1242:, driving the French fleet southwards and dispersing them across the coastline. Over the ensuing days Villaret was able to reconstitute his fleet in the anchorage off Belle Île where Vence had laid up on 8 June. When the fleet was all assembled, Villaret again ordered it to sail north in an effort to regain Brest. His fleet had originally sailed from Brest in such a rush due to the perceived danger to Vence's squadron that it was only carrying 15 days worth of provisions on board and had now been at sea for ten days, making a return to Brest a priority. At 03:30 on 22 June, as the French fleet passed north along the coast, the British Channel Fleet appeared to the northwest, Bridport having discovered the French fleet absent from Brest and cast southwards to protect the Quiberon invasion convoy.
154:
1148:, which Cornwallis had sent ahead of the squadron as a scout early on 17 June. After progressing several miles ahead of the British squadron, Stopford had signalled that there were unknown sails to the northwest, followed by signals indicating four ships in sight and then one for a full fleet, highlighted by firing two cannon. Stopford had been careful to ensure that the French ships could see and read his signals, which were in a code that the French were known to have broken, and Villaret knew well that the only French fleet in those waters was the one he led. He therefore assumed that
121:
827:, which had been badly loaded when at anchor in Spithead and thus was unable to sail smoothly, fell far behind. The leading British ships were able to fire on Vence's force at a distance, and attacked the trailing merchant ships and their frigate escorts, forcing a French frigate to abandon a merchant ship it had under tow, but could not bring Vence to action without the support of the slower vessels in Cornwallis's squadron. As a result, all of the French warships and all but eight of the merchant vessels were safely anchored at Belle Île.
56:
1286:"Indeed I shall ever feel the Impression which the good Conduct of the Captains, Officers, Seamen, Marines and Soldiers in the Squadron has made on my Mind; and it was the greatest Pleasure I ever received to see the Spirit manifested by the Men, who, instead of being cast down at seeing Thirty sail of the Enemy's Ships attacking our little Squadron, were in the highest Spirits imaginable . . . Could common Prudence have allowed me to loose their Valour, I hardly know what might not have been accomplished by such Men."
887:. Turning north back towards Brest, the French fleet was off Penmarck Point at 10:30 on 16 June with the wind in the northwest, when sails were spotted to the northwest. This force was Cornwallis's squadron, returning to Belle Île in search of Vence. Sighting his numerically inferior opponent to windward, Villaret immediately ordered his fleet to advance on the British force while Cornwallis, anticipating Vence's merchant convoy and not immediately apprehending the danger his squadron was in, sent
900:
166:
135:
605:, losing three ships of the line. Villaret was criticised by contemporaries for failing to press the attack on Cornwallis's force, whilst the British admiral was praised and rewarded for his defiance in the face of overwhelming French numerical superiority. The battle has since been considered by British historians to be one of the most influential examples "of united courage and coolness to be found in naval history".
1072:
1061:
1053:
1255:, three ships were overrun and attacked, suffering heavy damage and casualties before surrendering. Others were damaged, but at 08:37, with most of his fleet still unengaged and the French scattered along the coast, Bridport suddenly called off the action and instructed his ships to gather their prizes and retire, a decision that was greatly criticised by contemporary officers and later historians.
