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American people, public opinion and
Congress, and that the benefits of such a course are likely to be outâweighed by the evils.â Fireside chats are a way to address the public directly, but besides that there is no way to control what the public does with that information, or how they use it. Another major critique among the usage of fireside chats is that by using them, one is more likely going to appeal to one side of an issue, essentially alienating anyone who is not in agreement. âThe President may appeal successfully to a minority, even a majority, for its support, but if he does so by simultaneously creating a bitter, recalcitrant opposition that denies his authority and would resort even to violence to resist his policies, can one say that this is a successful President?â
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listened to him speak. "I'm going to speak about strange places that many of them never heard ofâplaces that are now the battleground for civilization," he told his speechwriters. "I want to explain to the people something about geographyâwhat our problem is and what the overall strategy of the war has to be. ⊠If they understand the problem and what we are driving at, I am sure that they can take any kind of bad news right on the chin." Sales of new maps and atlases were unprecedented, while many people retrieved old commercial maps from storage and pinned them up on their walls.
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innovations in political communication. Roosevelt's opponents had control of most newspapers in the 1930s and press reports were under their control and involved their editorial commentary. Historian Betty
Houchin Winfield says, "He and his advisers worried that newspapers' biases would affect the news columns and rightly so." Historian Douglas B. Craig says that Roosevelt "offered voters a chance to receive information unadulterated by newspaper proprietors' bias" through the new medium of radio.
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136:. On radio, he quelled rumors, countered conservative-dominated newspapers, and explained his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency. Their introduction was later described as a "revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform."
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Everywhere the same voice, its odd
Eastern accent, which in anyone else would have irritated Midwesterners. You could follow without missing a single word as you strolled by. You felt joined to these unknown drivers, men and women smoking their cigarettes in silence, not so much considering the President's words as affirming the rightness of his tone and taking assurance from it."
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Roosevelt is regarded as one of the most effective communicators in radio history. Although the fireside chats are often thought of as having been a weekly event, Roosevelt in fact delivered just 31 addresses during his 4,422-day presidency. He resisted those who encouraged him to speak on radio more
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started delivering a radio broadcast every
Saturday. Currently, presidents use newer and more advanced forms of communication using specific social media outlets to project to bigger groups of people. Recent presidents also use news broadcast stations to their benefit to communicate more efficiently
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The one thing I dread is that my talks should be so frequent as to lose their effectiveness. ... Every time I talk over the air it means four or five days of long, overtime work in the preparation of what I say. Actually, I cannot afford to take this time away from more vital things. I think we must
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This level of intimacy with politics made people feel as if they too were part of the administration's decision-making process and many soon felt that they knew
Roosevelt personally. Most importantly, they grew to trust him. The conventional press grew to love Roosevelt because they too had gained
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of 79, the record high for a
Presidential address. Approximately 61,365,000 adults tuned on February 23, 1942, for Roosevelt's next fireside chat, in which he outlined the principal purposes of the war. In advance of the address Roosevelt asked citizens to have a world map in front of them as they
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White House announcer
Carleton E. Smith gave him a simple introduction: "Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States." Roosevelt most often began his talks with the words, "My friends" or "My fellow Americans", and he read his speech from a loose-leaf binder. Presidential advisor and
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Roosevelt believed that his administration's success depended upon a favorable dialogue with the electorate, possible only through methods of mass communication, and that it would allow him to take the initiative. The use of radio for direct appeals was perhaps the most important of
Roosevelt's
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While many people revered
Roosevelt for giving the speeches, there are some who have seen them as more detrimental than beneficial. A major criticism given about the fireside chats was this: âIt can be argued that it is impracticable, that it rests on false assumptions about the nature of the
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recalled hearing a fireside chat while walking in
Chicago one summer evening. "The blight hadn't yet carried off the elms, and under them, drivers had pulled over, parking bumper to bumper, and turned on their radios to hear Roosevelt. They had rolled down the windows and opened the car doors.
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Each radio address went through about a dozen drafts. Careful attention was also given to Roosevelt's delivery. When he realized that a slight whistle was audible on the air due to a separation between his two front lower teeth, Roosevelt had a removable bridge made.
275:, who said that the president liked to think of the audience as a few people seated around his fireside. One of the things is that listeners could see Roosevelt in his study, in front of the fireplace, and imagine they were sitting beside him. The term was coined by
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147:, which noted it as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between President Roosevelt and the American people in 1933."
