392:, gave the Crown the pre-emptive right for all land purchases from Māori. This was the chief source of income for the Crown, and later the Provinces, as they would pass on the land to the settlers with a significant margin. But it also put some control over the way Māori were dealt with. The colony obtained much self-control from the Crown with the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act, which was passed in 1857. This transferred much decision making from Britain to the colony, and without this change, the Native Land Acts of 1862 and 1865 would not have been possible. Those Acts abolished Crown pre-emption of land (thus nullifying the treaty's second article), and enabled certificate of title to be issued to individual Māori, with titles held by no more than ten individuals, but each individual had the sole power of selling the title. Settlers could then negotiate with individuals and as soon as one of them was a willing seller, transfer of title could happen. With that system in place, 95% of the
461:
place for only five years. History has shown us, however, that Māori land stayed in communal ownership, and the franchise conditions for Māori electorates were extended in 1872 by another five years, and in 1876, the electorates were made permanent. It is important to note that male Māori, due to their practical exclusion from the political process, received universal suffrage twelve years before
European men. Universal suffrage for non-Māori men over 21 years was introduced for the
113:
1321:
30:
120:
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456:
Provincial
Councils of the said Colony. And it is expedient for the better protection of the interests of Her Majesty’s subjects of the Native Race that temporary provisions should be made for the special representation of Her Majesty’s Native subjects in the House of Representatives and Provincial Councils of said Colony.
380:
The single most important issues in the 1850s and 1860s was that of land and land sales. With land held by Māori and the settler population increasing rapidly, there was a huge demand for making land available for new settlers. Many settlers took for granted that Māori land would progressively become
460:
The expectation was that Māori landholdings would be converted to individual title within the next few years. At that point, the franchise was to revert to the normal rules based on property ownership. As such, the preamble of the Act made reference to 'temporary provisions' and the Act was to be in
532:
was the other person put forward. When the returning officer asked for a show of hands, the outcome was 34 to 33 vote in favour of
Moananui. When Europeans contested elections, it was common for the trailing party to demand a poll at this point, but this did not happen. Hence, Moananui was declared
434:
I blame no man for the past, but for the future I take this as my guide that a people cannot be governed by a law which pretends to be powerless to deal with their property; and that one race cannot govern another as a pariah class – make laws for them, and so on ignoring their right to partake in
439:
You may mock me as to Maoris sitting in parliament. My dear Friend, I am not a fool nor attribute to political forms mysterious virtues, but I know all that the sitting in parliament brings in its train and I say that ignore tenure to land and ignore the sitting in parliament and all that belongs
376:
The
Constitution Act made an allowance, in Section 71, for some districts to be set aside where Māori laws, customs and ways of life were maintained "for the Government of themselves, in all their Relations and Dealings with each other", provided these were "not repugnant to general principles of
372:
men to vote, but most of their land was communally held (rather than held by individuals) and held in customary title (i.e. unregistered as opposed to freehold) and thus fell outside of the definitions of the
Constitution Act. As a consequence, Māori were effectively unable to register as voters.
455:
Whereas owing to the peculiar nature of Māori land and to other causes the Native
Aboriginal inhabitants of this Colony of New Zealand have heretofore with few exceptions been unable to become registered as electors or to vote at the election of members of the House of Representatives or of the
450:
introduced the Maori
Representation Act in 1867. This allowed for the creation of four Māori electorates. One of the strong underlying motives was to overcome the problem with land ownership, which prevented Māori from enrolling as electors, as alluded to in the preamble of the Act:
421:
Two rules are deeply fixed in my mind. 1. To expect men to respect law who don't enjoy it is absurd. 2. To try and govern a folk by our courts and at the same time to say that our courts shall take no cognisance of
330:
Act of
Parliament that granted limited self-rule to the settlers in the colony. This was a reaction to widespread frustration with the colonial authorities, and in particular the nearly unlimited power of the
1708:
465:. It is difficult to imagine these days how radical it was back then to grant universal suffrage to Māori men. It helped that there had been precedents to this, first in the
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was able to be transferred to settlers or the
Government by 1900. In historian Claudia Orange's assessment, the 1865 Act "introduced revolutionary change".
