205:
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309:, Greene describes Firestone as: "a commercial company with no interests in Liberia but rubber and dividends," adding that, "no one could really tell whether that labour was voluntary or forced." Greene also highlights the Firestone plantation hierarchy: "at the end of several hours’ rough driving from the capital, live the Firestone men in houses containing shower baths and running water and electric light, with a wireless station, tennis courts and a bathing pool, and a new neat hospital in the middle of plantations which smell all the day through of latex, as it drips into little cups tied beneath incisions in the trunks. They, more than the English or the French, are the official Enemy, and no story of whipping post, smuggled arms or burnt villages is too wild to be circulated and believed among Liberians of both parties."
367:
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available. They put up temporary housing made out of mud, out of bamboo, out of thatch, out of tarpaulin, out of corrugated steel. Anything that they could do to get shelter. And those conditions still exist. They are not
Firestone housing, but they are on our property.... We have very strict policies about child labor. We do not hire anybody under 18 years of age, and we discourage parents from bringing their children to the fields with them. We have a program with the Ministry of Labor in Liberia to – and also the union that represents our employees–to educate parents about why they should not bring children with them into the field. And if we see incidents of this, we will cancel those employees, and if necessary, ultimately discipline them over such issue.
318:
538:, company management claimed that workers would bring their own children to assist them despite the company not endorsing such behavior. However, workers claimed that management's high daily quotas force them to bring their children to work as their only means of meeting quotas. Though Firestone had formally banned children from tapping trees, workers claimed the ban was not enforced. Firestone management said if children are found helping their parents, the employees are cancelled, and if necessary, disciplined. "We have very strict policies about our child labor. We do not hire anybody under 18 years of age, and we discourage parents from bringing their children to the fields with them."
425:, Johnson is held prisoner by Taylor on the Firestone plantation, describing it, thus: "a realm of tall rubber trees. Cool suffused light and perfect little golf–course gravel roads, the Firestone rubber plantation, one million acres of tall slender trees. a square mile or more of groomed lawns with a few buildings scattered across them like toys. I resided in the great house of a plantation so vast it constituted a region known on the maps simply as "Firestone." " Johnson provides first–hand details of an aerial attack upon Firestone's
27:
705:, extensively used during that period, has been discontinued in the United States since 1987 due to its carcinogenic properties. Captafol often spilled into and onto harvesting materials of Firestone workers. In 2005, residents living near Firestone Plantations alleged that chemical runoff from rubber production flowed into the Farmington River and prevented local use. Representatives from Firestone have denied these allegations.
2224:
189:. In 1929, the Liberian legislature received a complaint from King Maya Gedebeo of Twansiebo that, in addition to destroying nine towns in the area, the Firestone project made people "choose between forced labor and emigration." In addition to agricultural land itself, Firestone infrastructure required additional clearing. In a 1941 agreement with the United States Government, Firestone imported
658:, Firestone workers implemented intensive tapping techniques that proved particularly detrimental to the health of the trees. Similarly, during downturns in car production and tire replacement, the profitability of planting and exporting rubber diminished. In the wake of the Great Depression, thousands of acres on Firestone plantations were left untended, leading to fungal growth and
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revenues until it was repaid. Overtime the loan took a larger and larger portion of government income: it grew from 20% of the total revenue of
Liberia in 1929, to 32% in 1930, to 54.9% in 1931 and nearly the whole revenue in 1932. A member of the American Legation in Liberia estimated that Liberia effectively paid a 17% interest rate on the loan.
