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words of 26 different people, in 29 monologues, Smith explores how and why these people signaled their identities, how they perceived and responded to people different from themselves, and how barriers between groups can be breached. "My sense is that
American character lives not in one place or the other", Smith writes in her introduction to the play, "but in the gaps between the places, and in our struggle to be together in our differences." The title of the play suggests a vision of art as a site of reflection where the passions and fires of a specific moment can be examined from a new angle, contemplated, and better understood.
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neighborhood. During these, a group of black youths attacked and fatally injured Yankel
Rosenbaum, a Jewish student visiting from Australia. Days of rioting ensued, exposing to national scrutiny the depth of the racial divisions in Crown Heights. The rioting resulted in 190 injuries, 129 arrests, and an estimated one million dollars in property damage.
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is a postmodern play. According to David Rush, characteristics of a postmodern play include the minimization of a single "author"; its purpose is to engage the audience rather than express one point of view. There may be multiple narratives interacting with each other, the structure departs from the
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Richards, David (17 May 1992). "And Now, a Word From Off
Broadway: SUNDAY VIEW/ 'Fires in the Mirror' reflects on violence and what lies beyond. 'Ruthless!' hooks the shark in the cherub. 'Empty Hearts' is a courtroom whydunit. 'One of the All-Time Greats' isn't. And Now, a Word From Off Broadway".
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Smith interviewed residents of Crown
Heights, including participants in the disturbances, as well as leading politicians, writers, musicians, religious leaders, and intellectuals. From this material, she chose which figures to highlight and speeches to use in the monologues of her play. Through the
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is staged as a one-person play. In the original production, there was no real physical set and
Deavere used a limited number of props and costumes. Black-and-white photographs were displayed behind Smith as she moved from one monologue and character to the next. She slightly changed her appearance
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is divided into themed sections. The themes include elements of personal identity, differences in physical appearance, differences in race, and the feelings toward the riot incidents. The overall arc of the play flows from broad personal identity issues, to physical identity, to issues of race and
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has also been produced by the
American Repertory Theatre in Cambridge, Massachusetts; the McCarter Theatre in Princeton, New Jersey; Brown University, Stanford University, Royal Court Theatre in London, and many others. It was presented as part of the 1994 Melbourne International Arts Festival in
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The play is a series of monologues based on interviews conducted by Smith with people involved in the Crown
Heights crisis, both directly and as observers and commentators. Each scene is titled with the person's name and a key phrase from that interview. There are a total of 29 monologues in
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Jews, a car driven by a Jewish man veered onto a sidewalk and struck two children, killing Gavin Cato, a 7-year-old
Caribbean-American boy. The death, and what the African-American community perceived as a delayed response of city emergency medical personnel, sparked protests by them in the
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is composed of monologues taken directly by Smith from transcripts of the interviews she conducted with the people whom she portrays in the play. She interviewed more than 100 individuals in the course of creating this play. It is considered a pioneering example of the genre known as
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Smith provides information as to where each interview was done, including the settings and environment, other people who were near, and when the interviews took place. This emphasizes the fact that the play was drawn from the words of people who were directly involved with events.
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of World War II and slavery history of the United States, defining periods for each ethnic group. In addition, they express the often-fraught relationships between the two ethnic groups and the police, as well as the perceptions of the relationships between each other.
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No Blood in His Feet – Rabbi Joseph
Spielman describes the riot events; he believes that blacks lied about the events surrounding the death of the boy Cato in order to start anti-Semitic riots. He focuses on the malicious intent of the black kids who stabbed
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and each one focuses on a character's opinion and point of view of the events and issues surrounding the crisis. Most characters have one monologue; the
Reverend Al Sharpton, Letty Cottin Pogrebin and Norman Rosenbaum have two monologues each.
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Rhythm and Poetry – Rapper Monique Matthews discusses the perception of rap and the attitude toward women in the hip-hop culture. She explains the need for women in that culture to be more confident and not accept being viewed as sexual
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By showing many different points of view and opinions on the issue of the riot, the play highlights that there are not just two sides, divided by race, but rather many different individual attitudes, emotions, and opinions.
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Wa Wa Wa – Anonymous Young Man #1 explains his view on the differences of police contact with the Jewish and Black communities, and how he thinks there is no justice for blacks as Jews are never arrested.
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Static – An anonymous Lubavitcher woman tells a humorous story of getting a young black boy from the neighborhood to turn off their radio during the Sabbath because no one in their family was allowed to.
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The Desert – Ntozake Shange discusses Identity in terms of the self fitting into the community as a whole and the feeling of being separate from others but still somewhat a part of the whole.
