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American people, public opinion and
Congress, and that the benefits of such a course are likely to be outâweighed by the evils.â Fireside chats are a way to address the public directly, but besides that there is no way to control what the public does with that information, or how they use it. Another major critique among the usage of fireside chats is that by using them, one is more likely going to appeal to one side of an issue, essentially alienating anyone who is not in agreement. âThe President may appeal successfully to a minority, even a majority, for its support, but if he does so by simultaneously creating a bitter, recalcitrant opposition that denies his authority and would resort even to violence to resist his policies, can one say that this is a successful President?â
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listened to him speak. "I'm going to speak about strange places that many of them never heard ofâplaces that are now the battleground for civilization," he told his speechwriters. "I want to explain to the people something about geographyâwhat our problem is and what the overall strategy of the war has to be. ⊠If they understand the problem and what we are driving at, I am sure that they can take any kind of bad news right on the chin." Sales of new maps and atlases were unprecedented, while many people retrieved old commercial maps from storage and pinned them up on their walls.
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innovations in political communication. Roosevelt's opponents had control of most newspapers in the 1930s and press reports were under their control and involved their editorial commentary. Historian Betty
Houchin Winfield says, "He and his advisers worried that newspapers' biases would affect the news columns and rightly so." Historian Douglas B. Craig says that Roosevelt "offered voters a chance to receive information unadulterated by newspaper proprietors' bias" through the new medium of radio.
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125:. On radio, he quelled rumors, countered conservative-dominated newspapers, and explained his policies directly to the American people. His tone and demeanor communicated self-assurance during times of despair and uncertainty. Roosevelt was regarded as an effective communicator on radio, and the fireside chats kept him in high public regard throughout his presidency. Their introduction was later described as a "revolutionary experiment with a nascent media platform."
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Everywhere the same voice, its odd
Eastern accent, which in anyone else would have irritated Midwesterners. You could follow without missing a single word as you strolled by. You felt joined to these unknown drivers, men and women smoking their cigarettes in silence, not so much considering the President's words as affirming the rightness of his tone and taking assurance from it."
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Roosevelt is regarded as one of the most effective communicators in radio history. Although the fireside chats are often thought of as having been a weekly event, Roosevelt in fact delivered just 31 addresses during his 4,422-day presidency. He resisted those who encouraged him to speak on radio more
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started delivering a radio broadcast every
Saturday. Currently, presidents use newer and more advanced forms of communication using specific social media outlets to project to bigger groups of people. Recent presidents also use news broadcast stations to their benefit to communicate more efficiently
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The one thing I dread is that my talks should be so frequent as to lose their effectiveness. ... Every time I talk over the air it means four or five days of long, overtime work in the preparation of what I say. Actually, I cannot afford to take this time away from more vital things. I think we must
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This level of intimacy with politics made people feel as if they too were part of the administration's decision-making process and many soon felt that they knew
Roosevelt personally. Most importantly, they grew to trust him. The conventional press grew to love Roosevelt because they too had gained
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of 79, the record high for a
Presidential address. Approximately 61,365,000 adults tuned on February 23, 1942, for Roosevelt's next fireside chat, in which he outlined the principal purposes of the war. In advance of the address Roosevelt asked citizens to have a world map in front of them as they
331:
White House announcer
Carleton E. Smith gave him a simple introduction: "Ladies and gentlemen, the President of the United States." Roosevelt most often began his talks with the words, "My friends" or "My fellow Americans", and he read his speech from a loose-leaf binder. Presidential advisor and
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Roosevelt believed that his administration's success depended upon a favorable dialogue with the electorate, possible only through methods of mass communication, and that it would allow him to take the initiative. The use of radio for direct appeals was perhaps the most important of
Roosevelt's
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While many people revered
Roosevelt for giving the speeches, there are some who have seen them as more detrimental than beneficial. A major criticism given about the fireside chats was this: âIt can be argued that it is impracticable, that it rests on false assumptions about the nature of the
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recalled hearing a fireside chat while walking in
Chicago one summer evening. "The blight hadn't yet carried off the elms, and under them, drivers had pulled over, parking bumper to bumper, and turned on their radios to hear Roosevelt. They had rolled down the windows and opened the car doors.
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Each radio address went through about a dozen drafts. Careful attention was also given to Roosevelt's delivery. When he realized that a slight whistle was audible on the air due to a separation between his two front lower teeth, Roosevelt had a removable bridge made.
264:, who said that the president liked to think of the audience as a few people seated around his fireside. One of the things is that listeners could see Roosevelt in his study, in front of the fireplace, and imagine they were sitting beside him. The term was coined by
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136:, which noted it as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between President Roosevelt and the American people in 1933."