217:
Monrovia informed their superiors in London of how unfeasible these numbers were and warned that "natives would soon be converted into wage-slaves..." The
Liberian government supplied men to create and staff the plantations by giving local chieftains quotas for workers that were impossibly high to meet. Among the men contracted by Firestone,
145:, then Secretary of Commerce, considered rubber a vital resource due to its usage for car tires and began working with American rubber companies in order to find a rubber source that was controlled by U.S. interests. Part of a Department of Commerce–subsidised worldwide search for a place for rubber plantations, rubber magnate
628:
164:
government was involved in the offshore rubber production operation from the outset, as scholar
Christine Whyte point out: "The deal had the approval of the U.S. State Department, who hoped that the huge contract would keep Liberia within the American sphere of influence, without necessitating direct
616:
Firestone utilized controlled burns during the dry season and manual clearing with axes and saws during the rainy season to clear extensive areas of land for rubber cultivation. By early 1929, Firestone had cleared over 15,000 acres of land. They replaced native trees, including those with medicinal
553:
has noted, the ATCA is limited to "the worst forms of child labor", whereas this case was also demanding
Firestone to reduce its quotas for workers so that they would not have to bring their children to comply. The court determined that this request was outside its authority established by the ACTA,
693:
in the late 1920s heightened concerns among
Firestone leadership. During this period, the Firestone plantation served as a sanctuary for white foreigners in the city seeking refuge from the illness. Workers, particularly those with domestic responsibilities, were regularly administered vaccines to
569:
According to the report, Firestone managers in
Liberia admitted that the company does not effectively monitor its own policy prohibiting child labor. UNMIL found that several factors contribute to the occurrence of child labor on Firestone plantations: pressure to meet company quotas, incentive to
477:
on
Liberia's rubber plantations. According to the report, Firestone managers in Liberia admitted that the company does not effectively monitor its own policy prohibiting child labor. UNMIL found that several factors contribute to the occurrence of child labor on Firestone plantations: pressure to
248:
Firestone made efforts to foster the development of
Liberia's local rubber industry. Firestone employees distributed pamphlets, conducted soil surveys, and provided credit for harvesting materials to local producers. They also supplied seedlings and high-yielding budded trees. Still, Firestone
607:
with the
Firestone workers union; Firestone's failure to honor pension payments for retired Firestone employees; and, Firestone's contamination of local watersheds resulting in elimination of fish and natural wildlife. Firestone parent company, Bridgestone, participated in the report's study.
436:
In 1997, after the violence was over, the company restarted the operations, at first at a third of capacity, with 3000 workers. The company soon faced a number of violent protests, as its employees wanted better working conditions, better pay and resettlement benefits. By October 2008, it was
390:
took over the Firestone plantation and evacuated U.S. personnel. The exact nature of Firestone's activities in the plantation between 1990 and 1997 is unclear, the government's official stance was that they were able to take it back within a few months, while media reports say that it was not
265:, as rubber price fell, Firestone stopped its development of the plantation (using just 50,000 acres and cutting wages in half), and, depriving the Liberian government of tax incomes, the government missed a loan payment to the company. Firestone asked the U.S. government to send a warship to
228:
As a part of the agreement with Firestone, the Liberian government was given funding to pay the foreign debts it had incurred, and to develop a harbor necessary for rubber exportation. In return for a $ 5 million loan at a 7% interest rate, Firestone was given complete authority over Liberian
216:
The Firestone Plantation was originally envisioned for 350,000 people to be employed on the newly created plantations. However this was more than the number of able–bodied men in the entire nation at the time, which created intense pressure for labor. As early as May 1925 British officials in
581:
Well, in addition to the devastation that 15 years of civil war has caused, I think you need to understand another point–during the 2003 fighting, we had thousands of refugees come to Harbel for the safety that it provided. When those people came, they occupied any open area of land that was
342:), to collect specimens of animals and other flora. The Manns' account details that, "during the hotter part of the day one rides in a hammock, which is fastened to a frame and carried on the heads of four boys" and photographs taken by the Manns depict this mode of transport. The
244:
to Liberia. These towns were intended to not just provide worker housing, but also allowed the company to oversee many aspects of employees’ lives. Firestone controlled education, the judicial system, and health–care provision in the villages established on or near plantations."
554:
which "does not provide a warrant to oversee labor practices all over the world." Still, Bergman suspectcs that this case represents a step in a longer process of the ACTA's ability to encourage multinational corporations (like Firestone) to improve their child labor practices.
