844:, who had enjoyed significant authority during the reign of his two predecessors. He appointed his kinsmen to all of the provincial governorships. Although Uthman continued Muslim expansion in Persia and Egypt, these conquests came to a halt by the later half of his reign. The influx of spoils slowed, magnifying economic issues that had previously been tempered by incoming revenue. This was coupled with Arab nomads' antipathy toward central authority, which had hitherto been superseded by the continued war effort. The continued migration of tribes from Arabia to the conquered territories also resulted in reduced payments from the revenue of the lands, which led to resentment among the earlier settlers. Early settlers also saw their status threatened by land grants in the conquered territories to prominent Qurayshites like
1425:, was elected caliph in Kufa. Mu'awiya quickly marched on Kufa with a large army, while Hasan's military response suffered defections in large numbers. These were facilitated by military commanders and tribal chiefs who had been swayed to Mu'awiya's side by promises and offers of money. Hasan was wounded in a failed attempt on his life. By the time Hasan agreed to a peace treaty with Mu'awiya, his authority did not exceed the area around Kufa. Under this treaty, Hasan ceded the caliphate to Mu'awiya. The treaty stipulated a general amnesty for the people and the return of the caliphate to Hasan after Mu'awiya's death. Mu'awiyah was crowned as caliph at a ceremony in
969:, in 657 CE. There, the two sides negotiated for weeks. Notably, Mu'awiya repeated his proposition to recognize Ali in return for Syria and Egypt, which was again rejected. In turn, Ali challenged Mu'awiya to a one-on-one duel to settle the matters and avoid the bloodshed. This offer was declined by Mu'awiya. The negotiations ceased without success on 18 July 657 and the two sides prepared for the battle. Fighting began on Wednesday, 26 July, and lasted for three or four days. By the final day, the balance had shifted in Ali's favor. When Mu'awiya was informed his army could not win, he decided to appeal to the
937:
1352:
760:
50:
258:
825:, the lands of the Persian crown and aristocracy were now in Muslim hands. These became state-administered communal property. The revenue was distributed among the conquering troops, who settled in Iraq. Umar also left provincial administration to regional governors, who ruled with considerable autonomy. Provincial surplus was spent on the Muslim settlers of the conquered territories rather than forwarded to the capital,
856:. These chiefs were given this territory in exchange for their lands in Arabia. Furthermore, Uthman took control of the crown lands of Iraq as state assets, and demanded that the provincial surplus be forwarded to the caliph. This interference in provincial affairs brought about widespread opposition to his rule, especially from Iraq and Egypt, where the majority of the conquering armies had settled.
158:
1388:
3568:
1244:
146:
3985:
175:
973:. Before noon, Syrians raised copies of the book on their lances, shouting, "Let the book of God be the judge between us." Although Ali was suspicious of this appeal, his forces ceased fighting. Compelled by strong peace sentiments in his army and threats of mutiny, Ali accepted a proposal for arbitration.
917:
With the deaths of Talha and Zubayr, the fate of the battle was sealed in favor of Ali. However, the fight continued until Ali's troops succeeded in killing Aisha's camel, which her forces had rallied around. From this camel, the battle received its name. After admonishing Aisha, Ali sent her back to
961:
In response, Mu'awiya declared war on Ali on behalf of the
Syrians, demanding vengeance for Uthman's death. The governor aimed to depose Ali and establish a Syrian council to appoint the next caliph, who would presumably be Mu'awiya himself. Ali responded by letter that Mu'awiya was welcome to bring
957:
Shortly after assuming power, Ali dismissed most governors whom he considered corrupt, including Mu'awiya, Uthman's cousin. Mu'awiya refused to step down and informed Ali through a representative that he would recognize Ali as caliph in exchange for the governorship of Syria and Egypt for life. Ali
901:
The two armies met outside Basra. After three days of failed negotiations, the battle began in the afternoon of 8 December 656 and lasted until the evening. Zubayr left the field without fighting. Likely for the dishonorable act of leaving his fellow
Muslims behind in a civil war he caused, Zubayr
1396:
attempts at deescalation, Ali announced an amnesty (that did not apply to murderers) and barred his army from commencing hostilities. The remaining
Kharijites, estimated at 2,800, attacked and were vanquished by the vastly superior army of Ali. The injured, estimated at 400, were pardoned by Ali.
1395:
Ali received the news of the
Kharijites' violence and moved to Nahrawan with his army. There, he asked the Kharjites to surrender the murderers and return to their families. The Kharijites, however, responded defiantly that they were collectively responsible for the murders. After multiple failed
1339:
through arbitration, a move considered by the group as against the Quran. Most of them had pressured Ali to accept the arbitration, but subsequently reversed course and declared that the right to judgment belonged to God alone. While Ali largely succeeded in regaining their support, the remaining
1320:
likely broke up in disarray when Amr violated his earlier agreement with Abu Musa. The Kufan delegation reacted furiously to Abu Musa's concessions, and the erstwhile arbitrator fled to Mecca in disgrace. Conversely, Amr was received triumphantly by Mu'awiya on his return to Syria. After the
3534:
1379:
and Ali, and executing those who did not share their views. In one notable incident, the
Kharijites disemboweled a farmer's pregnant wife, cut out and killed her unborn infant, before beheading the farmer. Kharijites have been viewed as the forerunners of
885:
Aisha, Talha, and Zubayr opposed Ali's succession and gathered in Mecca, where they demanded vengeance for Uthman's death and the election of a new caliph, presumably either Talha or Zubayr, through consultation. The rebels raised an army and captured
918:
Medina, escorted by her brother. Ali also announced a public pardon and set the prisoners free. This pardon was also extended to high-profile rebels, including Marwan, who soon joined with his
Umayyad kinsman Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the governor of
3475:
1321:
conclusion of the arbitration in 659 CE, Syrians pledged their allegiance to Mu'awiya as the next caliph. Ali denounced the conduct of the two arbitrators as contrary to the Quran and began to organize a new expedition to Syria.
