compensate for the downturn.
428:Lady Margaret's Professor of Divinity
295:property, is a similar concept from
289:), also known as 'hubous' (حُبوس) or
284:
67:The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
7:
2034:"2017 Annual Impact Investor Survey"
1769:, a September 10, 2009 article from
1293:, Cambridge University Press, 2003,
1247:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
1207:, Cambridge University Press, 1992,
1054:Ashlea Ebelling (January 13, 2010).
503:Endowed scholarships and fellowships
1670:The Cleveland Foundation Centennial
1311:Civilization: The West and the Rest
1156:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1056:"Caring For Fido After You're Gone"
438:has fifteen Regius Professorships.
424:Lady Margaret Professor of Divinity
280:
113:private higher education endowments
53:the will of its founders and donors
2175:A Primer for Endowment Grantmakers
1954:"Introduction to Net Contribution"
1842:, an August 27, 2009 article from
1549:"Teacher, Scholar, Mentor, Friend"
1131:from the original on April 2, 2015
1119:Patrick Sullivan (June 12, 2012).
1066:from the original on April 2, 2015
731:Native Arts and Culture Foundation
729:'s co-founding of the independent
14:
2184:"Congress investigates endowment"
1577:from the original on Jun 26, 2014
125:Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
2777:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2747:
2746:
2736:
2727:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2182:Dada, Kamil (February 1, 2008).
1606:from the original on Apr 4, 2017
1021:AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide
1019:"Not-for-Profit Organizations".
668:The Harvard University endowment
457:America, with the exceptions of
2199:12 SMA for Financial Endowments
1434:Lady Margaret's 500-year legacy
1280:, 2012, retrieved 26 July 2012)
758:Disinvestment from South Africa
359:Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum
2494:Publicly traded private equity
2145:Newfield, Christopher (2008).
2107:He, Ray C. (October 4, 2005).
1482:. Robert Bruen. Archived from
117:Harvard University's endowment
33:Harvard University's endowment
1:
2762:List of venture capital firms
1833:GW endowment drops 18 percent
1703:American Economic Association
447:Lucasian Chair of Mathematics
194:University § Antecedents
171:Restrictions and donor intent
129:wealthiest private foundation
2742:List of private equity firms
2499:Business Development Company
1177:Lynch, John Patrick (1972).
791:or that they have served as
688:George Washington University
319:, so he came to the prophet
2082:Jill Horwitz (2005-05-26).
1747:September 15, 2009, at the
490:Endowed faculty fellowships
2826:
2586:High-net-worth individuals
2376:Leveraged recapitalization
2201:(archived 4 February 2010)
1478:Bruen, Robert (May 1995).
1443:– University of Cambridge.
1241:de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde:
779:
741:
654:Research published in the
619:
580:
542:
535:in New York. In 2014, The
412:European university system
395:
191:
121:largest academic endowment
2712:
2474:Limited liability company
2434:Venture capital financing
2381:Dividend recapitalization
1553:Celebrate Cornell Faculty
1519:"UCLA Endowment Minimums"
1384:"What is Waqf – Awqaf SA"
950:. Ibtimes.com. 2010-05-10
369:is a papyrus held by the
1838:August 31, 2009, at the
1736:Harvard fund loses $ 11B
1695:American Economic Review
1330:Pryds, Darleen (2000), "
1150:Frede, Dorothea (2009).
656:American Economic Review
640:the Cleveland Foundation
563:charitable organizations
533:Ford Foundation Building
225:were established by the
2541:Institutional investors
1796:San Francisco Chronicle
1772:The Wall Street Journal
1760:Yale Endowment Down 30%
1266:Encyclopædia Britannica
1091:The Wall Street Journal
789:nonprofit organizations
725:Another example is the
2679:Liquidation preference
2644:Distribution waterfall
2596:Sovereign wealth funds
2016:"Does Divestment Work"
1422:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1409:Encyclopaedia of Islam
809:Foundation (nonprofit)
719:
701:Endowment repatriation
664:2008 economic downturn
612:
555:nonprofit organization
545:Foundation (nonprofit)
540:
524:Charitable foundations
469:Endowed professorships
416:Lady Margaret Beaufort
347:
336:
218:
213:who created the first
73:
36:
2752:Venture capital firms
2504:Venture capital trust
2113:Volume 125, Number 44
1712:10.1257/aer.104.3.931
1301:, pp. 35–76 (35)
1158:. Stanford University
1125:Thenonprofittimes.com
695:University of Toronto
606:
599:Criticism and reforms
567:community foundations
531:
436:University of Glasgow
432:Regius Professorships
349:The two oldest known
205:
82:charitable foundation
78:nonprofit corporation
65:
22:
2808:Financial endowments
2732:Private equity firms
2460:Private equity firms
2409:Post-money valuation
2286:Equity co-investment
1652:The Atlantic Monthly
1625:"So nicely endowed!"
