3504:
56:
1686:
outsiders, the desire to maintain political autonomy, and the drive to regain
Vietnamese independence signified Vietnamese resistance and hostility to Chinese aggression, political domination and imperialism on Vietnamese society. Han Chinese bureaucrats sought to impose Chinese high culture onto the indigenous Vietnamese including bureaucratic Legalist techniques and Confucian ethics, education, art, literature, and language. The conquered and subjugated Vietnamese had to adopt the Chinese writing system, Confucianism, and veneration of the Chinese emperor to the detriment of their native spoken language, culture, ethnicity, and national identity.
1732:. The national history tends to have a narrow view limited to modern national boundaries, leading to conclusions of exceptionalism. Although it is true that the political situation in the Red River Plain was less stable than in Guangzhou to the north, such circumstances were not restricted to the area. The Vietnamese national narrative retroactively assigns any local rebellions, the rise of local dynasties, and their local autonomy with the motive of seeking national independence. These early moves toward autonomy in the 10th century were fairly tame compared to the activities of people who cushioned them from more direct contact with
1454:. Despite coming from the North, Zhao Tuo assimilated into the Yue culture and created a new identity as the King of Nanyue. Zhao Tuo married a Yue woman, incorporated locals into his army, and even fought off Han invasions later on to protect his kingdom. Some historians do not see him as a foreign conqueror, but as the defender of Vietnam against the Han Chinese, and the legitimacy of the Triệu dynasty continues to be the source of debate among Vietnamese historians. Nevertheless, Zhao Tuo sought to extend his territory further south to the
1658:, in part as the geographical terrain served as a convenient supply point and trading post for Han ships engaged in the growing maritime trade with various South and Southeast Asian Kingdoms and the Roman Empire. The Han dynasty relied heavily on trade with the Nanyue who produced unique items such as: bronze and pottery incense burners, ivory, and rhinoceros horns. The Han dynasty took advantage of the Yue people's goods and used them in their maritime trade network that extended from Lingnan through Yunnan to Burma and India.
1480:
more conducive to successfully growing and maintaining crops. As they crossed the seemingly imaginary border, more and more farmers became acquainted with the Yue peoples and their cultures. This indefinite border made it so that the
Chinese culture and the Yue peoples increasingly intersected and influenced each other over time, eventually becoming a contributing factor to the successive Chinese dynasties and empires making military incursions towards the south to penetrate and conquer the Yue peoples and acquire their land.
1662:
Chinese officials. Han imperial bureaucrats generally pursued a policy of peaceful relations with the indigenous Yue population, focusing their administrative roles in the prefectural headquarters and garrisons, and maintaining secure river routes for trade. By the first century AD, however, the Han dynasty intensified its efforts to assimilate its new territories by raising taxes and instituting marriage and land inheritance reforms aimed at turning
Vietnam into a patriarchal society more amenable to political authority.
1654:
exploiting the region's natural resources and trade potential. In addition, Han
Chinese officials forcibly expropriated fertile land conquered from Vietnamese nobles to be redistributed for newly settled Han Chinese immigrants. Han rule and government administration brought new influences to the indigenous Vietnamese and Vietnam as a Chinese province operated as a frontier outpost of the Han Empire. The Han dynasty wanted to extend their control over the fertile
1666:
1716:
Vietnamese national narrative has introduced anachronisms in order to prove a unified
Vietnamese national consciousness. The word Viet/Yue is often used to refer to an ethnic group when it had various meanings throughout history. There was no terminology to describe a Chinese-Vietnamese dichotomy during the Han-Tang period nor was there a term to describe a cohesive group inhabiting the area between the
1185:
1527:
349:
1304:
1380:
throughout what is now the southern
Chinese Provinces and Northern Vietnam. The inhabitants indigenous to the southernmost territories of Northern and Central China were referred to as the “Hundred Yue” to allude to the numerous different upland tribal hill cultures that made up the singular Baiyue identity.
1630:, but soon spread to other Yue tribes along the coast to the north and south. The uprising gained the support of about sixty-five towns and settlements. Trưng Trắc was eventually proclaimed as the queen. Even though she gained control over the countryside, she was not able to capture the fortified towns.