1309:, and the proceedings likely lasted until mid April 658 CE. At Dumat al-Jandal, the arbitrators reached the verdict that Uthman had been killed wrongfully and that Mu'awiya had the right to seek revenge. According to scholar
493:
4037:
835:
succeeded Umar upon the latter's assassination by a slave in 644. The new caliph's policies elicited discontent among the Muslim elite as well as accusations of nepotism. He began centralizing power by relying on his
3501:
4032:
1289:
as their representative. Ali considered Abu Musa politically naive, but appointed him despite these reservations. In an agreement on 2 August, 657 CE, Abu Musa represented Ali's army while Mu'awiya's top general,
3128:
962:
his case to Ali's court of justice, asking him to offer any evidence that would incriminate Ali in the murder of Uthman. Ali also challenged Mu'awiya to name any Syrian who would qualify for a council.
3547:
486:
479:
1313:, this verdict was political rather than judicial, and a blunder of the naive Abu Musa. This verdict strengthened the Syrians' support for Mu'awiya and weakened the position of Ali.
2965:
3644:
1371:
as their caliph. They denounced Ali's leadership, and declared him, his followers, and the
Syrians to be infidels. They declared the shedding blood of such infidels to be
418:
4027:
3774:
3865:
867:, the provincial opposition subsequently broadened into open rebellion. Dissidents from Egypt and Iraq marched on Medina, killing the caliph in June 656.
685:
as the next caliph. During the final years of Uthman's caliphate, he was accused of nepotism and killed by rebels in 656. After Uthman's assassination,
1272:
840:
relatives, who had long opposed
Muhammad before converting to Islam in 630. His favor toward relatives was to the exclusion of other members of the
3637:
3794:
3759:
3591:
3086:
3013:
2946:
2910:
724:, who declared Ali, Mu'awiya, and their followers infidels. Following Kharijite violence against civilians, Ali's forces crushed them in the
411:
3291:
3438:
3417:
3398:
3377:
3356:
3345:
3322:
3301:
3280:
3220:
3201:
3158:
3117:
2882:
611:
631:
3630:
3613:
3488:
3180:
2994:
593:
2957:
2576:
890:
from Ali's governor, inflicting heavy casualties on his men, with the intention of strengthening their position. Ali sent his son
3930:
404:
626:
1432:
Hasan predeceased Mu'awiya, dying in 670 at the age of 46. It is believed that he was poisoned at the instigation of Mu'awiya.
3784:
3769:
1265:
1163:
965:
Ali called a council of
Islamic ruling elite which urged him to fight Mu'awiya. The two armies met at Siffin, west of the
936:
3839:
3779:
1368:
460:
320:
3988:
3428:
2869:
Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, eds. (2013).
1081:
583:
751:, acknowledging the rule of Mu'awiya, who subsequently founded the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled as its first caliph.
3789:
3050:
3918:
1351:
3970:
3698:
3033:
1416:
813:). These battles brought about the near-total collapse of the Sasanians, and restricted the Byzantine Empire to
748:
99:
3799:
2902:
1404:
1258:
1133:
1123:
759:
740:
4022:
4017:
3713:
3688:
3604:
3150:
3023:
3890:
3948:
3819:
1286:
550:
3809:
2581:
845:
694:
540:
269:
240:
3804:
297:
49:
4007:
3938:
3814:
3728:
3388:
1400:
1335:
Following the Battle of Siffin, a group separated from Ali when he agreed to settle the dispute with
545:
197:
3900:
880:
853:
849:
702:
698:
440:
376:
348:
281:
3834:
3078:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
1330:
1148:
1056:
987:
725:
655:
621:
616:
578:
455:
450:
360:
150:
115:
3367:
3312:
2870:
3653:
3609:
3587:
3514:
3434:
3413:
3394:
3373:
3341:
3318:
3297:
3276:
3259:
3249:
3237:
3216:
3197:
3176:
3154:
3113:
3082:
3060:
3009:
2990:
2942:
2906:
2878:
1381:
1128:
659:
530:
301:
207:
124:
88:
3191:
3958:
3462:
3168:
3105:
2585:
1310:
1138:
1103:
1086:
1066:
1051:
945:
931:
821:, and its holdings in Europe. The conquests brought Muslims bounteous revenue and lands. In
795:
763:
714:
588:
445:
382:
354:
324:
273:
244:
232:
1448:
Grouping of the Meccan clans to which Muhammad and the caliphs, including Uthman, belonged.
1294:, represented the other side. The two representatives committed to adhere to the Quran and
3860:
3072:
1302:
1071:
837:
799:
767:
311:
228:
218:
3449:
3100:. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
604:
3333:
3253:
747:
was elected caliph and soon after attacked by Mu'awiya. The embattled Hasan concluded a
3953:
3943:
3678:
3231:
3193:
Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Shi'ism: From Ali to Post-Khomeini
3045:
3041:
2938:
2931:
1356:
1153:
1025:
713:, declared war on Ali, ostensibly to avenge Uthman's death. The two parties fought the
669:
The roots of the first civil war can be traced back to the assassination of the second
636:
561:
257:
214:
3097:
3028:
2571:
17:
4001:
3824:
3668:
3140:
3109:
3037:
2982:
2589:
1422:
1291:
919:
891:
860:
744:
733:
706:
555:
471:
292:
203:
162:
120:
3215:. Translated by Nasr, Hossein. State University of New York Press. pp. 52, 53.
4012:
3764:
3573:
1248:
818:
598:
571:
525:
285:
252:
222:
41:
1076:
907:
3144:
3076:
2896:
910:
who had remained on the sidelines of the battle. Talha was killed by the Umayyad
859:
Encouraged by the Medinese elite including prominent figures like Talha, Zubayr,
654:
was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the
3965:
3829:
3718:
2892:
1336:
1213:
1186:
662:. The civil war involved three main battles between the fourth Rashidun caliph,
566:
3908:
3693:
3563:
1345:
1181:
1098:
950:
941:
787:
721:
515:
179:
3263:
3241:
3064:
1196:
3733:
3723:
1426:
1387:
1158:
1143:
995:
966:
670:
535:
108:
3622:
3984:
3885:
3708:
3683:
3314:
The Heirs of the Prophet Muhammad: And the Roots of the Sunni-Shia Schism
911:
903:
898:. After Ali arrived in Kufa himself, the combined army marched to Basra.
814:
779:
775:
307:
3258:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
871:, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was subsequently recognized caliph.
3703:
3673:
3598:
Arabic translation by Khalil Ahmad Khalil, Beirut, 2000, Dar al-Tali'a.
