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79:(from which fish meal is made), and thus leads to depletion of ecosystems, environmental damage, and the collapse of local fisheries. Its role in facilitating the breeding and over-feeding of millions of pigs and chickens on factory farms has also been criticized by animal rights and animal welfare groups. Manufacturers of fishmeal counter that fishmeal's role in the feeding and breeding of millions of farm animals leads to the production of more food and the feeding of millions of people around the world.
435:
and buildup of protoporphyrin IX in the liver, as well as elevations in liver-related enzymes in some animals, but with no known health consequences from these effects. In 1997, the Center for
Veterinary Medicine asked pet food manufacturers to voluntarily limit ethoxyquin levels to 75 ppm until further evidence is reported. However, most pet foods that contain ethoxyquin have never exceeded this amount. Ethoxyquin has been shown to be slightly toxic to fish.
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31:
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Globally, most of the fishmeal products are characterised by possessing a certain level of plastics pollution. A recent study showed that a wide range of plastics content was found, ranging from 0 to 526.7 n/kg in samples from 26 different fishmeal products, from 11 countries on four continents and
434:
was the most commonly used antioxidant, usually in the range 200–1000 mg/kg. There has been some speculation that ethoxyquin in pet foods might be responsible for multiple health problems. To date, the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration has only found a verifiable connection between ethoxyquin
171:
that contain a high percentage of bones and oil. Previously, these fish have been considered unsuitable for direct human consumption, but more recent research indicates the vast majority of fishmeal made from whole wild-caught fish is made from fish suitable for direct human consumption. Other
292:
Fish meal production is a significant contributor of over-fishing, and risks pushing fisheries beyond their replacement rate. Some areas of the world, such as
Western Africa, have seen a large increase in fish meal production which in turn is hurting local fisheries and driving fisheries into
142:
The rising demand for fish, as people in the developed world turn away from red meat and toward other sources of meat protein, has increased demand for farmed fish, with farmed fish accounting for half the fish consumed worldwide as of 2016. Demand for fish meal has increased accordingly, but
438:
Though it has been approved for use in foods in the US, and as a spray insecticide for fruits, ethoxyquin has not been thoroughly tested for its carcinogenic potential. Ethoxyquin has long been suggested to be a possible carcinogen, and a very closely related chemical,
353:. This is a critical stage in preparing the fishmeal, as incomplete cooking means the liquid from the fish cannot be pressed out satisfactorily and overcooking makes the material too soft for pressing. No drying occurs in the cooking stage.
331:
Fishmeal is made by cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding of fish or fish waste into a solid. Most of the water and some or all of the oil is removed. Four or five tonnes of fish are needed to manufacture one tonne of dry fishmeal.
61:, e.g., pigs, poultry, and farmed fish. Because it is calorically dense and cheap to produce, fishmeal has played a critical role in the growth of factory farms and the number of farm animals it is possible to breed and feed.
372:
Direct: Very hot air at a temperature of 500 °C (932 °F) is passed over the material as it is tumbled rapidly in a cylindrical drum. While quicker, heat damage is much more likely if the process is not carefully
339:
in the sun before grinding and pressing. This method is still used in some parts of the world where processing plants are not available, but the end product is poor quality in comparison with ones made by modern methods.
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The press cake is dried by tumbling inside a heated drum. Under-drying may result in the growth of molds or bacteria; over-drying can cause scorching and reduction in the meal's nutritional value.
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and digestibility. High-quality fishmeal normally contains between 60% and 72% crude protein by weight. Typical diets for fish may contain from 32% to 45% total protein by weight.
439:
1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, has been shown to have carcinogenic activity in rats, and a potential for carcinogenic effect to fishmeal prior to storage or transportation.
359:
The cooked fish is compressed inside a perforated tube, expelling some of its liquids, leaving "press cake". Water content is reduced from 70% to about 50% and oil down to 4%.
75:
The production and large-scale use of fishmeal are controversial. The lucrative market for fishmeal as a feed encourages corporate fisheries not to limit their yields of
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155:, and an increase in research to find alternatives to fish meal and alternate strategic uses (for instance, in the growth phase, after newborn fish are established).