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Roosevelt's radio audiences averaged 18 percent during peacetime, and 58 percent during the war. The fireside chats attracted more listeners than the most popular radio shows, which were heard by 30 to 35 percent of the radio audience. Roosevelt's
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1281:. It is noted as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between the President and the American people."
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recalled his use of common analogies and his care in avoiding dramatic oratory: "He looked for words that he would use in an informal conversation with one or two of his friends." Eighty percent of the words used were in the thousand
185:. Roosevelt was a Democrat facing a conservative Republican legislature, so during each legislative session he would occasionally address the residents of New York directly. His third gubernatorial addressâApril 3, 1929, on
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wrote that "It was the first time in history that a large segment of the population could listen directly to a chief executive, and the chats are often credited with helping keep Roosevelt's popularity high."
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It is whispered by some that only by abandoning our freedom, our ideals, our way of life, can we build our defenses adequately, can we match the strength of the aggressors. ... I do not share these fears.
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to a radio audience of more than 60 million people, to tell them in clear language "what has been done in the last few days, why it was done, and what the next steps are going to be".
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Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat about the coal crisis. On May 2, 1943, Roosevelt issued an executive order that placed coal mines under the control of the U.S. government.
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As president, Roosevelt began making the informal addresses on March 12, 1933, eight days after his inauguration. He had spent his first week coping with a month-long epidemic of
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It cannot misrepresent or misquote. It is far-reaching and simultaneous in releasing messages given for transmission to the nation or for international consumption.
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of the network's Washington, D.C., office, in a press release before the address of May 7, 1933. The phrase has often been credited to CBS journalist
120:, between 1933 and 1944. Roosevelt spoke with familiarity to millions of Americans about recovery from the Great Depression, the promulgation of the
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Hayes, Joy Elizabeth (2000). "Did Herbert Hoover Broadcast the First Fireside Chat? Rethinking the Origins of Roosevelt's Radio Genius".
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An estimated 62,100,000 people heard Roosevelt's fireside chat on December 9, 1941âtwo days after the attack on Pearl Harborâattaining a
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3276:, a repository of historical information relating to the history of Roosevelt and his administration; it is partnered with the
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that was hurting families nationwide. He closed the entire American banking system on March 6. On March 9, Congress passed the
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338:. He would arrive 15 minutes before air time to welcome members of the press, including radio and newsreel correspondents.
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was heard by 59 percent of radio listeners. His address of May 27, 1941, was heard by 70 percent of the radio audience.
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for the first time in 2009 to address the public, much like Roosevelt did while giving his famous fireside chats.
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One president was born on Independence Day : and other freaky facts about the 26th through 43rd presidents
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The series of Roosevelt's 30 fireside chats were included with the first 50 recordings made part of the
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to the American people, first on radio, and later adding television and the Internet. The practice of
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1576:"From media audience to media public: a study of letters written in reaction to FDR's fireside chats"
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when the banks reopened. At 10 p.m. ET that Sunday night, on the eve of the end of the bank holiday,
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of the fireside chat on the State of the Union (January 11, 1944), in which Roosevelt discusses a
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Constructing a World War II America: The Rhetorical Craftsmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
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2443:"Fireside Chat 7: On the Works Relief Program and Social Security Act (April 28, 1935)"
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The term "fireside chat" was inspired by a statement by Roosevelt's press secretary,
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3211:"How Presidents Have Communicated with the Public â From the Telegraph to Twitter"
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New York History: Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association
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The Fireside Conversations: America Responds to FDR During the Great Depression
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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2064:(1st ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. xv.
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1506:"The Lion and the Lamb: De-mythologizing Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"
1488:
1373:
17:
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2324:"FDR Fireside Chat 2: On Progress During the First Two Months (May 7, 1933)"
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Letter to the White House from J. F. Bando following the first fireside chat
1037:
2237:"Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences (December 24, 1943)"
1661:
1566:
1422:
27:
Series of radio broadcasts by United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt
3103:"The Great Communicator: How FDR's Radio Speeches Shaped American History"
2347:"Fireside Chat 3: On the National Recovery Administration (July 24, 1933)"
1521:
181:
Roosevelt first used what would become known as fireside chats in 1929 as
3442:
3283:
The Real Deal: Media and the Battle to Define Roosevelt's Social Programs
2957:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2930:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2880:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2830:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2803:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2753:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2726:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2676:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2603:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2576:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2549:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2522:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2495:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2445:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2418:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2239:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2130:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
1607:
Ryfe, David Michael (1999). "Franklin Roosevelt and the fireside chats".