969:
allowed the northern squadron to weather and the southern to lay up, the
British squadron now lying directly between them about 9 nautical miles (17 km) from either French division. During the night the chase continued into the Atlantic, the British squadron struggling to maintain formation due to the slow speed of two members:
1335:
wrote of the "masterly retreat of Vice-admiral
Cornwallis" in which "the spirit manifested by the different ships' companies of his little squadron, while pressed upon by a force from its threefold superiority so capable of crushing them, was just as ought always to animate British seamen when in the
806:
signalled that he could see six sails to the northeast. Cornwallis turned the squadron to investigate, and discovered the small squadron under Vence in command of a large merchant convoy. Vence initially held his course when
Cornwallis's squadron appeared, in the belief that they were French. When he
1330:
at a critical juncture. British historians have highly praised the conduct of
Cornwallis and his men at the unequal battle: In 1825 Brenton wrote that Cornwallis's Retreat is "justly considered one of the finest displays of united courage and coolness to be found in our naval history." while in 1827
1258:
In France, Villaret's failure to press his attack against
Cornwallis's squadron was blamed on a number of factors, including accusations that the captains of the French ships leading the attack had deliberately disobeyed orders to engage the British and that they were unable to effectively manoeuvre
1152:
could see the
Channel Fleet beyond the northern horizon, a force significantly more powerful than his own. Stopford compounded the ruse at 15:00 by making a string of nonsensical signals to the non-existent fleet before notifying Cornwallis at 16:30, again in plain sight, that the fleet was composed
1250:
and returning to Brest from this position. Bridport instructed his fleet to pursue the French force, and a chase developed lasting the day of 22 June and into the early morning of 23 June, when
Bridport's leading ships caught the stragglers at the rear of Villaret's fleet off the island. In a sharp
1079:
Following the reorganisation, the entire
British squadron was now within range of the leading French ships, all firing at Villaret's advancing line. To facilitate the positioning of more cannon in the stern of the vessels, the British captains ordered their men to cut holes in the stern planks: so
996:
During the night
Villaret had split his forces further, creating a windward division of three ships of the line and five frigates, a centre division of five ships of the line and four frigates and the lee division of four ships of the line, five frigates and three smaller vessels. Of these forces,
928:
could only see the ship's sails rather than their hulls, ordered his squadron to advance on the French fleet. Stopford subsequently signaled the exact composition of
Villaret's fleet at 11:00 and Cornwallis, realising his error, issued urgent orders for his squadron to haul away to the southwest,
927:
signaled to Cornwallis that the French fleet contained 30 vessels, but did not return to join Cornwallis, causing the British admiral to misunderstand the signal to mean that the French ships, while more numerous than his own, were of inferior strength. Under this misapprehension, Cornwallis, who
851:
back to Spithead with the French prizes and two American merchant ships seized in French waters. Cornwallis then ordered the squadron to turn back to the blockade of Brest in the hope of encountering Vence in more favourable circumstances. At Brest, messages had arrived warning that Vence and the
1143:
At 18:40, suddenly and for no immediately apparent reason, Villaret ordered his ships to haul their wind and turn back towards the east, breaking off contact. By the time the sun set a few hours later, the French had almost disappeared over the eastern horizon as the British continued westwards.
968:
At 14:00 Villaret split his forces, one division sailing northwards to take advantage of the breeze coming off the land, while the other maintained passage to the south. Cornwallis tacked his squadron at 06:00 and 17:00, but Villaret de Joyeuse's plan worked well and a shift in the wind at 18:00
574:
led the main French fleet out of port to attack the British, who were spotted on 16 June. Heavily outnumbered, Cornwallis turned away from the French and attempted to escape into open water, with the French fleet in pursuit. After a full day's chase the British squadron lost speed, due to poorly
842:
Taking his eight prizes laden with wine and brandy, Cornwallis retired to the sheltered anchorage of Palais Road, close to Belle Île, where the squadron remained until 9 June. In the evening, Cornwallis took advantage of a fresh breeze to sail his ships out into the Bay of Biscay and around the
678:
The damage the French Trans-Atlantic fleet had suffered in the winter operation took months to repair and it was not in a condition to sail again until June 1795, although several squadrons had put to sea in the meanwhile. One such squadron consisted of three ships of the line and a number of
1157:
and signalling for the non-existent fleet to join with Cornwallis. It is not clear to what extent Villaret was taken in by this charade, the French fleet continuing their attack without pause, until at 18:00 when a number of sails appeared on the northwest horizon. At this point
575:
loaded holds on two of their ships, and the French vanguard pulled within range on the morning of 17 June. Unwilling to abandon his rearguard, Cornwallis counter-attacked with the rest of his squadron. A fierce combat developed, culminating in Cornwallis interposing his flagship
1259:
their vessels. It was also insisted by several of the French officers present that the sails on the northwest horizon really had been Bridport's fleet and that this was the only factor that had induced them to disengage. Villaret placed much of the blame on Captain
1198:
was sent ahead with despatches intended to warn Lord Bridport that the French fleet was at sea and inform him of Cornwallis's safety. However, Bridport had already sailed on 12 June with 15 ships of the line as a cover for a secondary force detailed to
964:
in order to relay Cornwallis's signals to the rest of the squadron. Villaret had immediately ordered his fleet to give chase, and the French followed the British south westwards into the Atlantic, taking advantage of the strengthening wind.
