226:, was arrested for fishing off reservation. This would prove to be the first of many confrontations between the younger Frank and state authorities. Before selling 'Frank's Landing,' to Will Frank Sr., Winthrop Bennett would disallow authorities to trespass through his land as they attempted to cite and remove Nisqually nets, requiring a warrant. In such time as it took to acquire a warrant, Winthrop would warn the Nisqually to remove their nets. And for this act of aiding the Nisqually and Willy Frank Sr., Fort Lewis condemned the Bennett property for which Winthrop, his two sons John and Sam along with his daughter Sissy left the Nisqually River Valley, friends, and neighbors, which included the Bragets and Brown families.
133:, was arrested for fishing off reservation. This would prove to be the first of many confrontations between the younger Frank and state authorities. Before selling 'Frank's Landing,' to Will Frank Sr., Winthrop Bennett would disallow authorities trespass through his land as they attempted to cite and remove Nisqually nets, requiring a warrant. In such time as it took to acquire a warrant, Winthrop would warn the Nisqually to remove their nets. And for this act of aiding the Nisqually and Willy Frank Sr., Fort Lewis condemned the Bennett property for which Winthrop, his two sons John and Sam along with his daughter Sissy left the Nisqually River Valley, friends and neighbors, which included the Bragets and Brown families.
302:
in the protests. He stated in his press release that only 178 Indians were fishing beyond reservation boundaries in violation of state laws, which constituted less than 1% of the Indian population in the state of 18,000. Neubrech then said, “It has been very difficult for a law enforcement agency to maintain dignity and proper respect for the laws of the state of
Washington in view of the tremendous amount of public attention that has been directed towards this Indian fishery off their reservation.” He then claimed the drop in fish population on the
63:
244:
land in exchange for financial compensation, education, basic healthcare, and the right to fishing and harvesting the fish on their common territory. This treaty was a way for the Nation to continue expanding west and settling on new land. Often times, the terms of this treaty were not upheld and natives were not given the benefits they agreed too, and some were forced off their ancestral land and put on government regulated reservations.
211:
areas. One of the residents of the reservation, Willy Frank Sr., bought a six-acre plot on the
Nisqually River from Winthrop "Wint" Humphrey Bennett for $ 50 and moved his family to what would eventually be known as "Frank's Landing." For this act, Willy Frank Sr. bestowed upon Winthrop the title of 'White Eagle.'
301:
In an attempt to calm the situation from being in the media spotlight surrounding the fish-ins, the State took action. Walter
Neubrech, who was the Chief of the Enforcement Division of the Department of Game, released a press release in which he explained the small number of Native Americans involved
234:
article portrayed natives as the enemy in no uncertain terms. With a headline titled “Skagits on the
Warpath?” the article printed claims by Neubrech that his enforcement officers had been shot at and threatened, and quoted him as saying, “They have been crowding us.” It reported a December incident
332:
stated that treaty right fishermen must be allowed to take up to 50% of all potential fishing harvests, and required that they have an equal voice in the management of the fishery. He emphasized that no court decision or act of
Congress had annulled what the treaties preserved for the Native tribes.
243:
Some native fishermen refused to obtain licenses or obey fish and game restrictions on certain fisheries, eventually setting up encampments along the shore illegal from the state's perspective but within the federal law and the 1854 Treaty of
Medicine Creek. This Treaty gave the US government Native
307:
community is divided into "good" and "bad," with him saying, "A fair number fish commercially during established seasons in keeping with conservation laws. A large majority of the Indian people are gainfully employed and support their families in various trades and professions other than fishing.”
218:
In the 1940s and 1950s the
Nisqually Tribe were restricted to fishing in ever-shrinking areas or risked being arrested or having their gear confiscated and held for months, which would ruin their chances of making a living. The only truly safe place for the tribes to fish was on their reservations,
310:
Not all of the actions were nonviolent. In
September 1970, Puyallup fishermen on boats, armed with rifles, challenged police and fired warning shots when officials approached their nets. A fish-in leader named Many Dog Hides was quoted as saying, "It's a sad thing we have to bring guns out. But we
152:
with fixed gill nets out-of-season. Although a treaty had guaranteed Native people in the region the right to fish in their traditional ways, this arrest, and the others that occurred at the time, showed that the rights of the
Natives had not been upheld or protected. Since the case was settled in
121:
reservation, including several miles of the
Nisqually River. To preserve some of his traditional fishing areas, one of the residents of the reservation, Willy Frank Sr., bought a six-acre plot on the Nisqually River from Winthrop "Wint" Humphrey Bennett for $ 50 and moved his family to what would
229:
By the early 1960s, state enforcement officials openly ignored the ruling and made numerous arrests, as well as confiscated boats and fishing equipment. This bleak situation in the early 1960s grew even worse in 1963 when Walter Neubrech, the head of the enforcement division of the Department of
210:
reservation, including several miles of the Nisqually River. On the local level, at Frank's Landing on the Nisqually River, court cases proceeded on Native Americans rights to the land as well as a dramatic and decisive battles where a community sought to preserve some of his traditional fishing
306:
was solely due to the unrestricted commercial fishing practices of "three Indian brothers." Neubrech also warned the public in his press release of the possibility of Indians resorting to hunting deer and elk on national forest land. Neubrech final claim in his press release was that the Indian
356:
Tempers flared again in 1976 when wildlife officials closed a number of fishing areas, ostensibly to allow the salmon population to recover. Some tribal members claimed the laws were intended to favor white fishermen, and refused to obey the new laws. A number of small riots and demonstrations
263:, had become a haven for unlicensed "fish-ins" in which, despite numerous arrests and convictions, fishermen would return to their fishing ground time and again, allowing themselves to be re-arrested for asserting their treaty rights. The fish-ins spread throughout Washington and Oregon.
