324:
that struck me as a ten-year old was "Why were they asking me? They know what they're feeding us." They didn't ask us if they were eating these things... And we didn't always eat what was presented to us, obviously, because it was totally inadequate food, a lot of the times, and not necessarily the best tasting or the best quality... I remember having to, all of us kids having to, steal fruits, steal carrots, potatoes, so we could roast the potatoes somewhere offsite, you know, on a fire and eat it because we were never full when we left, like I said, the dining room table.
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268:
and other organizations were responsible for assessing the food supply in these schools as well as the attitudes of the nearby
Indigenous peoples living in reserves regarding the nourishment practices in the residential schools. Despite interference by many of these schools, a major food shortage was
407:
has been used because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the
323:
I arrived in
Alberni Residential school in September, 1947. One of my only memories of that year was being presented in a classroom with, like, a spreadsheet, seven days a week, of mealtimes and we were asked to fill in breakfast lunch and dinner. What we ate in those particular meals, and the thing
296:
A research team of physicians, nurses, dentists and other medical professionals were tasked with assessing the health status of these
Indigenous children (with blood tests, physical exams, etc.), as well as collecting data from school menus and administering tests for intelligence and aptitude, in
235:
They have abandoned the native eating habits of their forefathers and adopted a semi-civilized, semi native diet which lacks essential food values, brings them to malnutrition and leaves them prey to tuberculosis and other disease. The white man, who unintentionally is responsible for the
Indians'
77:
was aware of malnourishment in its residential schools and granted approval for the execution of nutritional experiments on children. It is now known that the primary cause of malnutrition in residential schools was underfunding from the
Canadian government. The nutritional experiments residential
333:
And us kids, we used to sneak from the school, we must have had to walk about a mile, sneak away from the school, sneak over the bridge, and go to that dump, and pick up apples, they were half rotten or something, and they threw out, they were no more good to sell, but us kids that were starving,
178:
Recent food history research has indicated that the malnourishment of children at residential schools was intentional, evidenced by the
Canadian government's awareness of malnutrition in residential school children before the experiments began. Other experiments with Indigenous children included
272:
In response, Dr. Lionel
Bradley Pett, the leader of the Canadian Council on Nutrition at this time, led an initial survey that would investigate residential schools national and experiment with supplemented food items on students as subjects. In 1948, Pett began this five-year research project
227:
to examine the health status of the two First
Nations Communities. Dr. Percy Moore and Dr. Frederick Tisdall remained the primary researchers of the study. A primary goal of the study was to investigate "possible methods for augmenting or improving the food supplies of the Bush Indians".
248:
Prior assessments of food supply in the residential school system indicated a lack of sufficient food availability. An inspection was conducted in 1944 by Dr. A. B. Simes in a
Manitoban Elkhorn residential school, finding that 28% of girls and 70% of boys who attended were reportedly
198:. The experimental supplement group was compared to the malnourished group, which served as a control. The experiment was led by Moore and Tisdall, with the assistance of Dr. Cameron Corrigan, a resident physician in the Rossville Branch of the former Department of Indian Affairs.
215:. Two sets of researchers set out to investigate the nature and effects of food shortages among Native Canadians in the James Bay Area. The first included three anthropologists surveying various Indigenous communities and deciding upon two for further study –
909:
Truth and
Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015) Canada’s Residential Schools: The History, Part 2 1939 to 2000 (Vol. 1). Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Retrieved from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada website:
143:
Grave malnutrition was noted to the extent where many who continued to work were considered to be in need of medical attention. The malnutrition in the northern Cree communities was linked to other health problems, such as an increased
1051:
31:) in the 1940s and 1950s. The experiments were conducted on at least 1,300 Indigenous people across Canada, approximately 1,000 of whom were children. The deaths connected with the experiments have been described as part of Canada's
1581:
995:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015) The survivors speak : a report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Retrieved from The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada website:
328:
Ray Silver, another former residential school student at the same residential school in Alberni, British Columbia, describes his bleak experiences in the following statement to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission:
342:
And she couldn't eat it, and she started crying. And then she tried to make her eat it; and she couldn't. And then she threw up, and then she put her face in there. And she couldn't; when you're crying you can't eat
189:
In response to the results of the initial survey, an experiment was conducted among 300 malnourished Indigenous subjects, 125 of whom were provided any or all of the three nutritional supplements of interest:
1708:
1187:
1044:
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on former students, their families and their communities. It provided residential school survivors an opportunity to share their experiences during public and private meetings held across the country.