1340:
opponents of arbitration gathered in Nahrawan, on the east bank of the
1228:
1223:
1191:
852:, as well as land acquisitions by late-arriving tribal chiefs, such as
841:
802:, initiating a wave of conquests which were continued by his successor
863:(a former governor of Egypt who Uthman deposed), and Muhammad's widow
3913:
3880:
3855:
3749:
1376:
1360:
1341:
1317:
1306:
1295:
1201:
1015:
1010:
832:
826:
791:
783:
682:
1375:. The Kharijites began interrogating civilians about their views on
3584:
La Grande Discorde: Religion et politique dans l'Islam des origines
3895:
3875:
3870:
3293:
After the Prophet: The Epic Story of the Shia-Sunni Split in Islam
1386:
1372:
1350:
1218:
1206:
1093:
1020:
970:
935:
887:
864:
822:
758:
729:
710:
690:
678:
264:
166:
895:
803:
674:
3626:
1421:
After the assassination of Ali in January 661, his eldest son,
705:
in December 656, from which Ali emerged victorious. Afterward,
701:
revolted against Ali to depose him. The two parties fought the
475:
400:
1285:
The majority in Ali's army pressed for the reportedly neutral
868:
686:
663:
396:
192:
4038:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Africa
4033:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia
3390:
No god but God: The origins, evolution, and future of Islam
3233:
Die religiös-politischen Oppositionsparteien im alten Islam
3173:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
1348:, from the Arabic for "to go out" or "to rise in revolt".
1298:, and to save the Muslim community from war and division.
3608:. Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University. 1997.
1481:
1479:
717:
in July 657, which ended in a stalemate and arbitration.
3081:(3rd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
2937:. Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam.
3338:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
2922:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
2875:
The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought
2457:
2366:
2266:
2231:
2167:
2139:
2059:
1344:. Due to their exodus, this group became known as the
2325:, p. Uthman had indeed been wrongfully killed).
1466:
1464:
3929:
3848:
3742:
3661:
2898:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
3027:
2930:
2570:Francesca, Ersilia. Dammen McAuliffe, Jane (ed.).
3273:The Prophet's Heir: The Life of Ali ibn Abi Talib
794:, he sent armies to fight against the empires of
3236:(in German). Berlin: Weidmannsche Buchhandlung.
2239:
1891:
1868:
1829:
1790:
1736:
1705:
677:. Before he died from his wounds, Umar formed a
3448:Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Afsaruddin, Asma (2021).
2617:
2609:
2558:
2523:
2488:
1732:
34:
739:In 661, Ali was assassinated by the Kharijite
728:. Soon after, Mu'awiya also seized control of
3638:
1266:
487:
412:
8:
3008:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
105:Stalemate between forces of Ali and Mu'awiya
59: Region under the control of Caliph Ali
3358:Origins and Early Development of Shia Islam
3059:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1074â1077.
2924:. New York: Fred de Fau and Co. Publishers.
1301:The two arbitrators met together, first at
3645:
3631:
3623:
3051:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
2754:
2731:
2648:
2632:
2550:
1577:
1545:
1273:
1259:
980:
494:
480:
472:
419:
405:
397:
65: Region under the control of Mu'awiya
31:
27:Rashidun-era Muslim civil war (656 to 661)
2826:
2613:
2554:
2515:
2499:
2484:
2398:
1767:
1728:
302:
208:
2849:
2814:
2798:
2782:
2766:
2727:
2715:
2700:
2684:
2672:
2668:
2656:
2652:
2636:
2542:
2534:
2519:
2503:
2476:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2386:
2382:
2354:
2342:
2338:
2318:
2306:
2302:
2286:
2278:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2203:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2127:
2123:
2115:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2079:
2075:
2055:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2023:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1952:
1937:
1922:
1910:
1902:
1883:
1879:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1840:
1825:
1817:
1813:
1801:
1786:
1782:
1763:
1759:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1677:
1673:
1403:, Ali was assassinated by the Kharijite
902:was pursued and killed by the troops of
3554:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3541:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3528:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3508:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3495:(3rd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3482:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
3135:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online.
1661:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1605:
1533:
1521:
1460:
1441:
1391:A 1909 photograph of the Nahrawan Canal
983:
312:
2770:
2743:
2628:
2546:
2480:
2461:
2394:
2390:
2370:
2298:
2235:
2207:
2143:
2131:
2083:
2063:
2012:
2000:
1926:
1771:
1747:
1617:
1601:
1561:
1509:
1485:
1470:
4028:Wars involving the Rashidun Caliphate
2853:
2837:
2810:
2786:
2711:
2709:
2688:
2538:
2465:
2362:
2358:
2326:
2322:
2282:
2254:
2183:
2135:
2119:
1941:
1906:
1887:
1860:
1821:
1701:
1649:
1589:
1565:
1549:
1497:
1399:In January 661, while praying at the
1359:ran parallel to the east bank of the
940:Combat between the forces of Ali and
720:This arbitration was resented by the
7:
3296:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
2122:, p. on Amr's cunning advice).
3516:The Messenger; the Life of Mohammed
3430:History of Israel and the Holy Land
3211:Tabatabai, Muhammad Husayn (1977).
3524:Morony, M. (2021). "Al-Nahrawan".
2987:Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1
25:
2968:from the original on 2 April 2013
3983:
3566:
3110:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7018
2871:"Ali b. Abi Talib (ca. 599â661)"
2590:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00103
2537:, pp. 248, 249, 251, 252).
1242:
584:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul
256:
173:
156:
144:
48:
3519:. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
3332:Bowering, Gerhard, ed. (2013).
1882:, pp. 168â174, 180, 181).
808:
689:was elected the fourth caliph.
3810:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
3795:Second siege of Constantinople
3785:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
3770:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
3410:An introduction to Shi'i Islam
3340:. Princeton University Press.
3175:. Cambridge University Press.
3006:A History of Islamic Societies
2989:. Cambridge University Press.
2877:. Princeton University Press.
743:. After Ali's death, his heir
541:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
1:
3760:First siege of Constantinople
3533:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021c).
3500:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021b).
3369:The new encyclopedia of Islam
3255:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
2962:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
2933:The New Encyclopedia of Islam
1164:Abd Allah ibn Yazid al-Fazari
790:over the dissident tribes of
658:and the establishment of the
632:Kharijite Rebellion (866â896)
3840:Umayyad rule in North Africa
3780:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
3474:Veccia Vaglieri, L. (2021).