366:
152:
In 1926, the Liberian government granted Firestone a 99–year lease for a million acres (to be chosen by the company wherever in Liberia) at a price of 6 cents per acre, Firestone then set about establishing rubber tree plantations of the non–native South American rubber tree,
525:
The Plantation workers allege, among other things, that they remain trapped by poverty and coercion on a frozen–in–time Plantation operated by Firestone in a manner identical to how the Plantation was operated when it was first opened by Firestone in
321:
Pith-helmeted Americans William M. Mann (1886-1960) and Lucile Quarry Mann (1897-1986) on the 1940 Firestone-Smithsonian Expedition to Liberia, pictured with Boima Quae and child (center), Fermeteh (far right), and an unidentified person (far
603:, culminating in publication of the February 2020 report, "A Bridge Too Far: Social and Environmental Concerns in Bridgestone's Liberian Rubber Plantation and a Plan for Remediation." The report details labor rights violations of Firestone's
461:. Workers specifically claim that Firestone's high daily quotas force them to employ their own children, subjecting them to grueling and dangerous work conditions. In response to the claims, the president of Firestone Natural Rubber told a
625:, and Cassipourea firestoneana trees, with meticulously arranged rows of rubber trees. Tapping operations commenced shortly thereafter, and by 1940, Firestone had achieved a production of over 7,000 tons of latex per year.
570:
support the family financially, and lack of access to basic education. The report also noted that workers' housing provided by Firestone has not been renovated since the houses were constructed in the 1920s and 1930s.
530:
Firestone rejected these allegations, stating that the provided employment and pensions to thousands of Liberians, as well as healthcare, primary education, and training opportunities to employees and their children.
253:
as a result. Additionally, the ownership of native Liberian rubber production predominantly resides with a small group of individuals who control the majority of the productive land. These producers typically have
280:"The collusion between Firestone and government officials to keep wages low and coerce workers onto the plantations was at best substantially overlooked, at worst regarded as a form of 'development' in itself."
204:
465:
interviewer that "each tapper will tap about 650 trees a day, where they spend perhaps a couple of minutes at each tree." As the network pointed out, this would add up to more than 21 hours of work per day.
184:
name Queezahn. Quee means “white” or “civilized,” while Zahn translates to “leave this place.” Similar displacement occurred in parts of Division 22, where residents had to move or risk being forced out by
2422:
276:
During the 1940s workers began to protest their low wages dangerous working conditions and inadequate housing provided by Firestone. In the period between 1926 and 1946 Christine Whyte concluded that:
157:
in the country, eventually creating the world's largest rubber plantation. As of 2005, Firestone plantations represented almost one-third of the land dedicated to rubber cultivation in Liberia.
1501:
165:
governmental control. The last–minute addition of a twenty–five million dollar loan attached to the concession was intended to ensure that American corporate influence dominated."
694:
mitigate the risk of infection of Firestone employees. Numerous doctors and medical professionals conducted tests to assess the effectiveness of vaccines among Liberian workers.
1584:
346:
have digitized and made Lucile Quarry Mann's "Diary: Firestone Expedition to Liberia, 1940 (February 15 – August 8, 1940)" detailing the trip available online. In 1999 the
2099:
2270:
382:
As rubber demand went down during the 1980s, Firestone dismissed a number of 5000 workers, leading to the local antipathy to the company. On June 6, 1990, during the
1688:
2478:
1509:
430:
180:. The displaced were not adequately compensated for their losses and continue to face uncertainty regarding land tenure. Their new settlement has the
331:
804:
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operating at half the capacity, withholding further investments until the government finally agreed to give the company a lenient tax status.