1433:
Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture
632:
243:
186:
139:
The series of chats were among the first 50 recordings made part of the
129:
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3128:
3102:
2416:"FDR Fireside Chat 6: On Government and Capitalism (September 30, 1934)"
2020:(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 495.
1262:
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225:
Roosevelt's first fireside chat on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)
3120:
3070:"'There Is Simply Too Much to Think About,' Saul Bellow's Nonfiction"
2701:"Fireside Chat 17: On An Unlimited National Emergency (May 27, 1941)"
2674:"Fireside Chat 16: On the 'Arsenal of Democracy' (December 29, 1940)"
2828:"Fireside Chat 22: On Inflation and Food Prices (September 7, 1942)"
2601:"Fireside Chat 13: On Purging the Democratic Party (June 24, 1938)"
1392:
FDR's First Fireside Chat: Public Confidence and the Banking Crisis
3273:
3132:
2778:"Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War (February 23, 1942)"
2547:"Fireside Chat 11: On the Unemployment Census (November 14, 1937)"
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The black armband signifies his mourning the death of his mother,
294:
159:
NBC microphone used for Roosevelt's fireside chat radio broadcasts
154:
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2928:"Fireside Chat 26: On the Armistice in Italy (September 8, 1943)"
2982:"Fireside Chat 30: Opening Fifth War Loan Drive (June 12, 1944)"
2128:"Fireside Chat 28: On the State of the Union (January 11, 1944)"
3306:
1868:(2). New York State Historical Association: 183â185 (177â197).
1220:
called the speech "one of the greatest of Roosevelt's career".
2724:"Fireside Chat 18: On The Greer Incident (September 11, 1941)"
2470:"Fireside Chat 8: On Farmers and Laborers (September 6, 1936)"
276:
2294:"FDR Fireside Chat 1: On the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)"
2905:"Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini (July 28, 1943)"
2751:"Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan (December 9, 1941)"
2393:"Fireside Chat 5: On Addressing the Critics (June 28, 1934)"
1244:
Every U.S. president since Roosevelt has delivered periodic
570:
Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat of December 9, 1941
198:
2634:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
2370:"Fireside Chat 4: On Economic Progress (October 22, 1933)"
3850:
Military history of the United States during World War II
2984:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2907:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2857:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2780:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2703:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2653:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2520:"Fireside Chat 10: On New Legislation (October 12, 1937)"
2472:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2395:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2372:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2349:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2326:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2855:"Fireside Chat 23: On the Home Front (October 12, 1942)"
1156:
poster quoting FDR's fireside chat of February 23, 1942
61:
March 12, 1933 â June 12, 1944
2955:"Fireside Chat 29: On the Fall of Rome (June 5, 1944)"
2651:"Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense (May 26, 1940)"
1858:"Roosevelt and WGY: The Origins of the Fireside Chats"
4555:
3274:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
2574:"Fireside Chat 12: On the Recession (April 14, 1938)"
2493:"Fireside Chat 9: On 'Court-Packing' (March 9, 1937)"
2267:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
1687:"Donald Trump Is Testing Twitter's Harassment Policy"
1232:
unprecedented access to the goings-on of government.
4640:
United States National Recording Registry recordings
2878:"Fireside Chat 24: On the Coal Crisis (May 2, 1943)"
2158:"The 70th Anniversary of Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"
399:
Fireside chat on the merits of the recovery program
172:, Roosevelt's press secretary, on the value of radio
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92:
84:
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57:
3180:"Reagan signs off with 331st weekly radio address"
2188:
377:avoid too much personal leadershipâmy good friend
52:, eight days after taking office (March 12, 1933).
2801:"Fireside Chat 21: On Sacrifice (April 28, 1942)"
2156:Mankowski, Diana; Jose, Raissa (March 12, 2003).
1463:Levine, Lawrence W.; Levine, Cornelia R. (2010).
780:On New Legislation to be Recommended to Congress
496:Fireside chat on maintaining freedom of the seas
350:most commonly used words in the English language
330:Roosevelt customarily made his address from the
3028:
3026:
3009:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156.
1802:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156.