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Roosevelt's radio audiences averaged 18 percent during peacetime, and 58 percent during the war. The fireside chats attracted more listeners than the most popular radio shows, which were heard by 30 to 35 percent of the radio audience. Roosevelt's
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1270:. It is noted as "an influential series of radio broadcasts in which Roosevelt utilized the media to present his programs and ideas directly to the public and thereby redefined the relationship between the President and the American people."
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recalled his use of common analogies and his care in avoiding dramatic oratory: "He looked for words that he would use in an informal conversation with one or two of his friends." Eighty percent of the words used were in the thousand
174:. Roosevelt was a Democrat facing a conservative Republican legislature, so during each legislative session he would occasionally address the residents of New York directly. His third gubernatorial addressâApril 3, 1929, on
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wrote that "It was the first time in history that a large segment of the population could listen directly to a chief executive, and the chats are often credited with helping keep Roosevelt's popularity high."
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It is whispered by some that only by abandoning our freedom, our ideals, our way of life, can we build our defenses adequately, can we match the strength of the aggressors. ... I do not share these fears.
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to a radio audience of more than 60 million people, to tell them in clear language "what has been done in the last few days, why it was done, and what the next steps are going to be".
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Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat about the coal crisis. On May 2, 1943, Roosevelt issued an executive order that placed coal mines under the control of the U.S. government.
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As president, Roosevelt began making the informal addresses on March 12, 1933, eight days after his inauguration. He had spent his first week coping with a month-long epidemic of
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It cannot misrepresent or misquote. It is far-reaching and simultaneous in releasing messages given for transmission to the nation or for international consumption.
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of the network's Washington, D.C., office, in a press release before the address of May 7, 1933. The phrase has often been credited to CBS journalist
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Hayes, Joy Elizabeth (2000). "Did Herbert Hoover Broadcast the First Fireside Chat? Rethinking the Origins of Roosevelt's Radio Genius".
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An estimated 62,100,000 people heard Roosevelt's fireside chat on December 9, 1941âtwo days after the attack on Pearl Harborâattaining a
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3265:, a repository of historical information relating to the history of Roosevelt and his administration; it is partnered with the
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that was hurting families nationwide. He closed the entire American banking system on March 6. On March 9, Congress passed the
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327:. He would arrive 15 minutes before air time to welcome members of the press, including radio and newsreel correspondents.
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was heard by 59 percent of radio listeners. His address of May 27, 1941, was heard by 70 percent of the radio audience.
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for the first time in 2009 to address the public, much like Roosevelt did while giving his famous fireside chats.
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One president was born on Independence Day : and other freaky facts about the 26th through 43rd presidents
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The series of Roosevelt's 30 fireside chats were included with the first 50 recordings made part of the
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to the American people, first on radio, and later adding television and the Internet. The practice of
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1565:"From media audience to media public: a study of letters written in reaction to FDR's fireside chats"
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when the banks reopened. At 10 p.m. ET that Sunday night, on the eve of the end of the bank holiday,
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of the fireside chat on the State of the Union (January 11, 1944), in which Roosevelt discusses a
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Constructing a World War II America: The Rhetorical Craftsmanship of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
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2432:"Fireside Chat 7: On the Works Relief Program and Social Security Act (April 28, 1935)"
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The term "fireside chat" was inspired by a statement by Roosevelt's press secretary,
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3200:"How Presidents Have Communicated with the Public â From the Telegraph to Twitter"
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New York History: Quarterly Journal of the New York State Historical Association
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The Fireside Conversations: America Responds to FDR During the Great Depression
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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Fireside Politics: Radio and Political Culture in the United States, 1920â1940
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2053:(1st ed.). Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. xv.
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1495:"The Lion and the Lamb: De-mythologizing Franklin Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"
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2313:"FDR Fireside Chat 2: On Progress During the First Two Months (May 7, 1933)"
1485:
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Letter to the White House from J. F. Bando following the first fireside chat
1026:
2226:"Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences (December 24, 1943)"
1650:
1555:
1411:
16:
Series of radio broadcasts by United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt
3092:"The Great Communicator: How FDR's Radio Speeches Shaped American History"
2336:"Fireside Chat 3: On the National Recovery Administration (July 24, 1933)"
1510:
170:
Roosevelt first used what would become known as fireside chats in 1929 as
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3272:
The Real Deal: Media and the Battle to Define Roosevelt's Social Programs
2946:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2919:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2869:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2819:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2792:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2742:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2715:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2665:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2592:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2565:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2538:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2511:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2484:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2434:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2407:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2228:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
2119:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from
1596:
Ryfe, David Michael (1999). "Franklin Roosevelt and the fireside chats".
