714:
42:
677:; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
2478:
Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock. These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company's shares.
826:
An important of ration analysis is interpreting ratio values. A meaningful basis for comparison is needed to answer questions such as "Is it too high or too low?" or "Is it good or bad?". Two types of ratio comparisons can be made, cross-sectional and time-series.
2928:
In addition to assisting management and owners in diagnosing the financial health of their company, ratios can also help managers make decisions about investments or projects that the company is considering to take, such as acquisitions, or expansion.
844:
Time-series analysis evaluates a company's performance over time. It compares its current performance against past or historical performance. This can help assess the company's progress by looking into developing trends or year-to-year changes.
888:
the same thing, Shareholder's Equity represents the total number of shares in the company multiplied by each share's book value; Owner's Equity represents the total number of shares that an individual shareholder owns (usually the owner with
835:
Cross-sectional analysis compares the financial ratios of different companies at the same point in time. It allows companies to benchmark from other competitors by comparing their ratio values to similar companies in the industry.
880:
Companies that are primarily involved in providing services with labour do not generally report "Sales" based on hours. These companies tend to report "revenue" based on the monetary value of income that the services provide.
1077:
Note: Operating income is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, but it is also sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. This is true if the firm has no non-operating income.
773:
against something else, like past performance or another company. Thus, the ratios of firms in different industries, which face different risks, capital requirements, and competition are usually hard to compare.
817:
There is no international standard for calculating the summary data presented in all financial statements, and the terminology is not always consistent between companies, industries, countries and time periods.
650:
use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies. If shares in a company are publicly listed, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
638:
used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential
2278:
Debt ratios quantify the firm's ability to repay long-term debt. Debt ratios measure the level of borrowed funds used by the firm to finance its activities.
3488:
811:
306:
3463:
795:
291:
745:
measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock. These are concerned with the return on investment for
2968:
3568:
3317:
3129:
3083:
296:
605:
456:
160:
57:
311:
301:
67:
1079:
915:
877:
taxes, depreciation, amortization, and interest, unless otherwise stated. Otherwise, the amount would be EBIT, or EBITDA (see below).
363:
3145:
661:
value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as
3256:
3189:
3002:
491:
368:
962:
Profitability ratios measure the company's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return
2951:
316:
259:
3639:
1446:
400:
3228:
3456:
1543:
698:
353:
814:
to produce their financial statements, or they may use the generally accepted accounting principles of their home country.
787:
722:
3216:
2442:
1829:
This ratio asseses a business's actual liquidity position against its need for liquidity, represented by its sales:
3621:
2086:
1503:
3694:
3633:
3449:
940:
3580:
1869:
1301:
1246:
725:. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures.
674:
598:
405:
665:, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as
853:
Various abbreviations may be used in financial statements, especially financial statements summarized on the
3667:
2946:
893:), multiplied by each share's book value. It is important to make this distinction when calculating ratios.
713:
705:. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organisation.
694:
239:
115:
741:
measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.
531:
466:
41:
2956:
190:
3592:
3574:
3517:
2682:
2384:
2256:
516:
254:
120:
62:
3354:(4th ed.). New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 801-802.
3656:
3609:
3506:
2318:
1678:
1376:
890:
702:
566:
105:
2264:(Inventory Conversion Period) + (Receivables Conversion Period) − (Payables Conversion Period)
3546:
3494:
2941:
1789:
807:
627:
591:
556:
551:
526:
521:
461:
390:
348:
330:
283:
264:
195:
100:
25:
3367:(4th ed.). New York, Chichester, Brisbane, Toronto, Singapore: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 800.
2485:
1907:
945:
909:
858:
783:
395:
230:
185:
3309:
3303:
749:, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company's shares.