2263:
1802:
1054:
958:
834:
347:
317:
1855:
409:
1861:
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outbreak occurred at Plantation Number 2, prompting a team of doctors to initiate the vaccination of hundreds of workers Additionally, a
2412:
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reported two lengthy stories about the Liberian civil wars in the 1990s: "The Civil War in Hell" appeared in the December 1990 issue of
387:
654:, altering the environment and facilitating the spread of insects and disease. During periods of heightened rubber demand, such as the
1593:
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1834:
1761:
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1378:
1354:
1329:
1305:
780:
698:
563:
507:
470:
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2256:
2106:
2079:
1893:
604:
343:
2313:
596:
487:
2463:
2298:
445:
In 2005, the Firestone Company and the Liberian government signed a new 37–year deal raising the lease to 50 cents per acre.
872:
2473:
2441:
1866:
1586:
A Bridge Too Far: Social and Environmental Concerns in Bridgestone's Liberian Rubber Plantation and a Plan for Remediation
1559:"The Alien Tort Statute and Flomo v. Firestone Natural Rubber Company: The Key to Change in Global Child Labor Practices?"
1049:. Studies in modern science, technology, and the environment. New Brunswick (N.J.): Rutgers university press. p. 93.
198:
141:
was restricted by the European colonial powers (Britain and the Netherlands), which held a monopoly in rubber production.
2197:
2111:
701:, a substance that has since been phased out due to recognized health and environmental risks. Similarly, the fungicide
2192:
2094:
168:
Establishing the plantations displaced many people and brought significant changes to local settlements. Residents of
662:. The presence of uniform waterways and walking paths provided ideal conditions for the unchecked expansion of the
194:
2402:
2392:
577:
and poor housing in the UN report, Dan Adomitis, President of Firestone Natural Rubber Company Liberia, stated:
326:
In February 1940 the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company financed a 4 1/2 month expedition led by director of the
2126:
2061:
1987:
1393:"Waging War to Keep the Peace: The ECOMOG Intervention and Human Rights (Human Rights Watch Report, June 1993)"
1178:
618:
541:
During the litigation, in April 2006 Firestone was granted its request to transfer the case from California to
383:
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2005:
351:
327:
255:
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remained the sole purchaser of rubber in Liberia until the mid 1950s, exerting significant control over the
146:
80:
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2350:
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1114:
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meet company quotas, incentive to support the family financially, and lack of access to basic education.
2468:
734:
542:
270:
26:
1270:
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2187:
1886:
1142:
739:
506:(parent company owning Firestone), alleging "forced labor, the modern equivalent of slavery", on the
413:
297:
117:
63:
566:(UNMIL) released a report: "Human Rights in Liberia’s Rubber Plantations: Tapping into the Future".
2376:
2329:
2025:
675:
599:
funded an investigation into alleged labor and environmental standards violations by Firestone in
2237:
2144:
2010:
1797:. African political, economic, and security issues. New York, NY: Nova Science Publ. p. 44.
1755:
1627:
1372:
1323:
900:
633:
499:
495:
339:
250:
177:
154:
1133:
Mann, William and Lucile Q. (November 1940). "The Smithsonian-Firestone Expedition to Liberia".
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1954:
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Liberian Firestone workers accuse the company of serious labor abuses, including exploitative
1851:
1748:
Black Thread Disease, Control Measures and Yield Stimulation in Hevea Brasiliensis in Liberia
2432:
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2177:
1924:
1826:
884:
729:
667:
592:
262:
201:. Firestone constructed hangars, ancillary buildings, and an 8,700 foot runway on the site.
190:
2227:
1949:
1879:
1533:
1458:
873:"A State of Underdevelopment: Sovereignty, Nation-Building and Labor in Liberia 1898–1961"
809:
714:
511:
335:
222:
186:
121:
32:
1222:
William M. Mann and Lucile Quarry Mann - 1940 Smithsonian-Firestone Expedition to Liberia
429:
village, likely bombed by Economic Community Cease–Fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) of the
209:
1480:
1146:
2209:
2041:
1944:
1919:
998:"Multinational Investment and the Development of an Export Industry: Rubber in Liberia"
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404:
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181:
173:
142:
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622:
422:
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302:
161:
67:
2139:
2089:
1982:
1929:
724:
686:
655:
651:
474:
237:
1161:
829:(Rev ed.). Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme. p. 34.