1956:
1276:, which when describing how he had faced down an entire French fleet at the climax of the action wrote only that the French had "made a Shew of a more ferious attack upon the Mars . . . and obliged me to bear up for her Support [
1245:
Villaret considered the newly arrived British fleet to be significantly superior to his own and retreated before it, sailing towards the French coast with the intention of sheltering in the protected coastal waters around the island of
237:
1378:, noting that his version of events is based on the ship's log-books. In his 1837 edition, by which time James was long dead, Brenton maintains his account and dismisses James' accusations of inaccuracy with a sarcastic comment.
1951:
247:
43:
1088:
fell back with damaged rigging, allowing the second French ship to take up the position at the head of the line. This ship, which had been firing distantly on the British force for half an hour, opened a heavy fire on
1139:
to retreat, and gradually the entire French fleet fell back, distant firing continuing until 18:10 when the French fell out of range, although they continued in pursuit of the battered and weakened British squadron.
1271:
and dismissed from the French Navy. In Britain, the battle was celebrated as one of the most notable actions of the early years of the conflict, an attitude encouraged by the modesty of Cornwallis's dispatch to the
230:
1162:
wore round to return to Cornwallis, and Villaret, now convinced that the strangers, which were in reality a small convoy of merchant vessels, were the vanguard of the Channel Fleet, abandoned the chase.
1115:
badly damaged in the rigging and sails, causing the ship to slow. Cotton's ship now seemed at serious risk of falling into the midst of the French fleet and being overwhelmed, while Captain Gower's
661:. Although French squadrons could occasionally put to sea without interception, the main French fleet had suffered a series of setbacks in the preceding two years, most notably at the battle of the
1234:
The French fleet was only lightly damaged and had only taken light casualties of 29 men killed and wounded. Villaret continued the fleet's passage eastwards, rounding Penmarck Point and entering
223:
864:
sailed from Brest on 12 June with the ships that were anchored in Brest Roads ready for sea. Villaret's fleet consisted of nine ships of the line, nine frigates (including two ships of the line
1207:, and the main British fleet was already off Brest when the action between Cornwallis and Villaret de Joyeuse was fought. The ships of Cornwallis's squadron had all suffered damage, especially
695:, from where a squadron of five ships of the line and two frigates were sent on 30 May to patrol the approaches to Brest and to watch the French fleet. The force consisted of the 100-gun
852:
convoy were "blockaded" at Belle Île and the French commander was instructed to rescue him. In fact, as was pointed out by a number of officers in the French fleet including Vice-amiral
1336:
presence of an enemy." Modern historian Robert Gardiner echoed this sentiment, noting in 1998 that "'Cornwallis's Retreat' became as famous as many of the Royal Navy's real victories."
1227:
in his future designs of ships of the line, providing rounded sterns that offered a wider field of fire at pursuing warships. Casualties were light however, with just 12 men wounded on
835:
both advanced on the anchored ships, but came under heavy fire from batteries on the island and found that the water was too shallow and the passage too uncertain to risk their ships.
589:
was approaching. Villaret therefore broke off the battle on the evening of 17 June and ordered his ships to withdraw. This allowed Cornwallis to escape; he returned to port at
914:
194:
185:
585:
Cornwallis's determined resistance, and his squadron's signals to a group of unknown ships spotted in the distance, led Villaret de Joyeuse to believe that the main British
977:
was similarly suffering. In an effort to decrease the weight of the ships and thus increase their speed and allow them to keep pace with the rest of the squadron, captains
1119:
was also badly damaged by French shot. Seeing the danger his rearguard was in, Cornwallis took decisive action, ordering Cotton to turn away from the French and swinging
675:
during the winter of 1794–1795 when five ships of the line were wrecked during a sortie into the Bay of Biscay at the height of the Atlantic winter storm season.
856:, the anchorage at Belle Île could never be effectively blockaded as it was too open to block all potential approaches and too close to the major port of
570:
began operating off Brittany on 7 June; in the following week he attacked a French merchant convoy and captured several ships. In response, Vice-admiral
1131:'s rescue, drawing close alongside and engaging the leading French ships with a series of broadsides from his powerful first rate. The raking fire of
1174:"such a retreat . . . reflects as much honour on the abilities of the man who conducted it, as would the achievement of the most splendid victory."
