Fire extinguisher - Knowledge (XXG)

1768:(AFFF), used on A and B fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type in portable foam extinguishers. AFFF was developed in the 1960s under Project Light Water in a joint venture between 3M and the U.S. Navy. AFFF forms a film that floats out before the foam blanket, sealing the surface and smothering the fire by excluding oxygen. AFFF is widely used for ARFF firefighting at airports, often in conjunction with purple-K dry chemical. It contains fluoro-tensides which can be accumulated in the human body. The long-term effects of this on the human body and environment are unclear at this time. AFFF can be discharged through an air-aspirating branchpipe nozzle or a spray nozzle and is now produced only in pre-mix form, where the foam concentrate is stored mixed with water. In the past, as solid charge model was produced, the AFFF concentrate was housed as a dry compound in an external, disposable cartridge in a specially designed nozzle. The extinguisher body was charged with plain water, and the discharge pressure mixed the foam concentrate with the water upon squeezing the lever. These extinguishers received double the rating of a pre-mix model (40-B instead of 20-B), but are now considered obsolete, as parts and refill cartridges have been discontinued by the manufacturer. European regulations require the phasing out of AFFF foams containing persistent organic pollutants. These include PFAS (Per and PolyFluoroAlkylated Substances), PFOA (PerFluoroOctanoic Acid), its salts or PFOA related compounds, and PFOS (PerFluoroOctane Sulphonic acid), its salts or PFOS related compounds. Related derogations allowing delay of their removal are to end on 4th July 2025. As of April 2024, listed foam extinguishers using traditional AFFF formulas are no longer being produced for the US market, with Amerex announcing their exit from manufacturing foam extinguishers in December of 2021, and Badger in March of 2024, respectively. Once existing stocks of charges and parts are depleted, the UL listings on these units will be void and they will require replacement with other extinguisher types. Buckeye has announced that they will be producing models FFE-6L and FFE-2.5 as of April of 2024, using 3% AFFF premix (C6 Platinum Plus concentrate) extinguishers with aspirating nozzles that contain no PFOS and less than 10 ppb PFOA, with greener formulas to come in the future, though they do not seem to be available online as of April of 2024. 2271:(TMB) liquid is a boron compound dissolved in methanol to give it proper fluidity and allow it to be discharged from a portable fire extinguisher. It was developed in the late 1950s by the U.S. Navy for use on magnesium fires, especially crashed aircraft and aircraft wheel fires from hard landings. It is unique as an extinguishing agent in that the agent itself is a flammable liquid. When TMB contacts the fire, the methanol ignites and burns with a greenish flame due to the boron. As the methanol burns off, a glassy coating of boric oxide is left on the surface of the metal, creating an air-excluding crust. These extinguishers were made by the Ansul Chemical Co. utilizing TMB agent manufactured by the Callery Chemical Company, and were modified 2.5-gallon water extinguishers (Ansul used re-branded Elkhart extinguishers at the time), with a variable-stream nozzle that could deliver a straight stream or spray at the squeeze of a lever. A 6-inch fluorescent orange band with the letters "TMB" stenciled in black identified TMB from other extinguishers. This agent was problematic in that it had a shelf life of only six months to a year once the extinguisher was filled, since the methanol is extremely hygroscopic (absorbs moisture from the air), which causes corrosion to the extinguisher and renders its use on fire dangerous. These extinguishers were used from the 1950s–1970s in various applications, such as the MB-1 and MB-5 crash trucks. TMB was used experimentally by the US Air Force, specifically with regard to B-52 engine assemblies, and was tested in modified 10-gallon wheeled chlorobromomethane (CBM) extinguishers. Other agents were added to suppress the methanol flare up, such as CBM, Halon 2402, and Halon 1211, with varied success. Halon 1211 was the most successful, and the combined TMB pressurized with halon 1211 and nitrogen was called Boralon and was used experimentally by the Los Alamos National Laboratory for use on atomic metals, using sealed cylinder extinguishers made by Metalcraft and Graviner which eliminated the moisture contamination problem. TMB/Boralon was abandoned in favor of more versatile agents, though it is still mentioned in most US firefighting literature. 2265:(T.E.C.) dry powder is a dry powder invented in 1959 by Lawrence H Cope, a research metallurgist working for the UK Atomic Energy Authority, and licensed to John Kerr Co. of England. It consists of a mixture of three powdered salts: sodium, potassium and barium chloride. T.E.C. forms an oxygen-excluding layer of molten salt on the metal's surface. Along with Met-L-X (sodium chloride), T.E.C has been reported to be one of the most effective agents for use on sodium, potassium, and NaK fires, and is used specifically on atomic metals like uranium and plutonium as it will not contaminate the valuable metal unlike other agents. T.E.C. is quite toxic, due to the barium chloride content, and for this reason is no longer used in the UK, and was never used in the US aside from radioactive material handling glove boxes, where its toxicity was not an issue due their confined nature. T.E.C. is still widely used in India, despite toxicity, while the West uses chiefly sodium chloride, graphite, and copper types of powder and considers T.E.C. obsolete. 2048:), are gaseous agents that inhibit the chemical reaction of the fire. Classes B:C for 1301 and smaller 1211 fire extinguishers (2.3 kg; under 9 lbs) and A:B:C for larger units (9–17 lb or 4.1–7.7 kg). Halon gases are banned from new production under the Montreal Protocol, as of January 1, 1994, as its properties contribute to ozone depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 years. Halon may be recycled and used to fill newly manufactured cylinders, however, only Amerex continues to do this. The rest of the industry has moved to halon alternatives, nevertheless, Halon 1211 is still vital to certain military and industrial users, so there is a need for it. Halon was completely banned in Europe and Australia, except for critical users like law enforcement and aviation, resulting in stockpiles either being destroyed via high heat incineration or being sent to the United States for reuse. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with new halocarbon agents which have no 1516:

United States. The ADA height limit of the fire extinguisher, as measured at the handle, is 48 in (1.2 m). Fire extinguisher installations are also limited to protruding no more than 4 inches into the adjacent path of travel. The ADA rule states that any object adjacent to a path of travel may not project more than 4 in (10 cm) if the object's bottom leading edge is higher than 27 in (0.69 m). The 4-inch protrusion rule was designed to protect people with low-vision and those who are blind. The height limit rule of 48 inches is primarily related to access by people with wheelchairs but it is also related to other disabilities as well. Prior to 2012, the height limit was 54 in (1.4 m) for side-reach by wheelchair-accessible installations. Installations made prior to 2012 at the 54-inch height are not required to be changed.

479: 2064:

expiry, now various manufacturers) and Stabilized BTP, or 2-bromo-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propene (American Pacific Corporation, Halotron BrX). Halotron-1 was approved by the FAA for use in aircraft cabins in 2010. Considerations for halon replacement include human toxicity when used in confined spaces, ozone depleting potential, and greenhouse warming potential. The three recommended agents meet minimum performance standards, but uptake has been slow because of disadvantages. Specifically, they require two to three times the concentration to extinguish a fire compared with Halon 1211. They are heavier than halon, require a larger bottle because they are less effective, and have greenhouse gas potential. Research continues to find better alternatives.

391: 379: 1977: 2342: 834: 2306: 1775:), used on liquid fuel fires containing alcohol or other water-miscible flammable or combustible liquids (polar solvents.) Forms a membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket. As of April 2024, listed foam extinguishers using traditional AR-AFFF formulas are no longer being produced for the US market, with Amerex announcing their exit from manufacturing foam extinguishers in December of 2021, and Badger in March of 2024, respectively. Once existing stocks of charges and parts are depleted, the UL listings on these units will be void and they will require replacement with other extinguisher types. 495: 1828: 439: 1909:: An alkali metal salt solution added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °C (−40 °F). Loaded stream is basically concentrated wet chemical, discharged through a straight stream nozzle, intended for class A fires. In addition to lowering the freezing point of the water, loaded stream also increases penetration into dense class A materials and will give a slight class B rating (rated 1-B in the past), though current loaded stream extinguishers are rated only 2-A. Loaded Stream is very corrosive; extinguishers containing this agent must be recharged annually to check for corrosion. 1788:(CAFS): The CAFS extinguisher (example: TRI-MAX Mini-CAF) differs from a standard stored-pressure premix foam extinguisher in that it operates at a higher pressure of 140 psi, aerates the foam with an attached compressed gas cylinder instead of an air-aspirating nozzle, and uses a drier foam solution with a higher concentrate-to-water ratio. Generally used to extend a water supply in wildland operations. Used on class A fires and with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression. These are very expensive, special purpose extinguishers typically used by fire departments or other safety professionals. 1782:) contains naturally occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams. FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used widely in motorsports. As of 2016, Amerex has discontinued production of FFFP, instead using AR-AFFF made by Solberg. Existing model 252 FFFP units could maintain their UL listing by using the new charge, prior to the Amerex completely exiting the foam market in December 2021. These units will be obsolete as soon as existing recharge agent stocks are depleted. 427: 455: 85:. Stored pressure fire extinguishers are the most common type. Cartridge-operated extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured before discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is not as common, used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they receive higher-than-average use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing an operator to discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time. Unlike stored pressure types, these extinguishers use compressed 1875:

freeze-protected with calcium chloride (except stainless steel models), such as barns, outbuildings and unheated warehouses. They are also useful where many, frequent spot fires may occur, such as during fire watch for hot work operations. They are dependent on the user's strength to produce a decent discharge stream for firefighting. Water and antifreeze are the most common, but loaded stream and foam designs were made in the past. Backpack models exist for wildland firefighting and may be solid material such as metal or fiberglass, or collapsible vinyl or rubber bags for ease of storage.

1709: 507: 1816: 467: 1468: 1917: 3959: 2318: 1725: 1965: 1697: 2330: 2354: 1508: 2253:-based (G-Plus, G-1, Lith-X, Chubb Pyromet) contains dry graphite that smothers burning metals. The first type developed, designed for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink as well as smothering the metal fire. 2189: 1953: 1741: 2278:

made by the German firm Total. After the war, the technology was more generally disseminated. Buffalo marketed a 2.5 gallon and 1 quart extinguisher using M-X liquid discharged through a low-velocity shower head-type nozzle, but it was met with limited success, as it was going up against Ansul's Met-L-X, which could be used on more types of metals and was non-combustible. M-X had the advantage of being easy to recharge and non-corrosive since it was oil-based, but production did not last long due to its limited applications.