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owners of freehold land worth at least £50, or leasehold of a certain annual amount (£10 for farmland or a city house, or £5 for a rural house)
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86:
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In all four electorates, the nomination meeting was held on
Wednesday, 15 April 1868. Political parties would not form until after the
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The increased land sales and the ability of one owner to sell land without consent of the joint owners is what led to the
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In his letter, FitzGerald was referring to the financial consequences of the land wars that were crippling the country.
410:
269:
377:
humanity." Whilst this would have allowed some degree of self-governance by Māori, Section 71 was never implemented.
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electorate. He represented the electorate until 30 December 1870, when he retired at the dissolution of Parliament.
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is amazing folly. Two-thirds of the Northern Island is held under a tenure which is ignored by our law. Is it
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thereto and the alternative is war, extermination to the weaker race and financial disaster to the stronger.
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was the only candidate proposed. He was thus elected unopposed. He represented the electorate of
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was the only candidate proposed. He was thus declared elected. He represented the electorate of
540:
from 1868 to the end of the term in 1870, when he retired. This was recalled by his descendant,
1282:
586:, also known by his Māori name of Hone Paratene Tamanui a Rangi, was elected on 20 June in the
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The nomination meeting for the Northern Maori electorate was held at the residence of the
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He was the first of the four to speak in Parliament. He represented the electorate of
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All subsequent Māori elections were always held as part of the general elections.
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to govern any people by a law which does not recognise their estate in land?
877:
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524:, held in front of the Council offices, two candidates were proposed.
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497:, one of the first four Māori MPs, wearing a uniform and holding a
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978:
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1263:(updated May 2009 ed.). Wellington: Parliamentary Library
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354:
To be eligible to vote, the following criteria had to be met:
1211:(2004 ed.), Wellington: Bridget Williams Books Limited,
610:
from 1868 to 1870. He contested the electorate again at the
347:) elected every five years. In addition, it allowed for six
1048:. Vol. XXII, no. 2669. 18 April 1868. p. 5
473:
in 1853), and then for the two gold fields electorates (
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860:
858:
856:
819:
817:
780:
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1241:(4th ed.). Wellington: V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer.
961:. Vol. 12, no. 935. 18 April 1868. p. 2
1019:. Vol. III, no. 116. 9 May 1868. p. 5
322:
New Zealand's parliamentary history begins with the
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878:"First three Maori MPs elected to Parliament"
8:
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1239:New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984
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1310:
1296:
1288:
1232:(2nd ed.). Wellington: Govt. Printer.
20:
1102:"Maori Voices in Parliament Still Strong"
1189:(20 ed.). Auckland: Penguin Books.
381:available for agricultural development.
928:. Elections New Zealand. Archived from
902:. Elections New Zealand. Archived from
714:
303:were held in 1868 in four newly formed
1153:
1129:
990:. No. 839. 1 June 1868. p. 4
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343:) appointed, and the lower house (the
339:parliament, with the upper house (the
493:Formal seated portrait photograph of
409:, who in 1865 was for a brief period
335:. The Constitution Act established a
7:
769:
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87:New Zealand House of Representatives
568:from 1868 to 1870 when he retired.
368:In theory, this would have allowed
175:
95:
1187:The Penguin History of New Zealand
580:, three candidates were proposed.
528:was the first one to be proposed.
16:New Zealand elections held in 1868
14:
1283:The Maori Representation Act 1867
1068:"Maori MPs – Parliament's people"
544:, in Parliament 140 years later.
324:New Zealand Constitution Act 1852
1319:
1254:Wilson, John (9 November 2003).
1230:New Zealand Parliamentary Record
467:Pensioner Settlements electorate
198:
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118:
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28:
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576:At the nomination meeting near
1257:The Origins of the Māori Seats
1237:Wilson, James Oakley (1985) .
560:, Mr Barstow. At the meeting,
1:
1863:1868 elections in New Zealand
1709:1894–1987 (alcohol licensing)
955:"Election of a Native Member"
598:At the nomination meeting in
520:At the nomination meeting in
413:, explained his attitudes to
1070:. New Zealand History Online
880:. New Zealand History Online
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671:
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651:
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351:, elected every four years.