1144:
Although the order to abandon the action has subsequently been much debated, the cause of Villaret's retreat was in fact the actions of the frigate
336:
1471:
415:
1094:
1190:
With the French fleet out of sight, Cornwallis ordered his squadron north against the northeast wind, returning through the English Channel to
1851:
634:
687:
to escort a merchant convoy up the coast to Brest. The British Channel Fleet had briefly sortied from Torbay in February in response to the
1362:
about Cornwallis's tactics in the action. Brenton claimed in his 1825 account that Cornwallis had formed his ships in wedge formation with
920:
853:
1319:
982:
436:
391:
807:
realised his mistake at 12:00, he ordered his ships to make all sail towards the anchorage in the shelter of the fortified island of
1932:
1910:
1873:
1832:
1652:
1033:, which was close to the developing action, might lose a sail, a loss that Cranstoun would be unable to replace, Cornwallis ordered
405:
1029:. The rest of the French frigates held station to windward of the British force without approaching within range. Concerned that
1861:
1366:
as the lynchpin that was closest to the French. James refuted this in his 1827 account, describing Cornwallis's formation as a
1359:
1332:
1008:
371:
486:
1017:
456:
999:
319:
266:
381:
1260:
766:. Cornwallis was a highly experienced naval officer who had been in service with the Navy since 1755 and fought in the
1303:
630:
491:
376:
346:
671:
341:
1961:
771:
700:
576:
560:
506:
476:
47:
1200:
985:
ordered the anchors, boats and much of the provisions and fresh water carried aboard to be thrown over the side:
601:. The French fleet was discovered there by the main British Channel Fleet on 22 June and defeated at the ensuing
536:
501:
466:
425:
396:
329:
303:
252:
1106:
1084:
especially had much of her stern either cut or shot away. At 13:30 the British fire achieved some success when
907:
126:
811:. Vence's squadron made rapid progress towards the anchorage, but Cornwallis had sent his faster ships ahead,
978:
386:
356:
314:
55:
1374:. James comments on Brenton's account, and some inconsistent errors in the maps of the action drawn up by
1318:
and ill-health. He entered retirement that year, but in 1801 he was given command of the Channel Fleet by
775:
728:
662:
481:
351:
324:
293:
282:
271:
1219:
had to have extensive repairs to its stern, which had been heavily cut away during the action. Historian
555:
fleet of 12 ships of the line and 11 frigates. The action took place in the waters off the west coast of
1803:
1355:
1306:, but fell out of favour with the Admiralty in October 1795 in a dispute about naval discipline and was
1220:
779:
752:
621:, known at the time as the "Western Squadron" exerting superiority in the campaign for dominance in the
613:
By the late spring of 1795 Britain and France had been at war for more than two years, with the British
461:
446:
139:
883:, and the two joined, Vence having sent the remainder of his convoy safely to Brest while Villaret was
471:
1820:
1267:, whom he accused of withdrawing from the action prematurely and disobeying orders. Magnac was later
1100:
721:
441:
420:
410:
1322:
and for the next five years led the blockade of the French Atlantic Fleet, most notably during the
1180:
861:
767:
571:
170:
1586:
1523:
1323:
759:
735:
714:
680:
626:
567:
496:
451:
158:
997:
the weather division was closest to Cornwallis's squadron and at 09:00 the leading French ship
899:
215:
1928:
1906:
1869:
1847:
1828:
1648:
1273:
1022:
929:
742:
666:
544:
518:
513:
1080:
many were cut that several ships needed extensive repairs in the aftermath of the action and
1890:
1581:
1518:
1920:
1252:
1224:
707:
602:
366:
1476:
1367:
1327:
1293:
92:
1945:
1375:
1307:
1268:
799:
654:
622:
618:
598:
586:
298:
17:
875:
On 15 June, the French fleet encountered Vence's squadron sailing off the island of
1238:
Bay on the passage north towards Brest when the region was hit by a fierce 27-hour
1204:
1071:
1060:
1052:
844:
1884:
1807:
808:
594:
860:
and therefore a rescue was unnecessary. This advice was ignored, and Vice-amiral
1311:
794:
on the night of 7–8 June and cruising southwards down the Breton coast past the
653:
against the French naval bases on the Atlantic, especially the large harbour of
552:
64:
839:
lost one man killed and seven wounded before Cornwallis called off the attack.