1941: 277:. This consisted of a glass sphere filled with CTC, that was intended to be hurled at the base of a fire (early ones used salt-water, but CTC was more effective). Carbon tetrachloride was suitable for liquid and electrical fires and the extinguishers were fitted to motor vehicles. Carbon tetrachloride extinguishers were withdrawn in the 1950s because of the chemical's toxicity – exposure to high concentrations damages the nervous system and internal organs. Additionally, when used on a fire, the heat can convert CTC to 1886:

completely non-toxic and does not cause cardiac sensitization like some gaseous clean agents. These extinguishers come in 1-3/4 and 2-1/2 gallon sizes, painted white in the United States. Models used in MRI facilities are non-magnetic and are safe for use inside the room that the MRI machine is operating. Models available in Europe come in smaller sizes as well, and some even carry a Class F rating for commercial kitchens, essentially using steam to smother the fire and the water content to cool the oil.

2137: 2177: 242:

Key features were a screw-down stopper that kept the liquids from mixing until it was manually opened, carrying straps, a longer hose, and a shut-off nozzle. Fire department types were often private label versions of major brands, sold by apparatus manufacturers to match their vehicles. Examples are Pirsch, Ward LaFrance, Mack, Seagrave, etc. These types are some of the most collectable extinguishers as they cross into both the apparatus restoration and fire extinguisher areas of interest.

2153: 2165: 2004:) extinguishes the fire by forming an air-excluding soapy foam blanket over the burning oil through the chemical process of saponification (a base reacting with a fat to form a soap) and by the water content cooling the oil below its ignition temperature. Generally, class A and K (F in Europe) only, although older models also achieved class B and C fire-fighting capability in the past, current models are rated A:K (Amerex, Ansul, Buckeye and Strike First) or K only (Badger/Kidde). 2477:(NFPA). They commonly require, for fire extinguishers in all buildings other than single-family dwellings, inspections every 30 days to ensure the unit is pressurized and unobstructed (done by an employee of the facility) and an annual inspection and service by a qualified technician. Some jurisdictions require more frequent service. The servicer places a tag on the extinguisher to indicate the type of service performed (annual inspection, recharge, new fire extinguisher). 1681: 1606:

A fires because the agent is expended and the cloud of gas dissipates quickly, and if the fuel is still sufficiently hot, the fire starts up again. While liquid and gas fires do not usually store much heat in their fuel source, solid fires do. Sodium bicarbonate was very common in commercial kitchens before the advent of wet chemical agents, but now is falling out of favor as it is much less effective than wet chemical agents for class K fires, less effective than

1198: 415: 1306: 2366: 2069: 1642:, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC) based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein (animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical, and it is light green in color (some 2117:, or Saffire fluid), a fluorinated ketone that works by removing massive amounts of heat. Available in fixed systems (various manufacturers), portables (Ansul Cleanguard+) wheeled units (Amerex)in the US and in portables (Tyco/Johnson Controls Sapphire) in Australia. Unlike other clean agents, this one has the advantage of being a liquid at atmospheric pressure and can be discharged as a stream or a rapidly vaporizing mist, depending on application. 1665: 1252: 1225: 1279: 2382:

which extinguishes the fire. The coverage area is about 5 m (54 sq ft). One benefit of this type is that it may be used for passive suppression. The ball can be placed in a fire-prone area and will deploy automatically if a fire develops, being triggered by heat. They may also be manually operated by rolling or tossing into a fire. Most modern extinguishers of this type are designed to make a loud noise upon deployment.

1504:" in locations such as those storing and transporting pressurized flammable liquids and pressurized flammable gas or areas with possibility of three-dimensional class B hazards are required to have "fast flow extinguishers" as required by NFPA 5.5.1.1. Varying classes of competition vehicles require fire extinguishing systems, the simplest requirements being a 1A:10BC hand-held portable extinguisher mounted to the interior of the vehicle. 403: 94: 1840: 1288: 233:. When the solutions were mixed, usually by inverting the unit, the two liquids reacted to create a frothy foam, and carbon dioxide gas. The gas expelled the foam in the form of a jet. Although liquorice-root extracts and similar compounds were used as additives (stabilizing the foam by reinforcing the bubble-walls), there was no "foam compound" in these units. The foam was a combination of the products of the chemical reactions: 266: 5560: 4628: 1929: 27: 1315: 1261: 5608: 2555: 2294: 5596: 5584: 253:) to extinguish fires. The liquid vaporized and extinguished the flames by inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the combustion process (it was an early 20th-century presupposition that the fire suppression ability of carbon tetrachloride relied on oxygen removal). In 1911, they patented a small, portable extinguisher that used the chemical. This consisted of a 1234: 1207: 5572: 4640: 3736: 1808:

Aerosol versions are preferred by users for cars, boats, RVs, and kitchens. Used primarily by law enforcement, fire departments, EMS, and the racing industry across North America. Cold Fire offered Amerex equipment (converted 252 and 254 models) prior to their exit from the foam market in December of 2021, as well as imported equipment in smaller sizes.

2390:

brands, such as Red Comet, were designed for passive operation and included a special holder with a spring-loaded trigger that would break the glass ball when a fusible link melted, or were sealed with wax to melt in contact with flame and release the contents. As was typical of this era, some glass extinguishers contained the toxic (but effective)

540: 2458: 2489:

constantly monitor an extinguisher's physical presence, internal pressure and whether an obstruction exists that could prevent ready access. In the event that any of the above conditions are found, the system must send an alert to officials so they can immediately rectify the situation. Electronic monitoring can be wired or wireless.

229:. Loran first used it to extinguish a pan of burning naphtha. It worked and looked similar to the soda-acid type, but the inner parts were slightly different. The main tank contained a solution of sodium bicarbonate in water, whilst the inner container (somewhat larger than the equivalent in a soda-acid unit) contained a solution of 1330:

gallons of water. The number preceding the B indicates the size of fire in square feet that an ordinary user should be able to extinguish. There is no additional rating for class C, as it only indicates that the extinguishing agent will not conduct electricity, and an extinguisher will never have a rating of just C.

2417:

Whereas dry chemical systems must be directly aimed at the flame, condensed aerosols are flooding agents and therefore effective regardless of the location and height of the fire. Wet chemical systems, such as the kind generally found in foam extinguishers, must, similarly to dry chemical systems, be

2389:

in water were popular. The addition of the salts was to prevent freezing, with ammonium chloride thought to be more effective in extinguishing flame. They were deployed by hurling them at the base of the fire. Containing only about one imperial pint (0.57 L), they were of limited use. Some later

1881:

cools burning material by absorbing heat via conversion of liquid water to steam. Effective on class A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive, harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United States, stored pressure units contain 2-1/2 gallons of water in a stainless steel cylinder.

261:

container with an integrated handpump, which was used to expel a jet of liquid towards the fire. It was usually of 1 imperial quart (1.1 L) or 1 imperial pint (0.57 L) capacity but was also available in up to 2 imperial gallons (9.1 L) size. As the container was unpressurized, it could

101:

Fire extinguishers are further divided into handheld and cart-mounted (also called wheeled extinguishers). Handheld extinguishers weigh from 0.5 to 14 kilograms (1.1 to 30.9 lb), and are hence, easily portable by hand. Cart-mounted units typically weigh more than 23 kilograms (51 lb). These

1885:

Water mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a stream of de-ionized (minerals removed by reverse osmosis or resin column ion exchange) water to the point of not conducting electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is used widely in hospitals and MRI facilities because it is both

1605:

used on class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical agents developed. In the heat of a fire, it releases a cloud of carbon dioxide that smothers the fire. That is, the gas drives oxygen away from the fire, thus stopping the chemical reaction. This agent is not generally effective on class

1163:

There is no official standard in the United States for the color of fire extinguishers, though they are usually red, except for class D extinguishers which are usually yellow, water and Class K wet chemical extinguishers which are usually silver, and water mist extinguishers which are usually white.

1147:

extinguisher will bear an electrical pictogramme as standard signifying that it can be used on live electrical fires (given the symbol E in the table). If a water-based extinguisher has passed the 35 kV test it will also bear the same electrical pictogramme – however, any water-based extinguisher is

89:

instead of nitrogen, although nitrogen cartridges are used on low-temperature (–60 rated) models. Cartridge-operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry powder types in the U.S. and water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and B.C.), and dry powder (class D) types in the

2488:

Recently the NFPA and ICC voted to allow for the elimination of the 30-day inspection requirement so long as the fire extinguisher is monitored electronically. According to NFPA, the system must provide record keeping in the form of an electronic event log at the control panel. The system must also

2281:

Some water-based suppressants may be used on certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as elemental lithium, will react explosively with water so water-based chemicals are not used on such

2277:

was a short-lived oil-based extinguishing agent for magnesium fires, made by Buffalo in the 1950s. It was discovered by the Germans in World War II that a heavy oil could be applied to burning magnesium chips to cool and smother them, and was easy to apply from a pressurized extinguisher, which was

1807:

is an organic, eco-friendly wetting agent that works by cooling, and by encapsulating the hydrocarbon fuel, which prevents it from entering into the combustion reaction. Bulk Cold Fire is used in booster tanks and is acceptable for use in CAFS systems. Cold Fire is UL listed for A and B fires only.

1329:

Fire extinguishing capacity is rated in accordance with ANSI/UL 711: Rating and Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishers. The ratings are described using numbers preceding the class letter, such as 1-A:10-B:C. The number preceding the A multiplied by 1.25 gives the equivalent extinguishing capability in

2465:

Most countries in the world require regular fire extinguisher maintenance by a competent person to operate safely and effectively, as part of fire safety legislation. Lack of maintenance can lead to an extinguisher not discharging when required, or rupturing when pressurized. Deaths have occurred,

1515:

The height limit for installation, as determined by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), is 60 in (1.5 m) for fire extinguishers weighing less than 40 lb (18 kg). However, compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) also needs to be followed within the

371:

in 1954. Both 1211 and 1301 work by inhibiting the chain reaction of the fire, and in the case of Halon 1211, cooling class A fuels as well. Halon is still in use today but is falling out of favor for many uses due to its environmental impact. Europe and Australia have severely restricted its use,

241:

salt-gels inflated by the carbon dioxide. Because of this, the foam was discharged directly from the unit, with no need for an aspirating branchpipe (as in newer mechanical foam types). Special versions were made for rough service, and vehicle mounting, known as apparatus of fire department types.