1422:
Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture
621:
232:
175:
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The series of chats were among the first 50 recordings made part of the
118:
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3091:
2405:"FDR Fireside Chat 6: On Government and Capitalism (September 30, 1934)"
2009:(Revised ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 495.
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555:
214:
Roosevelt's first fireside chat on the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)
3109:
3059:"'There Is Simply Too Much to Think About,' Saul Bellow's Nonfiction"
2690:"Fireside Chat 17: On An Unlimited National Emergency (May 27, 1941)"
2663:"Fireside Chat 16: On the 'Arsenal of Democracy' (December 29, 1940)"
2817:"Fireside Chat 22: On Inflation and Food Prices (September 7, 1942)"
2590:"Fireside Chat 13: On Purging the Democratic Party (June 24, 1938)"
1381:
FDR's First Fireside Chat: Public Confidence and the Banking Crisis
3262:
3121:
2767:"Fireside Chat 20: On the Progress of the War (February 23, 1942)"
2536:"Fireside Chat 11: On the Unemployment Census (November 14, 1937)"
1137:
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The black armband signifies his mourning the death of his mother,
283:
148:
NBC microphone used for Roosevelt's fireside chat radio broadcasts
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2917:"Fireside Chat 26: On the Armistice in Italy (September 8, 1943)"
2971:"Fireside Chat 30: Opening Fifth War Loan Drive (June 12, 1944)"
2117:"Fireside Chat 28: On the State of the Union (January 11, 1944)"
3295:
1857:(2). New York State Historical Association: 183â185 (177â197).
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called the speech "one of the greatest of Roosevelt's career".
2713:"Fireside Chat 18: On The Greer Incident (September 11, 1941)"
2459:"Fireside Chat 8: On Farmers and Laborers (September 6, 1936)"
265:
2283:"FDR Fireside Chat 1: On the Banking Crisis (March 12, 1933)"
2894:"Fireside Chat 25: On the Fall of Mussolini (July 28, 1943)"
2740:"Fireside Chat 19: On the War with Japan (December 9, 1941)"
2382:"Fireside Chat 5: On Addressing the Critics (June 28, 1934)"
1233:
Every U.S. president since Roosevelt has delivered periodic
559:
Poster quoting Roosevelt's fireside chat of December 9, 1941
187:
2623:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia.
2359:"Fireside Chat 4: On Economic Progress (October 22, 1933)"
3839:
Military history of the United States during World War II
2973:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2896:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2846:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2769:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2692:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2642:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2509:"Fireside Chat 10: On New Legislation (October 12, 1937)"
2461:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2384:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2361:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2338:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2315:. Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia
2844:"Fireside Chat 23: On the Home Front (October 12, 1942)"
1145:
poster quoting FDR's fireside chat of February 23, 1942
50:
March 12, 1933 â June 12, 1944
2944:"Fireside Chat 29: On the Fall of Rome (June 5, 1944)"
2640:"Fireside Chat 15: On National Defense (May 26, 1940)"
1847:"Roosevelt and WGY: The Origins of the Fireside Chats"
4544:
3263:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
2563:"Fireside Chat 12: On the Recession (April 14, 1938)"
2482:"Fireside Chat 9: On 'Court-Packing' (March 9, 1937)"
2256:
Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum
1676:"Donald Trump Is Testing Twitter's Harassment Policy"
1221:
unprecedented access to the goings-on of government.
4629:
United States National Recording Registry recordings
2867:"Fireside Chat 24: On the Coal Crisis (May 2, 1943)"
2147:"The 70th Anniversary of Roosevelt's Fireside Chats"
388:
Fireside chat on the merits of the recovery program
161:, Roosevelt's press secretary, on the value of radio
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81:
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3169:"Reagan signs off with 331st weekly radio address"
2177:
366:avoid too much personal leadershipâmy good friend
41:, eight days after taking office (March 12, 1933).
2790:"Fireside Chat 21: On Sacrifice (April 28, 1942)"
2145:Mankowski, Diana; Jose, Raissa (March 12, 2003).
1452:Levine, Lawrence W.; Levine, Cornelia R. (2010).
769:On New Legislation to be Recommended to Congress
485:Fireside chat on maintaining freedom of the seas
339:most commonly used words in the English language
319:Roosevelt customarily made his address from the
3017:
3015:
2998:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156.
1791:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 156.