316:
162:
2195:. Minneapolis: Picture Window Books. pp.
2039:Fireside Chats, a term coined by Harry Butcher
2017:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio
1892:
1890:
972:On Our National Economic Policy and Sacrifice
451:Fireside chat on drought conditions and labor
3318:
3289:: audio with editorial and cartoon reactions.
1548:Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency
250:, which Roosevelt used to effectively create
8:
3299:, with many Roosevelt speeches in MP3 format
3115:(1). Society for History Education: 89â106.
2626:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (September 3, 1939).
2151:
2149:
1724:"The First Great Communicator (book review,
745:On Drought Conditions, Farmers and Laborers
264:The result, according to economic historian
32:
4615:1944 disestablishments in the United States
1829:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1882â1940)
915:On Maintaining Freedom of the Seas and the
414:Fireside chat on government and capitalism
4157:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
3325:
3311:
3303:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1775:. Columbia University Press. p. 146.
48:delivered his first fireside chat, on the
38:
31:
4189:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
3034:"CBS Says 25,217,000 Heard Truman Friday"
2263:"Fireside Chats of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
2049:
2047:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
516:Fireside chat on the progress of the war
324:Roosevelt's fireside chat of May 26, 1940
4259:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
4102:1920 United States presidential election
3711:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
3510:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
2228:
2226:
2119:
2117:
2115:
1914:
1912:
899:Announcing Unlimited National Emergency
581:
553:Fireside chat on the State of the Union
372:after the address of February 23, 1942:
368:frequently, as shown in his response to
4562:
3783:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
3716:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
3544:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
3470:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
3082:from the original on September 21, 2019
2628:"Fireside Chat 14: On the European War"
1851:
1849:
1714:
1712:
1674:
389:
189:radioâis cited by Roosevelt biographer
124:in response to the banking crisis, the
3252:from the original on December 11, 2020
3147:"The Case Against The 'Fireside Chat'"
2273:from the original on November 28, 2020
2162:The Museum of Broadcast Communications
232:
4620:History of radio in the United States
3246:National Recording Preservation Board
1934:(1). Federal Reserve Bank of New York
1924:"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?"
1697:from the original on January 26, 2021
988:On Inflation and Progress of the War
210:Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis
7:
4232:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
4072:Democratic National Convention, 1920
3872:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
3860:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
3505:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
2638:from the original on March 23, 2021.
1832:. New York: Smithmark. p. 118.
4625:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
3788:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
3590:Defense industry non-discrimination
3046:from the original on August 6, 2020
2100:from the original on August 6, 2020
4237:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
4225:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
3595:Fair Employment Practice Committee
3563:Securities and Exchange Commission
3495:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2218:Roosevelt president for 4422 days.
2086:Unger, Arthur (January 29, 1982).
1621:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02818.x
1206:fireside chat of December 29, 1940
1180:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
481:Newsreel cameras at fireside chat
25:
4635:Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt
3805:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
3642:Executive Office of the President
3556:Federal Communications Commission
2168:from the original on May 17, 2012
1257:with bigger audiences. President
1133:Opening the Fifth War Loan Drive
599:
381:has suffered a little from this.
193:as being the first fireside chat.
4577:
4565:
4539:
4538:
3978:State of the Union Address (1934
3795:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
3520:National Recovery Administration
1769:Winfield, Betty Houchin (1994).
1636:Winfield, Betty Houchin (1990).
1397:Texas A & M University Press
1189:
1164:
653:National Recovery Administration
546:
524:
509:
489:
474:
459:
444:
422:
407:
392:
233:Problems playing this file? See
214:
4360:World War II: When Lions Roared
4215:Presidential Library and Museum
3490:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
3368:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
2298:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1856:Storm, Geoffrey (Spring 2007).
1178:in the Second-Term Room of the
763:Reorganization of the Judiciary
562:Chronological list of addresses
88:30 Presidential radio addresses
3855:Home front during World War II
3349:President of the United States
3190:. January 15, 1989. p. A3
1471:University of California Press
1313:Johns Hopkins University Press
1261:used the social media network
585:
118:President of the United States
1:
4610:1940s American radio programs
4600:1930s American radio programs
4460:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
4352:Backstairs at the White House
4024:Early life, education, career
3701:Federal Judicial appointments
3532:National Youth Administration
3527:Works Progress Administration
2093:The Christian Science Monitor
1897:"FDR's First Fireside Chat".