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Published by FAO in partnership with
Support unit for International Fisheries and Aquatic Research, SIFAR, 2001) Bibliographical information from
64:
Fishmeal takes the form of powder or cake. This form is obtained by drying the fish or fish trimmings, and then grinding it. If the fish used is a
776:
284:
It takes 4 to 5 tons of fish to produce one ton of fish meal; about 6 million tons of fish are harvested each year solely to make fish meal.
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The cost of 65% protein fishmeal has varied between around $ 385 to $ 554 per ton since 2000, which is about two to three times the price of
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Fish byproducts have been used historically to feed poultry, pigs, and other farmed fish. A primitive form of fishmeal is mentioned in
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harvests are regulated and supply cannot expand. This has led to a trend towards use of other ingredients such as soybean meal,
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Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2005. Reviewed January 2015.
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Fry JP, et al. Environmental health impacts of feeding crops to farmed fish. Environ Int. 2016 May;91:201-14. Review.
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as an industrial raw material started as early as about 800 AD in Norway; a very primitive process of pressing the
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at the beginning of the 14th century: "they accustom their cattle, cows, sheep, camels, and horses to feed upon
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97:, which being regularly served to them, they eat without any sign of dislike." The use of
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GĂĽndoÄźdu, S.; EroldoÄźan, O. T.; EvliyaoÄźlu, E.; Turchini, G. M.; Wu, X. G. (2021-03-15).
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The fish are moved through a commercial cooker — a long, steam-jacketed cylinder — by a
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Of the several ways of making fishmeal from raw fish, the simplest is to let the fish
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and byproducts of trimmings made during processing (fish waste or offal) of various
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M. L. Windsor for the UK Department of Trade and
Industry, Torry Research Station.
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Prior to 1910, fish meal was primarily used as fertilizer, at least in the UK.
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Indirect: The meal is tumbled inside a cylinder containing steam-heated discs.
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648:"90 Percent Of Fish We Use For Fishmeal Could Be Used To Feed Humans Instead"
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have sunk because of such fires. That danger has been eliminated by adding
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728:"Fish out, plastic in: Global pattern of plastics in commercial fishmeal"
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Today, all industrial fish meal is made by the following processes:
395:, but the nutritional value of the protein relates directly to its
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out of herring by means of wooden boards and stones was employed.
29:
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The dried meal is ground to remove any lumps or bone particles.
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1218:
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132:, and about 12% in other uses, which included fertilizer.
699:"Manufacture, Storage, Composition And Use Of Fish Meal"
167:, but is generally manufactured from wild-caught, small
124:. As of 2010, about 56% of fish meal was used to feed
45:, is a commercial product made from whole wild-caught
27:
Commercial product made from fish to feed farm animals
527:
FA122: The
Benefits of Fish Meal in Aquaculture Diets
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meal, leftovers from processing from corn and wheat,
2011:
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667:"China's Appetite Pushes Fisheries to the Brink"
128:, about 20% was used in pig feed, about 12% in
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163:Fishmeal can be made from almost any type of
8:
368:Two alternative methods of drying are used:
1824:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
1749:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
841:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
68:it is first pressed to extract most of the
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646:Leschin-Hoar, Clare (13 February 2017).
590:The end use of marine fisheries landings
599:Fisheries Centre Research Reports, 2016
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180:destined for direct human consumption.
634:NOAA-USDA Alternative Feeds Initiative
183:The main fish sources by country are:
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719:
553:Fish meal. Torry Advisory Note No. 49
116:Fish meal is now primarily used as a
7:
391:Any complete diet must contain some
25:
1265:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
1124:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
744:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736316
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665:Jacobs, Andrew (30 April 2017).
525:R. D. Miles and F. A. Chapman.