305:
151:
2184:. Minneapolis: Picture Window Books. pp.
2028:Fireside Chats, a term coined by Harry Butcher
2006:On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio
1881:
1879:
961:On Our National Economic Policy and Sacrifice
440:Fireside chat on drought conditions and labor
3307:
3278:: audio with editorial and cartoon reactions.
1537:Franklin D. Roosevelt's Rhetorical Presidency
239:, which Roosevelt used to effectively create
8:
3288:, with many Roosevelt speeches in MP3 format
3104:(1). Society for History Education: 89â106.
2615:Roosevelt, Franklin D. (September 3, 1939).
2140:
2138:
1713:"The First Great Communicator (book review,
734:On Drought Conditions, Farmers and Laborers
253:The result, according to economic historian
21:
4604:1944 disestablishments in the United States
1818:Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (1882â1940)
904:On Maintaining Freedom of the Seas and the
403:Fireside chat on government and capitalism
4146:Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite
3314:
3300:
3292:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1764:. Columbia University Press. p. 146.
37:delivered his first fireside chat, on the
27:
20:
4178:Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia
3023:"CBS Says 25,217,000 Heard Truman Friday"
2252:"Fireside Chats of Franklin D. Roosevelt"
2038:
2036:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
505:Fireside chat on the progress of the war
313:Roosevelt's fireside chat of May 26, 1940
4248:Roosevelt Institute for American Studies
4091:1920 United States presidential election
3700:Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination
3499:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933
2217:
2215:
2108:
2106:
2104:
1903:
1901:
888:Announcing Unlimited National Emergency
570:
542:Fireside chat on the State of the Union
361:after the address of February 23, 1942:
357:frequently, as shown in his response to
4551:
3772:U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912â1933
3705:Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination
3533:Aid to Families with Dependent Children
3459:Federal Emergency Relief Administration
3071:from the original on September 21, 2019
2617:"Fireside Chat 14: On the European War"
1840:
1838:
1703:
1701:
1663:
378:
178:radioâis cited by Roosevelt biographer
113:in response to the banking crisis, the
3241:from the original on December 11, 2020
3136:"The Case Against The 'Fireside Chat'"
2262:from the original on November 28, 2020
2151:The Museum of Broadcast Communications
221:
4609:History of radio in the United States
3235:National Recording Preservation Board
1923:(1). Federal Reserve Bank of New York
1913:"Why Did FDR's Bank Holiday Succeed?"
1686:from the original on January 26, 2021
977:On Inflation and Progress of the War
199:Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis
7:
4221:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation
4061:Democratic National Convention, 1920
3861:Declaration by United Nations (1942)
3849:Combined Munitions Assignments Board
3494:National Labor Relations Act of 1935
2627:from the original on March 23, 2021.
1821:. New York: Smithmark. p. 118.
4614:Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt
3777:U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915â1934
3579:Defense industry non-discrimination
3035:from the original on August 6, 2020
2089:from the original on August 6, 2020
4226:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
4214:Roosevelt Institute Campus Network
3584:Fair Employment Practice Committee
3552:Securities and Exchange Commission
3484:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act
2207:Roosevelt president for 4422 days.
2075:Unger, Arthur (January 29, 1982).
1610:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02818.x
1195:fireside chat of December 29, 1940
1169:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial
470:Newsreel cameras at fireside chat
14:
4624:Speeches by Franklin D. Roosevelt
3794:Second London Naval Treaty (1936)
3631:Executive Office of the President
3545:Federal Communications Commission
2157:from the original on May 17, 2012
1246:with bigger audiences. President
1122:Opening the Fifth War Loan Drive
588:
370:has suffered a little from this.
182:as being the first fireside chat.
4566:
4554:
4528:
4527:
3967:State of the Union Address (1934
3784:Good Neighbor Policy (1933â1945)
3509:National Recovery Administration
1758:Winfield, Betty Houchin (1994).
1625:Winfield, Betty Houchin (1990).
1386:Texas A & M University Press
1178:
1153:
642:National Recovery Administration
535:
513:
498:
478:
463:
448:
433:
411:
396:
381:
222:Problems playing this file? See
203:
4349:World War II: When Lions Roared
4204:Presidential Library and Museum
3479:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944
3357:Assistant Secretary of the Navy
2287:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1845:Storm, Geoffrey (Spring 2007).