330:

cartridge. The operator turned a wheel valve on top to puncture the cartridge and squeezed a lever on the valve at the end of the hose to discharge the chemical. This was the first agent available for large-scale three-dimensional liquid and pressurized gas fires, but remained largely a specialty

2381:

Several modern "ball" or grenade-style extinguishers are available on the market. The modern version of the ball is a hard foam shell, wrapped in fuses that lead to a small black powder charge within. The ball bursts shortly after contact with flame, dispersing a cloud of ABC dry chemical powder

2246:

Copper-based (Copper Powder Navy 125S) developed by the U.S. Navy in the 1970s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires. The powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen

2120:

Potassium aerosol particle-generator, contains a form of solid potassium salts and other chemicals referred to as aerosol-forming compounds (AFC). The AFC is activated by an electric current or other thermodynamic exchange which causes the AFC to ignite. The majority of installed currently are

1800:

is a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards, although not recommended due to the fact that fireade still contains amounts of water

1656:

is a specialty variation of sodium bicarbonate for fighting pyrophoric (ignites on contact with air) liquid fires. In addition to sodium bicarbonate, it also contains silica gel particles. The sodium bicarbonate interrupts the chain reaction of the fuel and the silica soaks up any unburned fuel,

363:

was discovered as an extinguishing agent in the 1920s and was used extensively in Europe. It is a low-pressure gas that works by inhibiting the chain reaction of the fire and is the most toxic of the vaporizing liquids, used until the 1960s. The vapor and combustion by-products of all vaporizing

2496:

Basic service: All types of extinguisher require a basic inspection annually to check weight, externally validate the correct pressure, and find any signs of damage or corrosion. Cartridge extinguishers are to be opened up for internal inspection, and to have the weight of the cartridge tested.

2063:

Halon replacements include HCFC Blend B (Halotron I, American Pacific Corporation), HFC-227ea (FM-200, Great Lakes Chemicals Corporation), HFC-236fa (FE-36, DuPont, Cleanguard, Ansul/Tyco), FK 5-1-2 (Cleanguard+ {USA}, Sapphire {Australia}, Ansul/Johnson Controls, Novec 1230, 3M prior to patent

2562:

In open public spaces, extinguishers are ideally kept inside cabinets that have glass that must be broken to access the extinguisher, or which emit an alarm siren that cannot be shut off without a key, to alert people the extinguisher has been handled by an unauthorized person if a fire is not

1499:

10 all commercial vehicles must carry at least one fire extinguisher, with size/UL rating depending on type of vehicle and cargo (i.e., fuel tankers usually must have a 20 lb (9.1 kg), while most others can carry a 5 lb (2.3 kg)). The revised NFPA 10 created criteria on the

141:

chamber of gunpowder. This was connected with a system of fuses which were ignited, exploding the gunpowder and scattering the solution. This device was probably used to a limited extent, as Bradley's Weekly Messenger for November 7, 1729, refers to its efficiency in stopping a fire in London.

2508:

extinguishers, due to their high operating pressure, are subject to pressure vessel safety legislation, and must be hydraulic pressure tested, inspected internally and externally, and date stamped every 10 years. As it cannot be pressure tested, a new valve is also fitted. If any part of the

1164:

Extinguishers are marked with pictograms depicting the types of fires that the extinguisher is approved to fight. In the past, extinguishers were marked with colored geometric symbols, and some extinguishers still use both symbols. The types of fires and additional standards are described in

2409:

or dry chemical fire extinction. As with gaseous fire suppressants, condensed aerosol suppressants use clean agents to suppress the fire. The agent can be delivered by means of mechanical operation, electric operation, or combined electro-mechanical operation. To the difference of gaseous

1874:

Pump-Type water extinguisher typically consist of a 2-1/2 or 5-gallon non-pressurized metal or plastic container with a pump mounted to it, as well as a discharge hose and nozzle. Pump type water extinguishers are often used where freezing conditions may occur, as they can be economically

530:

Specifications of fire extinguishers are set out in the standard AS/NZS 1841, the most recent version being released in 2007. All fire extinguishers must be painted signal red. Except for water extinguishers, each extinguisher has a coloured band near the top, covering at least 10% of the

1636:, or Super-K, dry chemical was developed in an effort to create a high efficiency, protein-foam compatible dry chemical. Developed in the 1960s, prior to Purple-K, it was never as popular as other agents since, being a salt, it was quite corrosive. For B and C fires, white in color. 1760:

Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed and expanded with air in a branch pipe) or nonaspirated form to create a frothy blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it. Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish fires without flashback.

2211:(Super-D, Met-L-X, M28, Pyrene Pyromet) contains sodium chloride salt, which melts to form an oxygen-excluding crust over the metal. A thermoplastic additive such as nylon is added to allow the salt to more readily form a cohesive crust over the burning metal. Useful on most 201:

to expel pressurized water onto a fire. A vial of concentrated sulfuric acid was suspended in the cylinder. Depending on the type of extinguisher, the vial of acid could be broken in one of two ways. One used a plunger to break the acid vial, while the second released a

2286:

Most class D extinguishers will have a special low-velocity nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials. Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a scoop or shovel.

1630:(AKA Monnex), used on class B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger surface area for free radical inhibition. Grey in color. 288:

in 1924 in response to Bell Telephone's request for an electrically non-conductive chemical for extinguishing the previously difficult-to-extinguish fires in telephone switchboards. It consisted of a tall metal cylinder containing 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg) of

2500:

Extended service: Water, wet chemical, foam, and powder extinguishers require a more detailed examination every five years, including a test discharge and recharge. On stored pressure extinguishers, this is the only opportunity to internally inspect for

2036:(Halons, Halotron BrX). They are referred to as clean agents because they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for protecting sensitive electronics, aircraft, armored vehicles and archival storage, museums, and valuable documents. 206:

stopple that held the vial closed. Once the acid was mixed with the bicarbonate solution, carbon dioxide gas was expelled and thereby pressurized the water. The pressurized water was forced from the canister through a nozzle or short length of hose.

2128:

and water), it is being used by the U.S. Military in applications like the Abrams tank to replace the aging Halon 1301 units previously installed, and due to the ineffectiveness of Halon 1301 on commonplace air filter fires that occur in this

1869:

Water cools burning carbonaceous material and is very effective against fires in furniture, fabrics, etc. (including deep-seated fires). Water-based extinguishers cannot be used safely on energized electrical fires or flammable liquid fires.

1591:, is used on class A, B and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the agent's ability to melt and flow at 374 °F (190 °C) to smother the fire. It is more corrosive than other dry chemical agents and is pale yellow in color. 301:. Carbon dioxide extinguishes fire mainly by displacing oxygen. It was once thought that it worked by cooling, although this effect on most fires is negligible. An anecdotal report of a carbon dioxide fire extinguisher was published in 2259:-based (Na-X) is used where stainless steel piping and equipment could be damaged by sodium chloride-based agents to control sodium, potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust. 886:

Class E has been discontinued, but covered fires involving electrical appliances. This is no longer used on the basis that, when the power supply is turned off, an electrical fire can fall into any of the remaining five categories.

326:) came out with a cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher, which used sodium bicarbonate specially treated with chemicals to render it free-flowing and moisture-resistant. It consisted of a copper cylinder with an internal CO 3681: 2611:"Pyromet" is a trade name that refers to two separate agents. Invented by Pyrene Co. Ltd. (UK) in the 1960s, it was originally a sodium chloride formulation with monoammonium phosphate, protein, clay and waterproofing agents. 1708: 478: 1620:), used on class B and C fires. About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent certified for use in 378: 331:

type until the 1950s, when small dry chemical units were marketed for home use. ABC dry chemical came over from Europe in the 1950s, with Super-K being invented in the early 1960s and Purple-K being developed by the

335:

in the late 1960s. Manually applied dry agents such as graphite for class D (metal) fires had existed since World War II, but it was not until 1949 that Ansul introduced a pressurized extinguisher using an external

2329: 390: 174:, an American inventor, was awarded a patent for an improvement in the Fire Extinguishers on March 26, 1872. His invention is listed in the U. S. Patent Office in Washington, DC under patent number 125,603. 1976: 2632: 2317: 2305: 1794:

is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.

506: 1903:

chemicals added to water to lower its freezing point to about −40 °C (−40 °F). Has no appreciable effect on extinguishing performance. Can be glycol based or loaded stream, see below.

4475: 1680: 3364:

Extinguishment of Alkali Metal Fires, S.J. Rodgers and W.A. Everson, Technical Documentary Report APL-TDR 64-114, Air Force Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, 1964, pp. 28–31.

2418:

sprayed directionally, onto the fire. Additionally, wet chemicals (such as potassium carbonate) are dissolved in water, whereas the agents used in condensed aerosols are microscopic solids.

3688: 2052:

depletion properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less effective. Halon 2402 is a liquid agent (dibromotetrafluoroethane) which has had limited use in the West due to its higher

849:, and a band or circle of a second color covering between 5–10% of the surface area of the extinguisher indicates the contents. Before 1997, the entire body of the fire extinguisher was 454: 1827: 319:

which immediately extinguished the flames thus saving the building. Also in 1887, carbonic acid gas was described as a fire extinguisher for engine chemical fires at sea and ashore.

3117: 3005: 494: 825:

Due to the ozone-depleting nature of halon, in Australia yellow (Halon) fire extinguishers are illegal to own or use on a fire, unless an essential use exemption has been granted.

522:

Internationally there are several accepted classification methods for hand-held fire extinguisher. Each classification is useful in fighting fires with a particular group of fuel.

2414:) condensed aerosols are defined by the National Fire Protection Association as releasing finely divided solid particles (generally <10 μm), usually in addition to gas. 2341: 1740: 5487: 1964: 1696: 367:

In the 1970s, Halon 1211 came over to the United States from Europe where it had been used since the late 1940s or early 1950s. Halon 1301 had been developed by DuPont and the

1890:

Additives can be used to alter the properties of water extinguishers, though additives not specified by the manufacturer will void the extinguisher’s listing. These include:

438: 1952: 558: 1916: 2353: 4270: 1839: 466: 1664: 1815: 426: 73:

There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored-pressure and cartridge-operated. In stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the

2640: 2714: 2470: 1724: 5405: 4463: 2577: 1646:

brand formulations are blue). This agent is generally no longer used since most modern dry chemicals are considered compatible with synthetic foams such as

1940: 5237: 4078: 2136: 54:, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke, explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the equipment, personnel, resources or expertise of a 2365: 3768: 3305: 2439: 3796: 414: 4442: 2188: 3430:

JIOA Final Report 41. "German Chemical Fire Extinguishers", Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, Smith, Carlisle F, Washington DC, October 1945.

3030: 4768: 4678: 1570:, which are highly reactive fragments of molecules that react with oxygen. The substances in dry chemical extinguishers can stop this process. 833: 2862: 2993: 5395: 4487: 4481: 2587: 2474: 1496: 1165: 3124: 2293: 1882:

In Europe, they are typically mild steel, lined with polyethylene, painted red and contain 6–9 L (1.6–2.4 US gal) of water.