311:
are a dying people and have to fight for survival, as we have done for about 500 years." One protester threw a fire bomb onto a bridge to slow the game officials' advance, but police eventually raided the boats and camps and forcefully broke up the demonstrators with tear gas and clubs.
214:
In 1937, a federal court granted a petition to prevent the state of Washington from interfering with native fishing rights, but there was no enforcement of that decision. Local authorities continued to police the water and game wardens issued citations and made arrests.
125:
In 1937, a federal court granted a petition to prevent the state of Washington from interfering with native fishing rights, but there was no enforcement of the decision. Local authorities continued to police the water and issue citations and arrests.
357:
ensued. By the mid-1980s, however, cooperation between the various tribes led to a stronger, unified presence in fisheries management under the terms of the Boldt Decision, effectively putting an end to the violence, though legal disputes continue.
180:, that started in 1963, grew to attract celebrity participation and national media attention before the US Federal Government intervened to sue the state of Washington. The 1974 decision in
876:
716:
Ayyanar, K (2021). "Creating and Improving the Design of the Library Website and the Opac Online Public Access List Using Zoho. Com Sites and Awesometable. Com: A Study".
255:, with the intent to protest the failure to follow through with the terms of the Treaty of Medicine Creek. By the end of the 1960s, Frank's Landing previously owned by
871:
619:
98:, but retained rights to their traditional fishing areas. Some tribes resisted the loss of their farmland, leading to a series of armed skirmishes known as the
588:
153:
the lower courts, and the judges found Satiacum guilty, the state was allowed to make decisions regarding the fishing and hunting of Native Americans.
390:
235:
in which two Native Americans had been caught illegally fishing on the Skagit River, having caught both steelhead and salmon in their 150-foot net.
881:
470:
165:
39:
642:
851:
345:
266:
By 1964, the dispute over fishing rights began to receive national media attention. Several celebrities took up the cause, including
334:
102:. By the end of the conflict, and for the next several decades, most of the treaties were largely forgotten or routinely ignored.
314:
Finally, the U.S. federal government intervened, suing the state of Washington for failure to uphold its treaty agreement.
671:
Shreve, Bradley G. (August 1, 2009). ""From Time Immemorial": The Fish-in Movement and the Rise of Intertribal Activism".
287:
122:
eventually be known as "Frank's Landing". For this act Willy Frank Sr. bestowed upon Winthrop the title of 'White Eagle.'
360:
Fish-ins became a gathering place of Native American activists, and many people were trained for the foundation of the
627:
324:
182:
562:
424:
365:
256:
173:
51:
462:
449:
203:
114:
230:
Game, provided a clear example of the negative image of Native Americans being put forward in the media. A
398:
369:
248:
46:
region of the United States during the 1960s and 1970s. These protests, coordinated by tribes around the
252:
83:
78:, the government of Washington signed various treaties with local tribes to compel natives to move onto
62:
54:. They protested by continuing to fish on their land while risking charges being pressed against them.
591:. Vol. 50, no. 71. Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. October 22, 1976. p. 3.
295:
802:
537:
778:
696:
361:
271:
199:
195:
161:
110:
106:
79:
71:
35:
337:, they had not secured a right from non-natives, but had agreed only to share their resources.
844:
786:
770:
741:
733:
704:
688:
600:
592:
476:
466:
329:
207:
177:
118:
91:
43:
753:
Langston, Donna Hightower (2003). "American Indian Women's Activism in the 1960s and 1970s".