1167:in the Second-Term Room of the
752:Reorganization of the Judiciary
551:Chronological list of addresses
77:30 Presidential radio addresses
3844:Home front during World War II
3338:President of the United States
3179:. January 15, 1989. p. A3
1460:University of California Press
1302:Johns Hopkins University Press
1250:used the social media network
574:
107:President of the United States
1:
4599:1940s American radio programs
4589:1930s American radio programs
4449:Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
4341:Backstairs at the White House
4013:Early life, education, career
3690:Federal Judicial appointments
3521:National Youth Administration
3516:Works Progress Administration
2082:The Christian Science Monitor
1886:"FDR's First Fireside Chat".
1540:. New York: Greenwood Press.
1499:Rhetoric & Public Affairs
1241:began in 1982 when President
1239:regularly scheduled addresses
1041:Wednesday, September 8, 1943
928:Declaration of War with Japan
901:Thursday, September 11, 1941
695:On Government and Capitalism
455:Radio press at fireside chat
4051:1928 New York state election
3992:1944 (Second Bill of Rights)
3916:Madison Square Garden speech
3789:Montevideo Convention (1933)
3670:Jefferson's Birthday holiday
3609:Japanese American internment
2077:"Bob Trout's Roosevelt Days"
1633:University of Illinois Press
1569:Media, Culture & Society
1563:Ryfe, David Michael (2001).
679:and Critics of the New Deal
587:
584:
581:
578:
573:
4594:1933 radio programme debuts
4455:John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
3680:Judicial Court-Packing Bill
3619:Italian-American internment
3504:Public Works Administration
3469:Agricultural Adjustment Act
3464:Civilian Conservation Corps
2003:(1998). "News Broadcasts".
1717:by Betty Houchin Winfield)"
1534:Ryan, Halford Ross (1988).
1427:University of Chicago Press
1264:National Recording Registry
945:On the Progress of the War
785:On the Unemployment Census
692:Sunday, September 30, 1934
130:National Recording Registry
4645:
4243:White House Roosevelt Room
3824:1940 Selective Service Act
3747:Presidential Proclamations
3614:German-American internment
3540:Communications Act of 1934
3489:Tennessee Valley Authority
2992:B. Craig, Douglas (2005).
2065:Retrieved January 2, 2013.
2050:Roosevelt's fireside chats
1894:(1): 78â82. February 1939.
1785:Craig, Douglas B. (2005).
1581:10.1177/016344301023006005
1355:10.1207/s15506843jrs0701_8
1319:Foster, Tiara Kay (2013).
1294:Craig, Douglas B. (2000).
1090:On the State of the Union
1087:Tuesday, January 11, 1944
1064:Friday, December 24, 1943
974:Monday, September 7, 1942
942:Monday, February 23, 1942
923:Tuesday, December 9, 1941
865:Sunday, December 29, 1940
833:Sunday, September 3, 1939
782:Sunday, November 14, 1937
766:Tuesday, October 12, 1937
731:Sunday, September 6, 1936
4619:Radio during World War II
4506:
4473:James Roosevelt Roosevelt
3911:Commonwealth Club Address
3866:Dumbarton Oaks Conference
3814:Destroyers-for-bases deal
3591:Indian Reorganization Act
3329:
3286:Michigan State University
3225:"2002 Recording Registry"
2176:Seuling, Barbara (2008).
1737:10.1017/s003467050001723x
1022:Wednesday, July 28, 1943
993:Report on the Home Front
990:Monday, October 12, 1942
798:Thursday, April 14, 1938
656:Sunday, October 22, 1933
321:Diplomatic Reception Room
97:were a series of evening
26:
4134:Early life and education
4023:Governorship of New York
3873:World War II conferences
3604:War Relocation Authority
2047:(1992). "Introduction".
1729:University of Notre Dame
1598:Journal of Communication
1419:Lenthall, Bruce (2007).
1343:Journal of Radio Studies
958:Tuesday, April 28, 1942
672:Thursday, June 28, 1934
3888:Morgenthau Plan support
3834:Atlantic Charter (1941)
3557:Monetary gold ownership
2969:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2942:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2915:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2892:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2865:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2842:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2815:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2788:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2765:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2738:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2711:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2688:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2661:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2638:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2588:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2561:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2534:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2507:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2480:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2457:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2430:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2403:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2380:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2357:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2334:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2311:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2281:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
747:Tuesday, March 9, 1937
708:Sunday, April 28, 1935
598:Sunday, March 12, 1933
4431:Anna Roosevelt Halsted
4018:Warm Springs Institute
3961:The More Abundant Life
3906:1932 Acceptance speech
3657:Four Freedoms Monument
3596:Executive Orders 9066,
3574:Record on civil rights
3422:Third and fourth terms
3417:First and second terms
3365:New York State Senator
3276:University of Virginia
2291:University of Virginia
2223:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
2114:Roosevelt, Franklin D.