297:

is still popular today as it is an ozone-friendly clean agent and is used heavily in film and television production to extinguish burning

3558: 2176: 2942: 402: 5242: 5043: 4889: 4743: 3983: 3440: 2497:

Labels must be inspected for legibility, and where possible, dip tubes, hoses and mechanisms must be tested for clear, free operation.

2402: 372:

since the Montreal Protocol of 1987. Less severe restrictions have been implemented in the United States, the Middle East, and Asia.

4358: 2410:

suppressants, which emit only gas, and dry chemical extinguishers, which release powder-like particles of a large size (25–150

2164: 2152: 576: 1519:

In New Zealand, the mandatory installation of fire extinguishers in vehicles is limited to self-propelled plant in agriculture and

5664: 3465: 5639: 5634: 5202: 4119: 3807: 1627: 5599: 5482: 4753: 2967: 1897:: Detergent based additives used to break the surface tension of water and improve penetration of deep-seated class A fires. 359:(CBM) for use in aircraft. It was more effective and slightly less toxic than carbon tetrachloride and was used until 1969. 2852: 2385:

This technology is not new, however. From about 1880 glass "fire grenades" filled with a weak solution of common salt and

2095:

extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for class A fires, as the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning materials. CO

1546:

Different types of extinguishing agents have different modes of action, and certain ones are only appropriate for specific

5292: 4859: 4469: 4426: 4098: 3761: 2204:

There are several class D fire extinguisher agents available; some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not.

1136:

EN3 does not recognise a separate electrical class – however there is an additional feature requiring special testing (35

2563:

present. This also alerts maintenance to check an extinguisher for usage so that it may be replaced if it has been used.

177:

The soda-acid extinguisher was first patented in 1866 by Francois Carlier of France, which mixed a solution of water and

5497: 5492: 5472: 4540: 4378: 2449:

Another proposed solution for fire extinguishers in space is a vacuum cleaner that extracts the combustible materials.

2438:

range drives oxygen away from the combustion surface, extinguishing the fire, a principle was previously tested by the

1467: 5659: 5654: 5267: 5222: 4411: 4343: 4160: 3993: 3594: 3521: 2718: 1928: 5515: 5247: 5186: 4671: 4643: 3978: 3918: 2582: 2041: 1785: 445: 246: 3494: 2789: 149:

and demonstrated in 1816 to the 'Commissioners for the affairs of Barracks'; it consisted of a copper vessel of 3

5649: 5644: 5227: 4758: 4493: 4328: 3988: 3074: 2335:

Ansul 30lb. Na-X cartridge-operated sodium carbonate fire extinguisher for sodium fires using non-corrosive agent

1647: 3655: 2509:

extinguisher is replaced with a part from another manufacturer, then the extinguisher will lose its fire rating.

5587: 5545: 5262: 5156: 5068: 4794: 4631: 4437: 4353: 4333: 4310: 4073: 3838: 3754: 3373:

Fire Protection Handbook, Thirteenth Edition, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, 1969, Ch. 15, p. 54

2469:

In the United States, state and local fire codes, as well as those established by federal agencies such as the

2406: 2262: 1906: 1765: 3099: 5575: 5611: 5232: 5141: 4280: 4245: 4093: 4043: 3619:

Nakumura, Yuji (2020). "Novel Fire Extinguisher Method Using Vacuuming Force Applicable to Space Habitats".

3575: 2741: 2427: 2099:

is not suitable for use on fires containing their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media, and may cause

1501: 1157: 293:

with a wheel valve and a woven brass, cotton-covered hose, with a composite funnel-like horn as a nozzle. CO

77:

agent itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical extinguishers,

3309: 1878: 1562:. It prevents the chemical reactions involving heat, fuel, and oxygen, thus extinguishing the fire. During 1507: 5477: 5370: 5058: 5038: 4869: 4854: 4821: 4421: 4300: 4275: 4265: 3973: 3933: 3148: 2323:

Ansul Lith-X Cartridge-Operated Fire Extinguisher, graphite-base for lithium fires and other alkali metals

1687: 1574: 39: 1653: 5563: 5415: 4997: 4763: 4664: 4608: 4582: 4535: 4150: 4038: 4018: 2274: 2268: 2045: 1715: 1613: 1127: 70:. Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical pressure vessels also exist but are less common. 2091:, a clean gaseous agent which displaces oxygen. Highest rating for 20 lb (9.1 kg) portable CO 1804: 1133:

Fire extinguishing performance per fire class is displayed using numbers and letters such as 13A, 55B.

3057:"Fire Extinguishers – Classes, Colour Coding, Rating, Location and Maintenance : Firesafe.org.uk" 3034: 1130:

is now prohibited except under certain situations such as on aircraft and in the military and police.

194: 137:, a celebrated chemist at that time. It consisted of a cask of fire-extinguishing liquid containing a 5456: 5410: 5297: 4834: 4829: 4728: 4305: 4165: 3873: 3740: 2478: 2391: 1639: 308: 285: 215: 146: 2481:

testing for all types of extinguishers is also required, generally every five years for water and CO

2121:

fixed units due to the possibility of harm to the user from the heat generated by the AFC generator.

5315: 5171: 5161: 5028: 4957: 4937: 4348: 4255: 1997: 1524: 1140: 303: 154: 3056: 5355: 5340: 5013: 4864: 4801: 4708: 4135: 4063: 4028: 4023: 3878: 3636: 3282:"Options to the Use of Halons for Aircraft Fire Suppression Systems – 2012 Update" 3009: 1791: 1731: 1671: 1633: 1594: 368: 356: 332: 230: 226: 178: 103: 5136: 1657:

preventing contact with air. It is effective on other class B fuels as well. Blue/red in color.

5520: 5380: 5375: 4977: 4952: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4447: 4338: 4320: 4048: 3958: 3943: 3555: 3531: 2858: 2386: 2125: 2068: 2001: 1993: 1523:, passenger service vehicles with more than 12 seats and vehicles that carry flammable goods. 1797: 5217: 4912: 4545: 3883: 3628: 2592: 2256: 1579: 171: 133:

The first fire extinguisher of which there is any record was patented in England in 1723 by

3444: 3237: 1495:– this is required by law in many jurisdictions, for identified classes of vehicles. Under 145:

A portable pressurised fire extinguisher, the 'Extincteur' was invented by British Captain

93: 5320: 5212: 5181: 5166: 4962: 4844: 4789: 4723: 4703: 4587: 4240: 4175: 4114: 4083: 4058: 4008: 4003: 3817: 3777: 3562: 2745: 2208: 1527:

recommends that all company vehicles carry a fire extinguisher, including passenger cars.

341: 222: 134: 118: 59: 50:. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such as one which has reached the 1287: 5400: 5350: 5252: 5176: 5101: 5053: 5023: 4942: 4874: 4406: 4383: 4368: 4230: 4170: 4140: 4109: 4053: 4013: 3948: 3938: 3833: 3526: 2033: 1484: 360: 258: 186: 86: 20: 3471: 1511:

A dedicated trolley loaded with extinguishers ready to move where needed for rapid use

1197: 512:

Ansul Met-L-X cartridge-operated dry powder fire extinguisher for class D fires, 1950s

265: 5628: 5540: 5390: 5257: 5131: 5106: 5091: 5048: 4987: 4613: 4603: 4401: 4373: 4290: 3908: 3898: 3868: 3812: 3640: 3219: 2815: 2243:

fires as lithium can react with NaCl to form LiCl and Na which will continue burning.

2212: 2056:

than 1211 or 1301. It is widely used in Russia and parts of Asia, and it was used by

1894: 1559: 1520: 316: 214:

of England in 1881, which used water or water-based solutions. They later invented a

198: 182: 2715:"Staffordshire Past Track – "Petrolex" half gallon fire extinguisher" 1558:

This is a powder-based agent that extinguishes by separating the three parts of the

1305: 5446: 5431: 5330: 5121: 5086: 4972: 4947: 4932: 4907: 4902: 4879: 4806: 4733: 4713: 4687: 4530: 4416: 4295: 4285: 4220: 4185: 4145: 4104: 4068: 3858: 3853: 3823: 3344: 3172: 2572: 2431: 1567: 1547: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1251: 1224: 1183: 902: 867: 857: 673: 598: 74: 55: 26: 3406: 3258:"Options to the Use of Halons for Aircraft Fire Suppression Systems – 2012 Update" 3184: 2971: 3718: 3384: 2900: 2884: 5451: 5126: 5111: 5018: 4992: 4982: 4917: 4897: 4839: 4784: 4738: 4695: 4250: 4205: 4195: 4088: 4033: 3998: 3893: 2554: 2443: 2104: 1314: 1278: 1260: 799: 47: 3632: 1610:

for class B fires, and is ineffective on class A fires. White or blue in color.

5360: 5146: 5116: 5096: 5033: 5003: 4967: 4811: 4718: 4510: 4363: 3863: 3848: 3828: 3330: 2929: 2916: 2837: 2775: 2761: 2110: 2077: 2029: 2021: 1900: 1747: 1714:

An 18 lb (8.2 kg) US Navy cartridge-operated purple-K dry chemical (

1563: 1488: 850: 211: 158: 3535: 2701: 2688: 1471:

Automatic engine compartment fire extinguisher installed on a hybrid city bus

384:

Fire extinguishers in a museum storeroom, cut to display their inner workings

197:. His extinguisher used the reaction between sodium bicarbonate solution and 5385: 5365: 5345: 5335: 5325: 5207: 5151: 5081: 5076: 4927: 4432: 4260: 4225: 4215: 4200: 4180: 4155: 3928: 3923: 3888: 3843: 3791: 3001: 2676: 2236: 2224: 2220: 2100: 870:

involve flammable or combustible liquids, including petrol, grease, and oil.

845:, fire extinguishers in the United Kingdom as all throughout Europe are red 238: 114: 3281: 3257: 3735: 2311:

Amerex 30lb. Stored Pressure Sodium Chloride Class D Dry Powder, 1990s, US

1686:

A typical dry chemical extinguisher containing 5 lb (2.3 kg) of

5441: 5436: 5277: 4849: 4748: 4525: 4235: 4190: 3913: 3903: 3802: 2250: 2232: 2228: 2053: 1617: 1607: 1492: 1476: 1137: 846: 837:

A British fire extinguisher with ID sign, call point and fire action sign

345: 298: 284:

The carbon dioxide extinguisher was invented (at least in the US) by the

278: 262:

be refilled after use through a filling plug with a fresh supply of CTC.

78: 43: 2902:

Scientific American, "Improved Fire Extinguishing Apparatus For Vessels"

2124:

E-36 Cryotec, a type of high concentration, high-pressure wet chemical (

1233: 1206: 3595:"Two students created a device that extinguishes fires with soundwaves" 2793: 2240: 1772: 122: 110: 107: 51: 3078: 1958:

2.5 gallon water mist fire extinguisher for medical and MRI facilities

249:

of Delaware filed a patent for using carbon tetrachloride (CTC, or CCl

218:

model called the "Petrolex" which was marketed toward automotive use.