844:
Library and Archives Canada, House of Commons Special Committee, RG10, "Special Committee on Postwar Reconstruction and Re-establishment of Indian Population", volume 8585, file 1/1-2-17, May 24, 1944
443:
179:
deliberate withholding of milk rations to less than half the recommended amount for two years, providing some children with vitamins, iodine, and iron supplements but not others, the depression of
1037:
1551:
1260:
338:
Ethel Johnson, former residential school student of the Shubenacadie school in Nova Scotia, illustrates her younger sister's struggles eating the unpalatable food served at the school:
931:
Library and Archives Canada, RG29, volume 2989, file 851-6-4, part 1, Nov/44– Jan/56, Nutrition in Indian Schools, B. Thorsteinsson to Vera Simons; Inspection Report, 25 November 1944.
132:. The goal of this initial survey was to investigate sustenance patterns and nutritional states of the Indigenous people in these communities by administering physical examinations,
1771:
1876:
358:
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) of Canada was officially established on June 1, 2008, with the purpose of documenting the history, harm, and ongoing impacts of the
163:
in the residential schools and First Nations communities. For example, in the mid-1940s widespread malnutrition was discovered at Cecilia Jeffrey School and St. Mary's School in
1255:
498:
1713:
581:
Mosby, Ian (2013). "Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952".
1830:
112:
In March 1942, Canadian nutrition experts led a research expedition to Northern Manitoba that investigated the nutritional health status of First Nations peoples in the
649:
517:
305:
Alvin Dixon, a former student at the Alberni Residential School in British Columbia and a survivor of the nutrition experiments, played a key testimonial role in the
186:
levels in students, and one school did not provide any supplements to any students in order to establish a baseline against the results collected from other schools.
1534:
1250:
438:
has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the
365:
The TRC emphasizes that it has a priority of displaying the impacts of the residential schools to the Canadians who have been kept in the dark from these matters.
81:
Nutritional experiments conducted on Indigenous children in residential schools came to public light in 2013 through the research of food historian Dr. Ian Mosby.
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The 1947–1948 James Bay Survey expanded on the previous Northern Manitoba study, and sought to investigate the connection between nutrition and health in
1886:
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school children were subjected to neither provided evidence of completion nor contributed to the body of knowledge around nutrition and supplementation.
24:
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55:
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determined the nutritional quality of food served at the Port Crosby residential school in British Columbia to have a "poor" rating score, with
245:
Research projects focusing on the nutrition of Indigenous school children between 1948 and 1952 took place in six Canadian residential schools.
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Library and Archives Canada, RG 29, “Indians in North Forsake Health-Giving Native Diet”, volume 2986, file 851-6-1, January 14, 1948
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In the years preceding the nutrition experiments, John Milloy, Mary-Ellen Kelm and other researchers regarded malnutrition as
1906:
1742:
1192:
767:
650:"Hungry Canadian aboriginal children were used in government experiments during 1940s, researcher says | Toronto Star"
1356:
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death rate (1,400 per 100,000 people), compared to the non-Indigenous Manitoba population (27.1 per 100,000 people), high
1861:
1061:
409:
36:
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order to inform experimental interventions to be implemented in each residential school for the studies that followed.
1911:
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Library and Archives Canada, RG10, volume 6262, file 578-1, part 5, R. A. Hoey to Canon L. A. Dixon, 27 October 1944.
334:
we'd go there and pick that stuff up, fill up our shirts, and run back across the bridge, and go back to the school.
1916:
1896:
1366:
1029:
220:
89:
Nutritional experiments were conducted between 1942 and 1952 using Indigenous children from residential schools in
499:"Canadian government withheld food from hungry aboriginal kids in 1940s nutritional experiments, researcher finds"
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1437:
216:
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communities of Norway House, Cross Lake, God's Lake Mine, Rossville and The Pas. Led by Dr. Percy Moore and Dr.
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1511:
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125:
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changed eating habits, now is trying to salvage the red man by directing him towards proper food channels ...
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129:
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160:
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1202:
785:"'A scandalous procession': Residential schooling and the re/formation of Aboriginal bodies, 1900-1950"
731:
Moore, PE; Kruse, HD (March 1946). "Medical survey of nutrition among the northern Manitoba Indians".
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and were designed to learn about the relative importance and optimum levels of newly discovered
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A national crime : the Canadian government and the residential school system, 1879 to 1986
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In 1948, as a part of a press release promoting the nutritional study, Indian Affairs stated:
223:. The second set of researchers included physicians, a dentist, a medical photographer and an
117:
1649:
1415:
1319:
1314:
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872:
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is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.