1369:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
709:, the incumbent governor of
321:Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi
3427:Avi-Yonah, Michael (2001).
3230:Wellhausen, Julius (1901).
2929:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2003).
2577:Encyclopaedia of the QurÊŸÄn
1855:, pp. 175, 179, 180).
4054:
3815:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3790:Umayyad campaigns in India
3487:Gleave, Robert M. (2021).
3463:"Ali b. Abi Taleb I. Life"
3311:Rogerson, Barnaby (2006).
2956:Gleave, Robert M. (2008).
1414:
1328:
929:
878:
788:reasserting Muslim control
546:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
3981:
3971:Painting of the Six Kings
3412:. Yale University Press.
3290:Hazleton, Lesley (2009).
3275:. Yale University Press.
1804:, pp. 171, 172, 181)
782:became the leader of the
511:
436:
335:
185:
137:
71:
47:
39:
3954:Great Mosque of Damascus
3800:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
3775:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
3602:"Encyclopedia Iranica".
3461:Poonawala, I.K. (1982).
2903:Harvard University Press
2612:, pp. 1074, 1075).
1405:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
1134:Najda ibn Amir al-Hanafi
1124:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
958:rejected this proposal.
741:Abd al-Rahman ibn Muljam
666:, and the rebel groups.
594:QaysâYaman war (793â796)
531:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
3513:Bodley, R.V.C. (1946).
3454:Encyclopedia Britannica
3151:Oxford University Press
2920:Gibbon, Edward (1906).
2240:Veccia Vaglieri (2021c)
1892:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1869:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1830:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1791:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1737:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1706:Veccia Vaglieri (2021b)
1411:Peace treaty with Hasan
1367:The Kharijites elected
922:, as a senior advisor.
3949:Great Mosque of Aleppo
3805:Second ArabâKhazar War
3586:. Editions Gallimard.
3582:DjaĂŻt, Hichem (2008).
3552:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3539:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3526:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3506:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3493:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3480:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3408:Momen, Moojan (1985).
3366:Glassé, Cyril (2001).
3271:Abbas, Hassan (2021).
3190:Mavani, Hamid (2013).
3133:Encyclopaedia of Islam
3102:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2671:, pp. 143, 144).
2618:Veccia Vaglieri (2021)
2559:Veccia Vaglieri (2021)
2545:, pp. 311, 313).
2524:Veccia Vaglieri (2021)
2489:Veccia Vaglieri (2021)
2385:, pp. 311, 312).
2305:, pp. 254, 255).
2261:, pp. 210, 211).
2222:, pp. 241, 242).
2206:, pp. 238, 241).
2162:, pp. 198, 199).
1955:, pp. 204, 205).
1905:, pp. 148, 197).
1890:, pp. 140, 141).
1828:, pp. 296, 297).
1816:, pp. 172, 173).
1789:, pp. 295, 296).
1785:, pp. 170, 171).
1762:, pp. 169, 170).
1733:Veccia Vaglieri (2021)
1692:, pp. 162, 163).
1676:, pp. 157, 158).
1392:
1364:
1316:The second meeting at
954:
894:to mobilize troops in
771:
186:Commanders and leaders
18:First Muslim Civil War
3919:ArabâSasanian coinage
3820:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
3535:"Al-Ashari, Abu Musa"
3467:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3355:Jafri, S.H.M (1979).
3004:Lapidus, Ira (2002).
2785:, pp. 317â320).
2610:Levi Della Vida (1978
2582:Georgetown University
2458:Bowering et al. (2013
2367:Bowering et al. (2013
2267:Bowering et al. (2013
2253:, pp. 241â243).
2232:Bowering et al. (2013
2168:Bowering et al. (2013
2140:Bowering et al. (2013
2060:Bowering et al. (2013
1820:, pp. 118â121).
1620:, pp. 149â150).
1390:
1354:
1005:Beliefs and practices
939:
846:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
762:
551:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
336:Casualties and losses
241:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
3939:Umayyad architecture
3605:EncyclopĂŠdia Iranica
3387:Aslan, Reza (2011).
2801:, pp. 319, 322)
2703:, pp. 259, 260)
2675:, pp. 254, 259)
2373:, pp. 162, 163)
2106:, pp. 307, 308)
1987:, pp. 303, 304)
1971:, pp. 205, 206)
1959:, pp. 130, 136)
1680:, pp. 289, 291)
1417:HasanâMuawiya treaty
505:the early Caliphates
100:HasanâMuawiya treaty
3901:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
3127:Lecker, M. (2021).
3096:Lecker, M. (2012).
3024:Levi Della Vida, G.
2958:"Ali ibn Abi Talib"
2651:, pp. 17â18).
2635:, pp. 17â18).
2194:, pp. 199â201)
1843:, pp. 168â174)
1750:, pp. 158â160)
1648:, pp. 64â65).
1548:, pp. 41â42).
1118:Notable individuals
912:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
881:Battle of the Camel
875:Battle of the Camel
850:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
703:Battle of the Camel
536:Revolt of al-Ashdaq
282:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
3891:QaysâYaman rivalry
3835:Abbasid Revolution
3546:Hinds, M. (2021).
3489:"Ali b. Abi Talib"
3476:"Ali b. Abi Talib"
3469:(Online ed.).
3372:. AltaMira Press.
3361:. London: Longman.
3334:"Ali b. Abi Talib"
3250:Wellhausen, Julius
2599:– via Brill.
1393:
1382:Islamic extremists
1365:
1331:Battle of Nahrawan
1325:Battle of Nahrawan
1287:Abu Musa al-Ashari
1176:Branches and sects
1149:Abdullah ibn Ibadh
1094:Ibadi Hadith Canon
1057:Battle of Nahrawan
955:
772:
726:Battle of Nahrawan
679:six-member council
656:Rashidun Caliphate
622:Anarchy at Samarra
617:Bashmurian revolts
579:Abbasid Revolution
151:Rashidun Caliphate
116:Rashidun Caliphate
3995:
3994:
3654:Umayyad Caliphate
3593:978-2-07-035866-3
3433:. A&C Black.
3169:Madelung, Wilferd
3088:978-0-367-36690-2
3015:978-0-521-77933-3
2948:978-0-7591-0190-6
2912:978-0-674-05097-6
1636:, pp. 61â62)
1500:, pp. 49â51)
1488:, pp. 98â99.