2216: 2013: 1970:

6-liter wet chemical fire extinguisher for use in commercial kitchens

1702:

A 10 lb (4.5 kg) stored pressure purple-K fire extinguisher

349: 234: 150: 138: 58:. Typically, a fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical 3199: 3031:"ExtinguisherServicing – Everything you need to know" 2457: 364:

liquids were highly toxic and could cause death in confined spaces.

193:) gas. A soda-acid extinguisher was patented in the U.S. in 1880 by 2394:. These glass fire grenade bottles are sought after by collectors. 5008: 4566: 4520: 3746: 2553: 2456: 2435: 2411: 2067: 2057: 2049: 2025: 1643: 1506: 1466: 832: 323: 264: 254: 168:

patents was issued to Alanson Crane of Virginia on Feb. 10, 1863.

92: 25: 2738: 2523:

Water – annually (some states) or 5 years (NFPA 10, 2010 edition)

2299:

Ansul Met-L-X 30lb. cartridge-operated sodium chloride dry powder

4515: 3100:"Do you need to carry a fire extinguisher in a company vehicle?" 1779: 1621: 1480: 1051:

Red with a canary yellow panel above the operating instructions

842: 460:

Pyrene 1 qt. pump-type chlorobromomethane (CB or CBM), 1960s, UK

203: 67: 19:"Extinguisher" redirects here. For the candle extinguisher, see 4660: 4656: 3750: 2371:

Ternary Eutectic Chloride fire extinguisher for metal fires, UK

2359:

Buffalo fire extinguishers for magnesium fires using M-X liquid

2085: 1982:

Indian 5-gal. backpack pump tank for wildland firefighting, US

1530:

Fire extinguishers mounted inside aircraft engines are called

533: 82: 81:

is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use

2558:

A fire extinguisher stored inside a cabinet mounted to a wall

2473:, are generally consistent with standards established by the 2466:

even in recent times, from corroded extinguishers exploding.

2446:, with none of the clean-up required for mass-based systems. 1922:

General 2.5 gal. pump-type water fire extinguisher, 1960s, US

3385:"Aviation Boatswain's Mate 1 & C: Navy Training Courses" 2442:(DARPA). One proposed application is to extinguish fires in 1833:

Amerex Solid-Charge AFFF Fire Extinguisher, 1980s (obsolete)

1168:

10: Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers, 2013 edition.

864:

Class A fires involve organic solids such as paper and wood.

396:

A glass grenade-style extinguisher, to be thrown into a fire

4476:

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

3383:

Personnel, United States Bureau of Naval (1 January 1959).

2545:

Stored-pressure dry chemical mounted on vehicles – annually

2461:

An empty fire extinguisher which was not replaced for years

420:

A US building-type chemical foam extinguisher with contents

1148:

only recommended for inadvertent use on electrical fires.

273:

Another type of carbon tetrachloride extinguisher was the

2020:

or inert gases), removing heat from the combustion zone (

500:

Du Gas cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher, 1945

307:

in 1887 which describes the case of a basement fire at a

97:

Wheeled fire extinguisher and a sign inside a parking lot

3495:"The beauty and danger in Victorian Glass Fire Grenades" 2542:

Cartridge-operated dry chemical or dry powder – annually

2513:

In the United States, there are three types of service:

2247:

supply. Will cling to a vertical surface. Lithium only.

1024:

Red with a black panel above the operating instructions

965:

Red with a cream panel above the operating instructions

2968:"Questions and Answers on Halons and Their Substitutes" 2677:

Improved Apparatus for Extinguishing Fires in Buildings

2405:

is a particle-based form of fire extinction similar to

2060:'s Italian branch, marketed under the name "Fluobrene". 1079:

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions

992:

Red with a blue panel above the operating instructions

554: 344:) was the first extinguisher developed in the US, with 221:

The chemical foam extinguisher was invented in 1904 by

3006:

Department of the Environment and Heritage (Australia)

1483:

in a high-traffic area. They are also often fitted to

879:

Class E fires involve electrical equipment/appliances.

472:

National Methyl Bromide extinguishers, UK, 1930s–1940s

315:(called carbonic acid gas at the time) intended for a 2485:

models up to every 12 years for dry chemical models.

2076:-powered fire extinguisher on standby at a temporary 531:

extinguisher's body length, specifying its contents.

2905:. Munn & Company. 1877-06-23. pp. 383, 388. 2492:

In the UK, three types of maintenance are required:

1479:

at an easily accessible location, such as against a

210:

The cartridge-operated extinguisher was invented by

46:

used to extinguish or control small fires, often in

5533: 5508: 5465: 5424: 5306: 5285: 5276: 5195: 5067: 4888: 4820: 4777: 4694: 4596: 4575: 4503: 4456: 4392: 4319: 4128: 3966: 3784: 3407:

Extinguishing Agent for Magnesium Fire: Phases I-IV

1746:Met-L-Kyl cartridge-operated fire extinguisher for 549:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