550:
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2134:
2069:
2015:
1977:
1972:
1939:
647:
574:
535:
503:
454:
355:
218:
113:
91:
1434:
1047:
Growing American rubber: strategic plants and the politics of national security
1220:
888:
43:
1664:
1179:"Diary: Firestone Expedition to Liberia, 1940 (February 15 - August 8, 1940)"
1087:
1013:
896:
824:
2154:
1392:
1364:
1315:
844:
663:
650:, as practiced on the Firestone Plantations, often leads to a reduction in
2248:
975:
The Firestone story; a history of the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company.
258:
rather than tribal heritage and are drawn from the Liberian ruling class.
120:, the company operates the largest contiguous rubber farm in the world in
2437:
2084:
1934:
1846:
1344:
1295:
702:
690:
682:
659:
421:. In the latter chronicle, republished in a 2001 collection of essays by
266:
101:
1648:
997:
2020:
1435:"Human Rights in Liberia's Rubber Plantations: Tapping into the Future"
1071:
600:
546:
458:
402:, and "The Small Boys Unit" (which chronicles an aborted December 1992
306:
236:
that emerged in the late–1920s and 1930s as a blatant, "export of the “
233:
2182:
637:
426:
371:
208:
Advertisement for Firestone's factory and exhibition building at the
169:
138:
53:
951:
Empire of rubber: Firestone's scramble for land and power in Liberia
232:
Scholar Christine Whyte describes the Firestone plantation model in
1592:. Washington, D.C.: Center for International Policy. Archived from
1141:(5). American Association for the Advancement of Science: 482–485.
2334:
1914:
627:
491:
365:
316:
203:
2149:
1429:
1427:
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1423:
1421:
241:
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tractors and bulldozers to clear 25,000 acres of land along the
2423:
International Labor Rights Forum v Firestone Tire and Rubber Co
2252:
1875:
462:
149:
sent experts to Liberia in December 1923 to do a soil survey.
1852:
Frontline PBS documentary "Firestone and the Warlord" (2014)
1346:
Seek : reports from the edges of America & beyond
1297:
Seek : reports from the edges of America & beyond
1871:
939:
Siegel, Mitman & Fahnbulleh, 2017, 00:22:07-00:23:47.
930:
Siegel, Mitman & Fahnbulleh, 2017, 00:29:45-00:30:00.
502:(ATCA) case in U.S. District Court in California against
1689:"Latex and Blood: Science, Markets, and American Empire"
1072:"History, Politics, and Economic Development in Liberia"
549:. Ultimately, Firestone won the case. As law professor
1459:"Is Bridgestone/Firestone Exploiting Liberian Workers?"
1197:"National Film Preservation Foundation: Awarded Grants"
1119:(2nd ed.). London: William Heinemann. p. 289.
773:
Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations
697:
To facilitate clearing, tappers applied the herbicide
1563:
18 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 455 (2011)
917:
Siegel, S., Mitman, G., & Fahnbulleh, M. (2017).
433:
as had already been perpetrated in November of 1992.
358:
of the expedition, which are also available online.
197:
for the construction of Liberia's first airport, now
212:
showing Liberians harvesting and transporting rubber
2385:
2364:
2343:
2322:
2286:
2165:
2125:
2060:
2034:
1998:
1965:
1907:
97:
87:
73:
59:
49:
39:
2100:Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority
823:United Nations Environment Programme, ed. (2004).
1862:Firestone Mired in Slave Labor Charges in Liberia
1271:"The Civil War in Hell | Esquire | December 1990"
1163:Smithsonian-Firestone Expedition to Liberia, 1940
473:(UNMIL) released a report detailing the state of
284:The Firestone loan was finally paid off in 1952.
1528:
1526:
1622:. Garden City, NY: County Life. pp. 33–34.