762:
725:
680:
455:
223:
172:
pressured the U.S. government to recognize fishing rights granted by treaties including the
130:
87:
75:
279:
260:
141:
137:
99:
700:
136:
In 1957, the Washington Supreme Court was split 4–4 on the issue regarding the arrest of
286:. The movement also brought in other Native groups from outside the region, such as the
766:
341:
303:
283:
865:
267:
149:
95:
512:
275:
169:
47:
66:
Washington Territory, 1879; Nisqually reservation is shaded area on upper right
745:
708:
684:
348:
in 1979 and has been used as a precedent for handling other similar treaties.
291:
774:
737:
692:
604:
596:
794:
790:
50:, pressured the U.S. government to recognize fishing rights granted by the
484:
480:
729:
782:
17:
828:
620:"The Boldt Decision / 25 Years -- The Fish Tale That Changed History"
259:
as a ferry crossing under the name 'Bennett's Landing,' now owned by
145:
61:
837:
852:
461:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Cengage Gale.
333:He declared that when the Native people signed the
278:. Brando was arrested in March 1964 for taking two
454:
448:
643:"Boldt Decision 'very much alive' 30 years later"
589:"Puget Sound 'Fish War' Flares in Seaborne Riot"
442:
440:
438:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
517:Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project
877:Native American history of Washington (state)
8:
186:was upheld by the US Supreme Court in 1979.
176:. A series of fish-in demonstrations in the
219:where state officials had no jurisdiction.
563:"Commercial Shellfish Growers Settlement"
418:
416:
513:"The Fish-in Protests at Franks Landing"
222:In 1945, Willy Frank's 14-year-old son,
164:protests in the 1960s and '70s in which
129:In 1945, Willy Frank's 14-year-old son,
872:Civil disobedience in the United States
538:"Treaty of Medicine Creek, 1854 | GOIA"
381:
247:In 1963, the first fish-in was held at
206:. Two-thirds of the land came from the
117:. Two-thirds of the land came from the
27:Native American fishing rights protests
567:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
423:Marritz, Robert O. (March 10, 2009).
94:had most of their land ceded to the
7:
761:(2). Hypatia, Inc., Wiley: 114–132.
198:donated 60,000 acres of land to the
109:donated 60,000 acres of land to the
624:community.seattletimes.nwsource.com
364:, which led to the founding of the
767:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2003.tb00806.x
328:ruling, U.S. District Court Judge
25:
641:Kamb, Lewis (February 11, 2004).
511:Chrisman, Gabriel (Autumn 2007).
463:p. 602: The Fish-ins of the 1960s
457:The Native North American Almanac
858:, a documentary on the Fish Wars
803:"Treaty of Medicine Creek, 1854"
618:Tizon, Alex (February 7, 1999).
607:– via Google News Archive.
882:Protests in Washington (state)
425:"Frank, Billy Jr. (1931-2014)"
282:as part of a protest with the
1:
487:– via Internet Archive.
288:National Indian Youth Council
325:United States v. Washington
183:United States v. Washington
898:
833:Documentary on Billy Frank
647:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
447:Champagne, Duane (2001) .
701:10.1525/phr.2009.78.3.403
685:10.1525/phr.2009.78.3.403
673:Pacific Historical Review
257:Winthrop Humphrey Bennett
70:In 1855, two years after
829:"This is Indian Country"
366:American Indian Movement
174:Treaty of Medicine Creek
52:Treaty of Medicine Creek
718:SSRN Electronic Journal
395:academic.evergreen.edu
370:occupation of Alcatraz
344:was reaffirmed by the
67:
253:Nisqually Reservation
251:down stream from the
194:In 1916, the city of
105:In 1916, the city of
84:Point No Point Treaty
65:
730:10.2139/ssrn.4183333
296:Quinault Reservation
74:was split from the
362:Red Power movement
272:Buffy Sainte-Marie
200:United States Army
168:tribes around the
162:civil disobedience
111:United States Army
92:Olympic Peninsulas
68:
36:civil disobedience
472:978-0-7876-1655-7
389:Matthews, Blake.
330:George Hugo Boldt
178:Pacific Northwest
160:were a series of
148:man, for fishing
44:Pacific Northwest
34:were a series of
16:(Redirected from
889:
857:
854:
841:
832:
817:
815:
813:
798:
749:
712:
658:
657:
655:
653:
638:
632:
631:
626:. Archived from
615:
609:
608:
585:
579:
578:
576:
574:
569:. March 15, 2010
559:
553:
552:
550:
548:
534:
528:
527:
525:
523:
508:
489:
488:
460:
452:
444:
433:
432:
420:
411:
410:
408:
406:
397:. Archived from
386:
372:Island in 1969.
368:in 1968 and the
346:US Supreme Court
335:Stevens Treaties
261:Billy Frank, Jr.
224:Billy Frank, Jr.