1283:
1282:
1129:Nafi ibn al-Azraq
906:, a chief of the
904:al-Ahnaf bin Qays
786:community. After
778:'s death in 632,
660:Umayyad Caliphate
645:
644:
469:
468:
395:
394:
133:
132:
125:Umayyad Caliphate
89:Arabian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
4045:
3987:
3959:Dome of the Rock
3905:Umayyad coinage
3647:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3619:
3597:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3520:
3509:
3496:
3483:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3423:
3404:
3393:. Random House.
3383:
3362:
3351:
3328:
3307:
3286:
3267:
3245:
3226:
3207:
3186:
3164:
3146:Arabs in History
3136:
3123:
3104:(2nd ed.).
3092:
3068:
3031:
3019:
3000:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2964:. Brill Online.
2952:
2936:
2925:
2916:
2888:
2857:
2852:, p. 331).
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2827:Avi-Yonah (2001)
2824:
2818:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2780:
2774:
2769:, p. 311).
2764:
2758:
2755:Wellhausen (1901
2752:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2732:Wellhausen (1901
2730:, p. 260).
2725:
2719:
2713:
2704:
2698:
2692:
2687:, p. 144).
2682:
2676:
2666:
2660:
2655:, p. 143).
2649:Wellhausen (1901
2646:
2640:
2633:Wellhausen (1901
2631:, p. 163).
2626:
2620:
2614:Poonawala (1982)
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2567:
2561:
2555:Poonawala (1982)
2551:Wellhausen (1901
2549:, p. 163).
2532:
2526:
2522:, p. 141).
2516:Poonawala (1982)
2513:
2507:
2500:Poonawala (1982)
2497:
2491:
2485:Poonawala (1982)
2479:, p. 257).
2474:
2468:
2464:, p. 163).
2456:, p. 312).
2452:, p. 212).
2448:, p. 257).
2443:
2437:
2432:, p. 212).
2428:, p. 257).
2423:
2417:
2412:, p. 257).
2407:
2401:
2399:Poonawala (1982)
2397:, p. 165).
2389:, p. 257).
2380:
2374:
2357:, p. 255).
2352:
2346:
2341:, p. 256).
2336:
2330:
2321:, p. 255).
2316:
2310:
2301:, p. 162).
2296:
2290:
2281:, p. 243).
2276:
2270:
2265:, p. 308).
2248:
2242:
2238:, p. 161).
2230:, p. 308).
2226:, p. 211).
2217:
2211:
2201:
2195:
2190:, p. 308).
2182:, p. 238).
2177:
2171:
2166:, p. 308).
2158:, p. 238).
2153:
2147:
2138:, p. 137).
2130:, p. 308).
2126:, p. 198).
2118:, p. 238).
2113:
2107:
2102:, p. 198).
2098:, p. 238).
2093:
2087:
2082:, p. 307).
2078:, p. 232).
2073:
2067:
2058:, p. 231).
2053:
2047:
2042:, p. 197).
2038:, p. 135).
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1999:, p. 226).
1994:
1988:
1983:, p. 215).
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1944:
1940:, p. 204).
1935:
1929:
1925:, p. 203).
1920:
1914:
1909:, p. 134).
1900:
1894:
1886:, p. 118).
1877:
1871:
1867:, p. 298).
1863:, p. 141).
1859:, p. 122).
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1824:, p. 140).
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1780:
1774:
1768:Poonawala (1982)
1766:, p. 295).
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1729:Poonawala (1982)
1727:, p. 295).
1723:, p. 107).
1719:, p. 166).
1714:
1708:
1704:, p. 137).
1700:, p. 294).
1696:, p. 107).
1687:
1681:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1615:
1609:
1604:, p. 148).
1599:
1593:
1587:
1581:
1578:Wellhausen (1927
1575:
1569:
1564:, p. 148).
1559:
1553:
1546:Wellhausen (1927
1543:
1537:
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1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1468:
1449:
1446:
1311:Wilferd Madelung
1275:
1268:
1261:
1249:Islam portal
1247:
1246:
1245:
1139:Abu Bilal Mirdas
1104:Tartib al-Musnad
1052:Battle of Siffin
998:
992:
991:
981:
946:Battle of Siffin
932:Battle of Siffin
926:Battle of Siffin
812:
810:
764:Byzantine Empire
732:with the aid of
715:Battle of Siffin
589:Battle of Fakhkh
506:
496:
489:
482:
473:
456:Busr's campaigns
431:
421:
414:
407:
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329:
314:
304:
278:
260:
249:
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178:
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176:
161:
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147:
123:establishes the
73:
72:
64:
58:
52:
32:
21:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4042:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3977:
3925:
3861:Umayyad dynasty
3844:
3738:
3657:
3651:
3616:
3601:
3594:
3581:
3572:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:Further reading
3545:
3532:
3523:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3407:
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3386:
3380:
3365:
3354:
3348:
3331:
3325:
3310:
3304:
3289:
3283:
3270:
3248:
3229:
3223:
3210:
3204:
3189:
3183:
3167:
3161:
3139:
3126:
3120:
3095:
3089:
3071:
3046:Bosworth, C. E.
3022:
3016:
3003:
2997:
2980:
2971:
2969:
2955:
2949:
2928:
2919:
2913:
2893:Donner, Fred M.
2891:
2885:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2848:
2844:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2821:
2813:, p. 27).
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2781:
2777:
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2761:
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2749:
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2643:
2627:
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2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2553:, p. 17).
2533:
2529:
2514:
2510:
2498:
2494:
2483:, p. 40).
2475:
2471:
2460:, p. 31).
2444:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2408:
2404:
2393:, p. 40).
2381:
2377:
2369:, p. 31).
2365:, p. 25).
2361:, p. 65).
2353:
2349:
2337:
2333:
2317:
2313:
2297:
2293:
2277:
2273:
2249:
2245:
2234:, p. 43).
2218:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2178:
2174:
2154:
2150:
2142:, p. 43).
2134:, p. 98).
2114:
2110:
2094:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2062:, p. 31).