1551:. New York: Greenwood Press.
1510:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
1252:began in 1982 when President
1250:regularly scheduled addresses
1052:Wednesday, September 8, 1943
939:Declaration of War with Japan
912:Thursday, September 11, 1941
706:On Government and Capitalism
466:Radio press at fireside chat
4062:1928 New York state election
4003:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
3927:Madison Square Garden speech
3800:Montevideo Convention (1933)
3681:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
3620:Japanese American internment
2088:"Bob Trout's Roosevelt Days"
1644:University of Illinois Press
1580:Media, Culture & Society
1574:Ryfe, David Michael (2001).
690:and Critics of the New Deal
598:
595:
592:
589:
584:
4605:1933 radio programme debuts
4466:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
3691:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
3630:Italian-American internment
3515:Public Works Administration
3480:Agricultural Adjustment Act
3475:Civilian Conservation Corps
2014:(1998). "News Broadcasts".
1728:by Betty Houchin Winfield)"
1545:Ryan, Halford Ross (1988).
1438:University of Chicago Press
1275:National Recording Registry
956:On the Progress of the War
796:On the Unemployment Census
703:Sunday, September 30, 1934
141:National Recording Registry
4656:
4254:White House Roosevelt Room
3835:1940 Selective Service Act
3758:Presidential Proclamations
3625:German-American internment
3551:Communications Act of 1934
3500:Tennessee Valley Authority
3003:B. Craig, Douglas (2005).
2076:Retrieved January 2, 2013.
2061:Roosevelt's fireside chats
1905:(1): 78â82. February 1939.
1796:Craig, Douglas B. (2005).
1592:10.1177/016344301023006005
1366:10.1207/s15506843jrs0701_8
1330:Foster, Tiara Kay (2013).
1305:Craig, Douglas B. (2000).
1101:On the State of the Union
1098:Tuesday, January 11, 1944
1075:Friday, December 24, 1943
985:Monday, September 7, 1942
953:Monday, February 23, 1942
934:Tuesday, December 9, 1941
876:Sunday, December 29, 1940
844:Sunday, September 3, 1939
793:Sunday, November 14, 1937
777:Tuesday, October 12, 1937
742:Sunday, September 6, 1936
4630:Radio during World War II
4517:
4484:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
3922:Commonwealth Club Address
3877:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
3825:Destroyers-for-bases deal
3602:Indian Reorganization Act
3340:
3297:Michigan State University
3236:"2002 Recording Registry"
2187:Seuling, Barbara (2008).
1748:10.1017/s003467050001723x
1033:Wednesday, July 28, 1943
1004:Report on the Home Front
1001:Monday, October 12, 1942
809:Thursday, April 14, 1938
667:Sunday, October 22, 1933
332:Diplomatic Reception Room
108:were a series of evening
37:
4145:Early life and education
4034:Governorship of New York
3884:World War II conferences
3615:War Relocation Authority
2058:(1992). "Introduction".
1740:University of Notre Dame
1609:Journal of Communication
1430:Lenthall, Bruce (2007).
1354:Journal of Radio Studies
969:Tuesday, April 28, 1942
683:Thursday, June 28, 1934
3899:Morgenthau Plan support
3845:Atlantic Charter (1941)
3568:Monetary gold ownership
2980:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2953:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2926:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2903:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2876:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2853:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2826:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2799:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2776:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2749:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2722:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2699:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2672:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2649:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2599:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2572:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2545:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2518:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2491:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2468:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2441:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2414:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2391:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2368:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2345:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2322:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2292:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
758:Tuesday, March 9, 1937
719:Sunday, April 28, 1935
609:Sunday, March 12, 1933
4442:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
4029:Warm Springs Institute
3972:The More Abundant Life
3917:1932 Acceptance speech
3668:Four Freedoms Monument
3607:Executive Orders 9066,
3585:Record on civil rights
3433:Third and fourth terms
3428:First and second terms
3376:New York State Senator
3287:University of Virginia
2302:University of Virginia
2234:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2125:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
1928:Economic Policy Review
1824:Burns, James MacGregor
1772:FDR and the News Media
1732:The Review of Politics
1726:FDR and the News Media
1639:FDR and the News Media
1174:, bronze sculpture by
1157:
1130:Monday, June 12, 1944
896:Tuesday, May 27, 1941
828:Friday, June 24, 1938
648:Monday, July 24, 1933
579:
571:
383:
328:
314:
203:
175:
160:
134:course of World War II
4344:The White House Years
4330:Sunrise at Campobello
4266:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4044:Assassination attempt
3485:Emergency Banking Act
3334:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3293:Vincent Voice Library
2422:on September 18, 2015
1969:Goodwin, Doris Kearns
1522:10.1353/rap.2003.0066
1504:Lim, Elvin T (2003).