1479:
One of the main reasons why the Yue culture became so heavily intermingled with
Chinese culture was because there were no definitive borders denoted and demarcated between the two regions. Chinese peasants were compelled to move farther and farther south because the temperate climate and terrain were
1685:
Some
Vietnamese welcomed the chance to assimilate as they considered Chinese culture to be a more civilized, advanced, and superior culture. Though the Vietnamese incorporated advanced and technical elements they thought would be beneficial to themselves, the general unwillingness to be dominated by
1653:
of the newly conquered Nanyue was brought about by a combination of Han imperial military power, regular settlement and an influx of Han
Chinese refugees, officers and garrisons, merchants, scholars, bureaucrats, fugitives, and prisoners of war. At the same time, Chinese officials were interested in
1471:
to the Han government leading to constant interactions between the two geopolitical entities. Furthermore, the Nanyue kingdom's elites encapsulated a mix of
Northern Han Chinese who moved to the south intermingling with the former Yue elite bringing a syncretic interflow of the Han and Yue cultures.
1379:
may not have claimed the identity signifier for themselves. It was a term placed onto them and their culture by outsider forces. Since there was not one cohesively defined and unified “Yue” culture, the term encompassed several different groups of people with varying cultural identities that ranged
1461:
Despite Zhao Tuo's commitment to assimilate the Yue tribes, Han Chinese influences were still introduced to the Yue peoples. He brought Han culture with him to Nanyue, leading to a syncretic fusion of Han and Yue styles in musical forms, handicrafts, and motifs. Artifacts uncovered from the Nanyue
1661:
During the first century of Chinese rule, Vietnam was governed leniently and indirectly with no immediate change in indigenous policies. Initially, the indigenous Lac Viet people were governed at the local level but with indigenous Vietnamese local officials being replaced with newly settled Han
1677:
The native Luo chief paid heavy tributes and imperial taxes to the Han mandarins to maintain the local administration and the military. The Chinese vigorously tried to assimilate the Vietnamese either through forced signification or through brute Chinese political domination. The Han government
1466:
which displayed and exalted Han grandeur. Besides Zhao Tuo, members of the Han court and other Northern Han constituents of the Chinese sociopolitical elite who migrated to the South have also influenced Yue culture. Despite Nanyue being an autonomous entity that operated independently from the
1414:
to conquer the territories of what is now southern China and northern Vietnam. The emperor ordered his armies of five hundred thousand men to advance southward in the five columns to conquer and annex the Yue territories into the Qin empire. By 214 BC, Guangdong, Guangxi, and parts of northern
1715:
and that they resisted foreign aggressors in a national struggle. This characterizes Vietnamese history under Chinese rule as a "steadfast popular resistance marked by armed insurrections against foreign domination". However some scholars such as Churchman note that this lacked evidence. The
1699:
but scholars such as Nhi Hoang Thuc Nguyen argue that "the trope of a small country consistently repelling the China's cultural force is a recent, postcolonial, mid-20th-century construction". Other works since have repeated the same elements of the national school by retroactively assigning
1568:
was the primary Nanyue official to oppose the idea and he led the opposition against the Queen Dowager. In 112 BC, the opposition retaliated violently and executed the Queen Dowager, a provocation that led to the mobilization of a large Han naval force into Nanyue.
1519:'s ban on exports of metal wares and female livestock to Nanyue. In 183 BC, he proclaimed himself the "Martial Emperor of the Southern Yue" (南越武帝), which implied a perceived status on equal footing with the Han emperor. Two years later, Nanyue attacked the
1556:. At the Nanyue court in 113 BC, the Queen Dowager of Nanyue suggested incorporating Nanyue as a kingdom under the suzerainty of the Han empire, thus formally integrating the kingdom on the same terms as the other kingdoms of the Han empire. She was of
1694:
The characterization of this period of Vietnamese history by national historiography as a "militant, nationalistic, and very contemporary vision" has been described as the nationalist school of Vietnamese history. This portrayal has its roots in
1467:
imperial authority of the Han dynasty's confines, the permeation of Han Chinese influences still remained prevalent in the region. Since Nanyue was under the suzerainty of Han imperial influence, its inhabitants often had to make
3503:
935:
1523:, a constituent kingdom of the Han empire. In 180 BC, Lu Jia led a diplomatic mission to Nanyue that succeeded in convincing Zhao Tuo to give up on his title as emperor and pay homage to Han as a nominal vassal.
2748:
3914:
55:
1711:
The argument for an intrinsic, intractable, and distinctly Southeast Asian Vietnamese identity proposes that there was an intrinsic Vietnamese "cultural core" that has always existed in the
1415:
Vietnam were subjugated and annexed into the Qin Empire. However, Chinese domination was brief and the collapse of the Qin dynasty led the Yue tribes to regain their independence.