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28:
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625:"Son defends scientist behind aboriginal nutrition experiments | Toronto Star"
606:
254:
224:
167:. At St. Mary's School, students were fed a flour mixture that was not legal under
145:
67:
47:
537:"Isabel Wallace: Untested drugs harmed many in the past - Victoria Times Colonist"
705:"Residential school commission received nutritional experiment documents in 2010"
1786:
1240:
250:
137:
102:
1011:"Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive"
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is capitalized when discussing peoples, beliefs or communities in the same way
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1097:
258:
191:
168:
133:
42:
The experiments involved nutrient-poor isolated communities such as those in
1632:
265:
744:
594:
1756:
941:
180:
98:
59:
51:
32:
816:"Residential school nutrition experiments explained to Kenora survivors"
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876:
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issued by Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada in 2008.
273:
including 1000 Indigenous residential school students. These included:
106:
90:
43:
610:
309:
to uncover the truth regarding the details of these experiments. On a
175:
provided some students with nutrition supplementation and not others.
1575:
466:
Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools
164:
860:
1582:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
421:
171:
law in Canada and at the Cecilia Jeffrey School, an experiment in
1103:
912:
http://trc.ca/assets/pdf/Volume_1_History_Part_2_English_Web.pdf
113:
1033:
968:"Alvin Dixon on Residential School and Nutritional Experiments"
444:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
998:
http://www.trc.ca/assets/pdf/Survivors_Speak_English_Web.pdf
1552:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
991:
989:
678:"Aboriginal nutritional experiments had Ottawa's approval"
526:; published September 19, 2014; retrieved August 24, 2019
464:
is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the
840:
838:
836:
70:
and in some cases, the withholding of dental services.
518:
Maher: It’s getting harder to ignore Canada’s genocide
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
458:
is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.
1772:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
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Port Alberni residential school (British Columbia).
854:
852:
850:
408:system was established, specifically one in which
1831:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
66:. The experiments included deliberate, sustained
948:. Truth and Reconcialiation Commission of Canada
280:St. Paul des Metis residential school (Alberta)
576:
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572:
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23:were a series of experiments run in Canada by
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440:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
354:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
348:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
289:Shubenacadie residential school (Nova Scotia)
16:Unethical experiments on Indigenous Canadians
8:
1877:Violence against Indigenous people in Canada
380:List of Indian residential schools in Canada
286:Cecilia Jeffrey residential school (Ontario)
152:(eight times the national rate), and higher
1709:Portrayals of the residential school system
1009:Canada, Library and Archives (2017-05-03).
416:rather than by language that distinguishes
261:, cereals and meat reportedly underserved.
1601:
1522:
1226:
1072:
1052:
1038:
1030:
762:. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.
25:Department of Pensions and National Health
398:Canadian Indian residential school system
375:Canadian Indian residential school system
360:Canadian Indian residential school system
1399:Violence against WetĘĽsuwetĘĽen protesters
319:, Dixon provides the following account:
120:, the research mission was sponsored by
477:
283:St. Mary's residential school (Ontario)
809:
807:
805:
7:
1480:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
1060:Violence and discrimination against
942:"TRC mourns the loss of Alvin Dixon"
733:Canadian Medical Association Journal
672:
670:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
277:Blood's residential school (Alberta)
1882:Violence against children in Canada
1540:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1148:First Nations nutrition experiments
861:"The Logic of the James Bay Survey"
385:Chronic disease in Northern Ontario
21:First Nations nutrition experiments
1808:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
412:were homogeneously referred to as
269:reported in these investigations.
14:
1887:Education controversies in Canada
1569:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
307:Truth and Reconciliation Hearings
1852:Human subject research in Canada
1428:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
156:(five times the national rate).
1623:British Columbia Treaty Process
264:Medical professionals from the
814:Porter, Judy (July 29, 2015).
703:Blackburn, Mark (2013-07-23).
1:
1872:Residential schools in Canada
1062:Indigenous peoples in Canada
410:Indigenous peoples in Canada
1857:Indigenous health in Canada
1683:Old-growth logging protests
859:Honigmann, John J. (1951).
446:. In the Canadian context,
1933:
1902:Health in British Columbia
1450:Judge David William Ramsay
351:
241:Residential school studies
221:Cree Nation of Waskaganish
1821:
1571:for trafficking of minors
1438:Saskatoon freezing deaths
1122:Residential school system
783:Kelm, Mary-Ellen (1996).