1917:Economic Policy Review
1813:Burns, James MacGregor
1761:FDR and the News Media
1721:The Review of Politics
1715:FDR and the News Media
1628:FDR and the News Media
1163:, bronze sculpture by
1146:
1119:Monday, June 12, 1944
885:Tuesday, May 27, 1941
817:Friday, June 24, 1938
637:Monday, July 24, 1933
568:
560:
372:
317:
303:
192:
164:
149:
123:course of World War II
4333:The White House Years
4319:Sunrise at Campobello
4255:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4033:Assassination attempt
3474:Emergency Banking Act
3323:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3282:Vincent Voice Library
2411:on September 18, 2015
1958:Goodwin, Doris Kearns
1511:10.1353/rap.2003.0066
1493:Lim, Elvin T (2003).
1141:
1103:Monday, June 5, 1944
849:Sunday, May 26, 1940
659:On Economic Progress
566:
558:
520:Fireside chat on the
491:Sara Delano Roosevelt
487:(September 11, 1941).
418:Fireside chat on the
363:
301:Second Bill of Rights
295:
237:Emergency Banking Act
191:
147:
121:initiatives, and the
111:Emergency Banking Act
103:Franklin D. Roosevelt
86:Franklin D. Roosevelt
39:Emergency Banking Act
35:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4327:Eleanor and Franklin
3987:1941 (Four Freedoms)
3933:Arsenal of Democracy
3928:Day of Infamy speech
3854:War Production Board
3349:Governor of New York
2950:on February 28, 2016
2823:on December 23, 2015
1968:Simon & Schuster
1378:Kiewe, Amos (2007).
1143:War Production Board
1106:On the Fall of Rome
1046:Armistice with Italy
1006:Sunday, May 2, 1943
870:Arsenal of Democracy
852:On National Defense
836:On the European War
713:Works Relief Program
675:Achievements of the
617:Sunday, May 7, 1933
405:(September 30, 1934)
344:The radio historian
268:broadcast executive
172:Governor of New York
4365:Hyde Park on Hudson
4311:The Roosevelt Story
4300:I'd Rather Be Right
4289:U.S. Postage stamps
4283:Unfinished portrait
4269:Four Freedoms Award
4209:Roosevelt Institute
3938:"...is fear itself"
3641:CullenâHarrison Act
3636:G.I. Bill of Rights
3528:Social Security Act
3267:Roosevelt Institute
3230:Library of Congress
3097:The History Teacher
3090:Yu, Lumeng (2005).
2669:on October 22, 2015
2123:on January 14, 2016
2043:Buhite, Russell D;
1384:. College Station:
1327:Syracuse University
1268:Library of Congress
1009:On the Coal Crisis
820:On Party Primaries
717:Social Security Act
529:(December 24, 1943)
507:(February 23, 1942)
472:(September 3, 1939)
457:(September 3, 1939)
442:(September 6, 1936)
424:Social Security Act
359:Russell Leffingwell
134:Library of Congress
101:addresses given by
23:
4437:James Roosevelt II
4414: •
4236:Four Freedoms Park
3804:Export Control Act
3727:Modern Oval Office
3675:Jefferson Memorial
3626:Brownlow Committee
3442:New Deal coalition
3140:The New York Times
3064:The New York Times
3057:(April 27, 2015).
3028:The New York Times
1909:Silber, William L.
1672:LaFrance, Adrienne
1207:The New York Times
1171:, Washington, D.C.
1147:
677:73rd U.S. Congress
569:
561:
544:(January 11, 1944)
304:
193:
150:
4542:
4541:
4519:Harry S. Truman â
4485:Warren Delano Jr.
4461:James Roosevelt I
4443:Elliott Roosevelt
4425:Eleanor Roosevelt
4168:Paralytic illness
3955:Quarantine Speech
3142:. June 14, 1964.
3005:978-0-8018-8312-5
2542:on March 17, 2015
2195:978-1-4048-4118-5
2060:978-0-8061-2370-7
2016:978-0-19-507678-3
1977:978-0-684-80448-4
1828:978-0-8317-5611-6
1798:978-0-8018-8312-5
1771:978-0-231-10009-0
1642:978-0-252-01672-1
1547:978-0-313-25567-0
1469:978-0-520-26554-7
1436:978-0-226-47192-1
1395:978-1-58544-597-4
1311:978-0-8018-8312-5
1161:The Fireside Chat
1131:
1130:
1073:Cairo Conferences
1027:Fall of Mussolini
522:Tehran Conference
368:Winston Churchill
293:
255:William L. Silber
244:deposit insurance
209:
91:
90:
4636:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4531:
4530:
4512:â Herbert Hoover
4375:2014 documentary
4231:Roosevelt Island
3878:Quebec Agreement
3799:ABCD line (1940)
3742:Executive Orders
3562:Gold Reserve Act
3368:
3360:
3352:
3341:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3293:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3177:Associated Press
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3110:10.2307/30036746
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3031:. May 26, 1946.