3185:"Wasserfilmbildendes Schaummittel – Extensid AFFF" 1845:A 2.5 US gal (9.5 L) USCG-approved 161:. When operated it expelled liquid onto the fire. 63: 4271:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural) 3345:"The Non Numismatic Bibliography of Dr L.H. Cope" 2818:. IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety 352:, and several other types being developed later. 3565:, "Report on Aerosol Extinguishing Technology,". 3470:. Earth Times. 14 September 2007. Archived from 3173:http://nwfireinc.com/main/msds/badger/msds02.pdf 408:A US copper building type soda-acid extinguisher 311:pharmacy which melted a lead pipe charge with CO 3576:"Dousing flames with low-frequency sound waves" 3075:"Disposal Of Halon – Envirowise" 2633:"Fire extinguishers: The unlikely origin story" 1946:Stored pressure loaded stream fire extinguisher 1674:dry chemical unit intended for home kitchen use 3723:(second ed.), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 3412:(Report). Naval Air Systems Command. July 1986 2889:. Munn & Company. 1887-09-03. p. 149. 2816:"Carbon Tetrachloride Health and Safety Guide" 1771:Alcohol-resistant aqueous film-forming foams ( 1624:by the NFPA. Colored violet to distinguish it. 853:according to the type of extinguishing agent. 225:in Russia, based on his previous invention of 4672: 3762: 2471:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1821:1970s Light Water AFFF foam fire extinguisher 1156:For additional US UL rating information, see 8: 5406:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel 2792:. Vintage Fire Extinguishers. Archived from 2536:Dry chemical and dry powder – every 6 years 2012:Clean agents extinguish fire by displacing 340:cartridge to discharge the agent. Met-L-X ( 5282: 5238:International Association of Fire Fighters 4679: 4665: 4657: 4079:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention 3769: 3755: 3747: 2430:announced that high volume sound with low 882:Class F fires involve cooking fat and oil. 773:Vaporizing liquid (non-halon clean agents) 448:, brass, carbon tetrachloride extinguisher 432:Pyrene apparatus type chemical foam, 1960s 355:In the 1940s, Germany invented the liquid 102:wheeled models are most commonly found at 4464:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 3522:"Vintage Fire Grenades History and Value" 3334:, filed July 5, 1960. UK Patent GB884946. 2578:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association 2440:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 1475:Fire extinguishers are usually fitted in 876:Class D fires involve combustible metals. 577:Learn how and when to remove this message 561:, without removing the technical details. 281:gas, formerly used as a chemical weapon. 3797:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion 3656:"NFPA Regulations on Fire Extinguishers" 3306:"Chubb Fire Pyromet Powder Extinguisher" 1801:which will react with some metal fires). 1628:Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex 1332: 1170: 889: 588: 42:device usually filled with a dry or wet 4443:Listing and approval use and compliance 2624: 2604: 2539:Halon and clean agents – every 6 years. 2289: 2200:Dry powder and metal fire extinguishers 2132: 1912: 1811: 1660: 906:(brackets denote sometimes applicable) 601:(brackets denote sometimes applicable) 488:extinguisher made by Walter Kidde, 1928 374: 66:that can be discharged to extinguish a 2347:A TMB extinguisher for magnesium fires 1143:test per EN 3-7:2004). A powder or CO 873:Class C fires involve flammable gases. 4488:Society of Fire Protection Engineers 3149:"Aircraft Fire Extinguishing Systems" 895: 594: 559:make it understandable to non-experts 7: 5571: 5396:Modular Airborne FireFighting System 4639: 4482:National Fire Protection Association 3556:National Fire Protection Association 2854:Secrets of Hollywood special effects 2588:National Fire Protection Association 2475:National Fire Protection Association 1859:-gallon AFFF foam fire extinguisher 30:A stored-pressure fire extinguisher 5044:Self-contained breathing apparatus 4744:Firefighter assist and search team 3984:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 3493:Walter, Sophie (4 November 2020). 2948:. Government of the United Kingdom 2639:. 21 November 2016. Archived from 2403:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 2398:Condensed aerosol fire suppression 2194:FE-36 Cleanguard fire extinguisher 1934:Stored pressure water extinguisher 14: 4359:Fire alarm notification appliance 3520:McCormick, David (1 April 2021). 3387:. U.S. Government Printing Office 2182:5lb. Halotron-1 fire extinguisher 2146:Fire Extinguisher, Circa 1989, US 5606: 5594: 5582: 5570: 5559: 5558: 4769:Fire department ranks by country 4638: 4627: 4626: 3957: 3734: 3593:Conrad, Henry (March 25, 2015). 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2316: 2304: 2292: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2135: 1975: 1963: 1951: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1838: 1826: 1814: 1739: 1723: 1707: 1695: 1679: 1663: 1313: 1304: 1286: 1277: 1259: 1250: 1232: 1223: 1205: 1196: 538: 505: 493: 477: 465: 453: 437: 425: 413: 401: 389: 377: 322:In 1928, DuGas (later bought by 5607: 5243:International Firefighters' Day 5203:Candidate Physical Ability Test 4120:Vehicle fire suppression system 3808:Combustibility and flammability 2739:Loran and the fire extinguisher 4754:Special operations firefighter 3720:Automatic Sprinkler Protection 3687:. 1 March 2013. Archived from 1266:Energized electrical equipment 1: 5293:Wildfire emergency management 4860:Hazardous materials apparatus 4470:Institution of Fire Engineers 4427:Fire Safety Evaluation System 4099:Personal protective equipment 3238:"Handheld Fire Extinguishers" 3220:"Types of Fire Extinguishers" 2223:, and other metals including 2032:) or inhibiting the chemical 1542:Types of extinguishing agents 16:Active fire protection device 4541:GHS precautionary statements 4379:Manual fire alarm activation 3501:. London Fire Brigade Museum 3467:Chuck a ball to put out fire 2943:"Ozone Depleting Substances" 2434:frequencies in the 30 to 60 2170:Halon 1301 Fire Extinguisher 2158:Halon 1211 Fire Extinguisher 1778:Film-forming fluoroprotein ( 1566:, the fuel breaks down into 247:Pyrene Manufacturing Company 157:) solution contained within 153:(13.6 liters) of pearl ash ( 5268:World Police and Fire Games 5223:Fire protection engineering 4412:Fire protection engineering 4344:Explosive gas leak detector 4161:Electromagnetic door holder 3994:External water spray system 3441:"Fireade 2000 Applications" 2851:McCarthy, Robert E (1992). 2841:, filed September 26, 1925. 2790:"Pyrene Fire Extinguishers" 2666:. 26 March 1816. p. 3. 1334:Comparison of fire classes 1239:Flammable liquids and gases 1212:Ordinary solid combustibles 185:, producing the propellant 5681: 5516:Glossary of wildfire terms 5248:List of firefighting films 4696:Personnel and organization 4588:Harry C. Bigglestone Award 3979:Automatic fire suppression 3919:K-factor (fire protection) 3633:10.1007/s10694-019-00854-4 3118:"Your safe driving policy" 2583:K-factor (fire protection) 2426:In 2015, researchers from 1786:Compressed air foam system 1648:aqueous film forming foams 1616:(principal constituent of 1155: 841:According to the standard 18: 5554: 5228:Geography of firefighting 4759:Volunteer fire department 4622: 4494:Underwriters Laboratories 4329:Aspirating smoke detector 3989:Detonation flame arrester 3955: 3395:– via Google Books. 2873:– via Google Books. 2263:Ternary eutectic chloride 1766:Aqueous film-forming foam 1372: 1176: 1105:No longer in general use 901: 898: 892: 803: 597: 591: 526:Australia and New Zealand 5546:Template:Fire protection 5263:World Firefighters Games 5157:Gaseous fire suppression 4438:Kitchen exhaust cleaning 4354:Fire alarm control panel 4334:Carbon monoxide detector 4311:Standpipe (firefighting) 4074:Gaseous fire suppression 3839:Enthalpy of vaporization 3200:"Cold Fire – Firefreeze" 2779:, filed January 7, 1911. 2407:gaseous fire suppression 2107:if used on human beings. 725:Dry powder (metal fires) 5665:18th-century inventions 5233:History of firefighting 4281:Pressurisation ductwork 4246:Firewall (construction) 4094:Passive fire protection 4044:Fire suppression system 2970:. §B.11. Archived from 2517:Maintenance inspection 2428:George Mason University 2422:Experimental techniques 2377:Fire extinguishing ball 1502:fast flow extinguishers 1158:Fast Flow Extinguishers 5640:Firefighting equipment 5635:Active fire protection 5371:Firefighting apparatus 5059:Thermal imaging camera 5039:Secure information box 4855:Firefighting apparatus 4457:Industry organizations 4422:Fire-resistance rating 4301:Smoke exhaust ductwork 4276:Penetration (firestop) 4266:Packing (firestopping) 3974:Active fire protection 3934:Spontaneous combustion 3189:071027 intersales.info 2765:, filed April 5, 1910. 2559: 2520:Internal maintenance: 2462: 2081: 1688:monoammonium phosphate 1575:Monoammonium phosphate 1512: 1472: 1368:Ordinary combustibles 1126:In the UK, the use of 856:The UK recognises six 838: 270: 98: 40:active fire protection 31: 5416:Wildland water tender 4998:Hydraulic rescue tool 4764:Women in firefighting 4609:Template:Firefighting 4583:Arthur B. Guise Medal 4536:GHS hazard statements 4039:Fire sprinkler system 4019:Fire-retardant fabric 3717:Dana, Gorham (1919), 3331:U.S. patent 3,095,372 2930:U.S. patent 1,793,420 2917:U.S. patent 1,792,826 2838:U.S. patent 1,760,274 2776:U.S. patent 1,105,263 2762:U.S. patent 1,010,870 2557: 2460: 2071: 1879:Stored pressure water 1716:potassium bicarbonate 1614:Potassium bicarbonate 1532:extinguishing bottles 1510: 1470: 1422:Electrical equipment 836: 268: 96: 29: 5457:Wildland fire module 5411:Wildland fire engine 5298:Wildfire suppression 4835:Fire command vehicle 4830:Airport crash tender 4729:Retained firefighter 4393:Professions, trades, 4306:Smokeproof enclosure 4166:Electromagnetic lock 3874:Flammability diagram 3785:Fundamental concepts 3743:at Wikimedia Commons 2529:Wet chemical, and CO 2526:Foam – every 3 years 2479:Hydrostatic pressure 2392:carbon tetrachloride 1670:A small, disposable 899:BS EN 3 colour code 309:Louisville, Kentucky 286:Walter Kidde Company 216:carbon tetrachloride 147:George William Manby 5316:Aerial firefighting 5172:Stop, drop and roll 5162:Multiple-alarm fire 5029:Portable water tank 4938:Fire proximity suit 4349:Fire alarm call box 4256:Heat and smoke vent 3654:Charpentier, Will. 3061:www.firesafe.org.uk 3037:on 25 November 2016 2886:Scientific American 2702:U.S. patent 258,293 2689:U.S. patent 233,235 2550:Hydrostatic testing 1998:potassium carbonate 1654:MET-L-KYL / PYROKYL 1525:NZ Transport Agency 1456:Cooking oil or fat 1439:Combustible metals 1335: 1046:Yellow (not in use) 804:No longer produced 304:Scientific American 212:Read & Campbell 155:potassium carbonate 90:rest of the world. 5660:1723 introductions 5655:English inventions 5356:Fire retardant gel 5341:Fire lookout tower 5014:New York roof hook 4865:Light and air unit 4802:Fire lookout tower 4709:Chief fire officer 4321:Fire alarm systems 4136:Annulus (firestop) 4064:Flashback arrestor 4029:Fire-safe polymers 4024:Fire retardant gel 3879:Flammability limit 3561:2012-04-01 at the 3106:. August 27, 2018. 2744:2011-07-27 at the 2664:Manchester Mercury 2560: 2463: 2275:Buffalo M-X liquid 2269:Trimethoxyboroxine 2239:. Do not use with 2082: 1988:Wet chemical types 1732:potassium chloride 1672:sodium bicarbonate 1634:Potassium chloride 1595:Sodium bicarbonate 1513: 1473: 1391:Flammable liquids 1333: 1293:Combustible metals 1013:Carbon dioxide, CO 839: 369:United States Army 357:chlorobromomethane 333:United States Navy 271: 231:aluminium sulphate 227:fire fighting foam 179:sodium bicarbonate 104:construction sites 99: 32: 5622: 5621: 5529: 5528: 5521:List of wildfires 5381:Helicopter bucket 5376:Firefighting foam 4978:Hard suction hose 4923:Fire extinguisher 4913:Fire brigade keys 4654: 4653: 4562:Safety data sheet 4557:List of S-phrases 4552:List of R-phrases 4448:Sprinkler fitting 4339:Circuit integrity 4211:Fire extinguisher 4049:Firefighting foam 3944:Thermal radiation 3741:Fire extinguisher 3739:Media related to 3694:on 5 October 2020 3682:"Common Myth #33" 2864:978-0-240-80108-7 2501:damage/corrosion. 