2054:
2050:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1979:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1951:
1947:
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1932:
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1413:
1333:
1327:
1303:Dumat al-Jandal
1279:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1006:
994:
993:
985:
984:
979:
934:
928:
883:
877:
854:Ashath ibn Qays
807:
800:Sasanian Persia
768:Sasanian Empire
757:
648:
647:
646:
641:
507:
504:
502:
500:
470:
465:
432:
427:
425:
388:
366:
325:
298:'Amr ibn al-'As
296:
290:
280:
274:
268:
251:
245:
239:
233:
229:Ammar ibn Yasir
227:
219:Malik al-Ashtar
217:
213:
202:
174:
172:
157:
155:
145:
143:
129:
91:
67:
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23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4051:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4023:660s conflicts
4020:
4018:650s conflicts
4015:
4010:
4000:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3963:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3944:Desert castles
3935:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
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3922:
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3911:
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3898:
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3556:
3543:
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3521:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3440:978-0826415264
3439:
3424:
3419:978-0853982005
3418:
3405:
3400:978-0812982442
3399:
3384:
3379:978-0759101890
3378:
3363:
3352:
3347:978-0691134840
3346:
3329:
3324:978-0349117577
3323:
3308:
3303:978-0385532099
3302:
3287:
3282:978-0300252057
3281:
3268:
3246:
3227:
3222:978-0873952729
3221:
3208:
3203:978-0415624404
3202:
3187:
3181:
3165:
3160:978-0191647161
3159:
3141:Lewis, Bernard
3137:
3124:
3119:978-9004161214
3118:
3093:
3087:
3069:
3034:van Donzel, E.
3020:
3014:
3001:
2995:
2978:
2953:
2947:
2939:AltaMira Press
2926:
2917:
2911:
2889:
2884:978-0691134840
2883:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2850:Madelung (1997
2842:
2830:
2819:
2817:, p. 322)
2815:Madelung (1997
2803:
2799:Madelung (1997
2791:
2783:Madelung (1997
2775:
2773:, p. 423)
2767:Madelung (1997
2759:
2747:
2736:
2728:Madelung (1997
2720:
2718:, p. 259)
2716:Madelung (1997
2705:
2701:Madelung (1997
2693:
2691:, p. 152)
2685:Hazleton (2009
2677:
2673:Madelung (1997
2669:Hazleton (2009
2661:
2659:, p. 254)
2657:Madelung (1997
2653:Hazleton (2009
2641:
2639:, p. 145)
2637:Hazleton (2009
2621:
2602:
2562:
2543:Rogerson (2006
2535:Madelung (1997
2527:
2520:Hazleton (2009
2508:
2506:, p. 141)
2504:Hazleton (2009
2492:
2477:Madelung (1997
2469:
2454:Rogerson (2006
2450:Hazleton (2009
2446:Madelung (1997
2438:
2436:, p. 312)
2434:Rogerson (2006
2430:Hazleton (2009
2426:Madelung (1997
2418:
2416:, p. 212)
2414:Hazleton (2009
2410:Madelung (1997
2402:
2387:Madelung (1997
2383:Rogerson (2006
2375:
2355:Madelung (1997
2347:
2345:, p. 312)
2343:Rogerson (2006
2339:Madelung (1997
2331:
2329:, p. 137)
2319:Madelung (1997
2311:
2309:, p. 210)
2307:Hazleton (2009
2303:Madelung (1997
2291:
2289:, p. 309)
2287:Rogerson (2006
2279:Madelung (1997
2271:
2263:Rogerson (2006
2259:Hazleton (2009
2251:Madelung (1997
2243:
2228:Rogerson (2006
2224:Hazleton (2009
2220:Madelung (1997
2212:
2210:, p. 161)
2204:Madelung (1997
2196:
2192:Hazleton (2009
2188:Rogerson (2006
2180:Madelung (1997
2172:
2164:Rogerson (2006
2160:Hazleton (2009
2156:Madelung (1997
2148:
2128:Rogerson (2006
2124:Hazleton (2009
2116:Madelung (1997
2108:
2104:Rogerson (2006
2100:Hazleton (2009
2096:Madelung (1997
2088:
2086:, p. 161)
2080:Rogerson (2006
2076:Madelung (1997
2068:
2066:, p. 161)
2056:Madelung (1997
2048:
2046:, p. 306)
2044:Rogerson (2006
2040:Hazleton (2009
2036:Madelung (1997
2028:
2026:, p. 196)
2024:Hazleton (2009
2016:
2005:
2003:, p. 161)
1997:Madelung (1997
1989:
1985:Rogerson (2006
1981:Madelung (1997
1973:
1969:Madelung (1997
1961:
1957:Hazleton (2009
1953:Madelung (1997
1945:
1938:Madelung (1997
1930:
1923:Madelung (1997
1915:
1913:, p. 183)
1911:Hazleton (2009
1903:Madelung (1997
1895:
1884:Hazleton (2009
1880:Madelung (1997
1872:
1865:Rogerson (2006
1857:Hazleton (2009
1853:Madelung (1997
1845:
1841:Madelung (1997
1833:
1826:Rogerson (2006
1818:Hazleton (2009
1814:Madelung (1997
1806:
1802:Madelung (1997
1794:
1787:Rogerson (2006
1783:Madelung (1997
1775:
1764:Rogerson (2006
1760:Madelung (1997
1752:
1740:
1725:Rogerson (2006
1721:Hazleton (2009
1717:Madelung (1997
1709:
1698:Rogerson (2006
1694:Hazleton (2009
1690:Madelung (1997
1682:
1678:Rogerson (2006
1674:Madelung (1997
1666:
1654:
1638:
1626:
1610:
1594:
1582:
1570:
1554:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 148)
1502:
1490:
1475:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1415:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1401:Mosque of Kufa
1357:Nahrawan Canal
1326:
1323:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1154:Jabir ibn Zayd
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1000:
999:
978:
975:
930:Main article:
927:
924:
879:Main article:
876:
873:
811: 634â644
756:
753:
681:which elected
643:
642:
640:
639:
637:Zanj Rebellion
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
608:
607:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
575:
574:
564:
562:Yahya ibn Zayd
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
512:
509:
508:
503:Civil wars of
501:
499:
498:
491:
484:
476:
467:
466:
464:
463:
461:Syria campaign
458:
453:
448:
443:
437:
434:
433:
426:
424:
423:
416:
409:
401:
393:
392:
389:
387:
386:
380:
373:
367:
365:
364:
358:
352:
345:
344:25,407â25,513+
338:
337:
333:
332:
317:
261:
215:Husayn ibn Ali
188:
187:
183:
182:
170:
165:'s forces and
153:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
130:
128:
127:
118:
112:
106:
102:
97:
93:
92:
87:
85:
81:
80:
77:
69:
68:
61:
55:
54:
45:
44:
37:
36:
30:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4050:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3928:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:Berber Revolt
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3655:
3648:
3643:
3641:
3636:
3634:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3617:
3615:1-56859-050-4
3611:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3564:
3559:
3553:
3549:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3316:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3213:Shi'ite Islam
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:. Routledge.