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1538:Federated States of Micronesia
1:
172:sources of fishmeal are from
1724:Fish diseases and parasites
1338:Fish diseases and parasites
417:polyunsaturated fatty acids
2133:
1411:Microalgal bacterial flocs
636:page accessed June 3, 2016
419:in the meal. In the past,
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1930:Gathering seafood by hand
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1231:
1214:
902:
817:
804:
407:Unmodified fish meal can
270:Thailand: various species
90:The Travels of Marco Polo
1744:Individual fishing quota
1275:Integrated multi-trophic
1245:Aquaculture engineering
799:Fishing industry topics
411:from heat generated by
326:Westfield, West Lothian
595:June 11, 2016, at the
397:amino acid composition
328:
317:
267:South Africa: pilchard
197:China: various species
35:
1183:World fish production
409:spontaneously combust
323:
308:
33:
1734:Fisheries management
387:Nutrient composition
288:Environmental impact
232:Iceland and Norway:
2117:Organic fertilizers
1892:Fishing tournaments
1754:Sustainable fishery
1036:Fish protein powder
687:. 11 February 2019.
468:Fish protein powder
324:Fish meal factory,
309:Fish meal factory,
1834:Commercial fishing
1806:History of fishing
1188:Fishing by country
831:Commercial fishing
671:The New York Times
569:2018-12-30 at the
558:2019-01-01 at the
483:Meat and bone meal
463:Peruvian anchoveta
329:
318:
118:protein supplement
41:, sometimes spelt
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1887:Catch and release
1791:Artisanal fishing
1739:Fisheries science
1719:Diversity of fish
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1452:Freshwater prawns
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933:Fish preservation
856:Midwater trawling
584:Tim Cashion from
59:feed farm animals
34:Powdered fishmeal
16:(Redirected from
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1968:Artificial flies
1935:Handline fishing
1882:Big-game fishing
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1563:Marshall Islands
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1026:Fish hydrolysate
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685:"Site Offline"
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1673:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1467:Marine shrimp
1465:
1463:
1462:Hirudiculture
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1435:Other species
1433:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1383:US hatcheries
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Fish stocking
1356:
1354:
1353:Fish hatchery
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1305:Recirculating
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1270:Inland saline
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:Copper alloys
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Fishing banks
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Fish emulsion
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1006:Cod liver oil
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
983:Fish products
980:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Filleted fish
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
918:
916:
912:
907:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Pair trawling
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
807:
803:
794:
789:
787:
782:
780:
775:
774:
771:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
720:
716:
705:on 2019-01-01
704:
700:
694:
691:
686:
680:
677:
672:
668:
661:
658:
653:
649:
642:
639:
635:
629:
626:
623:
620:
616:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
587:
586:Sea Around Us
581:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
557:
554:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
536:
532:
528:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
494:
488:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
446:
444:
440:
436:
433:
428:
427:to the meal.
426:
422:
421:factory ships
418:
414:
410:
402:
400:
398:
394:
386:
384:
382:
375:
371:
370:
369:
366:
364:
360:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
341:
338:
333:
327:
322:
316:
312:
307:
300:
298:
296:
287:
285:
280:
276:
272:
269:
266:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
194:
190:
186:
185:
184:
181:
179:
175:
170:
166:
158:
156:
154:
150:
146:
140:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
122:compound feed
119:
114:
108:
106:
104:
100:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2112:Fish farming
2073:
2061:
1940:Spearfishing
1729:Fish farming
1598:South Africa
1487:Sea cucumber
1442:Brine shrimp
1421:Raceway pond
1363:Spawning bed
1343:Fish farming
1315:Fish farming
1152:Maine Avenue
1142:Billingsgate
1134:Fish markets
1109:Chasse-marée
1081:Surströmming
1071:Shrimp paste
1020:
996:Fish as food
928:Factory ship
923:Fish factory
735:
731:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
693:
679:
670:
660:
651:
641:
628:
585:
443:Antarctica.
441:
437:
430:As of 2001,
429:
425:antioxidants
406:
390:
380:
379:
367:
362:
361:
356:
355:
346:
345:
342:
334:
330:
291:
283:
242:blue whiting
182:
162:
141:
137:soybean meal
134:
130:poultry feed
115:
112:
88:
86:
74:
63:
42:
38:
37:
1925:Fishing net
1897:Fly fishing
1759:Overfishing
1714:Aquaculture
1699:topic areas
1603:South Korea
1573:New Zealand
1492:Sea sponges
1393:Algaculture
1280:Mariculture
1237:Aquaculture
1221:Aquaculture
1198:Other areas
968:Smoked fish
963:Salted fish
896:Power block
871:Gillnetting
732:Aquaculture
458:Forage fish
453:Animal feed
373:controlled.