2387:ammonium chloride 2126:potassium acetate 2040:Halon (including 2002:potassium citrate 1994:potassium acetate 1460: 1459: 1351:Fuel/heat source 1348:Australian/Asian 1327: 1326: 1296:D for "Dynamite" 1124: 1123: 823: 822: 680:Ultramarine blue 587: 586: 579: 484:Bell Telephone CO 166:fire extinguisher 164:One of the first 36:fire extinguisher 5672: 5650:Safety equipment 5645:Fire suppression 5610: 5609: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5585: 5574: 5573: 5562: 5561: 5283: 5218:Fire photography 5000:("Jaws of life") 4958:Fireman's switch 4681: 4674: 4667: 4658: 4642: 4641: 4630: 4629: 4546:Life Safety Code 4151:Compartmentation 3961: 3884:Flammable liquid 3771: 3764: 3757: 3748: 3738: 3724: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3644: 3616: 3610: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3572: 3566: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3462: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3443:. Archived from 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3411: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3341: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3308:. Archived from 3302: 3296: 3295: 3293: 3292: 3286: 3278: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3196: 3190: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3129: 3123:. Archived from 3122: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3086: 3077:. Archived from 3071: 3065: 3064: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3033:. Archived from 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3017: 3008:. Archived from 2998:Ozone Protection 2994:"Halon Disposal" 2990: 2984: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2947: 2939: 2933: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872: 2871: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2796:on 25 March 2010 2786: 2780: 2778: 2772: 2766: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2727: 2726: 2717:. Archived from 2711: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2659: 2653: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2643:on 18 April 2021 2629: 2612: 2609: 2593:ABC dry chemical 2368: 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2296: 2257:Sodium carbonate 2191: 2179: 2167: 2155: 2139: 1979: 1967: 1955: 1943: 1931: 1919: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1850: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1743: 1727: 1711: 1699: 1683: 1667: 1580:ABC dry chemical 1577:, also known as 1405:Flammable gases 1336: 1323:K for "Kitchen" 1317: 1308: 1290: 1281: 1269:C for "Current" 1263: 1254: 1236: 1227: 1209: 1200: 1177:Geometric symbol 1171: 890: 589: 582: 575: 571: 568: 562: 542: 541: 534: 509: 497: 481: 469: 457: 441: 429: 417: 405: 393: 381: 195:Almon M. Granger 172:Thomas J. Martin 5680: 5679: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5625: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5595: 5583: 5550: 5525: 5504: 5461: 5420: 5321:Controlled burn 5308: 5302: 5272: 5213:Fire engine red 5191: 5182:Two-in, two-out 5137:Fireman's carry 5063: 4963:Flame retardant 4884: 4845:Fire motorcycle 4816: 4790:Fire department 4773: 4724:Station officer 4704:Battalion chief 4690: 4685: 4655: 4650: 4618: 4592: 4571: 4499: 4452: 4394: 4388: 4315: 4241:Firestop pillow 4176:Emergency light 4129:Building design 4124: 4115:Tank blanketing 4084:Inerting system 4059:Flame retardant 4009:Fire protection 4004:Fire prevention 3962: 3953: 3818:Dangerous goods 3780: 3778:Fire protection 3775: 3731: 3716: 3713: 3711:Further reading 3708: 3707: 3697: 3695: 3691: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3621:Fire Technology 3618: 3617: 3613: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3582:. 2 April 2015. 3574: 3573: 3569: 3563:Wayback Machine 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3474:on 4 March 2016 3464: 3463: 3459: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3429: 3425: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3315: 3313: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3231: 3218: 3217: 3213: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3015: 3013: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2977: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2883: 2882: 2878: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2857:. Focal Press. 2850: 2849: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2799: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2746:Wayback Machine 2737: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2675: 2671: 2662:"Miscellanea". 2661: 2660: 2656: 2646: 2644: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2569: 2533:– every 5 years 2532: 2507: 2484: 2455: 2424: 2400: 2379: 2372: 2369: 2360: 2357: 2348: 2345: 2336: 2333: 2324: 2321: 2312: 2309: 2300: 2297: 2209:Sodium chloride 2202: 2195: 2192: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2168: 2159: 2156: 2147: 2145: 2142:Amerex 10lb. CO 2140: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2075: 2019: 2010: 1990: 1983: 1980: 1971: 1968: 1959: 1956: 1947: 1944: 1935: 1932: 1923: 1920: 1867: 1860: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1834: 1831: 1822: 1819: 1758: 1751: 1744: 1735: 1734:) extinguishers 1728: 1719: 1712: 1703: 1700: 1691: 1684: 1675: 1668: 1640:Foam-compatible 1556: 1544: 1465: 1242:B for "Barrel" 1161: 1154: 1146: 1097:Halon 1211/BCF 1071:Class D powder 1016: 905: 831: 583: 572: 566: 563: 555:help improve it 552: 543: 539: 528: 520: 513: 510: 501: 498: 489: 487: 482: 473: 470: 461: 458: 449: 442: 433: 430: 421: 418: 409: 406: 397: 394: 385: 382: 342:sodium chloride 339: 329: 314: 296: 292: 252: 223:Aleksandr Loran 192: 135:Ambrose Godfrey 131: 60:pressure vessel 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5678: 5676: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5619: 5617: 5616: 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5537: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5480: 5475: 5469: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5421: 5419: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5351:Fire retardant 5348: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5280: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5177:Structure fire 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5102:Door breaching 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5054:Smoke detector 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:Fireman's pole 4950: 4945: 4943:Fire retardant 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4894: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4882: 4877: 4875:Rescue vehicle 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4798: 4797: 4787: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4686: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4669: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4623: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4585: 4579: 4577: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4498: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4407:Fire insurance 4404: 4398: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4384:Smoke detector 4381: 4376: 4371: 4369:Flame detector 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4325: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4231:Fire sprinkler 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4171:Emergency exit 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4141:Area of refuge 4138: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4110:Spark arrestor 4107: 4102: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054:Flame arrester 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4014:Fire retardant 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3949:Water pressure 3946: 3941: 3939:Structure fire 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3834:Dust explosion 3831: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3766: 3759: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3730: 3729:External links 3727: 3726: 3725: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3673: 3646: 3611: 3585: 3567: 3548: 3527:Antique Trader 3512: 3485: 3457: 3432: 3423: 3398: 3375: 3366: 3357: 3336: 3322: 3297: 3287:. p. xvii 3273: 3249: 3229: 3211: 3191: 3176: 3165: 3140: 3109: 3091: 3066: 3048: 3022: 2985: 2959: 2934: 2921: 2908: 2892: 2876: 2863: 2843: 2829: 2807: 2781: 2767: 2753: 2731: 2706: 2693: 2680: 2669: 2654: 2623: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2603: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2568: 2565: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2543: 2540: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2482: 2454: 2451: 2423: 2420: 2399: 2396: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2370: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2298: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2244: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2196: 2193: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2134: 2131: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2073: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2034:chain reaction 2017: 2009: 2006: 1992:Wet chemical ( 1989: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1904: 1898: 1895:Wetting agents 1888: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1861: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1757: 1754: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1738: 1736: 1729: 1722: 1720: 1718:) extinguisher 1713: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1694: 1692: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1669: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1651: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1611: 1592: 1555: 1552: 1543: 1540: 1500:placement of " 1485:motor vehicles 1464: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1434: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1311: 1309: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1257: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1203: 1201: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1094: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1075: 1072: 1068: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 996: 993: 990: 988: 985: 981: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 969: 966: 963: 961: 958: 954: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945: 943: 940: 937: 935: 932: 928: 927: 924: 921: 918: 915: 912: 908: 907: 900: 897: 894: 884: 883: 880: 877: 874: 871: 865: 830: 829:United Kingdom 827: 821: 820: 818: 815: 813: 811: 808: 805: 802: 796: 795: 793: 790: 788: 785: 782: 779: 778:Golden yellow 776: 774: 770: 769: 767: 764: 762: 760: 757: 754: 751: 749: 748:Carbon dioxide 745: 744: 742: 740: 737: 735: 733: 731: 728: 726: 722: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 700: 696: 695: 693: 691: 689: 687: 684: 681: 678: 676: 670: 669: 666: 664: 662: 660: 658: 655: 652: 650: 646: 645: 643: 641: 639: 637: 635: 632: 629: 627: 623: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 603: 602: 596: 593: 585: 584: 567:September 2024 546: 544: 537: 527: 524: 519: 518:Classification 516: 515: 514: 511: 504: 502: 499: 492: 490: 485: 483: 476: 474: 471: 464: 462: 459: 452: 450: 443: 436: 434: 431: 424: 422: 419: 412: 410: 407: 400: 398: 395: 388: 386: 383: 376: 361:Methyl bromide 337: 327: 312: 294: 290: 269:A fire grenade 250: 190: 187:carbon dioxide 159:compressed air 130: 127: 87:carbon dioxide 62:containing an 38:is a handheld 21:candle snuffer 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5677: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5615: 5614: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5541:Template:Fire 5539: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5485: 5484: 5483:United States 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5470: 5468: 5464: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Saint Florian 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196:Miscellaneous 5194: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5132:Fire triangle 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5092:Dead man zone 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4988:Heat detector 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4819: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4647: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4621: 4615: 4614:Template:HVAC 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4604:Template:Fire 4602: 4601: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4402:Duct cleaning 4400: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:Heat detector 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4291:Smoke control 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3909:Heat transfer 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3899:Friction loss 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3869:Fire triangle 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3813:Conflagration 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3690: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3661: 3657: 3650: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3615: 3612: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3580:Physics World 3577: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3537: 3533: 3530:. Boone, IA. 3529: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3513: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3447:on 2009-11-01 3446: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3386: 3379: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3361: 3358: 3346: 3340: 3337: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3312:on 