579:
558:United Nations Mission in Liberia report (2006)
523:
305:'s 1936 chronicle of his four month journey in
1160:Mann, William M.; Mann, Lucile Quarry (1940).
490:, representing "tappers" (workers who extract
137:During the 1920s, the United States access to
2264:
1887:
1649:"The Firestone Rubber Plantations in Liberia"
1300:. New York, NY: Perennial. pp. 198–200.
877:International Labor and Working-Class History
587:Center for International Policy report (2020)
412:) was published in the October 2000 issue of
8:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1239:
1237:
31:Firestone Natural Rubber Company factory in
19:
1867:Rubber Workers Charge Slave-Like Conditions
269:to enforce the debt payment, but President
221:notoriously coerced men to prepare land in
2271:
2257:
2249:
1894:
1880:
1872:
1437:. United Nations Mission in Liberia (2006)
516:Flomo vs. Firestone Natural Rubber Company
370:Firestone Natural Rubber latex factory in
25:
18:
805:Liberia, the League and the United States
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
826:Desk study on the environment in Liberia
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
457:, which they claim amount to modern–day
953:. New York: The New Press. p. 86.
751:
534:In reply to the charge of exploitative
498:) on the Liberian plantation, filed an
482:Alien Tort Claims Act litigation (2005)
313:Firestone-Smithsonian Expedition (1940)
1854:about Firestone and Liberian dictator
1753:
1625:
1453:
1451:
1370:
1321:
1578:
1576:
1128:
1126:
1108:
1106:
348:National Film Preservation Foundation
110:Firestone Natural Rubber Company, LLC
20:Firestone Natural Rubber Company, LLC
7:
2233:
921:. Passion River (00:22:08-00:22:34).
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
2413:Firestone and Ford tire controversy
1116:Journey Without Maps: A Travel Book
388:National Patriotic Front of Liberia
1823:Corporations and Counterinsurgency
1795:Liberia: development and resources
573:In response to the accusations of
273:rejected the "gunboat diplomacy".
176:were forced to relocate to nearby
14:
2309:Firestone Tire and Rubber Company
699:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid
617:or ritualistic value such as the
564:United Nations Mission in Liberia
471:United Nations Mission in Liberia
225:for the plantations without pay.
2304:Firestone Natural Rubber Company
2232:
2223:
2222:
2107:Rubber Manufacturers Association
2080:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
1183:Smithsonian Institution Archives
605:collective bargaining agreements
344:Smithsonian Institution Archives
2479:Liberia–United States relations
2314:Firestone-Apsley Rubber Company
1793:Micallef, Anya M., ed. (2011).
1647:Church, R. J. Harrison (1969).
1557:Bergman, Jessica (2011-01-01).
1076:The Journal of Economic History
1002:Transafrican Journal of History
636:at the Firestone Plantation in
597:Center for International Policy
488:International Labor Rights Fund
2299:Firestone Diversified Products
1275:Esquire | The Complete Archive
124:, which first opened in 1926.
1:
2442:2005 United States Grand Prix
1760:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1632:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1377:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1328:: CS1 maint: date and year (
1177:Mann, Lucille Quarry (1940).
591:Beginning in March 2019, the
391:operational until late 1994.
199:Roberts International Airport
2433:WGC-Bridgestone Invitational
2198:Persistent organic pollutant
2112:United States Rubber Company
2193:Great Pacific garbage patch
2095:Rubber industry in Malaysia
1349:. New York, NY: Perennial.
2500:
1750:. Netherlands: Wageningen.
803:W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, "
771:Robert Anthony Waters Jr,
632:Dense forest with rows of
133:Creation and early history
102:Firestonenaturalrubber.com
2403:Bridgestone Museum of Art
2393:Akron Firestone Non-Skids
2218:
996:Ghoshal, Animesh (1982).
977:Whittlesey House. p. 322.
919:The land beneath our feet
889:10.1017/S0147547917000084
871:Whyte, Christine (2017).