834:in the United States
644:community foundation
626:Community foundation
577:Fiduciary management
386:Central Wakf Council
2782:Portfolio companies
2699:Undercapitalization
2551:Insurance companies
2469:Limited partnership
2414:Pre-money valuation
2022:. October 20, 2015.
1881:Nonprofit Quarterly
1573:. Ford Foundation.
1276:15 May 2013 at the
1042:Accounting Glossary
1027:: 367. May 1, 2007.
973:Wall Street Journal
875:The Harvard Crimson
795:, or that they are
680:Stanford University
571:private foundations
494:An endowed faculty
365:. A possibly older
313:Umar Ibn Al-Khattab
311:Ibn Umar reported,
41:financial endowment
2634:Capital commitment
2404:Business incubator
2371:Buy–sell agreement
1859:The Philanthropist
1789:2009-09-06 at the
1765:2018-04-14 at the
1439:2007-05-16 at the
770:Impact investments
613:
541:
219:
209:, the Stoic Roman
86:private foundation
74:
37:
2803:Education finance
2790:
2789:
2639:Capital structure
2524:
2523:
2366:Divisional buyout
2361:Management buyout
2356:Financial sponsor
2173:Ford Foundation:
2158:978-0-674-02817-3
1883:. March 12, 2019.
1486:on 24 August 2012
1319:978-1-84614-273-4
1299:978-0-521-54113-8
650:Economic downturn
426:) and Cambridge (
2815:
2780:
2779:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2581:Commercial banks
2571:Investment banks
2479:Carried interest
2344:
2247:Investment types
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2194:on June 9, 2011.
2190:. Archived from
2162:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2123:on April 8, 2022
2119:. Archived from
2104:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2089:. Archived from
2088:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1960:. Archived from
1958:Heron Foundation
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1930:. Archived from
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1904:. Archived from
1894:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1854:
1848:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1805:
1799:
1781:
1775:
1757:
1751:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1714:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1611:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1555:. Archived from
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1525:. Archived from
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1450:
1444:
1431:
1425:
1418:
1412:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1327:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1262:
1256:
1239:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1116:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1051:
1045:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1016:
1010:
1007:
998:
997:
995:
994:
983:
977:
976:
965:
959:
958:
956:
955:
944:
938:
937:
935:
934:
919:
913:
912:
900:
891:
890:
888:
886:
866:
748:Impact investing
717:
684:Brown University
559:charitable trust
483:college rankings
407:or fellowships.
345:
334:
324:the slaves, the
305:charitable trust
288:
282:
2825:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2772:Angel investors
2708:
2659:High-yield debt
2612:financial terms
2611:
2605:
2520:
2448:
2429:Startup company
2385:
2339:
2333:
2290:
2242:
2240:venture capital
2233:
2181:
2169:
2159:
2144:
2141:
2139:Further reading
2136:
2126:
2124:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2013:
2009:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1902:Justice Funders
1896:
1895:
1888:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1840:Wayback Machine
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1791:Wayback Machine
1782:
1778:
1767:Wayback Machine
1758:
1754:
1749:Wayback Machine
1734:
1730:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1609:
1607:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1559:on May 1, 2005.
1546:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1529:on Mar 26, 2023
1523:UCLA Foundation
1517:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1441:Wayback Machine
1432:
1428:
1419:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1368:
1366:
1364:www.almaany.com
1358:Team, Almaany.
1357:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1288:
1284:
1278:Wayback Machine
1263:
1259:
1240:
1236:
1223:
1219:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1069:
1067:
1053:
1052:
1048:
1036:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1001:
992:
990:
985:
984:
980:
967:
966:
962:
953:
951:
946:
945:
941:
932:
930:
921:
920:
916:
902:
901:
894:
884:
882:
868:
867:
863:
859:
824:in South Africa
805:
784:
778:
776:Endowment taxes
750:
740:
727:Ford Foundation
718:
716:Justice Funders
715:
703:
672:Yale University
652:
628:
618:
601:
585:
579:
551:
537:Ford Foundation
526:
505:
492:
471:
451:Stephen Hawking
400:
394:
346:
343:
335:
332:
286:[ˈwɑqf]
251:Aristotelianism
235:Marcus Aurelius
207:Marcus Aurelius
200:
190:
173:
137:
102:private schools
25:Harvard College
17:
12:
11:
5:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2811:
2810:
2805:
2795:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2774:
2764:
2754:
2744:
2734:
2724:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2591:Family offices
2588:
2583:
2578:
2576:Merchant banks
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2486:
2484:Management fee
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Angel investor
2395:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2262:
2261:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2236:Private equity
2234:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2188:Stanford Daily
2179:
2168:
2167:External links
2165:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2099:
2096:on 2016-03-05.