1042:"Latest News from Wanganui"
1013:"Maori Members of Assembly"
479:Goldfields Towns electorate
211:Hōne Paratene Tamanuiarangi
1899:
1810:2009 (corporal punishment)
1330:referendums in New Zealand
602:, held at the Courthouse,
435:the making of those laws.
361:aged at least 21 years old
1827:
1739:1990 (parliamentary term)
1729:1967 (parliamentary term)
411:Minister of Māori Affairs
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171:
92:
65:
38:
26:
1868:Elections in New Zealand
1719:1949 (military training)
345:House of Representatives
1842:Supplementary elections
1369:(First Māori elections)
693:Russell, Frederick Nene
50:15 April – 20 June 1868
1734:1967 (licensing hours)
1724:1949 (licensing hours)
1226:Scholefield, Guy Hardy
1209:The Treaty of Waitangi
1046:Wellington Independent
984:"Maori Representation"
614:, but was defeated by
562:Frederick Nene Russell
508:, so all members were
501:
463:1879 general elections
458:
442:
216:Frederick Nene Russell
1832:Parliamentary makeups
612:1871 general election
492:
475:Goldfields electorate
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419:
301:first Māori elections
22:First Māori elections
1759:2011 (voting method)
1749:1993 (voting method)
1744:1992 (voting method)
1702:Parliament-initiated
926:"Māori and the Vote"
900:"Māori and the Vote"
526:Karaitiana Takamoana
415:James Crowe Richmond
1805:1999 (MP reduction)
1795:1995 (firefighters)
1017:Marlborough Express
663:Paetahi, Mete Kīngi
648:Moananui, Tareha Te
554:resident magistrate
349:provincial councils
341:Legislative Council
307:during the term of
237:Leader's seat
157:Leader's seat
23:
1815:2013 (asset sales)
1788:Citizens-initiated
959:Hawke's Bay Herald
932:on 8 February 2013
604:Mete Kīngi Paetahi
530:Tareha Te Moananui
502:
495:Mete Kīngi Paetahi
386:Treaty of Waitangi
280:Subsequent Premier
136:Mete Kīngi Paetahi
131:Tareha Te Moananui
1878:April 1868 events
1873:Māori electorates
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1338:General elections
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469:(created for the
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906:on 7 August 2011
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1108:. 4 August 2008
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284:Edward Stafford
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265:before election
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1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1218:0-86861-427-0
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:0-14-301867-1
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:King, Michael
1180:
1179:
1175:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1135:
1132:, p. 13.
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
989:
985:
979:
977:
973:
960:
956:
950:
948:
944:
931:
927:
921:
918:
905:
901:
895:
892:
879:
873:
870:
867:, p. 10.
866:
861:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
832:
829:
825:
820:
818:
814:
810:
805:
802:
798:
793:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
751:
747:
742:
739:
735:
730:
727:
723:
718:
715:
708:
699:
694:
691:
684:
679:
676:
669:
668:Western Maori
664:
661:
654:
653:Eastern Maori
649:
646:
641:
640:Election date
636:
631:
627:
621:
619:
617:
616:Wiremu Parata
613:
609:
608:Western Maori
605:
601:
594:Western Maori
593:
592:
591:
589:
585:
581:
579:
571:
570:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
547:
546:
545:
543:
542:Pita Sharples
539:
538:Eastern Maori
534:
531:
527:
523:
516:Eastern Maori
515:
514:
513:
511:
507:
500:
496:
491:
484:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
457:
452:
449:
448:Donald McLean
445:
441:
437:
431:
429:
425:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
382:
378:
374:
371:
363:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
317:
315:
312:
310:
306:
302:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
275:
271:
266:
264:
260:
259:
254:
247:
244:
242:
239:
236:
235:
232:
229:
227:
224:
221:
220:
217:
214:
212:
209:
206:
205:
201:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
183:Fourth party
182:
179:
176:
170:
167:
166:Western Maori
164:
162:
161:Eastern Maori
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
147:
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
132:
129:
126:
125:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
106:
103:Second party
102:
99:
96:
91:
88:
82:
77: →
76:
71:
68:←
64:
57: →
56:
53:
51:
48:
46:
43:←
42:
41:
37:
25:
19:
1837:By-elections
1624:
1365:
1265:. Retrieved
1256:
1238:
1229:
1208:
1186:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1110:. Retrieved
1105:
1096:
1084:
1072:. Retrieved
1062:
1050:. Retrieved
1045:
1021:. Retrieved
1016:
992:. Retrieved
987:
963:. Retrieved
958:
934:. Retrieved
930:the original
920:
908:. Retrieved
904:the original
894:
882:. Retrieved
872:
850:, p. 9.