775:, Scarecrow Press, 2009,
354:'s preservation of color
114:Bridgestone Americas, Inc
92:Bridgestone Americas, Inc
24:
1988:Micronized rubber powder
1618:Young, James C. (1934).
1201:www.filmpreservation.org
1045:Finlay, Mark R. (2009).
551:Jessica Bergman Asbridge
384:First Liberian Civil War
332:National Zoological Park
2280:Bridgestone Corporation
2173:Airfield rubber removal
2006:Biodegradable additives
1343:Johnson, Denis (2002).
1294:Johnson, Denis (2002).
1113:Greene, Graham (1936).
1070:Dalton, George (1965).
648:Monoculture agriculture
514:. The case is known as
386:, the resistance group
328:Smithsonian Institution
147:Harvey Samuel Firestone
112:is a subsidiary of the
16:American rubber company
2428:The Voice of Firestone
2418:Firestone Country Club
2351:Firestone Tyre Factory
2117:List of tire companies
1693:Radical History Review
1687:Mitman, Gregg (2010).
1534:"Liberian Controversy"
1135:The Scientific Monthly
1035:Ghoshal, 1982, p. 105.
949:Mitman, Gregg (2021).
740:Environment of Liberia
644:
584:
528:
486:In November 2005, the
379:
323:
282:
213:
2464:Business ethics cases
2188:Environmental hazards
1783:Mitman, 2021, p. 207.
1774:Mitman, 2021, p. 207.
1746:Schreurs, J. (1982).
1736:Mitman, 2021, p. 202.
1727:Mitman, 2021, p. 203.
1718:Mitman, 2021, p. 106.
1583:Mighty Earth (2020).
735:Environmental justice
631:
500:Alien Tort Claims Act
369:
362:During the civil wars
320:
278:
271:Franklin D. Roosevelt
207:
2474:Companies of Liberia
1709:Mitman, 2021, p. 87.
1677:Mitman, 2021, p. 86.
1620:Liberia Rediscovered
1599:on September 7, 2022
1502:"Firestone Briefing"
652:biological diversity
612:Environmental record
521:The lawsuit stated:
298:Journey Without Maps
289:Journey Without Maps
118:Nashville, Tennessee
64:Nashville, Tennessee
2377:Harvey S. Firestone
2330:Bridgestone Picnica
2026:Polymer stabilizers
1147:1940SciMo..51..482M
1026:Lief, 1951, p. 325.
676:Onchocerca volvulus
449:Labor controversies
116:. Headquartered in
21:
2145:Rubberized asphalt
2011:Filler (materials)
1935:Chloroprene rubber
1149:– via JSTOR.
645:
634:Hevea brasiliensis
441:Current operations
380:
340:Lucile Quarry Mann
324:
214:
178:Grand Bassa County
155:Hevea brasiliensis
2451:
2450:
2398:Bridgestone Arena
2372:ShĹŤjirĹŤ Ishibashi
2356:Bridgestone Tower
2246:
2245:
2205:Tire-derived fuel
2047:Rubber technology
2035:Rubber processing
1955:Styrene-butadiene
1821:William Rosenau,
1804:978-1-61209-396-3
1473:"Firestone Claim"
1056:978-0-8135-4483-0
973:Lief, A. (1951).
960:978-1-62097-378-3
836:978-92-807-2403-5
730:Natural resources
720:Crisis management
562:In May 2006, the
469:In May 2006, the
107:
106:
2491:
2408:Bridgestone Open
2294:Bridgestone Golf
2273:
2266:
2259:
2250:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2178:Rubber pollution
2021:Polymer additive
1966:Mechanical types
1925:Synthetic rubber
1896:
1889:
1882:
1873:
1827:Rand Corporation
1809:
1808:
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1518:
1517:
1508:. Archived from
1506:lantos.house.org
1498:
1492:
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1479:. Archived from
1469:
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1269:JOHNSON, DENIS.