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Look in the Mirror – An anonymous girl talks about how racial identity is extremely important in her school and the girls act, dress, and wear their hair according to the racial groups.
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in August 1991) and its aftermath through the viewpoints of African-American and Jewish people, mostly based in New York City, who were connected directly and indirectly to the riot.
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Seven Verses – Minister Conrad Mohammed theorizes and explains that blacks are God's "chosen people", and expresses his views on the suffering of blacks at the hands of white people.
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My Brother's Blood – Norman Rosenbaum speaks at a rally about wanting justice for his brother's murder, and says that he doesn't believe the police are doing all that they can.
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Chords – Sonny Carson describes his personal contributions in the black community, and how he is trying to teach blacks to act against the white power structure.
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Bad Boy – Anonymous Young Man #2 explains that the black kid who was blamed for Rosenbaum's murder was an athlete and therefore would not have killed anyone
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Wigs – Rivkah Siegal discusses the difficulty behind the custom of wearing wigs. She focuses on how she feels like she is not herself and that she is fake.
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Prominent African-American activist in her late 40s. Author, orator, and scholar. Then a Professor in the History of Consciousness Department at the
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Director of the Crown Heights Youth Collective and Co-director of Project CURE (a black-Hasidic basketball team that was developed after the riots)
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Lubavitcher youth and member of project CURE, 17 years old at the time of the riot. He worked as an assistant chaplain at Kings County Hospital.
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Rope – Angela Davis talks about the changes in history of Blacks and Whites and then continuing need to find ways to come together as people.
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The play is written as verse. Smith uses lines, ellipses, and other notation, to express how people expressed themselves in each interview.
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Lousy Language – Robert Sherman explains that words like "bias" and "discrimination" are not specific enough, leading to poor communication.
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Mirrors and Distortions – Aaron M. Bernstein intellectually theorizes how mirrors can distort images both scientifically and in literature.
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and mannerisms for each character. Throughout most of her performance, she was dressed in black pants and white shirt, and was barefoot.
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Mexican Standoff – The Reverend Canon Doctor Heron Sam says that he feels the Jewish community was unconcerned with the killing of Cato.
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is the resentment anger between two ethnic groups in the densely populated area of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in New York City: the
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Lingering – Carmel Cato closes the play by describing the trauma of seeing his son die, and his resentment toward powerful Jews.
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101 Dalmatians – George C. Wolfe talks about racial identity and argues that "blackness" is extremely different from "whiteness"
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Knew How to Use Certain Words – Henry Rice describes his personal involvement in the events and the injustice he suffered.
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talks about trying to sue the driver who hit Gavin Cato, and complains about bias in the judicial system and the media.
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says that blacks attack Jews because Jews are the only ones that listen to them and do not simply ignore their attacks.
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to Jewish religious chants. The music is meant to pair with the author's background or the essence of each monologue.
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The Coup – Roslyn Malamud blames the police and black leaders for letting the events and crisis get out of control.
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African-American playwright who was also director/producer of the New York Shakespeare Festival. (served 1993–2004)
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Orthodox Jewish community and the African-American community. The monologues refer to such historic events as
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survivor, who was forced by the Nazis to load his wife and children onto a train headed for the gas chambers.
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Ovens – Rabbi Shea Hecht does not believe integration is the solution to the problems of race relations.
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Sixteen Hours Difference – Norman Rosenbaum talks about first hearing the news of his brother's death.
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Rage – Richard Green says that there are no role models for black youths, leading to rage among them.
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Executive Director of the City of New York's Increase the Peace Corps (part of the Mayor's Office).
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is a collection of multiple voices and points of view. It is a hybrid of theater and journalism.
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Pogroms – Reuven Ostrov describes how Jews got scared because there are "Jew-haters" everywhere.
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and starred Anna Deavere Smith. Aired in 1993, it was produced by Cherie Fortis and filmed by "
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A junior high, teen-age black girl of Haitian descent. Lives in Brooklyn. (near Crown Heights)
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Crown Heights resident, an African-American young man in his late teens or early twenties.
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he would always wear his hair straightened and that it was not due to anything racial.
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resident of Crown Heights, Caribbean-American man in his late teens or early twenties.
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Jewish man in his fifties. Physicist at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Smith presented a first workshop production of the play in December 1991 at
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ethnicity, and finally ending in issues relating to the Crown Heights riot.
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in August 1991. In that racially divided neighborhood, populated largely by
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143:. It is a series of monologues which she has created from interviews.
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O'CONNOR, John J. (28 Apr 1993). "One-Woman Show on Black vs. Jew".
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Australia at the Victorian Arts Centre (now Arts Centre Melbourne).