1372:, much of the information now known is in relation to their political and governmental roles that the Imperial Han court came into contact with by means of trade and colonization.
3682:
2626:
1708:
era) based on evidence in later eras. The national school of Vietnamese history has remained practically unchanged since the 1980s and has become the national orthodoxy.
2999:
Ebrey, Patricia; Walthall, Anne (2013). "The Founding of the Bureaucratic Empire: Qin-Han China (256 B.C.E. - 200 C.E.)". In Ebrey, Patricia B.; Walthall, Anne (eds.).
1720:
and the Red River. The indigenous people of the area of modern Vietnam ruled by the Chinese did not have a specific name during this period and were referred to as the
2756:
3581:
3342:
1213:
1472:
Nanyue's social elites soon became culturally mixed over time and would later take advantage of their commingled linguistic skills during the eventual
3864:
3742:
889:
3512:
3471:
3417:
2060:
1637:
from 42 AD to 43 AD led to the Han reconquest of the region, leading to the capture and decapitation of the Trưng sisters and the start of the
1494:
1271:
1135:
3082:
Loewe, Michael (1986), "The conduct of government and the issues at stake (A.D. 57-167)", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
866:
3691:
3198:
2941:
2873:
Bielestein, Hans (1986), "Wang Mang, the restoration of the Han dynasty, and Later Han", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
3954:
3653:
3446:
612:
1322:
1314:
3687:
3648:
3436:
1389:
632:
592:
109:
3939:
3272:
3226:
3179:
3141:
3119:
3100:
3027:
3008:
2960:
2922:
2827:
2808:
2174:
2149:
2124:
1006:
3697:
3254:
3160:
1638:
1340:
1140:
1120:
729:
286:
1076:
3934:
3335:
1206:
3949:
3924:
3843:
2882:
Brindley, Erica (2011). "Representations and Uses of Yue Identity along the Southern Frontier of the Han, CA. 200–111 B.C.E.".
2618:
475:
293:
279:
254:
3660:
3531:
1368:
Because the Han dynasty historians did not keep accurate and detailed records of the personal and cultural identities of the
2048:
1619:
1515:
to officially recognize Zhao Tuo. Nevertheless, relations between Han and Nanyue were sometimes strained. Zhao Tuo resented
3944:
3929:
3621:
3552:
3476:
3383:
1096:
583:
3421:
1125:
826:
3625:
3328:
1592:). This resulted in the surrender of Nanyue in which it was annexed and subsumed into the Han empire later that year.
1431:, took advantage of the Qin's decline and the South region's crumbling political structure to set up his own kingdom,
1199:
1165:
1150:
1145:
1130:
816:
328:
3441:
2619:"Anti-Chinese Sentiment in Contemporary Vietnam: Constructing Nationalism, New Democracy, and the Use of "the Other""
1601:
602:
3707:
3570:
3398:
3360:
3037:
Lary, Diana (1996). "The Tomb of the King of Nanyue-The Contemporary Agenda of History: Scholarship and Identity".
2065:
1251:
669:
465:
3388:
1468:
542:
430:
3677:
3410:
3405:
3372:
1160:
17:
3720:
3481:
2749:"Giáo án môn Lịch sử lớp 6 - Chương III: Thời kì Bắc thuộc và đấu tranh giành độc lập - Trường THCS Phả Lại"
2007:刺史) were the ruler-administrators of Han dynasty commanderies. The first taishous were former commanders of
3368:
1572:
The Han imperial military forces consisted of six armies that traveled by sea, directly southward, or from
420:
3486:
3426:
3378:
2042:
1498:
1473:
1056:
910:
153:
3670:
3638:
3558:
3545:
1919:
1634:
769:
759:
505:
2839:"Distinguishing Between China and Vietnam: Three Relational Equilibriums in Sino-Vietnamese Relations"
2838:
3959:
3820:
3732:
3575:
3491:
3431:
1856:
1508:
1504:
1287:
440:
3393:
1548:
forces. The Han court responded swiftly and this led to Zhao Mo's agreement to send his son, Prince
3780:
3715:
3611:
3282:
Yu, Ying-shih (1986), "Han foreign relations", in Twitchett, Denis C.; Fairbank, John King (eds.),
2035:
2019:
959:
689:
622:
225:
141:
1264:
779:
179:
3070:
3062:
2987:
2899:
2861:
1883:
1873:
1761:
1733:
1679:
1231:
806:
797:
650:
533:
358:
337:
72:
1565:
565:
1363:
3785:
3268:
3250:
3222:
3194:
3175:
3156:
3137:
3115:
3096:
3054:
3023:
3004:
2979:
2956:
2937:
2918:
2912:
2823:
2804:
2170:
2145:
2120:
1806:
1768:
1665:
1247:
1086:
848:
485:
378:
128:
61:
1066:
709:
3857:
3643:
3312:
3046:
2891:
2853:
1896:
1839:
1819:
1712:
1611:
1605:
1530:
1520:
1275:
1155:
899:
837:
515:
495:
272:
206:
749:
3919:
3892:
3871:
3810:
1789:
1655:
1627:
1455:
719:
679:
3850:
3665:
3129:
1462:
Kingdom display cultural mixture between the two cultures, especially from the tomb of
1189:
1170:
949:
659:
1753:
1451:
555:
3908:
3878:
3074:
2934:
The People Between the Rivers: The Rise and Fall of a Bronze Drum Culture, 200–750 CE
2903:
2865:
1922:
while the old system of lower rank rulers of Lac Hau, Lac Tuong were kept unchanged.