1154:
990:
696:
642:
614:
540:
1466:
593:
with his squadron battered but intact. Villaret withdrew to an anchorage off
1093:
as did a number of following French ships over the ensuing hours, including
1012:
1235:
1191:
973:'s sailing deficiencies had already been noted, but it became clear that
869:
795:
692:
684:
658:
650:
638:
590:
556:
548:
88:
1153:
of allied ships of the line. He completed the operation by raising the
880:
857:
1957:
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving Great Britain
791:
646:
1825:
The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume IV
1326:
of 1805 when he sent reinforcements to the fleet under Vice-Admiral
1291:
Vice-Admiral William Cornwallis's official despatch, printed in the
774:, including the significant naval victories over the French at the
1645:
Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)
1247:
1070:
1059:
1051:
898:
876:
865:
1239:
749:
1952:
Naval battles of the French Revolutionary Wars involving France
1886:
Histoire des marins français sous la République, de 1789 à 1803
1370:
that he subsequently broke to provide support to the embattled
219:
1278:
1021:
from approaching his ship's port quarter and firing repeated
1170:
27:
1795 naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars
1282:]." He did however subsequently note of his men that
1866:
The Naval History of Great Britain, Volume 1, 1793–1796
989:
was sailing so slowly that Cranstoun even ordered four
1231:
and no other losses on the remainder of the squadron.
1901:
Tracy, Nicholas, ed. (1998). "Cornwallis's Retreat".
1889:. Paris: Librairie Maritime at Scientifique. p.
1310:
and censured in 1796 for abandoning a convoy to the
993:to be jettisoned with a large amount of roundshot.
915:
Order of Battle in the Biscay campaign of June 1795
1883:Rouvier, Charles (1868). "Crosière dans l'océan".
1479:, (subscription required), Retrieved 15 April 2012
904:Admiral Cornwallis's Retreat from the French Fleet
1354:There was heated early debate between historians
932:to starboard in an effort to escape pursuit with
559:on 16–17 June 1795 (28–29 Prairial an III of the
790:Cornwallis led his squadron southwest, rounding
1284:
1056:First phase: the two squadrons fight each other
1015:, but was unable to prevent the 40-gun frigate
36:
1003:began to fire on the British rearguard ship,
231:
8:
758:, under the overall command of Vice-Admiral
566:A British naval squadron under Vice-Admiral
1075:Last phase: the French squadron withdrawing
1809:The Naval History of Great Britain, Vol. I
238:
224:
216:
54:
33:
1729:
1727:
1678:
1676:
1564:
1562:
1560:
891:to investigate the sails on the horizon.
1903:The Naval Chronicle, Volume 1, 1793–1798
1768:
1766:
1708:
1706:
1666:
1664:
1611:
1609:
1599:
1597:
1550:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1302:Cornwallis was given the thanks of both
1135:caused the four French ships closing on
1472:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1446:
1444:
1442:
1389:
1344:
1201:land a British and French Royalist army
1064:Second phase: the French attacking HMS
582:between the British and French forces.
1576:
1574:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1423:
1421:
1411:
1409:
798:Rocks. At 10:30 that morning, Captain
665:in 1794 at which the fleet lost seven
1513:
1511:
1223:credits this action with influencing
7:
1647:. Sage Old Books. pp. 209–214.
61:Cornwallis's Retreat, June 17, 1795
649:, maintained an effective distant
535:was a naval engagement during the
25:
1868:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
1590:. 23 June 1795. pp. 655–656.
960:was ordered to keep company with
1011:. Cotton returned fire with his
164:
152:
133:
119:
1842:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (2001) .
956:was sent to scout ahead, while
868:into 50-gun frigates) and four
706:, the 74-gun ships of the line
1827:. London: Chatham Publishing.
936:leading the line, followed by
843:Ushant headland, reaching the
551:was attacked by a much larger
1:
679:frigates under Contre-Amiral
597:, close to the naval base at
1527:. 23 June 1795. p. 655.
1111:. This combined attack left
691:and subsequently retired to
637:sailing from their bases at
629:. The British, led first by
1184:, Vol. VII, pp. 20–25
1978:
912:
772:American Revolutionary War
561:French Republican Calendar
48:War of the First Coalition
1844:Fleet Battle and Blockade
537:French Revolutionary Wars
262:
201:
176:
145:
111:
70:
53:
41:
1927:. Constable Publishers.