3645:
3615:
3483:
3313:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3185:
3125:
3079:
2998:
2936:
2923:
2751:
1411:
654:
647:
576:
571:
150:
125:
3627:
3603:
3557:
2973:
1578:
1211:
1172:
1137:
1038:
690:
358:
244:
3149:
799:
626:
states the relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's
446:
410:
200:
180:
165:
110:
95:
52:
810:
may elect to not use accrual basis accounting. Large multi-national corporations may use
3522:
3512:
2647:
2578:
2051:
2017:
1530:
Note: this is somewhat similar to (ROI), which calculates Net Income per Owner's Equity
791:
662:
451:
419:
130:
865:, which deduct returns, allowances, and early payment discounts from the charge on an
3688:
3673:
3662:
3598:
1687:
1176:
1095:
782:
Financial ratios may not be directly comparable between companies that use different
721:
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the
686:
561:
424:
343:
338:
175:
2932:
Many formal methods are used in capital budgeting, including the techniques such as
3651:
2520:
968:
936:
770:
496:
235:
3436:
3552:
1721:
803:
746:
639:
382:
2284:
1755:
919:
870:
734:
658:
631:
486:
170:
33:
3120:
Williams, Jan R.; Susan F. Haka; Mark S. Bettner; Joseph V. Carcello (2008).
3586:
3562:
3528:
2822:
2785:
2716:
1942:
862:
666:
1863:
Activity ratios measure the effectiveness of the firm's use of resources.
3540:
2856:
2613:
923:
854:
643:
866:
269:
249:
155:
3534:
932:
415:
90:
733:
measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets.
3441:
3229:
Professor Cram. "Ratios of
Profitability: Return on Assets Du Pont"
3500:
927:
635:
438:
220:
85:
16:
Numerical value to determine the financial condition of a company
225:
3445:
685:
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the
3078:(13th ed.). Pearson Education Limited. pp. 119–121.
2152:
Inventory conversion period (essentially same thing as above)
3217:
3363:
Weygandt, J. J., Kieso, D. E., & Kell, W. G. (1996).
3350:
Weygandt, J. J., Kieso, D. E., & Kell, W. G. (1996).
701:. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or
884:
2385:
Times interest earned ratio (Interest
Coverage Ratio)
1681:
ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.
3419:
3417:
3398:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3203:
3201:
737:
measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.
3106:
3104:
3060:
3058:
3039:
3037:
3027:
3025:
3023:
1733:Current Assets − (Inventories + Prepayments)
2997:. Barron's Educational Series, Inc. p. 433.
765:between a single company and its industry average
769:Ratios generally are not useful unless they are
3180:Bodie, Zane; Alex Kane; Alan J. Marcus (2004).
2993:Groppelli, Angelico A.; Ehsan Nikbakht (2000).
905:These are not ratios, but values in currency.)
762:between different time periods for one company
729:measure the availability of cash to pay debt.
3457:
3302:Houston, Joel F.; Brigham, Eugene F. (2009).
599:
8:
2352:Long-term Debt to equity (LT Debt to Equity)
812:International Financial Reporting Standards
307:International Financial Reporting Standards
3464:
3450:
3442:
657:, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent
606:
592:
20:
3284:
3282:
796:generally accepted accounting principles
712:
3308:. : South-Western College Pub. p.
2985:
912:= Cost of goods sold, or cost of sales.
752:Financial ratios allow for comparisons
32:
2969:List of financial performance measures
1920:Percent Change in Net Operating Income
3569:Present value of growth opportunities
3489:Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings
3292:, p. 6, published on 15 December 2012
3122:Financial & Managerial Accounting
1688:Current ratio (Working Capital Ratio)
717:Federal debt to Federal revenue ratio
297:Generally-accepted auditing standards
7:
3535:Enterprise value/gross cash invested
3376:Groppelli, p. 440; Williams, p. 640.