1516:
1395:
921:
875:
739:
699:
1254:, and the first of the three in which were almost continuous and was referred to as
3885:
3457:
1729:
1705:
1650:
1046:
1036:
3284:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
3084:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
2875:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
1911:
94:
1880:; Vietnamese: Giao Chỉ; located in northern Vietnam and part of southern Guangxi)
3790:
3604:
3538:
3452:
3351:
1877:
1745:
1717:
1701:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1428:
1403:
1399:
1239:
1235:
368:
84:
80:
76:
3050:
1930:
Population censuses in 2 AD in modern-day Northern Vietnam are shown as below.
1526:
1476:
to act and serve as the linking agents between the Yue tribes and Han Chinese.
348:
3805:
3800:
3599:
2895:
2857:
451:
399:
389:
3058:
2983:
3760:
3727:
3594:
3564:
3525:
2028:
1783:
1589:
1436:
1279:
410:
2011:
under the inspectors' supervision. The recorded cishis and taishous were:
1678:
sought to assimilate the Vietnamese into the dynasty exhibited through a "
3795:
3755:
3633:
3588:
3466:
1749:
1696:
1670:
1577:
1447:
1424:
455:
2991:
3829:
3770:
3750:
1800:
1779:
1757:
1623:
1581:
1573:
1541:
1534:
1463:
1411:
1283:
1243:
1026:
977:
311:
192:
3066:
1903:
1900:
1890:
1887:
1863:
1860:
1846:
1843:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1813:
1810:
1796:
1793:
1775:
1772:
1764:
with the last three commonly used in modern Vietnamese history books:
3836:
3775:
3765:
3520:
3320:
3297:
2970:
Di Cosmo, Nicola (2011). "Han Frontiers: Toward an Integrated View".
2008:
1867:
1850:
1816:; Vietnamese: Thương Ngô; located in Lingnan, modern eastern Guangxi)
1615:
1545:
1512:
1432:
1407:
1369:
1359:
1267:
1016:
996:
259:
2142:
Becoming Chinese American: A History of Communities and Institutions
1234:
during which present-day northern Vietnam was under the rule of the
1799:; Vietnamese: Hợp Phố; located in Lingnan, modern southern coastal
3461:
1915:
1760:(Giao Chỉ) was established, dividing the former kingdom into nine
1664:
1614:, Trưng Trắc (徵側; Zheng Ce) and Trưng Nhị (徵貳; Zheng Er), led the
1585:
1525:
1440:
986:
315:
1673:
successfully conquered Nanyue and annexed it into the Han empire.
3324:
1544:
of Nanyue appealed to the Han court for help against attacking
1297:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2525:
2523:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2083:
2081:
3003:(3rd ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning. pp. 36–60.
2098:
2096:
1836:; Vietnamese: Uất Lâm; located in Lingnan, modern Guangxi)
1564:. However, many Nanyue ministers opposed this suggestion.
3286:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–463
3086:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 291–316
2877:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 223–290
2510:
2508:
2506:
3915:
States and territories disestablished in the 1st century
2540:
2538:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2284:
2282:
1756:
into the Han empire. Following annexation, the name of
1439:) and stretched from present-day Vietnam to modern-day
2493:
2491:
2478:
2476:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2047:
Tô Định (蘇定) (30-40 AD) — brutal rule resulted in the
2852:(2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 259–280.
1682:" in their maintenance of a unified cohesive empire.
3001:
East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History
2978:(2). Society for the Study of Early China: 199–214.