1251:engagement known as the
908:National Maritime Museum
786:Operations off Belle Île
689:Croisière du Grand Hiver
672:Croisière du Grand Hiver
342:Croisière du Grand Hiver
1467:Cornwallis, Sir William
1041:to fall back and allow
979:Lord Charles Fitzgerald
847:on 11 June and sending
1905:. Chatham Publishing.
1814:edward pelham brenton.
1804:Brenton, Edward Pelham
1643:Bates, Ian M. (2017).
1300:
1076:
1068:
1057:
910:
776:Battle of Quiberon Bay
663:Glorious First of June
146:Commanders and leaders
1821:Clowes, William Laird
1356:Edward Pelham Brenton
1221:Edward Pelham Brenton
1074:
1063:
1055:
902:
780:Battle of the Saintes
210:29 killed and wounded
202:Casualties and losses
191:12 ships of the line
18:First Battle of Groix
1304:Houses of Parliament
669:and then during the
533:Cornwallis's Retreat
362:Cornwallis's Retreat
182:5 ships of the line
37:Cornwallis's Retreat
1846:. Caxton Editions.
1812:. London: C. Rice.
1181:The Naval Chronicle
1123:southwards, he led
862:Villaret de Joyeuse
823:in the lead, while
572:Villaret de Joyeuse
539:in which a British
171:Villaret de Joyeuse
1587:The London Gazette
1524:The London Gazette
1324:Trafalgar campaign
1077:
1069:
1058:
1009:Sir Charles Cotton
911:
760:William Cornwallis
681:Jean Gaspard Vence
627:Western Approaches
568:William Cornwallis
472:Croisière de Bruix
437:Îles Saint-Marcouf
255:Revolutionary Wars
159:William Cornwallis
1962:Conflicts in 1795
1853:978-1-84067-363-0
1314:due to damage to
1188:
1187:
1096:Droits de l’Homme
1049:in the vanguard.
800:Sir Erasmus Gower
699:ship of the line
667:ships of the line
545:ships of the line
543:squadron of five
527:
526:
457:St. George's Caye
398:Droits de l'Homme
214:
213:
107:
106:
16:(Redirected from
1969:
1938:
1925:The Sea Warriors
1921:Woodman, Richard
1916:
1897:
1895:Combat de Groix.
1879:
1857:
1838:
1816:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1761:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1701:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1671:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1578:
1569:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1543:
1540:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1491:
1480:
1464:
1451:
1448:
1437:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1416:
1413:
1404:
1401:
1349:
1298:
1171:
778:in 1759 and the
768:Seven Years' War
406:Cape St. Vincent
257:
240:
233:
226:
217:
169:
168:
167:
157:
156:
155:
138:
137:
136:
129:
125:
123:
122:
72:
71:
58:
44:naval operations
34:
21:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1942:
1941:
1935:
1919:
1913:
1900:
1882:
1876:
1860:
1854:
1841:
1835:
1819:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:Brenton, p. xix
1789:
1785:
1781:Rouvier, p. 208
1780:
1776:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1674:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1633:Rouvier, p. 207
1632:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1580:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1558:
1553:
1546:
1541:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1493:Brenton, p. 229
1492:
1483:
1465:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:Gardiner, p. 46
1426:
1419:
1415:Gardiner, p. 16
1414:
1407:
1403:Brenton, p. 230
1402:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1364:Royal Sovereign
1346:
1342:
1320:Earl St Vincent
1316:Royal Sovereign
1308:court-martialed
1299:
1297:on 23 June 1795
1290:
1269:court-martialed
1253:Battle of Groix
1225:Robert Seppings
1169:
1133:Royal Sovereign
1121:Royal Sovereign
1039:Royal Sovereign
962:Royal Sovereign
938:Royal Sovereign
921:Robert Stopford
917:
897:
788:
764:Royal Sovereign
734:, the frigates
703:Royal Sovereign
611:
603:Battle of Groix
579:Royal Sovereign
530:
529:
528:
523:
258:
254:
250:
246:
244:
192:
183:
165:
163:
153:
151:
134:
132:
120:
118:
117:
103:British victory
95:
78:16–17 June 1795
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1975:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1917:
1911:
1898:
1880:
1874:
1862:James, William
1858:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1817:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1762:
1760:Woodman, p. 61
1753:
1751:Clowes, p. 263
1744:
1735:
1733:Clowes, p. 260
1723:
1714:
1702:
1693:
1691:Woodman, p. 60
1684:
1682:Clowes, p. 259
1672:
1660:
1653:
1635:
1626:
1624:Clowes, p. 258
1617:
1605:
1593:
1570:
1568:Clowes, p. 257
1556:
1544:
1530:
1507:
1505:Clowes, p. 256
1495:
1481:
1477:Andrew Lambert
1452:
1438:
1436:Clowes, p. 255
1429:
1417:
1405:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1368:line of battle
1350:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1294:London Gazette
1288:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1007:under Captain
983:Lord Cranstoun
896:
893:
787:
784:
748:and the small
610:
607:
525:
524:
522:
521:
516:
511:
510:
509:
504:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
327:
322:
317:
312:
301:
296:
291:
280:
269:
263:
260:
259:
245:
243:
242:
235:
228:
220:
212:
211:
208:
204:
203:
199:
198:
189:
179:
178:
174:
173:
161:
148:
147:
143:
142:
130:
114:
113:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:Atlantic Ocean
86:
84:
80:
79:
76:
68:
67:
51:
50:
39:
38:
32:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1974:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1936:
1934:1-84119-183-3
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1912:1-86176-091-4
1908:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1875:0-85177-905-0
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1834:1-86176-013-2
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1772:James, p. 242
1769:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1742:James, p. 245
1739:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1721:James, p. 244
1718:
1715:
1712:James, p. 243
1709:
1707:
1703:
1700:Tracy, p. 123
1697:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1670:James, p. 241
1667:
1665:
1661:
1656:
1654:9780958702126
1650:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1615:James, p. 240
1612:
1610:
1606:
1603:James, p. 239
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1554:Tracy, p. 121
1551:
1549:
1545:
1542:James, p. 238
1539:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1450:James, p. 237
1447:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1376:Charles Ekins
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:William James
1357:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:William James
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:for repairs.
1193:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1073:
1067:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1013:stern-chasers
1010:
1006:
1002:
1001:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
966:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
926:
922:
916:
909:
905:
901:
894:
892:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
846:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
783:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
751:
747:
746:
740:
739:
733:
732:
726:
725:
719:
718:
712:
711:
705:
704:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
676:
674:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Lord Bridport
632:
628:
624:
623:Bay of Biscay
620:
619:Channel Fleet
616:
608:
606:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:Channel Fleet
583:
581:
580:
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
520:
517:
515:
512:
508:
505:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
432:
428:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
399:
395:
394:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Levant Convoy
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
347:Gulf of Roses
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
310:
306:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
289:
285:
281:
279:
278:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
261:
256:
249:
248:Naval battles
241:
236:
234:
229:
227:
222:
221:
218:
209:
206:
205:
200:
196:
193:11 frigates (
190:
187:
181:
180:
175:
172:
162:
160:
150:
149:
144:
141:
131:
128:
127:Great Britain
116:
115:
110:
102:
99:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
73:
69:
66:
62:
57:
52:
49:
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
1924:
1902:
1894:
1885:
1865:
1843:
1824:
1813:
1808:
1797:Bibliography
1786:
1777:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1717:
1696:
1687:
1644:
1638:
1629:
1620:
1585:
1522:
1470:
1432:
1371:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1315:
1301:
1292:
1285:
1277:
1264:
1257:
1244:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:Quiberon Bay
1195:
1189:
1179:
1159:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1065:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1016:
1004:
998:
995:
986:
974:
970:
967:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
924:
918:
903:
888:
884:
874:
848:
845:Scilly Isles
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
803:
789:
763:
754:
744:
737:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
688:
677:
670:
633:and then by
612:
584:
578:
565:
532:
531:
477:Malta Convoy
430:
426:
397:
387:Newfoundland
382:Saldanha Bay
361:
330:
308:
304:
287:
283:
276:
272:
184:2 frigates (
112:Belligerents
60:
42:Part of the
29:
1582:"No. 13790"
1519:"No. 13790"
1328:Lord Nelson
1312:West Indies
1261:Jean Magnac
1043:Bellerophon
1031:Bellerophon
987:Bellerophon
975:Bellerophon
942:Bellerophon
731:Bellerophon
553:French Navy
462:Tory Island
447:Dives River
65:Thomas Luny
46:during the
1946:Categories
1385:References
1155:Dutch flag
1102:Formidable
1023:broadsides
991:carronades
913:See also:
849:Kingfisher
817:Kingfisher
755:Kingfisher
750:brig-sloop
697:first-rate
643:Portsmouth
615:Royal Navy
609:Background
541:Royal Navy
492:Copenhagen
421:Camperdown
416:Santa Cruz
411:Jean-Rabel
357:April 1795
337:Den Helder
207:12 wounded
1864:(2002) .