3305:Fundamentals of Financial Management
2700:Present Value of Cash Flow per Share
2330:(Long-term Debt) + (Value of Leases)
1839:Current Assets - Current Liabilities
673:. Given any ratio, one can take its
642:(owners) of a firm, and by a firm's
1859:Activity ratios (efficiency ratios)
1824:Net working capital to sales ratio
935:= Earnings before interest, taxes,
312:International Standards on Auditing
3247:. Hinsdale: Dryden Press. p.
3184:. McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 459.
3124:. McGraw-Hill Irwin. p. 266.
1080:Earnings before interest and taxes
14:
3182:Essentials of Investments, 5th ed
778:Accounting methods and principles
369:Notes to the financial statements
3244:Essentials of Managerial Finance
3076:Principles of Managerial Finance
2952:Modified internal rate of return
317:Management Accounting Principles
40:
3640:Risk-adjusted return on capital
3231:, College-Cram.com. 14 May 2008
2274:Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)
1447:Risk adjusted return on capital
861:reported by a firm are usually
669:; these latter are also called
1767:Cash and Marketable Securities
1544:Cash flow return on investment
1395:Fixed Assets + Working Capital
798:for their home countries, but
699:statement of changes in equity
1:
3219:College-Cram.com. 14 May 2008
3146:"Operating income definition"
2735:Balance Sheet Price per Share
2581:(the inverse of Payout Ratio)
2368:(Average Shareholders Equity)
2336:(Average Shareholders Equity)
2188:Receivables conversion period
1722:Acid-test ratio (Quick ratio)
849:Abbreviations and terminology
788:standard accounting practices
653:Ratios can be expressed as a
292:Generally-accepted principles
3501:Cash return on cash invested
3074:Gitman & Zutter (2013).
1908:Degree of Operating Leverage
723:financial statement analysis
2443:Debt service coverage ratio
1156:Average Shareholders Equity
794:are required by law to use
3711:
3622:Return on capital employed
2921:
2224:Payables conversion period
2120:Inventory conversion ratio
2087:Receivables Turnover Ratio
1644:Basic Earnings Power Ratio
1504:Return on capital employed
822:Types of Ratio Comparisons
634:, there are many standard
3634:Return on tangible equity
3479:
2717:Price to book value ratio
1870:Average collection period
161:Constant purchasing power
58:Constant purchasing power
3587:Price-earnings to growth
3290:Financial ratio analysis
2918:Capital budgeting ratios
1302:Return on Equity Du Pont
1247:Return on assets Du Pont
831:Cross-Sectional Analysis
492:Accounting organizations
480:People and organizations
3529:Enterprise value/EBITDA
3437:Stock Valuation Metrics
2947:Internal rate of return
2896:Sector-specific ratios
2426:Annual Interest Expense
2402:Annual Interest Expense
2104:Average Net Receivables
1997:Annual Credit Purchases
1926:Percent Change in Sales
1562:Market Recapitalisation
1047:Operating profit margin
1043:Operating Income Margin
695:statement of cash flows
240:Amortization (business)
3541:Enterprise value/sales
2763:Market Price per Share
2729:Market Price per Share
2694:Market Price per Share
2625:Market Price per Share
1981:Average payment period
718:
3365:Accounting Principles
3352:Accounting Principles
2683:Price/cash flow ratio
2257:Cash Conversion Cycle
873:is always the amount
716:
364:Management discussion
3610:Return on net assets
2816:Other Market Ratios
2665:Current Market Price
2454:Net Operating Income
2319:Debt to equity ratio
1590:Non-Interest expense
1424:EBIT(1 − (Tax Rate))
1377:Return on net assets
1195:Average Total Assets
958:Profitability ratios
948:= Earnings per share
891:controlling interest
840:Time-Series Analysis
808:sole proprietorships
739:Profitability ratios
703:financial statements
628:financial statements
331:Financial statements
284:Accounting standards
3495:Capitalization rate
3241:Weston, J. (1990).