3019:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2873:on March 4, 2016
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2719:on March 5, 2016
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2596:on July 15, 2015
2585:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2569:on March 4, 2016
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2110:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
1997:
1982:
1981:
1963:No Ordinary Time
1954:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1905:
1896:
1895:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1709:Reedy, George E.
1705:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1674:(July 2, 2017).
1668:
1654:
1621:
1592:
1559:
1530:
1489:
1448:
1415:
1374:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1315:
1182:
1157:
590:
576:
571:
545:
539:
530:
526:Cairo Conference
517:
508:
502:
488:
482:
473:
467:
458:
452:
443:
437:
428:
427:(April 28, 1935)
415:
406:
400:
391:
385:
315:
294:
270:Harry C. Butcher
211:
210:
190:
162:
61:
59:
55:
31:
24:
4644:
4643:
4639:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4567:
4565:
4555:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4538:
4502:
4479:Isaac Roosevelt
4467:Sara Ann Delano
4413:
4408:
4402:
4398:Other namesakes
4391:2023 miniseries
4383:2022 miniseries
4351:1997 miniseries
4343:1979 miniseries
4182:
4163:Campobello home
4122:
4037:
4001:
3898:
3892:
3758:
3751:
3685:Cannabis policy
3452:Second New Deal
3395:Inaugurations (
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3344:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3259:
3254:
3244:
3242:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3182:
3180:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3020:
3013:
3006:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2953:
2951:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2924:
2923:on July 3, 2015
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2849:
2847:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2799:
2797:
2796:on July 3, 2015
2787:
2786:
2782:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2746:on July 9, 2015
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2632:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2587:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2515:on July 3, 2015
2506:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2488:on July 8, 2015
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2441:
2439:
2438:on July 6, 2015
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2235:
2233:
2232:on July 9, 2015
2221:
2220:
2213:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2126:
2124:
2112:
2111:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2021:
2019:
2017:
1999:
1998:
1985:
1978:
1956:
1955:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1711:(Winter 1992).
1707:
1706:
1699:
1689:
1687:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1643:
1624:
1595:
1562:
1548:
1533:
1492:
1470:
1451:
1437:
1418:
1396:
1377:
1340:
1331:
1329:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1290:
1288:Further reading
1276:
1260:
1231:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1158:
1136:
553:
546:
543:
540:
531:
528:
518:
509:
506:
503:
494:
486:
483:
474:
471:
468:
459:
456:
453:
444:
441:
438:
429:
426:
416:
407:
404:
401:
392:
390:(June 28, 1934)
389:
386:
377:
334:Samuel Rosenman
316:
311:
284:
282:
248:Roosevelt spoke
229:
228:
220:
218:
217:
216:
215:
212:
204:
201:
194:
188:
163:
157:
142:
57:
53:
51:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4642:
4640:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4563:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4523:
4522:
4515:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4482:
4476:
4475:(half-brother)
4470:
4464:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4419:
4404:
4403:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4385:
4381:The First Lady
4377:
4373:The Roosevelts
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4323:
4315:
4304:
4296:
4294:Roosevelt dime
4291:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4238:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4130:
4128:
4127:Life and homes
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4009:
4007:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3957:
3952:
3949:Look to Norway
3945:
3943:Fireside chats
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3809:Four Policemen
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3763:
3761:
3759:foreign policy
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3722:March of Dimes
3719:
3714:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:Silver seizure
3564:
3554:
3549:
3548:
3547:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3447:First 100 days
3444:
3439:
3429:
3427:Foreign policy
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3342:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3269:
3258:
3257:External links
3255:
3253:
3252:
3216:
3190:
3160:
3127:
3082:
3046:
3011:
3004:
2984:
2961:
2934:
2907:
2884:
2857:
2834:
2807:
2780:
2757:
2730:
2703:
2680:
2653:
2630:
2607:
2580:
2553:
2526:
2499:
2472:
2449:
2422:
2395:
2372:
2349:
2326:
2303:
2273:
2243:
2211:
2194:
2168:
2134:
2100:
2067:
2059:
2045:Levy, David W.