2017-02-20 3311: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3259: 3253: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3154: 3153:skybrary.aero 3150: 3144: 3141: 3130:on 2019-01-23 3126: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3104:Driving Tests 3101: 3095: 3092: 3081:on 2008-12-03 3080: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3036: 3032: 3026: 3023: 3012:on 2006-09-16 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2974:on 2015-09-24 2973: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2944: 2938: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2877: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2777: 2771: 2768: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748:at p-lab.org 2747: 2743: 2740: 2735: 2732: 2721:on 2010-01-22 2720: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2694: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2673: 2670: 2665: 2658: 2655: 2642: 2638: 2637:Fire Rescue 1 2634: 2628: 2625: 2618: 2608: 2605: 2598: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2564: 2556: 2549: 2544: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2514: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2413: 2408: 2404: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2376: 2367: 2362: 2355: 2350: 2343: 2338: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2314: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2280: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2261: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2213:alkali metals 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2199: 2190: 2185: 2178: 2173: 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2138: 2133: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2072:Heavy-duty CO 2070: 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2015: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1978: 1973: 1966: 1961: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1930: 1925: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1907:Loaded Stream 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1872: 1871: 1864: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1755: 1749: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1730:Two Super-K ( 1726: 1721: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1689: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1581: 1576: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1569: 1568:free radicals 1565: 1561: 1560:fire triangle 1553: 1551: 1549: 1541: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1521:arboriculture 1517: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1429: 1426: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1416:Unclassified 1415: 1413:Unclassified 1412: 1409: 1408: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1331: 1322: 1320:Oils and fats 1319: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1159: 1152:United States 1151: 1149: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1102: 1100:Emerald green 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1090: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043:Wet chemical 1042: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 989: 986: 983: 982: 979: 977: 975: 973: 970: 967: 964: 962: 959: 956: 955: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 941: 938: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 910: 909: 904: 891: 888: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 868:Class B fires 866: 863: 862: 861: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 835: 828: 826: 819: 816: 814: 812: 809: 806: 801: 798: 797: 794: 791: 789: 786: 783: 780: 777: 775: 772: 771: 768: 765: 763: 761: 758: 755: 752: 750: 747: 746: 743: 741: 738: 736: 734: 732: 729: 727: 724: 723: 720: 717: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 692: 690: 688: 685: 682: 679: 677: 675: 672: 671: 667: 665: 663: 661: 659: 656: 653: 651: 648: 647: 644: 642: 640: 638: 636: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 620: 617: 614: 611: 608: 605: 604: 600: 590: 581: 578: 570: 560: 556: 550: 545: 536: 535: 532: 525: 523: 517: 508: 503: 496: 491: 480: 475: 468: 463: 456: 451: 447: 440: 435: 428: 423: 416: 411: 404: 399: 392: 387: 380: 375: 373: 370: 365: 362: 358: 353: 351: 347: 343: 334: 325: 320: 318: 317:soda fountain 310: 306: 305: 300: 287: 282: 280: 276: 267: 263: 260: 256: 248: 245:In 1910, The 243: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 219: 217: 213: 208: 205: 200: 199:sulfuric acid 196: 188: 184: 183:tartaric acid 180: 175: 173: 169: 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 140: 136: 128: 126: 124: 120: 117:, as well as 116: 112: 109: 105: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 71: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 28: 22: 5612: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5473:Ancient Rome 5447:Hotshot crew 5432:Fire lookout 5331:Fire flapper 5122:Fire control 5087:Chimney fire 4973:Halligan bar 4948:Fire shelter 4933:Fire hydrant 4922: 4908:Fire blanket 4903:Escape chair 4880:Water tender 4807:Fire station 4734:Fire marshal 4714:Fire captain 4688:Firefighting 4644: 4632: 4531:Flame spread 4417:Fireproofing 4395:and services 4296:Smoke damper 4286:Safety glass 4221:Fire hydrant 4210: 4186:Fire curtain 4146:Booster pump 4105:Relief valve 4069:Fusible link 3859:Fire loading 3854:Fire control 3824:Deflagration 3719: 3698:28 September 3696:. Retrieved 3689:the original 3676: 3664:. Retrieved 3662:. Leaf Group 3659: 3649: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3602:. Retrieved 3598: 3588: 3579: 3570: 3551: 3539:. Retrieved 3525: 3515: 3503:. Retrieved 3499:Museum Crush 3498: 3488: 3476:. Retrieved 3472:the original 3466: 3460: 3449:. Retrieved 3445:the original 3435: 3426: 3414:. Retrieved 3401: 3389:. Retrieved 3378: 3369: 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3339: 3325: 3314:. Retrieved 3310:the original 3300: 3289:. Retrieved 3276: 3265:. Retrieved 3263:. p. 11 3252: 3241:. Retrieved 3232: 3223: 3214: 3203:. Retrieved 3194: 3179: 3168: 3156:. Retrieved 3152: 3143: 3132:. Retrieved 3125:the original 3112: 3103: 3094: 3083:. Retrieved 3079:the original 3069: 3060: 3051: 3039:. Retrieved 3035:the original 3025: 3014:. Retrieved 3010:the original 2997: 2988: 2976:. Retrieved 2972:the original 2962: 2950:. Retrieved 2937: 2924: 2911: 2901: 2895: 2885: 2879: 2868:. Retrieved 2853: 2846: 2832: 2820:. Retrieved 2810: 2798:. Retrieved 2794:the original 2784: 2770: 2756: 2750:(in Russian) 2734: 2723:. Retrieved 2719:the original 2709: 2696: 2683: 2672: 2663: 2657: 2645:. Retrieved 2641:the original 2636: 2627: 2607: 2573:Fire blanket 2561: 2512: 2504:Overhaul: CO 2491: 2487: 2468: 2464: 2448: 2425: 2416: 2401: 2384: 2380: 2285: 2203: 2114: 2080:landing site 2011: 2008:Clean agents 1991: 1889: 1868: 1759: 1750:liquid fires 1690:dry chemical 1602: 1598: 1589:multipurpose 1588: 1584: 1578: 1557: 1554:Dry chemical 1548:fire classes 1545: 1536:fire bottles 1535: 1531: 1529: 1518: 1514: 1474: 1463:Installation 1328: 1215:A for "Ash" 1184:Intended use 1162: 1135: 1132: 1125: 903:Fire classes 885: 858:fire classes 855: 840: 824: 699:Dry chemical 649:Wet chemical 599:Fire classes 595:Band colour 573: 564: 548: 529: 521: 366: 354: 321: 302: 283: 275:fire grenade 274: 272: 244: 220: 209: 176: 170: 165: 163: 144: 132: 100: 75:firefighting 72: 56:fire brigade 35: 33: 5466:By location 5452:Smokejumper 5309:and tactics 5187:Ventilation 5127:Fire safety 5112:False alarm 5069:Terminology 5019:PASS device 4993:Hose bridge 4983:Hazmat suit 4918:Fire bucket 4898:Bunker gear 4840:Fire engine 4785:Drill tower 4739:Fire police 4251:Grease duct 4206:Fire escape 4196:Fire damper 4089:Intumescent 4034:Fire safety 3999:Fire bucket 3894:Flash point 3627:: 361–384. 3599:ZME Science 3391:19 November 3350:19 November 3224:Futura Fire 3041:19 November 3004:Government 2978:19 November 2822:25 December 2800:23 December 2453:Maintenance 2444:outer space 2113:fluid (AKA 2105:suffocation 1865:Water types 1792:Arctic Fire 1074:French blue 987:French blue 984:Dry powder 939:Signal red 851:color coded 730:Lime green 631:Signal red 547:This table 48:emergencies 5629:Categories 5498:Washington 5493:California 5361:Fire trail 5307:Equipment 5147:Flash fire 5117:Fire class 5097:Deluge gun 5034:Rotary saw 5004:Kelly tool 4968:Fog nozzle 4812:Hose tower 4778:Facilities 4719:Fire chief 4548:(NFPA 101) 4511:CE marking 4364:Fire drill 3967:Technology 3864:Fire point 3849:Fire class 3829:Detonation 3660:HomeSteady 3451:2009-11-10 3316:2017-02-19 3291:2012-04-09 3267:2012-04-09 3243:2012-04-09 3205:2023-11-24 3134:2018-09-03 3085:2007-09-22 3016:2006-12-12 3002:Australian 2870:2010-03-17 2725:2009-05-25 2619:References 2215:including 2111:Novec 1230 2078:helicopter 2046:Halon 1301 2042:Halon 1211 2030:Novec 1230 2022:Halotron I 1901:Antifreeze 1748:pyrophoric 1564:combustion 1489:watercraft 1174:Fire class 1141:dielectric 934:Signal red 5478:Australia 5425:Personnel 5386:Hose pack 5366:Firebreak 5346:Fire rake 5336:Fire hose 5326:Driptorch 5278:Wildfires 5208:Fire camp 5152:Flashover 5082:Barn fire 5077:Backdraft 4928:Fire hose 4890:Equipment 4822:Apparatus 4504:Standards 4433:Fire test 4261:Occupancy 4226:Fire pump 4216:Fire hose 4201:Fire door 4181:Exit sign 4156:Crash bar 3929:Pyrolysis 3924:Pool fire 3889:Flashover 3844:Explosive 3792:Backdraft 3641:145894079 3604:March 25, 3536:0161-8342 3416:10 August 3158:10 August 2952:10 August 2237:zirconium 2225:magnesium 2221:potassium 2115:dry water 2101:frostbite 1805:Cold Fire 1585:tri-class 1477:buildings 1342:European 1339:American 1188:Mnemonic 1180:Pictogram 1128:Halon gas 896:Old code 239:aluminium 115:heliports 5589:Glossary 5565:Category 5534:See also 5442:Helitack 5437:Handcrew 5167:Rollover 5142:Firewall 4850:Fireboat 4749:Handcrew 4633:Category 4597:See also 4526:EN 16034 4236:Firestop 4191:Fire cut 3914:Jet fire 3904:Gas leak 3820:(HAZMAT) 3803:Boilover 3559:Archived 3541:29 March 3505:29 March 2742:Archived 2567:See also 2251:Graphite 2233:aluminum 2229:titanium 2129:vehicle. 2054:toxicity 1618:Purple-K 1608:Purple-K 1603:ordinary 1493:aircraft 1453:Class F 1450:Class F 1447:Class F 1444:Class K 1436:Class D 1433:Class D 1430:Class D 1427:Class D 1419:Class E 1410:Class C 1402:Class C 1399:Class C 1396:Class C 1373:Class B 1365:Class A 1362:Class A 1359:Class A 1356:Class A 847:RAL 3000 654:Oatmeal 346:graphite 299:stuntmen 279:phosgene 79:nitrogen 44:chemical 5613:Outline 5577:Commons 5488:History 5401:Pulaski 5286:General 5024:The pig 4645:Commons 4478:(NCEES) 3799:(BLEVE) 3666:23 June 3478:20 June 2647:8 March 2241:lithium 1854:⁄ 1798:FireAde 1773:AR-AFFF 1650:(AFFF). 1599:regular 1387:Class B 1382:Class B 1377:Class B 843:BS EN 3 553:Please 151:gallons 129:History 123:marinas 111:runways 108:airport 52:ceiling 5391:McLeod 5253:Muster 4576:Awards 4490:(SFPE) 4484:(NFPA) 4466:(FEMA) 4429:(FSES) 3639: 3534: 2861: 2282:fires. 2235:, and 2217:sodium 2014:oxygen 1587:, or 1491:, and 931:Water 753:Black 704:White 446:Pyrene 350:copper 259:chrome 235:sodium 139:pewter 5601:Index 5509:Lists 5107:Draft 5049:Siren 5009:Nomex 4870:Quint 4567:UL 94 4521:EN 54 4472:(IFE) 4101:(PPE) 3692:(PDF) 3685:(PDF) 3637:S2CID 3410:(PDF) 3285:(PDF) 3261:(PDF) 3128:(PDF) 3121:(PDF) 2946:(PDF) 2599:Notes 2436:hertz 2058:Kidde 2050:ozone 2026:FE-36 2000:, or 1756:Foams 1644:ANSUL 1019:Black 960:Cream 957:Foam 893:Type 800:Halon 626:Water 592:Type 324:ANSUL 255:brass 181:with 119:docks 64:agent 4795:list 4516:EN 3 4496:(UL) 3700:2020 3668:2018 3606:2015 3543:2022 3532:ISSN 3507:2022 3480:2009 3418:2023 3393:2016 3352:2016 3160:2023 3043:2016 2980:2016 2954:2023 2859:ISBN 2824:2009 2802:2009 2649:2021 2432:bass 2219:and 2103:and 2044:and 1780:FFFP 1622:ARFF 1497:NFPA 1481:wall 1166:NFPA 674:Foam 237:and 204:lead 121:and 68:fire 3629:doi 2016:(CO 1601:or 1534:or 1345:UK 1057:(B) 756:(A) 557:to 257:or 189:(CO 83:air 5631:: 3658:. 3635:. 3625:56 3623:. 3597:. 3578:. 3524:. 3497:. 3222:. 3151:. 3102:. 3059:. 3000:. 2996:. 2635:. 2412:μm 2231:, 2227:, 2086:CO 2028:, 2024:, 1996:, 1597:, 1583:, 1550:. 1538:. 1487:, 1138:kV 1066:F 926:F 860:: 668:F 621:F 444:A 348:, 336:CO 289:CO 125:. 113:, 106:, 34:A 4680:e 4673:t 4666:v 3770:e 3763:t 3756:v 3702:. 3670:. 3643:. 3631:: 3608:. 3545:. 3509:. 3482:. 3454:. 3420:. 3354:. 3319:. 3294:. 3270:. 3246:. 3226:. 3208:. 3187:. 3162:. 3137:. 3088:. 3063:. 3045:. 3019:. 2982:. 2956:. 2826:. 2804:. 2728:. 2651:. 2531:2 2506:2 2483:2 2144:2 2097:2 2093:2 2088:2 2074:2 2018:2 1856:2 1852:1 1849:+ 1847:2 1301:K 1274:D 1247:C 1220:B 1193:A 1160:. 1145:2 1118:E 1111:B 1108:A 1088:D 1054:A 1036:E 1029:B 1015:2 1006:E 1001:C 998:B 995:A 971:B 968:A 942:A 923:E 920:D 917:C 914:B 911:A 817:E 810:B 807:A 792:E 787:C 784:B 781:A 766:E 759:B 739:D 718:E 713:C 710:B 707:A 686:B 683:A 657:A 634:A 618:E 615:D 612:C 609:B 606:A 580:) 574:( 569:) 565:( 551:. 486:2 338:2 328:2 313:2 295:2 291:2 251:4 191:2 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.