2942:Profitability index
2681:Cash flow ratio or
1955:Accounts Receivable
1887:Annual Credit Sales
1881:Accounts Receivable
1802:Operating Cash Flow
1790:Operating cash flow
1773:Current Liabilities
1739:Current Liabilities
1705:Current Liabilities
973:Gross profit margin
697:or (sometimes) the
557:Earnings management
527:Positive accounting
401:Double-entry system
391:Bank reconciliation
196:Revenue recognition
3668:Sustainable growth
3423:Groppelli, p. 447.
3411:Groppelli, p. 449.
3402:Groppelli, p. 446.
3390:Groppelli, p. 441.
3341:Groppelli, p. 438.
3276:Groppelli, p. 435.
3207:Groppelli, p. 444.
3170:Groppelli, p. 443.
3110:Williams, p. 1094.
3064:Groppelli, p. 445.
3052:Groppelli, p. 442.
3043:Groppelli, p. 439.
3031:Groppelli, p. 436.
3017:Groppelli, p. 434.
2957:Equivalent annuity
2797:Price per Earnings
2597:Dividend per Share
2591:Earnings per Share
2486:Earnings per share
2460:Total Debt Service
2168:Cost of Goods Sold
2136:Inventory Turnover
2064:Cost of Goods Sold
1961:Total Annual Sales
786:or follow various
784:accounting methods
759:between industries
719:
648:Financial analysts
532:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
467:Sarbanes–Oxley Act
396:Debits and credits
231:Cost of goods sold
186:Matching principle
3682:
3681:
3616:Return on capital
3484:Buffett indicator
3319:978-0-324-59771-4
3131:978-0-07-299650-0
3098:Williams, P. 265.
3085:978-0-273-77986-5
2937:Net present value
2924:Capital budgeting
2890:Cost/Income ratio
2803:Annual EPS Growth
2752:Price/sales ratio
2296:Total Liabilities
2234:Accounts Payables
2070:Average Inventory
1412:Return on capital
1104:net profit margin
977:Gross Profit Rate
800:private companies
756:between companies
709:Purpose and types
616:
615:
577:Two sets of books
572:Off-balance-sheet
214:Selected accounts
151:Accounting period
3702:
3695:Financial ratios
3628:Return on equity
3604:Return on assets
3558:Operating margin
3473:Financial ratios
3466:
3459:
3452:
3443:
3424:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3391:
3388:
3377:
3374:
3368:
3361:
3355:
3348:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3299:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3274:
3263:
3262:
3238:
3232:
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3196:
3195:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3152:on 26 April 2014
3148:. Archived from
3142:
3136:
3135:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3099:
3096:
3090:
3089:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3032:
3029:
3018:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2990:
2974:Greeks (finance)
2879:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2868:Enterprise Value
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:Enterprise Value
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2504:Number of Shares
2502:
2499:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:(Long-term Debt)
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2265:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2098:Net Credit Sales
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:Accounts Payable
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1768:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1674:Liquidity ratios
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1658:
1655:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1579:Efficiency ratio
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1522:Capital Employed
1520:
1517:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1465:Economic Capital
1463:
1460:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1430:Invested Capital
1428:
1425:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1212:Return on assets
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1173:Return on assets
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1138:Return on equity
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1063:Operating Income
1039:Operating margin
1027:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:Net Sales - COGS
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
792:public companies
727:Liquidity ratios
691:income statement
630:. Often used in
624:accounting ratio
608:
601:
594:
44:
21:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3575:Price/cash flow
3518:Dividend payout
3475:
3470:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3422:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3389:
3380:
3375:
3371:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3259:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3153:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3132:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3086:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3030:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2995:Finance, 4th ed
2992:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2965:
2926:
2920:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2620:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2476:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2276:
2263:
2246:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2210:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2003:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1893:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1861:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1486:
1483:
1481:Expected Return
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1464:
1461:
1459:Expected Return
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1219:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1051:Return on sales
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1011:
999:
996:
993:
992:
990:
989:
960:
955:
899:
851:
842:
833:
824:
780:
731:Activity ratios
711:
683:
681:Sources of data
620:financial ratio
612:
583:
582:
581:
546:
538:
537:
536:
511:
503:
502:
501:
481:
473:
472:
471:
441:
431:
430:
429:
385:
375:
374:
373:
333:
323:
322:
321:
286:
276:
275:
274:
215:
207:
206:
205:
201:Unit of account
181:Historical cost
166:Economic entity
145:
137:
136:
135:
80:
72:
53:Historical cost
17:
12:
11:
5:
3708:
3706:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3686:
3680:
3679:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3660:
3657:Short interest
3654:
3649:
3643:
3637:
3631:
3625:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3581:Price-earnings
3578:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3523:Earnings yield
3520:
3515:
3513:Dividend cover
3510:
3507:Debt-to-equity
3504:
3498:
3492:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3431:External links
3429:
3426:
3425:
3413:
3404:
3392:
3378:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3334:
3332:Bodie, p. 459.