2056:
2025:
2020:The New Yorker
2007:
1975:
1964:on 19 May 2019
1945:
1934:on 19 May 2019
1919:
1908:on 19 May 2019
1886:
1868:
1849:
1845:The GW Hatchet
1825:
1800:
1776:
1752:
1728:
1681:
1657:
1642:
1631:. 31 July 2004
1616:
1602:. 2013-06-18.
1587:
1562:
1547:Miller, Paul.
1539:
1510:
1497:
1470:
1463:
1445:
1426:
1413:
1400:
1388:awqafsa.org.za
1375:
1350:
1344:
1322:
1303:
1282:
1257:
1234:
1217:
1196:
1189:
1169:
1142:
1108:
1077:
1046:
1030:
1011:
999:
978:
960:
939:
914:
903:Kenton, Will.
892:
869:Ma, Virginia.
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
837:
836:
831:
826:
821:
811:
804:
801:
780:Main article:
777:
774:
739:
736:
713:
702:
699:
676:private equity
651:
648:
632:Leona Helmsley
617:
614:
600:
597:
578:
575:
525:
522:
504:
501:
491:
488:
470:
467:
393:
390:
382:Abbasid period
341:
330:
223:endowed chairs
217:professorships
189:
186:
172:
169:
161:
160:
157:
153:
136:
133:
127:is the second
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2821:
2820:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2783:
2775:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2556:Fund of funds
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2546:Pension funds
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2444:Venture round
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Early history
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2092:
2085:
2071:on 2006-10-04
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2046:on 2016-09-02
2042:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
1996:on 2019-05-13
1992:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1741:Boston Herald
1737:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1682:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1506:Paola, Kansas
1501:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1464:9780521533102
1460:
1456:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:0-521-36105-2
1250:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:0-7864-3462-7
1227:
1221:
1218:
1215:, pp. XIX–XX.
1214:
1213:0-521-36105-2
1210:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1190:9780520021945
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1004:
1000:
988:
982:
979:
975:. 4 May 2016.
974:
970:
964:
961:
949:
943:
940:
928:
924:
918:
915:
910:
906:
899:
897:
893:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
856:
852:
849:
847:
846:Endowment tax
844:
842:
839:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
802:
800:
798:
794:
790:
783:
782:Endowment tax
775:
773:
771:
767:
762:
759:
755:
749:
745:
744:Disinvestment
737:
735:
732:
728:
723:
712:
707:
700:
698:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
657:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
633:
627:
623:
615:
610:
605:
598:
596:
592:
590:
584:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
546:
538:
534:
530:
523:
521:
519:
513:
510:
502:
500:
497:
489:
487:
484:
480:
479:endowed chair
476:
475:professorship
468:
466:
464:
460:
454:
452:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
406:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
340:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
287:
278:
274:
270:
268:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
221:The earliest
216:
215:endowed chair
212:
208:
204:
199:
195:
187:
185:
183:
179:
170:
168:
165:
158:
154:
150:
149:
148:
146:
142:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
72:
68:
64:
60:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
26:
23:Engraving of
21:
2704:Vintage year
2629:Capital call
2601:Crowdfunding
2560:
2536:Corporations
2439:Venture debt
2192:the original
2187:
2174:
2147:
2125:. Retrieved
2121:the original
2112:
2102:
2091:the original
2073:. Retrieved
2069:the original
2059:
2048:. Retrieved
2041:the original
2028:
2019:
2010:
1998:. Retrieved
1991:the original
1978:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:the original
1957:
1948:
1936:. Retrieved
1932:the original
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1906:the original
1901:
1880:
1871:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1843:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:
1803:
1794:
1779:
1770:
1755:
1739:
1731:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1619:
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1565:
1557:the original
1552:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1527:the original
1522:
1513:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1473:
1454:
1448:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1310:
1306:
1290:
1285:
1271:"University"
1264:
1260:
1243:
1237:
1220:
1204:
1199:
1179:
1172:
1160:. Retrieved
1155:
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1124:
1099:. Retrieved
1090:
1080:
1068:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1033:
1020:
1014:
991:. Retrieved
981:
972:
963:
952:. Retrieved
942:
931:. Retrieved
929:. 2021-10-14
926:
917:
909:Investopedia
908:
883:. Retrieved
874:
864:
793:tax shelters
785:
763:
751:
724:
720:
709:
704:
692:
661:
653:
642:: the first
637:
630:The case of
629:
622:Donor intent
616:Donor intent
593:
586:
552:
514:
506:
493:
478:
472:
455:
443:Isaac Newton
440:
409:
405:scholarships
401:
379:
366:
354:
350:
348:
338:
315:got land in
310:
290:
271:
263:
259:Epicureanism
233:philosopher
229:emperor and
220:
174:
166:
162:
145:donor intent
138:
110:
98:universities
75:
71:Space Needle
40:
38:
2566:Foundations
2489:Pledge fund
2281:Secondaries
1865:(1): 52–61.