843:
831:
811:, p. 8.
804:
799:, p. 5.
792:
765:
760:, p. 4.
753:
748:, p. 3.
741:
729:
717:
639:
634:
629:
597:
582:
575:
551:
535:
519:
510:Independents
503:
477:in 1863 and
459:
454:
446:
443:
438:
432:
427:
423:
420:
417:as follows:
405:
398:
394:North Island
383:
379:
375:
367:
353:
321:
313:
300:
298:
283:
279:
268:
261:
180:Third party
100:First party
49:
18:
1694:Referendums
1154:Wilson 1985
1130:Wilson 2003
865:Wilson 2003
848:Wilson 2003
836:Wilson 2003
824:Orange 1987
809:Wilson 2003
797:Wilson 2003
785:Orange 1987
758:Wilson 2003
746:Wilson 2003
722:Wilson 2003
287:Independent
274:Independent
231:Independent
226:Independent
151:Independent
146:Independent
1857:Categories
1777:euthanasia
1176:References
635:Electorate
481:in 1866).
1379:1875–1876
1356:1860–1861
1326:Elections
1267:27 August
1247:154283103
1228:(1925) .
1112:31 August
1074:26 August
1052:30 August
1023:30 August
994:30 August
965:30 August
936:31 August
910:31 August
884:31 August
770:King 2003
734:King 2003
533:elected.
388:, in the
337:bicameral
1772:cannabis
1207:(1987),
1185:(2003).
642:(MM/DD)
600:Wanganui
428:possible
333:Governor
622:Members
578:Woodend
558:Russell
485:Results
328:British
318:History
263:Premier
207:Leader
188:
177:
127:Leader
108:
97:
1245:
1215:
1193:
702:04/15
687:06/20
672:04/17
657:04/15
630:Member
522:Napier
222:Party
142:Party
1768:2020
1261:(PDF)
1106:Scoop
709:Notes
370:Māori
1684:2022
1679:2019
1674:2016
1669:2013
1664:2010
1659:2007
1654:2004
1649:2001
1644:1853
1625:Next
1619:2023
1614:2020
1609:2017
1604:2014
1599:2011
1594:2008
1589:2005
1584:2002
1579:1999
1574:1996
1569:1993
1564:1990
1559:1987
1554:1984
1549:1981
1544:1978
1539:1975
1534:1972
1529:1969
1524:1966
1519:1963
1514:1960
1509:1957
1504:1954
1499:1951
1494:1949
1489:1946
1484:1943
1479:1938
1474:1935
1469:1931
1464:1928
1459:1925
1454:1922
1449:1919
1444:1914
1439:1911
1434:1908
1429:1905
1424:1902
1419:1899
1414:1896
1409:1893
1404:1890
1399:1887
1394:1884
1389:1881
1384:1879
1374:1871
1366:1868
1361:1866
1351:1855
1346:1853
1328:and
1269:2010
1243:OCLC
1213:ISBN
1191:ISBN
1114:2010
1076:2010
1054:2010
1025:2010
996:2010
967:2010
938:2010
912:2010
886:2010
499:patu
384:The
358:male
326:, a
299:The
45:1866
556:of
1859::
1122:^
1104:.
1044:.
1033:^
1015:.
1004:^
986:.
975:^
957:.
946:^
855:^
816:^
777:^
618:.
512:.
403:.
311:.
1311:e
1304:t
1297:v
1271:.
1249:.
1199:.
1116:.
1078:.
1056:.
1027:.
998:.
969:.
940:.
914:.
888:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