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784:
769:
668:Simulium yahense
656:Second World War
593:Washington, D.C.
394:American writer
263:Great Depression
256:America-Liberian
251:Liberian economy
195:Farmington River
187:controlled burns
29:
22:
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1994:
1961:
1950:Silicone rubber
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1477:socialfunds.com
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810:Foreign Affairs
802:
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748:
715:Corporate abuse
711:
614:
589:
560:
512:Harbel, Liberia
484:
451:
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364:
336:William M. Mann
315:
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223:Maryland county
135:
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122:Harbel, Liberia
76:
35:
33:Harbel, Liberia
17:
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2210:Tire recycling
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2042:Rubber tapping
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2018:
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1945:Nitrile rubber
1942:
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1932:
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1920:Natural rubber
1917:
1911:
1909:
1908:Chemical types
1905:
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1856:Charles Taylor
1849:
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1841:External links
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1100:Rosenau, p. 18
1093:
1082:(4): 569–591.
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986:Rosenau, p. 17
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672:parasitic worm
642:Margibi County
613:
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510:Plantation in
483:
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442:
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410:Charles Taylor
376:Margibi County
363:
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338:(and his wife
314:
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174:Margibi County
143:Herbert Hoover
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1847:Official site
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1512:on 2007-06-28
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1483:on 2007-02-06
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423:HarperCollins
420:
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396:Denis Johnson
392:
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303:Graham Greene
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240:” model from
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162:United States
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52:
48:
45:
42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
2469:Child labour
2303:
2287:Subsidiaries
2140:Rubber mulch
2090:Rubber Board
1983:Crumb rubber
1930:Butyl rubber
1822:
1794:
1788:
1779:
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1747:
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1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1692:
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1613:
1603:September 6,
1601:. Retrieved
1594:the original
1585:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:the original
1505:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:the original
1476:
1467:
1439:. Retrieved
1411:
1400:. Retrieved
1396:
1387:
1345:
1338:
1296:
1289:
1278:. Retrieved
1274:
1264:
1226:, retrieved
1221:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1155:
1138:
1134:
1115:
1096:
1079:
1075:
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974:
969:
950:
944:
935:
926:
918:
913:
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876:
825:
818:
808:
783:, p. 103-104
772:
725:Wage slavery
696:
689:outbreak in
687:yellow fever
680:
646:
623:red ironwood
615:
590:
580:
572:
568:
561:
543:Indianapolis
540:
533:
529:
524:
520:
515:
496:rubber trees
485:
475:human rights
468:
452:
444:
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417:
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403:
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393:
381:
325:
296:
294:
288:
283:
279:
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260:
247:
238:company town
231:
227:
219:Allen Yancey
215:
210:World's Fair
167:
159:
151:
136:
109:
108:
60:Headquarters
40:Company type
2484:Bridgestone
2135:Rubber band
2070:Bridgestone
2016:Plasticizer
1978:Foam rubber
1973:Cold rubber
1940:EPDM rubber
1397:www.hrw.org
813:, July 1931
681:In 1934, a
575:child labor
536:child labor
504:Bridgestone
455:child labor
408:profile of
356:home movies
352:Smithsonian
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261:During the
191:caterpillar
2458:Categories
2344:Facilities
1816:References
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1659:(4): 432.
1543:2006-07-30
1516:2011-07-27
1487:2011-07-27
1441:2015-10-01
1402:2022-09-07
1280:2022-09-07
1228:2022-09-01
1206:2022-09-01
670:, and the
405:New Yorker
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1653:Geography
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2323:Products
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2127:Products
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2062:Industry
1829:, 2009,
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660:root rot
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418:Magazine
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267:Monrovia
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2238:Commons
2183:Dioxins
1538:cnn.com
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601:Liberia
547:Indiana
459:slavery
400:Esquire
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234:Liberia
128:History
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170:Harbel
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2166:Waste
2155:codes
2150:Tires
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1597:(PDF)
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494:from
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