3325:
3318:
3294:
3288:Drake, P. P.,
3278:
3264:
3257:
3233:
3221:
3209:
3197:
3190:
3172:
3163:
3137:
3130:
3112:
3100:
3091:
3084:
3066:
3054:
3045:
3033:
3019:
3010:
3003:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2922:Main article:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2859:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2650:
2648:Dividend yield
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2616:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2582:
2579:Dividend cover
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2549:
2544:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2489:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2445:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2413:
2408:
2387:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2287:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2089:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2055:
2052:Stock turnover
2046:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2041:
2020:
2018:Asset turnover
2012:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1872:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1779:
1758:
1750:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1699:Current Assets
1690:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1450:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1360:Average Equity
1354:Average Assets
1340:Average Assets
1305:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1250:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1215:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1180:
1175:(ROA ratio or
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1106:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1028:
982:
981:
980:
979:
959:
956:
954:
951:
950:
949:
943:
930:
913:
898:
895:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
829:
823:
820:
779:
776:
767:
766:
763:
760:
757:
710:
707:
682:
679:
663:earnings yield
614:
613:
611:
610:
603:
596:
588:
585:
584:
580:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
547:
544:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
529:
524:
519:
513:
512:
509:
508:
505:
504:
500:
499:
494:
489:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
470:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
443:
442:
437:
436:
433:
432:
428:
427:
422:
420:General ledger
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
381:
380:
377:
376:
372:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
335:
334:
329:
328:
325:
324:
320:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
287:
282:
281:
278:
277:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
233:
228:
223:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
178:
173:
168:
163:
158:
153:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
73:
71:
70:
65:
60:
55:
49:
46:
45:
37:
36:
30:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3707:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3675:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3599:Profit margin
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3563:Price-to-book
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3547:Loan-to-value
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3455:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3329:
3326:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3298:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3258:0-03-030733-3
3254:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3213:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3193:
3191:0-07-251077-3
3187:
3183:
3176:
3173:
3167:
3164:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3087:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3004:0-7641-1275-9
3000:
2996:
2989:
2986:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2474:Market ratios
2473:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2273:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2013:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1858:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1487:Value at Risk
1474:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1348:
1328:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1304:(ROE Du Pont)
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1297:
1273:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1249:(ROA Du Pont)
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1178:
1177:Du Pont Ratio
1174:
1171:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1096:Profit margin
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1081:
1076:
1075:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1009:
988:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
967:
966:
965:
964:
963:
957:
952:
947:
944:
942:
938:
934:
931:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
911:
908:
907:
906:
904:
897:Abbreviations
896:
894:
892:
887:
882:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
839:
837:
830:
828:
821:
819:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
777:
775:
772:
764:
761:
758:
755:
754:
753:
750:
748:
744:
743:Market ratios
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:balance sheet
680:
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
655:decimal value
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
609:
604:
602:
597:
595:
590:
589:
587:
586:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:Error account
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
542:
541:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
507:
506:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
477:
476:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
435:
434:
426:
425:Trial balance
423:
421:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:FIFO and LIFO
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
384:
379:
378:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
344:Balance sheet
342:
340:
339:Annual report
337:
336:
332:
327:
326:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
289:
285:
280:
279:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
211:
210:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
176:Going concern
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
141:
140:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
83:
76:
75:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
22:
19:
3472:
3407:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3304:
3297:
3289:
3243:
3236:
3224:
3212:
3181:
3175:
3166:
3154:. Retrieved
3150:the original
3140:
3121:
3115:
3094:
3075:
3069:
3048:
3013:
2994:
2988:
2931:
2927:
2895:
2815:
2719:(P/B or PBV)
2546:
2521:Payout ratio
2498:Net Earnings
2477:
2410:
2302:Total Assets
2277:
2035:Total Assets
1862:
1677:
1660:Total Assets
1472:
1346:
1326:
1285:Total Assets
1271:
1230:Total Assets
1103:
1099:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1007:
994:Gross Profit
976:
972:
969:Gross margin
961:
941:amortization
937:depreciation
902:
900:
885:
883:
879:
874:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
804:partnerships
781:
768:
751:
747:shareholders
742:
738:
730:
726:
720:
684:
670:
652:
640:shareholders
623:
619:
617:
497:Luca Pacioli
418: /
238: /
236:Depreciation
144:Key concepts
116:Governmental
18:
3646:Risk return
3593:Price-sales
3531:(EV/EBITDA)
3156:7 September
2902:EV/capacity
2769:Gross Sales
2631:Diluted EPS
2198:Receivables
1808:Total Debts
1612:Net gearing
771:benchmarked
735:Debt ratios
510:Development
487:Accountants
383:Bookkeeping
302:Convergence
260:Liabilities
191:Materiality
79:Major types
3543:(EV/Sales)