3195:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3182:0-521-64696-0
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3073:Kennedy, Hugh
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3029:"KhÄridjites"
3025:
3021:
3017:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2998:
2996:0-521-29136-4
2992:
2988:
2984:
2983:Bernard Lewis
2981:Holt, P. M.;
2979:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2856:, p. 28)
2855:
2851:
2846:
2843:
2840:, p. 28)
2839:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2823:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2792:
2789:, p. 27)
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2763:
2760:
2757:, p. 18)
2756:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:Morony (2021)
2740:
2737:
2734:, p. 18)
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2272:
2269:, p. 43)
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2170:, p. 31)
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2149:
2146:, p. 40)
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:Lecker (2021)
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1927:Gleave (2021)
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1772:Gleave (2008)
1769:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1664:, p. 65)
1663:
1662:Kennedy (2016
1658:
1655:
1652:, p. 60)
1651:
1647:
1646:Kennedy (2016
1642:
1639:
1635:
1634:Kennedy (2016
1630:
1627:
1624:, p. 63)
1623:
1622:Kennedy (2016
1619:
1614:
1611:
1608:, p. 63)
1607:
1606:Kennedy (2016
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:, p. 60)
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:, p. 43)
1579:
1574:
1571:
1568:, p. 60)
1567:
1563:
1558:
1555:
1552:, p. 59)
1551:
1547:
1542:
1539:
1536:, p. 60)
1535:
1534:Kennedy (2016
1530:
1527:
1524:, p. 59)
1523:
1522:Kennedy (2016
1518:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1292:Amr ibn al-As
1288:
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1240:
1239:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1002:
1001:
997:
989:
982:
976:
974:
972:
968:
963:
959:
953:
952:
947:
943:
938:
933:
925:
923:
921:
915:
913:
909:
905:
899:
897:
893:
889:
882:
874:
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:Amr ibn al-As
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
830:
828:
824:
820:
816:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
769:
765:
761:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
734:Amr ibn al-As
731:
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
606:
602:
601:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
563:
559:
557:
556:Berber Revolt
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
510:
497:
492:
490:
485:
483:
478:
477:
474:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
438:
435:
430:
422:
417:
415:
410:
408:
403:
402:
399:
390:
384:
381:
378:
375:
374:
371:
368:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
339:
334:
331:
330:
328:
322:
318:
315:
309:
305:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
283:
279:
277:
271:
267:
266:
262:
259:
254:
250:
248:
242:
238:
236:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
211:
205:
204:Hasan ibn Ali
201:
200:
195:
194:
190:
189:
184:
181:
171:
168:
164:
154:
152:
142:
141:
136:
126:
122:
119:
117:
113:
110:
107:
104:
103:
101:
98:
95:
94:
90:
86:
83:
82:
78:
75:
74:
70:
51:
46:
43:
38:
33:
19:
3765:Second Fitna
3754:
3689:Abd al-Malik
3603:
3583:
3574:Islam portal
3551:
3538:
3525:
3515:
3505:
3492:
3479:
3466:
3453:
3429:
3409:
3389:
3368:
3357:
3337:
3313:
3292:
3272:
3254:
3232:
3212:
3192:
3172:
3145:
3132:
3101:
3077:
3056:
3049:
3005:
2986:
2970:. Retrieved
2961:
2932:
2921:
2897:
2874:
2845:
2833:
2822:
2806:
2794:
2778:
2771:Glassé (2003
2762:
2750:
2739:
2723:
2696:
2680:
2664:
2644:
2629:Donner (2010
2624:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2575:
2565:
2547:Donner (2010
2539:Abbas (2021)
2530:
2511:
2495:
2481:Glassé (2001
2472:
2466:Hinds (2021)
2462:Donner (2010
2441:
2421:
2405:
2395:Donner (2010
2391:Glassé (2001
2378:
2371:Donner (2010
2350:
2334:
2314:
2299:Donner (2010
2294:
2283:Abbas (2021)
2274:
2255:Abbas (2021)
2246:
2236:Donner (2010
2215:
2208:Donner (2010
2199:
2184:Abbas (2021)
2175:
2151:
2144:Glassé (2001
2132:Mavani (2013
2111:
2091:
2084:Donner (2010
2071:
2064:Donner (2010
2051:
2031:
2019:
2008:
2001:Donner (2010
1992:
1976:
1964:
1948:
1942:Hinds (2021)
1933:
1918:
1898:
1875:
1848:
1836:
1809:
1797:
1778:
1755:
1748:Donner (2010
1743:
1712:
1685:
1669:
1657:
1641:
1629:
1618:Donner (2010
1613:
1602:Donner (2010
1597:
1585:
1573:
1562:Donner (2010
1557:
1541:
1529:
1517:
1510:Donner (2010
1505:
1493:
1444:
1431:
1420:
1398:
1394:
1366:
1334:
1315:
1305:and then at
1300:
1284:
1046:
964:
960:
956:
949:
916:
900:
884:
858:
831:
819:North Africa
773:
749:peace treaty
738:
719:
668:
651:
649:
605:Abu'l-Saraya
599:Fourth Fitna
572:Ibadi revolt
526:Second Fitna
520:
428:
369:
341:
326:
319:
291:
286:
275:
263:
253:Hujr ibn Adi
246:
234:
223:
198:
191:
138:Belligerents
114:Fall of the
40:Part of the
4008:First Fitna
3966:Umayyad art
3830:Third Fitna
3755:First Fitna
3719:Al-Walid II
3679:Mu'awiya II
3548:"Muawiya I"
3502:"Al-Djamal"
3042:Pellat, Ch.