1152:
1114:Monday, June 5, 1944
860:Sunday, May 26, 1940
670:On Economic Progress
577:
569:
531:Fireside chat on the
502:Sara Delano Roosevelt
498:(September 11, 1941).
429:Fireside chat on the
374:
312:Second Bill of Rights
306:
248:Emergency Banking Act
202:
158:
132:initiatives, and the
122:Emergency Banking Act
114:Franklin D. Roosevelt
97:Franklin D. Roosevelt
50:Emergency Banking Act
46:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4338:Eleanor and Franklin
3998:1941 (Four Freedoms)
3944:Arsenal of Democracy
3939:Day of Infamy speech
3865:War Production Board
3360:Governor of New York
2961:on February 28, 2016
2834:on December 23, 2015
1979:Simon & Schuster
1389:Kiewe, Amos (2007).
1154:War Production Board
1117:On the Fall of Rome
1057:Armistice with Italy
1017:Sunday, May 2, 1943
881:Arsenal of Democracy
863:On National Defense
847:On the European War
724:Works Relief Program
686:Achievements of the
628:Sunday, May 7, 1933
416:(September 30, 1934)
355:The radio historian
279:broadcast executive
183:Governor of New York
4376:Hyde Park on Hudson
4322:The Roosevelt Story
4311:I'd Rather Be Right
4300:U.S. Postage stamps
4294:Unfinished portrait
4280:Four Freedoms Award
4220:Roosevelt Institute
3949:"...is fear itself"
3652:CullenâHarrison Act
3647:G.I. Bill of Rights
3539:Social Security Act
3278:Roosevelt Institute
3241:Library of Congress
3108:The History Teacher
3101:Yu, Lumeng (2005).
2680:on October 22, 2015
2134:on January 14, 2016
2054:Buhite, Russell D;
1395:. College Station:
1338:Syracuse University
1279:Library of Congress
1020:On the Coal Crisis
831:On Party Primaries
728:Social Security Act
540:(December 24, 1943)
518:(February 23, 1942)
483:(September 3, 1939)
468:(September 3, 1939)
453:(September 6, 1936)
435:Social Security Act
370:Russell Leffingwell
145:Library of Congress
112:addresses given by
34:
4448:James Roosevelt II
4425: •
4247:Four Freedoms Park
3815:Export Control Act
3738:Modern Oval Office
3686:Jefferson Memorial
3637:Brownlow Committee
3453:New Deal coalition
3151:The New York Times
3075:The New York Times
3068:(April 27, 2015).
3039:The New York Times
1920:Silber, William L.
1683:LaFrance, Adrienne
1218:The New York Times
1182:, Washington, D.C.
1158:
688:73rd U.S. Congress
580:
572:
555:(January 11, 1944)
315:
204:
161:
4553:
4552:
4530:Harry S. Truman â
4496:Warren Delano Jr.
4472:James Roosevelt I
4454:Elliott Roosevelt
4436:Eleanor Roosevelt
4179:Paralytic illness
3966:Quarantine Speech
3153:. June 14, 1964.
3016:978-0-8018-8312-5
2553:on March 17, 2015
2206:978-1-4048-4118-5
2071:978-0-8061-2370-7
2027:978-0-19-507678-3
1988:978-0-684-80448-4
1839:978-0-8317-5611-6
1809:978-0-8018-8312-5
1782:978-0-231-10009-0
1653:978-0-252-01672-1
1558:978-0-313-25567-0
1480:978-0-520-26554-7
1447:978-0-226-47192-1
1406:978-1-58544-597-4
1322:978-0-8018-8312-5
1172:The Fireside Chat
1142:
1141:
1084:Cairo Conferences
1038:Fall of Mussolini
533:Tehran Conference
379:Winston Churchill
304:
266:William L. Silber
255:deposit insurance
220:
102:
101:
16:(Redirected from
4647:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4542:
4541:
4523:â Herbert Hoover
4386:2014 documentary
4242:Roosevelt Island
3889:Quebec Agreement
3810:ABCD line (1940)
3753:Executive Orders
3573:Gold Reserve Act
3379:
3371:
3363:
3352:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3304:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3188:Associated Press
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3121:10.2307/30036746
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3042:. May 26, 1946.