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Many of the monologues are accompanied by music, ranging from black
854:"'Fires in the Mirror' reflects on violence and what lies beyond".
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Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn and Other Identities
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Fires in the Mirror: Crown Heights, Brooklyn and Other Identities
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on May 1, 1992. Its official press opening was on May 12, 1992.
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796:. New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc., 1993.
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conventional play pattern, and the play is usually fragmented.
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42- to 45-year-old African-American playwright, poet, novelist.
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Me and James's Thing – Al Sharpton explains that he promised
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Executive Director of the Jewish Community Relations Council.
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in 1993. In 1994, Deavere received the award again, for her
874:"The reflexive interview and a performative social science"
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African-American pastor at St. Mark's Crown Heights Church.
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Well-known African-American New York activist and minister.
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African-American minister of New York associated with the
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African-American Professor of African American Studies at
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754:"Clashes Persist in Crown Heights for 3d Night in Row"
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A film of the play was adapted under the direction of
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Lubavitcher woman. Graphic designer. Age unspecified.
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708:Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show
507:Isaac – Pogrebin talks about her uncle Isaac, a
141:On the Road: A Search for the American Character
122:Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show
75:On the Road: A Search for the American Character
261:, where he was former chair of the department.
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350:middle-aged Lubavitcher rabbi, spokesperson.
332:Brother of Yankel Rosenbaum, an Australian.
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276:. Of Jewish descent and in her fifties.
248:African-American rapper in Los Angeles.
365:Lubavitcher resident of Crown Heights.
192:Jewish mid-thirties preschool teacher.
1781:Films about Orthodox and Hasidic Jews
377:Father of Gavin Cato, immigrant from
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519:Crown Heights, Brooklyn, August 1991
240:University of California, Santa Cruz
408:The play is structured as follows:
1412:The Awakening of Motti Wolkenbruch
1340:Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem
16:Play written by Anna Deavere Smith
14:
1503:A Life Apart: Hasidism in America
923:Fires in the Mirror
631:Individual identity and attitudes
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1487:The Return: A Hasidic Experience
752:Kifner, John (August 22, 1991).
306:Reverend Canon Doctor Heron Sam:
1519:The Return of Sarah's Daughters
97:(1992) is a one-person play by
1771:Plays about race and ethnicity
928:Internet Off-Broadway Database
671:had its world premiere at the
381:and resident of Crown Heights.
270:Author and founding editor of
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1583:Yoel, Israel & Pashkavils
734:Chabad in film and television
673:New York Shakespeare Festival
488:describes his involvement in
1479:Religious America: Lubavitch
190:Anonymous Lubavitcher Woman:
1761:Plays by Anna Deavere Smith
713:Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992
667:'s Festival of New Voices.
259:City University of New York
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1766:Plays set in New York City
1535:Welcome to the Waks Family
1220:Mendy: A Question of Faith
893:10.1177/146879410100100102
808:, Future of Public website
344:African-American activist.
246:Monique 'Big Mo' Matthews:
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280:Minister Conrad Mohammed:
139:is a part of her project
1756:Plays for one performer
497:Near Enough to Reach –
336:Anonymous Young Man #2:
326:Crown Heights resident.
312:Anonymous Young Man #1:
107:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
84:Crown Heights, Brooklyn
872:Denzin, N. K. (2001).
722:1992 Los Angeles riots
300:Rabbi Joseph Spielman:
1495:King of Crown Heights
843:– via ProQuest.
822:– via ProQuest.
806:"Bio: Robert Sherman"
792:Smith, Anna Deavere.
716:, another example of
614:The central focus of
499:Letty Cottin Pogrebin
266:Letty Cottin Pogrebin
40:May 1, 1992
1655:Hasidic Actors Guild
1527:Trembling Before G-d
1180:A Price Above Rubies
881:Qualitative Research
1719:The Rabbi Goes West
1607:Gut Shabbes Vietnam
1599:And Thou Shalt Love
1372:The Women's Balcony
1172:Fires in the Mirror
1164:A Stranger Among Us
939:Fires in the Mirror
794:Fires in the Mirror
679:Fires in the Mirror
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645:Fires in the Mirror
616:Fires in the Mirror
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594:Fires in the Mirror
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402:Fires in the Mirror
395:Fires in the Mirror
205:Aaron M. Bernstein:
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137:Fires in the Mirror
113:Fires in the Mirror
105:(which occurred in
1591:Let There Be Light
1543:Hiding and Seeking
1105:My Unorthodox Life
856:The New York Times
758:The New York Times
696:American Playhouse
659:Production history
318:Michael S. Miller:
294:Robert F. Sherman:
153:Brooklyn, New York
149:Crown Heights riot
133:Anna Deavere Smith
120:. It received the
103:Crown Heights riot
99:Anna Deavere Smith
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31:Anna Deavere Smith
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1212:In Satmar Custody
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903:. Archived from
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858:. May 17, 1992.