2854:Momen (1985
2838:Momen (1985
2811:Momen (1985
2787:Momen (1985
2689:Abbas (2021
2363:Momen (1985
2359:Jafri (1979
2327:Aslan (2011
2323:Abbas (2021
2136:Aslan (2011
2120:Abbas (2021
1907:Abbas (2021
1888:Abbas (2021
1861:Abbas (2021
1822:Abbas (2021
1702:Abbas (2021
1650:Lewis (2002
1590:Lewis (2002
1566:Lewis (2002
1550:Lewis (2002
1498:Lewis (2002
1486:Gibbon 1906
1471:Lecker 2012
1197:Bayhasiyyah
1047:First Fitna
977:Arbitration
948:, from the
944:during the
942:Mu'awiyah I
652:First Fitna
627:Fifth Fitna
612:East Africa
567:Third Fitna
521:First Fitna
429:First Fitna
35:First Fitna
4002:Categories
3909:Gold dinar
3849:Government
3694:Al-Walid I
3669:Mu'awiya I
3317:. Abacus.
3149:. Oxford:
3055:Volume IV:
2572:"KhÄrijÄ«s"
1456:References
1346:Kharijites
1329:See also:
1099:Jami Sahih
1063:Dynasties
1011:Monotheism
951:Tarikhnama
774:Following
755:Background
722:Kharijites
603:Revolt of
560:Revolt of
516:Ridda Wars
351:: 400â500+
293:Mu'awiya I
180:Kharijites
121:Mu'awiya I
3866:Governors
3734:Marwan II
3724:Yazid III
3264:752790641
3242:453206240
3065:758278456
3038:Lewis, B.
1427:Jerusalem
1219:Wahbiyyah
1214:Ibadiyyah
1207:Sƫfrīyyah
1159:Abu Yazid
1144:Abu Qurra
1077:Ya'rubids
1072:Nabhanids
1067:Rustamids
996:Muhakkima
967:Euphrates
908:Banu Sa'd
796:Byzantium
441:The Camel
377:The Camel
349:The Camel
169:'s forces
109:Kharijite
3886:al-Haras
3709:Yazid II
3699:Sulayman
3684:Marwan I
3252:(1927).
3171:(1997).
3143:(2002).
3129:"Siffin"
3098:"áčąiffÄ«n"
3075:(2023).
3057:IranâKha
3048:(eds.).
3026:(1978).
2985:(1977).
2972:29 March
2966:Archived
2895:(2010).
1429:in 661.
1337:Mu'awiya
1192:Azariqah
1182:Khawarij
1082:Zanzibar
1026:Theology
988:a series
986:Part of
815:Anatolia
780:Abu Bakr
776:Muhammad
770:, 600 CE
707:Mu'awiya
451:Nahrawan
385:: 45,000
379:: 2,500+
361:Nahrawan
357:: 25,000
308:Marwan I
163:Mu'awiya
84:Location
3931:Culture
3743:History
3729:Ibrahim
3704:Umar II
3674:Yazid I
3662:Caliphs
2863:Sources
1229:Azzabas
1224:Nukkari
1038:History
842:Quraysh
838:Umayyad
372:47,500+
327:†
310: (
300: (
276:†
247:†
235:†
206: (
79:656â661
3914:Dirham
3896:Mawali
3881:Shurta
3856:Caliph
3750:Uthman
3714:Hisham
3656:topics
3612:
3590:
3437:
3416:
3397:
3376:
3344:
3321:
3300:
3279:
3262:
3240:
3219:
3200:
3179:
3157:
3116:
3085:
3063:
3044:&
3012:
2993:
2945:
2909:
2881:
2595:18 Aug
1377:Uthman
1361:Tigris
1342:Tigris
1318:Udhruh
1307:Udhruh
1296:Sunnah
1202:Najdat
1187:Ajardi
1043:Early
1021:Takfir
1016:Kitman
833:Uthman
827:Medina
792:Arabia
784:Muslim
699:Zubayr
697:, and
683:Uthman
671:caliph
446:Siffin
383:Siffin
370:Total:
363:: 7â13
355:Siffin
342:Total:
323:
284:
272:
255:
243:
231:
221:
196:
111:defeat
96:Result
63:
57:
42:Fitnas
3989:Media
3876:Barid
3871:Diwan
3450:"Ali"
3032:. In
1436:Notes
1423:Hasan
1373:licit
971:Quran
920:Syria
892:Hasan
888:Basra
865:Aisha
745:Hasan
730:Egypt
711:Syria
695:Talha
691:Aisha
391:2,400
270:Talha
265:Aisha
167:Aisha
3610:ISBN
3588:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3395:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3342:ISBN
3319:ISBN
3298:ISBN
3277:ISBN
3260:OCLC
3238:OCLC
3217:ISBN
3198:ISBN
3177:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3114:ISBN
3083:ISBN
3061:OCLC
3010:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2974:2013
2943:ISBN
2907:ISBN
2879:ISBN
2597:2022
1355:The
1087:Oman
896:Kufa
848:and
823:Iraq
804:Umar
798:and
766:and
675:Umar
650:The
76:Date
4013:Ali
3106:doi
2586:doi
990:on
869:Ali
687:Ali
664:Ali
313:POW
303:WIA
209:WIA
193:Ali
4004::
3550:.
3537:.
3504:.
3491:.
3478:.
3465:.
3452:.
3336:.
3153:.
3131:.
3112:.
3053:.
3040:;
3036:;
2960:.
2941:.
2905:.
2901:.
2873:.
2708:^
2616:.
2584:.
2580:.
2574:.
2557:.
2541:.
2518:.
2502:.
2487:.
2285:.
2257:.
2186:.
1770:.
1735:.
1731:.
1478:^
1463:^
1407:.
914:.
829:.
817:,
809:r.
736:.
693:,
673:,
306:)
3646:e
3639:t
3632:v
3618:.
3596:.
3456:.
3443:.
3422:.
3403:.
3382:.
3350:.
3327:.
3306:.
3285:.
3266:.
3244:.
3225:.
3206:.
3185:.
3163:.
3122:.
3108::
3091:.
3067:.
3018:.
2999:.
2976:.
2951:.
2915:.
2887:.
2588::
1473:.
1384:.
1363:.
1274:e
1267:t
1260:v
806:(
495:e
488:t
481:v
420:e
413:t
406:v
316:)
287:X
224:X
212:)
199:X
20:)
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