258:, mackerels
169:marine fish
126:farmed fish
55:by-products
53:, and fish
2091:Categories
2019:Fish ponds
1920:Fishfinder
1907:Techniques
1869:Recreation
1849:Processing
1829:By country
1558:Madagascar
1533:East Timor
1506:By country
1406:Microalgae
1401:Giant kelp
1323:Broodstock
1250:Aquaponics
1114:Fishmonger
1041:Fish sauce
943:Dried fish
938:Slurry ice
876:Longlining
738:: 736316.
709:2010-09-11
489:References
478:Blood meal
432:ethoxyquin
301:Processing
145:cottonseed
95:dried fish
66:fatty fish
2102:Pet foods
2012:Locations
1915:Fish trap
1839:Marketing
1796:Fisherman
1706:Fisheries
1693:Fisheries
1548:Indonesia
1513:Australia
1378:Tailwater
1348:Fish feed
1021:Fish meal
760:233659976
752:0044-8486
473:Bone meal
413:oxidation
381:Grinding:
357:Pressing:
263:anchovies
200:Denmark:
189:anchovies
159:Fish used
39:Fish meal
2075:Category
2047:Glossary
1950:Trolling
1945:Trawling
1854:Products
1816:Industry
1553:Kiribati
1482:Scallops
1290:Offshore
1119:Fishwife
1061:Lutefisk
1031:Fish oil
1011:Fish roe
886:Dredging
881:Trolling
846:Trawling
619:26970884
593:Archived
567:Archived
556:Archived
447:See also
347:Cooking:
295:collapse
275:menhaden
252:pilchard
228:mackerel
224:sand eel
206:sand eel
77:by-catch
70:fish oil
43:fishmeal
18:Fishmeal
2063:Outline
1877:Angling
1859:Seafood
1844:Markets
1783:Fishing
1697:fishing
1643:Vanuatu
1497:Turtles
1477:Oysters
1472:Octopus
1457:Geoduck
1426:Seaweed
1373:Tilapia
1328:Catfish
1300:Raceway
1295:Organic
1167:Tsukiji
1066:Rakfisk
1046:Gravlax
991:Seafood
973:Kippers
953:Gibbing
866:Seining
415:of the
393:protein
363:Drying:
337:dry out
311:Bressay
279:pollock
256:sauries
248:sardine
246:Japan:
238:herring
234:capelin
220:capelin
187:Chile:
174:bycatch
165:seafood
149:legumes
99:herring
83:History
51:bycatch
2003:Sinker
1960:Tackle
1631:Hawaii
1626:Alaska
1613:Tuvalu
1518:Canada
1368:Salmon
1162:Scania
1147:Fulton
1076:Surimi
1051:Hákarl
1001:Caviar
758:
750:
617:
261:Peru:
226:, and
151:, and
2052:Index
1993:Lures
1636:Maine
1608:Tonga
1588:Samoa
1578:Palau
1568:Nauru
1528:China
1523:Chile
1447:Coral
1333:Cobia
756:S2CID
632:NOAA
403:Risks
210:sprat
153:algae
1988:Line
1983:Hook
1973:Bait
1695:and
1543:Fiji
1223:and
748:ISSN
615:PMID
216:pout
202:pout
47:fish
1998:Rod
1056:Lox
740:doi
736:534
652:NPR
120:in
109:Use
103:oil
57:to
2093::
754:.
746:.
734:.
730:.
718:^
669:.
650:.
604:^
588:.
577:^
534:^
496:^
313:,
297:.
277:,
254:,
250:,
240:,
236:,
222:,
218:,
208:,
204:,
191:,
139:.
72:.
49:,
1685:e
1678:t
1671:v
792:e
785:t
778:v
762:.
742::
712:.
673:.
654:.
20:)
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