2032:
2015:
1983:
1976:
1934:
1897:
1875:
1834:
1827:
1804:
1797:
1777:
1770:
1750:
1697:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1641:
1622:
1593:
1575:(6): 767â781.
1560:
1546:
1531:
1505:(3): 437â464.
1490:
1468:
1449:
1435:
1416:
1394:
1375:
1338:
1316:
1310:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1259:
1256:
1230:
1227:
1184:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1159:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:War Loan Drive
1048:and the Third
1042:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1000:
999:
997:
994:
991:
988:
984:
983:
981:
978:
975:
972:
968:
967:
965:
962:
959:
956:
952:
951:
949:
946:
943:
940:
936:
935:
933:
930:
924:
921:
917:
916:
914:
911:
902:
899:
895:
894:
892:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
876:
873:
866:
863:
859:
858:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
842:
840:
837:
834:
831:
827:
826:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
808:
805:
799:
796:
792:
791:
789:
786:
783:
780:
776:
775:
773:
770:
767:
764:
760:
759:
757:
754:
748:
745:
741:
740:
738:
735:
732:
729:
725:
724:
722:
719:
709:
706:
702:
701:
699:
696:
693:
690:
686:
685:
683:
680:
673:
670:
666:
665:
663:
660:
657:
654:
650:
649:
647:
644:
638:
635:
631:
630:
628:
625:
620:Outlining the
618:
615:
611:
610:
608:
605:
603:Banking Crisis
599:
596:
592:
591:
586:
583:
580:
577:
552:
549:
548:
547:
541:
534:
532:
519:
512:
510:
504:
497:
495:
484:
477:
475:
469:
462:
460:
454:
447:
445:
439:
432:
430:
417:
410:
408:
402:
395:
393:
387:
380:
376:
373:
309:
297:Filmed excerpt
281:
278:
219:
213:
202:
197:
196:
195:
186:
185:
184:
155:
141:
138:
115:1936 recession
95:fireside chats
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
48:
44:
43:
32:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4641:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4574:
4573:United States
4564:
4562:
4552:
4548:
4535:
4534:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4487:(grandfather)
4486:
4483:
4481:(grandfather)
4480:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4334:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4316:
4314:
4312:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4276:
4275:Four Freedoms
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:Groton School
4137:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4028:Business Plot
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4004:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3922:Four Freedoms
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3717:"Brain Trust"
3715:
3713:
3710:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Supreme Court
3693:
3692:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3665:Black Cabinet
3663:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3651:Four Freedoms
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3305:
3303:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3245:September 14,
3240:
3236:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3205:
3201:
3194:
3191:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3086:
3083:
3075:September 16,
3070:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3039:September 16,
3034:
3030:
3029:
3024:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2977:September 14,
2972:
2965:
2962:
2954:September 14,
2949:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2927:September 14,
2922:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2900:September 14,
2895:
2888:
2885:
2877:September 14,
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2850:September 14,
2845:
2838:
2835:
2827:September 14,
2822:
2818:
2811:
2808:
2800:September 14,
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2773:September 14,
2768:
2761:
2758:
2750:September 14,
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2723:September 14,
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2696:September 14,
2691:
2684:
2681:
2673:September 14,
2668:
2664:
2657:
2654:
2646:September 14,
2641:
2634:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2621:Miller Center
2618:
2611:
2608:
2600:September 14,
2595:
2591:
2584:
2581:
2573:September 14,
2568:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2546:September 14,
2541:
2537:
2530:
2527:
2519:September 14,
2514:
2510:
2503:
2500:
2492:September 14,
2487:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2465:September 14,
2460:
2453:
2450:
2442:September 14,
2437:
2433:
2426:
2423:
2415:September 14,
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2388:September 14,
2383:
2376:
2373:
2365:September 14,
2360:
2353:
2350:
2342:September 14,
2337:
2330:
2327:
2319:September 14,
2314:
2307:
2304:
2296:September 14,
2292:
2288:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2266:September 14,
2261:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2236:September 14,
2231:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2181:
2172:
2169:
2161:September 14,
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2127:September 14,
2122:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2093:September 14,
2088:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:September 28,
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2001:Dunning, John
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:(July 2009).
1910:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1604:(4): 80â103.
1603:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1538:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1332:September 16,
1328:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1300:. Baltimore:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1243:Ronald Reagan
1240:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1203:
1202:Hooper rating
1198:
1196:
1181:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
937:
934:
931:
929:
925:
922:
919:
918:
915:
912:
910:
908:
903:
900:
897:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
880:
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3204:History.com
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