131:Billy Frank, Jr.
86:, tribes on the
76:Oregon Territory
21:
897:
896:
892:
891:
890:
888:
887:
886:
862:
861:
849:
836:
827:
824:
811:
809:
801:
752:
715:
670:
667:
665:Further reading
662:
661:
651:
649:
640:
639:
635:
630:on May 6, 2014.
617:
616:
612:
587:
586:
582:
572:
570:
561:
560:
556:
546:
544:
536:
535:
531:
521:
519:
510:
509:
492:
473:
446:
445:
436:
422:
421:
414:
404:
402:
401:on May 12, 2014
388:
387:
383:
378:
354:
320:
280:steelhead trout
249:Frank's Landing
241:
192:
166:Native American
138:Robert Satiacum
100:Puget Sound War
60:
40:Native American
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
895:
893:
885:
884:
879:
874:
864:
863:
860:
859:
834:
823:
822:External links
820:
819:
818:
799:
750:
713:
679:(3): 403–434.
666:
663:
660:
659:
633:
610:
580:
554:
529:
490:
471:
434:
412:
380:
379:
377:
374:
353:
350:
342:Boldt Decision
340:The so-called
319:
318:Boldt Decision
316:
304:Puyallup River
284:Puyallup tribe
240:
239:Demonstrations
237:
191:
188:
59:
56:
42:tribes in the
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
894:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
869:
867:
855:
848:
846:
839:
835:
830:
826:
825:
821:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:(16): 25–31.
723:
719:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
668:
664:
648:
644:
637:
634:
629:
625:
621:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
584:
581:
568:
564:
558:
555:
543:
539:
533:
530:
518:
514:
507:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
491:
486:
482:
478:
474:
468:
464:
459:
458:
451:
443:
441:
439:
435:
430:
426:
419:
417:
413:
400:
396:
392:
385:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
338:
336:
331:
327:
326:
317:
315:
312:
308:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Marlon Brando
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
245:
238:
236:
233:
232:Seattle Times
227:
225:
220:
216:
212:
209:
205:
201:
197:
189:
187:
185:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:United States
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
64:
57:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
843:
842:Website for
810:. Retrieved
806:
758:
754:
721:
717:
676:
672:
650:. Retrieved
646:
636:
628:the original
623:
613:
583:
571:. Retrieved
566:
557:
545:. Retrieved
541:
532:
520:. Retrieved
516:
456:
428:
403:. Retrieved
399:the original
394:
384:
359:
355:
339:
323:
321:
313:
309:
300:
276:Dick Gregory
265:
246:
242:
231:
228:
221:
217:
213:
193:
181:
157:
155:
135:
128:
124:
104:
82:. Under the
80:reservations
69:
38:protests by
31:
29:
850: [
542:goia.wa.gov
429:HistoryLink
170:Puget Sound
48:Puget Sound
866:Categories
838:"Fish War"
795:9970119657
791:5183532428
746:9587510694
709:9974524791
450:"Activism"
376:References
322:In 1974's
292:Hank Adams
204:Fort Lewis
190:Background
115:Fort Lewis
72:Washington
812:August 7,
775:0887-5367
738:1556-5068
693:0030-8684
652:August 7,
605:808842542
597:1068-624X
573:August 7,
547:April 19,
522:August 7,
485:939404020
481:682150373
405:August 7,
391:"fish-in"
352:Aftermath
294:from the
208:Nisqually
202:to build
158:Fish Wars
150:steelhead
119:Nisqually
113:to build
32:Fish Wars
845:Fish War
142:Puyallup
847:
783:3811016
755:Hypatia
58:History
18:Fish-in
789:
781:
773:
744:
736:
707:
699:
691:
603:
595:
479:
469:
274:, and
196:Tacoma
146:Yakima
107:Tacoma
88:Kitsap
856:]
779:JSTOR
697:JSTOR
814:2024
807:GOIA
787:OCLC
771:ISSN
742:OCLC
734:ISSN
705:OCLC
689:ISSN
654:2024
601:OCLC
593:ISSN
575:2024
549:2023
524:2024
477:OCLC
467:ISBN
407:2024
290:and
156:The
144:and
140:, a
90:and
30:The
763:doi
726:doi
681:doi
868::
805:.
793:,
785:.
777:.
769:.
759:18
757:.
740:.
732:.
720:.
703:.
695:.
687:.
677:78
675:.
645:.
622:.
599:.
565:.
540:.
515:.
493:^
483:,
475:.
465:.
453:.
437:^
427:.
415:^
393:.
298:.
270:,
853:d
840:.
831:.
816:.
797:.
765::
748:.
728::
722:4
711:.
683::
656:.
577:.
551:.
526:.
431:.
409:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