1722:10220/20933
1705:: 931–962.
1490:6 September
1255:, pp. 47–55
1162:6 September
927:The Crimson
905:"Endowment"
885:October 14,
509:scholarship
507:An endowed
473:An endowed
297:Islamic law
49:real estate
29:Paul Revere
2797:Categories
2654:Envy ratio
2561:Endowments
2424:Seed money
2338:Terms and
2075:2007-01-22
2050:2017-03-14
1809:"Politics"
1675:2019-04-04
1610:2017-03-29
1600:GrantSpace
1581:2014-05-14
1533:2023-03-03
1369:2019-05-11
1345:9004113517
993:2018-09-04
954:2022-07-18
933:2021-10-14
857:References
754:divestment
742:See also:
620:See also:
581:See also:
543:See also:
420:Henry VIII
396:See also:
373:Museum in
243:philosophy
192:See also:
2624:Cap table
2529:Investors
2453:Structure
2271:Mezzanine
2259:Leveraged
1813:Bloomberg
1232:, p. 55f.
829:in the UK
819:in Canada
518:doctorate
459:Cambridge
445:held the
247:Platonism
152:purposes.
106:Red Cross
57:principal
45:financial
2674:Leverage
2610:Related
2340:concepts
2117:The Tech
1836:Archived
1818:14 April
1787:Archived
1763:Archived
1745:Archived
1635:14 April
1629:Newsweek
1604:Archived
1575:Archived
1571:"Grants"
1437:Archived
1393:29 March
1274:Archived
1135:March 5,
1129:Archived
1101:March 5,
1095:Archived
1070:March 5,
1064:Archived
879:Archived
803:See also
714:—
589:trustees
363:Istanbul
342:—
331:—
321:Muhammad
292:mortmain
267:madrasas
255:Stoicism
178:invading
94:colleges
31:, 1767.
2684:M&A
2391:Venture
2296:History
2266:Venture
2127:May 20,
367:waqfiya
355:waqfiya
351:waqfiya
317:Khaybar
211:emperor
188:History
182:cy-près
156:intent.
84:, or a
2649:EBITDA
2348:Buyout
2276:Growth
2254:Buyout
2155:
2000:13 May
1968:19 May
1938:19 May
1912:19 May
1461:
1342:
1332:Studia
1317:
1297:
1251:
1228:
1211:
1187:
1060:Forbes
569:, and
496:fellow
463:Oxford
371:Louvre
301:Muslim
277:Arabic
257:, and
239:Athens
196:, and
100:, and
2464:funds
2329:2020s
2324:2010s
2319:2000s
2314:1990s
2309:1980s
2178:(PDF)
2094:(PDF)
2087:(PDF)
2044:(PDF)
2037:(PDF)
1994:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1701:(3).
375:Paris
326:jihad
281:وَقْف
231:Stoic
227:Roman
135:Types
90:trust
2516:SPAC
2462:and
2419:SAFE
2238:and
2153:ISBN
2129:2019
2002:2019
1970:2019
1940:2019
1914:2019
1820:2018
1637:2018
1492:2012
1459:ISBN
1395:2018
1340:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1249:ISBN
1226:ISBN
1209:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1164:2012
1137:2015
1103:2015
1072:2015
887:2021
851:Waqf
746:and
624:and
547:and
477:(or
461:and
273:Waqf
198:waqf
80:, a
2689:PME
2669:IRR
2664:IPO
2619:AUM
1717:hdl
1707:doi
1699:104
557:or
361:in
237:in
27:by
2799::
2186:.
2115:.
2111:.
2018:.
1956:.
1900:.
1889:^
1879:.
1863:23
1861:.
1811:.
1715:.
1697:.
1693:.
1668:.
1627:.
1598:.
1551:.
1521:.
1386:.
1362:.
1269::
1154:.
1127:.
1123:.
1111:^
1093:.
1089:.
1062:.
1058:.
1040:,
1023:.
1002:^
971:.
925:.
907:.
895:^
877:.
873:.
799:.
666:.
453:.
307:.
283:;
279::
253:,
249:,
245::
115:.
96:,
47:,
39:A
2228:e
2221:t
2214:v
2161:.
2131:.
2078:.
2053:.
2004:.
1972:.
1942:.
1916:.
1822:.
1725:.
1719::
1709::
1678:.
1654:.
1639:.
1613:.
1584:.
1536:.
1494:.
1467:.
1424:.
1411:.
1397:.
1372:.
1193:.
1166:.
1139:.
1105:.
1074:.
996:.
957:.
936:.
911:.
889:.
611:.
275:(
176:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