3030:
3021:
3020:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2884:on March 4, 2016
2873:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2746:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2730:on March 5, 2016
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2607:on July 15, 2015
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2580:on March 4, 2016
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2194:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2121:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2008:
1993:
1992:
1974:No Ordinary Time
1965:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1720:Reedy, George E.
1716:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1685:(July 2, 2017).
1679:
1665:
1632:
1603:
1570:
1541:
1500:
1459:
1426:
1385:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1326:
1193:
1168:
601:
587:
582:
556:
550:
541:
537:Cairo Conference
528:
519:
513:
499:
493:
484:
478:
469:
463:
454:
448:
439:
438:(April 28, 1935)
426:
417:
411:
402:
396:
326:
305:
281:Harry C. Butcher
222:
221:
201:
173:
72:
70:
66:
42:
35:
21:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4566:
4564:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4513:
4490:Isaac Roosevelt
4478:Sara Ann Delano
4424:
4419:
4413:
4409:Other namesakes
4402:2023 miniseries
4394:2022 miniseries
4362:1997 miniseries
4354:1979 miniseries
4193:
4174:Campobello home
4133:
4048:
4012:
3909:
3903:
3769:
3762:
3696:Cannabis policy
3463:Second New Deal
3406:Inaugurations (
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3355:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3270:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3085:
3083:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3047:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2987:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2962:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2934:on July 3, 2015
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2860:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2807:on July 3, 2015
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2757:on July 9, 2015
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2526:on July 3, 2015
2517:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2499:on July 8, 2015
2490:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2452:
2450:
2449:on July 6, 2015
2440:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2352:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2244:
2243:on July 9, 2015
2232:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2123:
2122:
2113:
2103:
2101:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2010:
2009:
1996:
1989:
1967:
1966:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1722:(Winter 1992).
1718:
1717:
1710:
1700:
1698:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1654:
1635:
1606:
1573:
1559:
1544:
1503:
1481:
1462:
1448:
1429:
1407:
1388:
1351:
1342:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1301:
1299:Further reading
1287:
1271:
1242:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1147:
564:
557:
554:
551:
542:
539:
529:
520:
517:
514:
505:
497:
494:
485:
482:
479:
470:
467:
464:
455:
452:
449:
440:
437:
427:
418:
415:
412:
403:
401:(June 28, 1934)
400:
397:
388:
345:Samuel Rosenman
327:
322:
295:
293:
259:Roosevelt spoke
240:
239:
231:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
215:
212:
205:
199:
174:
168:
153:
68:
64:
62:
53:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4653:
4651:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4586:
4574:
4551:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4534:
4533:
4526:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4493:
4487:
4486:(half-brother)
4481:
4475:
4469:
4463:
4457:
4451:
4445:
4439:
4432:
4430:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4396:
4392:The First Lady
4388:
4384:The Roosevelts
4380:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4348:
4334:
4326:
4315:
4307:
4305:Roosevelt dime
4302:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4141:
4139:
4138:Life and homes
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4013:
4011:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3960:Look to Norway
3956:
3954:Fireside chats
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3820:Four Policemen
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3770:foreign policy
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3733:March of Dimes
3730:
3725:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3604:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3592:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3578:Silver seizure
3575:
3565:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3458:First 100 days
3455:
3450:
3440:
3438:Foreign policy
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3353:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3269:
3268:External links
3266:
3264:
3263:
3227:
3201:
3171:
3138:
3093:
3057:
3022:
3015:
2995:
2972:
2945:
2918:
2895:
2868:
2845:
2818:
2791:
2768:
2741:
2714:
2691:
2664:
2641:
2618:
2591:
2564:
2537:
2510:
2483:
2460:
2433:
2406:
2383:
2360:
2337:
2314:
2284:
2254:
2222:
2205:
2179:
2145:
2111:
2078:
2070:
2056:Levy, David W.
2043:
2026:
1994:
1987:
1945:
1908:
1886:
1845:
1838:
1815:
1808:
1788:
1781:
1761:
1708:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1652:
1633:
1604:
1586:(6): 767â781.