217:Attawapiskat First Nation
124:, Milbank Memorial Fund,
1867:Nutritional deficiencies
1512:Walking With Our Sisters
1433:Killing of Chantel Moore
1327:Winnipeg serial killings
1086:Gradual Civilization Act
758:Milloy, John S. (1999).
126:Royal Canadian Air Force
1688:Trans Mountain pipeline
1411:Gustafsen Lake standoff
520:, by Stephen Maher, in
300:
64:nutritional supplements
1663:Caledonia land dispute
1517:Women's Memorial March
1277:Healthcare inequality
1165:High Arctic relocation
345:
336:
326:
238:
1907:Health in Nova Scotia
1362:Jean Virginia Sampare
1347:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
792:Native Studies Review
595:10.1353/his.2013.0015
340:
331:
321:
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1743:Missing and Murdered
1303:Missing and Murdered
1143:Forced sterilization
391:Notes on terminology
313:radio series titled
207:The James Bay Survey
130:Hudson's Bay Company
75:Government of Canada
1862:Institutional abuse
1658:Burnt Church Crisis
1485:Moose Hide campaign
1357:Helen Betty Osborne
1256:Criminal sentencing
1230:Structural violence
1077:Settler colonialism
301:Survivors' accounts
173:nutrition education
56:residential schools
1912:Health in Manitoba
1668:Clayoquot protests
1261:Mass incarceration
1234:and discrimination
974:. CBC Radio-Canada
523:the Calgary Herald
140:on 400 residents.
37:Indigenous peoples
1917:Health in Ontario
1897:Health in Alberta
1839:
1838:
1826:Indigenous rights
1817:
1816:
1673:Keystone Pipeline
1628:Yukon Land Claims
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1590:
1507:Sisters in Spirit
1458:
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1342:Pamela Holopainen
1216:
1215:
1170:RCMP dog killings
1092:Numbered Treaties
1015:www.bac-lac.gc.ca
607:Project MUSE
539:. 24 August 2014.
169:food adulteration
118:Frederick Tisdall
1924:
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1736:Highway of Tears
1693:UnistĘĽotĘĽen Camp
1650:Water protection
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1609:
1602:
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1416:Ipperwash Crisis
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1387:Police brutality
1377:Lisa Marie Young
1367:Loretta Saunders
1332:Immaculate Basil
1315:Highway of Tears
1307:Indigenous Women
1306:
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1208:Indian hospitals
1104:Role of the RCMP
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396:Retrieved from:
225:X-ray technician
150:infant mortality
95:British Columbia
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1490:REDress Project
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1443:Neil Stonechild
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684:. July 30, 2013
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1722:Finding Dawn
1720:
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1475:History wars
1352:Serena McKay
1241:Birth alerts
1198:Potlatch ban
1147:
1134: /
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656:. 2013-07-16
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631:. 2013-07-24
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1787:Secret Path
1610:land claims
1526:Commissions
1273:Foster care
1193:Pass system
1188:Stereotypes
877:10222/63874
798:(2): 51–88.
654:Thestar.com
629:Thestar.com
251:underweight
134:blood tests
103:Nova Scotia
1846:Categories
1794:This River
1678:Oka Crisis
1606:Indigenous
1127:gravesites
1098:Indian Act
1069:Background
1020:2021-06-10
946:www.trc.ca
769:0887551661
739:: 223–33.
714:2021-04-30
660:2014-08-05
635:2014-08-05
504:2021-04-30
473:References
448:Indigenous
436:Indigenous
259:vegetables
219:, and the
192:riboflavin
1633:Land Back
1463:Responses
825:April 30,
709:APTN News
688:April 30,
266:Red Cross
181:vitamin B
1757:Pig Girl
1221:Specific
1114:Genocide
972:curio.ca
745:21016184
682:CBC News
603:51823776
462:Survivor
456:Canadian
452:European
442:and the
369:See also
99:Manitoba
60:vitamins
52:Manitoba
33:genocide
1596:Related
1545:Holiday
1470:AmINext
1421:Inquiry
414:Indians
343:anyway.
202:Studies
161:endemic
107:Ontario
91:Alberta
85:History
44:The Pas
1598:topics
1223:issues
1180:Racism
978:20 May
952:20 May
766:
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611:512043
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430:Indian
405:Indian
165:Kenora
138:X-rays
105:, and
1801:Taken
1702:Media
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1535:IRSSA
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599:S2CID
426:MĂ©tis
422:Inuit
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827:2021
764:ISBN
741:PMID
690:2021
424:and
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