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59:New York City
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25:
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1703:City of Joel
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1663:Sacred Sperm
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1380:Disobedience
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1188:Left Luggage
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1081:Matir Agunot
1079:
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1057:Kipat Barzel
1055:
1047:
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1025:A Touch Away
1023:
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979:Films about
938:
922:
905:the original
887:(1): 23–46.
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762:. Retrieved
760:. p. B1
757:
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665:George Wolfe
662:
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579:
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479:Seven Verses
407:
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375:Carmel Cato:
374:
368:
359:
353:
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341:
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329:
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279:
273:Ms. Magazine
271:
264:
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234:Angela Davis
232:
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169:
144:
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136:
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112:
111:
93:
92:
91:
1679:Kosher Love
1631:Project 2x1
1575:Paper Dolls
1292:The Yankles
1276:The Secrets
1065:Shababnikim
698:" for PBS.
620:Lubavitcher
557:Al Sharpton
448:James Brown
324:Henry Rice:
219:Al Sharpton
1776:1992 plays
1750:Categories
1348:Samuel-613
1156:The Chosen
1140:The Dybbuk
1113:Fire Dance
1097:Unorthodox
1073:Autonomies
1017:Ha-Chatzer
764:2007-10-20
740:References
525:Rosenbaum.
175:Characters
44:1992-05-01
27:Written by
1687:One of Us
1623:Punk Jews
1444:Tzadeikis
1428:The Vigil
1244:A Gesheft
1041:Kathmandu
901:145284826
509:Holocaust
1737:Category
1567:Say Amen
1260:Arranged
1236:Ushpizin
1228:Campfire
981:Orthodox
728:See also
484:Roots –
474:objects.
412:Identity
388:Synopsis
135:'s play
1695:93Queen
1404:Red Cow
1388:Menashe
1121:Chanshi
1049:Shtisel
993:General
985:Hasidic
926:at the
866:Sources
653:hip hop
640:Staging
555:Rain –
428:Mirrors
164:Hasidic
128:Context
80:Setting
67:English
42: (
1722:(2019)
1714:(2018)
1706:(2018)
1698:(2018)
1690:(2017)
1682:(2017)
1674:(2016)
1666:(2014)
1658:(2014)
1650:(2014)
1642:(2013)
1634:(2013)
1626:(2012)
1618:(2008)
1610:(2008)
1602:(2008)
1594:(2007)
1586:(2006)
1578:(2006)
1570:(2005)
1562:(2005)
1554:(2004)
1546:(2004)
1538:(2003)
1530:(2001)
1522:(1997)
1514:(1997)
1506:(1997)
1498:(1992)
1490:(1979)
1482:(1974)
1463:(2023)
1455:(2023)
1447:(2020)
1439:(2020)
1436:Minyan
1431:(2019)
1423:(2018)
1415:(2018)
1407:(2018)
1399:(2018)
1391:(2017)
1383:(2017)
1375:(2016)
1367:(2016)
1359:(2015)
1356:Tikkun
1351:(2015)
1343:(2014)
1335:(2014)
1327:(2013)
1319:(2012)
1311:(2012)
1303:(2010)
1295:(2009)
1287:(2009)
1279:(2007)
1271:(2007)
1263:(2007)
1255:(2005)
1247:(2005)
1239:(2004)
1231:(2004)
1223:(2003)
1215:(2003)
1207:(2000)
1199:(1999)
1196:Kadosh
1191:(1998)
1183:(1998)
1175:(1993)
1167:(1992)
1159:(1981)
1151:(1983)
1143:(1960)
1124:(2022)
1116:(2022)
1108:(2021)
1100:(2020)
1092:(2020)
1084:(2019)
1076:(2018)
1068:(2017)
1060:(2017)
1052:(2013)
1044:(2012)
1036:(2008)
1033:Srugim
1028:(2006)
1020:(2003)
899:
702:Awards
605:Themes
468:Rhythm
379:Guyana
161:Chabad
72:Series
1396:Geula
1148:Yentl
1132:Films
1089:Nayes
908:(PDF)
897:S2CID
877:(PDF)
576:Style
491:Roots
1460:Home
987:Jews
983:and
944:IMDb
458:Race
438:Hair
159:and
942:at
889:doi
151:in
1752::
895:.
883:.
879:.
828:^
773:^
756:.
724:.
124:.
972:e
965:t
958:v
891::
885:1
767:.
363::
290:.
268::
255::
242:.
236::
221::
199::
184::
46:)
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