3497:(Cap Rate)
2980:References
2420:Net Income
2285:Debt ratio
1756:Cash ratio
1389:Net Income
1314:Net Income
1259:Net Income
1224:Net Income
1189:Net Income
1150:Net Income
1115:Net Profit
1100:net margin
871:Net income
675:reciprocal
659:percentage
632:accounting
545:Misconduct
171:Fair value
121:Management
63:Management
34:Accounting
2911:EV/output
2874:Net Sales
2823:EV/EBITDA
2786:PEG ratio
2614:P/E ratio
2556:Dividends
2532:Dividends
2240:Purchases
2204:Net Sales
2162:Inventory
2029:Net Sales
1943:DSO Ratio
1679:Liquidity
1556:Cash Flow
1475: :::
1471: :::
1334:Net Sales
1320:Net Sales
1279:Net Sales
1265:Net Sales
1121:Net Sales
1069:Net Sales
1022:Net Sales
1010: :::
1006: :::
1000:Net Sales
863:net sales
671:multiples
667:P/E ratio
644:creditors
567:Hollywood
447:Financial
349:Cash-flow
106:Financial
3689:Category
3537:(EV/GCI)
2963:See also
2857:EV/Sales
2659:Dividend
2538:Earnings
2249:365 Days
2213:365 Days
2177:365 Days
2130:365 Days
2006:365 Days
1970:365 Days
1896:365 Days
1622:Net debt
1082:/ Sales)
924:interest
920:Earnings
855:Internet
552:Creative
522:Research
452:Internal
439:Auditing
255:Goodwill
250:Expenses
101:Forensic
26:a series
24:Part of
3674:Treynor
3663:Sortino
3642:(RAROC)
3503:(CROCI)
2877:
2865:
2843:
2831:
2806:
2794:
2772:
2760:
2738:
2726:
2703:
2691:
2668:
2656:
2634:
2622:
2600:
2588:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2529:
2507:
2495:
2463:
2451:
2429:
2417:
2405:
2393:
2371:
2359:
2339:
2327:
2305:
2293:
2243:
2231:
2207:
2195:
2171:
2159:
2139:
2127:
2107:
2095:
2073:
2061:
2038:
2026:
2000:
1988:
1964:
1952:
1929:
1917:
1890:
1878:
1848:
1836:
1811:
1799:
1776:
1764:
1742:
1730:
1708:
1696:
1663:
1651:
1631:
1619:
1599:
1596:Revenue
1587:
1565:
1553:
1546:(CFROI)
1525:
1513:
1490:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1449:(RAROC)
1433:
1421:
1398:
1386:
1363:
1351:
1343:
1331:
1323:
1311:
1288:
1276:
1268:
1256:
1233:
1221:
1198:
1186:
1159:
1147:
1124:
1112:
1072:
1060:
1025:
1013:
1003:
991:
922:before
867:invoice
790:. Most
517:History
411:Journal
270:Revenue
156:Accrual
3652:Sharpe
3636:(ROTE)
3624:(ROCE)
3612:(RONA)
3577:(P/CF)
3571:(PVGO)
3491:(CAPE)
3316:
3255:
3188:
3128:
3082:
3001:
2840:EBITDA
1628:Equity
1506:(ROCE)
1379:(RONA)
1347:·
1345:
1327:·
1325:
1272:·
1270:
953:Ratios
939:, and
933:EBITDA
903:Note:
636:ratios
462:Report
416:Ledger
359:Income
354:Equity
265:Profit
245:Equity
221:Assets
126:Social
91:Budget
3670:(SGR)
3659:(SIR)
3648:(RRR)
3630:(ROE)
3618:(ROC)
3606:(ROA)
3595:(P/S)
3589:(PEG)
3583:(P/E)
3565:(P/B)
3553:Omega
3549:(LTV)
3525:(E/P)
3509:(D/E)
2488:(EPS)
2054:ratio
1910:(DOL)
1845:Sales
1792:ratio
1414:(ROC)
1349:
1329:
1274:
1214:(ROA)
1140:(ROE)
1053:(ROS)
928:taxes
875:after
859:Sales
457:Firms
86:Audit
3314:ISBN
3253:ISBN
3186:ISBN
3158:2008
3126:ISBN
3080:ISBN
2999:ISBN
2396:EBIT
1654:EBIT
1516:EBIT
926:and
916:EBIT
910:COGS
806:and
226:Cash
111:Fund
96:Cost
3249:295
2562:EPS
1102:or
1049:or
975:or
946:EPS
886:not
622:or
131:Tax
68:Tax
3691::
3416:^
3395:^
3381:^
3312:.
3310:90
3281:^
3267:^
3251:.
3200:^
3103:^
3057:^
3036:^
3022:^
2547:OR
2411:OR
2247:×
2211:×
2175:×
2004:×
1968:×
1894:×
1473:OR
1098:,
1045:,
1041:,
1008:OR
971:,
918:=
869:.
857:.
802:,
693:,
689:,
646:.
618:A
28:on
3465:e
3458:t
3451:v
3322:.
3261:.
3194:.
3160:.
3134:.
3088:.
3007:.
2871:/
2837:/
2800:/
2766:/
2732:/
2697:/
2662:/
2628:/
2594:/
2559:/
2535:/
2501:/
2457:/
2423:/
2399:/
2365:/
2333:/
2299:/
2237:/
2201:/
2165:/
2133:/
2101:/
2067:/
2032:/
1994:/
1958:/
1945:.
1923:/
1884:/
1842:/
1805:/
1770:/
1736:/
1702:/
1657:/
1625:/
1593:/
1559:/
1519:/
1484:/
1462:/
1427:/
1392:/
1357:/
1337:/
1317:/
1282:/
1262:/
1227:/
1192:/
1179:)
1153:/
1118:/
1078:(
1066:/
1019:/
997:/
901:(
607:e
600:t
593:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