1571:
1557:
1542:
1516:(3): 437â464.
1501:
1479:
1460:
1446:
1427:
1405:
1386:
1349:
1327:
1321:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1286:
1283:
1270:
1267:
1241:
1238:
1195:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1170:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:War Loan Drive
1059:and the Third
1053:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
995:
994:
992:
989:
986:
983:
979:
978:
976:
973:
970:
967:
963:
962:
960:
957:
954:
951:
947:
946:
944:
941:
935:
932:
928:
927:
925:
922:
913:
910:
906:
905:
903:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
887:
884:
877:
874:
870:
869:
867:
864:
861:
858:
854:
853:
851:
848:
845:
842:
838:
837:
835:
832:
829:
826:
822:
821:
819:
816:
810:
807:
803:
802:
800:
797:
794:
791:
787:
786:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
768:
765:
759:
756:
752:
751:
749:
746:
743:
740:
736:
735:
733:
730:
720:
717:
713:
712:
710:
707:
704:
701:
697:
696:
694:
691:
684:
681:
677:
676:
674:
671:
668:
665:
661:
660:
658:
655:
649:
646:
642:
641:
639:
636:
631:Outlining the
629:
626:
622:
621:
619:
616:
614:Banking Crisis
610:
607:
603:
602:
597:
594:
591:
588:
563:
560:
559:
558:
552:
545:
543:
530:
523:
521:
515:
508:
506:
495:
488:
486:
480:
473:
471:
465:
458:
456:
450:
443:
441:
428:
421:
419:
413:
406:
404:
398:
391:
387:
384:
320:
308:Filmed excerpt
292:
289:
230:
224:
213:
208:
207:
206:
197:
196:
195:
166:
152:
149:
126:1936 recession
106:fireside chats
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
78:
74:
73:
59:
55:
54:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4652:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4585:
4584:United States
4575:
4573:
4563:
4559:
4546:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4519:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4498:(grandfather)
4497:
4494:
4492:(grandfather)
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4476:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4464:
4461:
4458:
4455:
4452:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4371:
4369:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4286:Four Freedoms
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4150:Groton School
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Business Plot
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3933:Four Freedoms
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:"Brain Trust"
3726:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:Supreme Court
3704:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Black Cabinet
3674:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3663:
3662:Four Freedoms
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3323:
3321:
3316:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3305:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3256:September 14,
3251:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3231:
3228:
3216:
3212:
3205:
3202:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3094:
3086:September 16,
3081:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3061:
3058:
3050:September 16,
3045:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2988:September 14,
2983:
2976:
2973:
2965:September 14,
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2938:September 14,
2933:
2929:
2922:
2919:
2911:September 14,
2906:
2899:
2896:
2888:September 14,
2883:
2879:
2872:
2869:
2861:September 14,
2856:
2849:
2846:
2838:September 14,
2833:
2829:
2822:
2819:
2811:September 14,
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2784:September 14,
2779:
2772:
2769:
2761:September 14,
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2734:September 14,
2729:
2725:
2718:
2715:
2707:September 14,
2702:
2695:
2692:
2684:September 14,
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2657:September 14,
2652:
2645:
2642:
2637:
2633:
2632:Miller Center
2629:
2622:
2619:
2611:September 14,
2606:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2584:September 14,
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2557:September 14,
2552:
2548:
2541:
2538:
2530:September 14,
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2503:September 14,
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2476:September 14,
2471:
2464:
2461:
2453:September 14,
2448:
2444:
2437:
2434:
2426:September 14,
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2399:September 14,
2394:
2387:
2384:
2376:September 14,
2371:
2364:
2361:
2353:September 14,
2348:
2341:
2338:
2330:September 14,
2325:
2318:
2315:
2307:September 14,
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2285:
2277:September 14,
2272:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2247:September 14,
2242:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2180:
2172:September 14,
2167:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2138:September 14,
2133:
2129:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2104:September 14,
2099:
2095:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2033:September 28,
2029:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2012:Dunning, John
2007:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:(July 2009).
1921:
1915:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:(4): 80â103.
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1350:
1343:September 16,
1339:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1311:. Baltimore:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1254:Ronald Reagan
1251:
1247:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1214:
1213:Hooper rating
1209:
1207:
1192:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
948:
945:
942:
940:
936:
933:
930:
929:
926:
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