1823:(1997) .
1806:(1837) .
1274:Admiralty
1167:Aftermath
1047:Brunswick
971:Brunswick
934:Brunswick
870:corvettes
854:Kerguelen
825:Brunswick
809:Belle Île
782:in 1782.
724:Brunswick
631:Lord Howe
595:Belle Île
577:HMS
497:Algeciras
352:2nd Genoa
331:Alexander
299:1st Genoa
284:Embuscade
277:Cléopâtre
1923:(2001).
1289:—
1236:Audierne
1192:Plymouth
1045:to join
1018:Virginie
919:Captain
906:, 1802,
885:en route
796:Penmarck
770:and the
693:Spithead
685:Bordeaux
683:sent to
659:Brittany
651:blockade
639:Plymouth
625:and the
591:Plymouth
557:Brittany
549:frigates
547:and two
514:Boulogne
320:May 1794
315:Guernsey
305:Crescent
267:Sardinia
177:Strength
89:Brittany
83:Location
1352:Note A:
1217:Triumph
1209:Triumph
1196:Phaeton
1160:Phaeton
1150:Phaeton
1146:Phaeton
1125:Triumph
1117:Triumph
1082:Triumph
1035:Triumph
954:Phaeton
946:Triumph
930:tacking
925:Phaeton
895:Retreat
889:Phaeton
881:Lorient
858:Lorient
837:Phaeton
833:Phaeton
829:Triumph
821:Triumph
813:Phaeton
804:Triumph
738:Phaeton
717:Triumph
482:Dunkirk
431:Hercule
392:Ireland
309:Réunion
251:of the
1931:
1909:
1872:
1850:
1831:
1651:
958:Pallas
866:razeed
792:Ushant
745:Pallas
647:Torbay
442:Ostend
372:Hyères
325:Ushant
294:Toulon
288:Boston
273:Nymphe
253:French
140:France
124:
100:Result
1340:Notes
1248:Groix
1108:Tigre
1066:Mars
879:near
877:Groix
655:Brest
599:Brest
487:Malta
467:Texel
367:Groix
1929:ISBN
1907:ISBN
1870:ISBN
1848:ISBN
1829:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1372:Mars
1358:and
1265:Zélé
1240:gale
1229:Mars
1213:Mars
1211:and
1137:Mars
1129:Mars
1113:Mars
1105:and
1091:Mars
1086:Zélé
1037:and
1027:Mars
1005:Mars
1000:Zélé
981:and
950:Mars
948:and
831:and
819:and
753:HMS
743:HMS
741:and
736:HMS
729:HMS
727:and
722:HMS
715:HMS
710:Mars
708:HMS
701:HMS
645:and
519:Mahé
452:Nile
429:vs.
427:Mars
307:vs.
286:vs.
275:vs.
87:Off
75:Date
1891:205
1279:sic
1263:of
1203:at
1127:to
1025:at
952:.
923:on
802:on
762:in
657:in
617:'s
563:).
507:2nd
502:1st
195:OOB
186:OOB
1948::
1893:.
1765:^
1726:^
1705:^
1675:^
1663:^
1608:^
1596:^
1584:.
1573:^
1559:^
1547:^
1533:^
1521:.
1510:^
1498:^
1484:^
1475:,
1469:,
1455:^
1441:^
1420:^
1408:^
1392:^
1215::
1099:,
944:,
940:,
872:.
815:,
720:,
713:,
641:,
91:,
63:,
1937:.
1915:.
1878:.
1856:.
1837:.
1657:.
239:e
232:t
225:v
197:)
188:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