2451:
2449:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2269:
2267:
2265:
1728:, or the Annamese (Annan people) by the time of the
1406:
in 221 BC undertook a military campaign against the
3886:
Treatise on Cold Injury and Miscellaneous Disorders
3819:
3741:
3706:
3620:
3511:
3359:
1906:; Vietnamese: Nhật Nam; located in central Vietnam)
1893:; Vietnamese: Cửu Chân; located in central Vietnam)
307:
221:
203:
189:
176:
164:
147:
135:
122:
108:
100:
90:
68:
32:
2914:Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
2041:Nhâm Diên (壬延) — taishou of Jiuzhen, appointed by
1649:During the several hundred years of Chinese rule,
3093:Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background
1700:Vietnamese group consciousness to past periods (
1255:
1250:. It is considered the first of four periods of
37:
27:First Han Dynasty rule of Vietnam (111 BC-40 AD)
3858:Essential Prescriptions from the Golden Cabinet
2890:. Society for the Study of Early China: 1–35.
3582:Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals
3336:
3212:, Los Angeles: University of California Press
3210:The Vermilion Bird: T'ang Images of the South
3151:Morton, W. Scott; Lewis, Charlton M. (2004).
2227:
2117:The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907
2027:Đặng Nhượng (鄧讓) (ruled independently during
1263:In 111 BC, a militarily powerful Han dynasty
1207:
18:First Chinese domination (History of Vietnam)
8:
2568:
2390:
2340:
2119:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 147.
1435:. Nanyue was centered on Panyu (modern-day
1423:Following the collapse of the Qin dynasty,
3343:
3329:
3321:
3291:
2529:
2361:
2087:
1910:All nine districts were administered from
1214:
1200:
322:
54:
29:
3865:The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
3189:Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (2006).
2723:
2711:
2675:
2663:
2651:
2604:
1341:Learn how and when to remove this message
2972:Journal of the American Oriental Society
2820:The Vietnam War (Twentieth Century Wars)
2639:
2592:
2544:
2244:
2189:
2102:
2034:Tích Quang (錫光) — taishou, appointed by
1932:
3240:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
3155:(4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3110:McLeod, Mark; Nguyen, Thi Dieu (2001).
2936:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
2687:
2440:
2169:. Oxford University Press. p. 64.
2167:A History of Vietnam, 211 BC to 2000 AD
2077:
1633:A military campaign led by Han general
336:
325:
3472:Disasters of the Partisan Prohibitions
2781:
2769:
2699:
2497:
2467:
2423:
2411:
2061:Timeline of Vietnam under Chinese rule
1495:Southward expansion of the Han dynasty
2955:. United States Library of Congress.
2801:The Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War
2735:
2556:
2514:
2482:
2288:
2256:
2140:Him, Mark Lai; Hsu, Madeline (2004).
1584:and General Yang Pu advanced towards
202:
188:
175:
171:
146:
134:
121:
117:
107:
7:
3447:Second Chinese domination of Vietnam
3304:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
3217:Stark, Miriam T. (August 26, 2005).
3045:(1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 3–27.
2580:
2455:
2208:
1849:; Vietnamese: Châu Nhai; located on
936:Provisional Revolutionary Government
547:
3688:Protectorate of the Western Regions
3437:First Chinese domination of Vietnam
2038:. Consolidated Han rule in Jiaozhi.
1390:Qin campaign against the Yue tribes
3249:, University of California Press,
3238:Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians
2378:
2328:
2309:
2273:
1866:; Vietnamese: Đạm Nhĩ; located on
1778:; Vietnamese: Nam Hải; located in
1752:and annexed Nanyue and the former
1450:conquered the Vietnamese state of
1384:Qin campaigns against Yue kingdoms
1313:tone or style may not reflect the
25:
3193:. University of Wisconsin Press.
1639:Second Era of Northern Domination
1560:stock herself and was married to
287:Second Era of Northern Domination
3698:Translation of government titles
3502:
3267:. University of Kentucky Press.
2629:from the original on 2023-04-09.
2144:. AltaMira Press. pp. 4–5.
1323:guide to writing better articles
1302:
1228:First Era of Northern Domination
1183:
880:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam)
347:
291:
277:
252:
34:First Era of Northern Domination
3844:Book on Numbers and Computation
3208:Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967),
3020:Vietnamese Communism, 1925-1945
1278:, together with much of modern
1274:and incorporated what is today
3661:Three Lords and Nine Ministers
3532:Records of the Grand Historian
3191:Viet Nam: Borderless Histories
3153:China: Its History and Culture
3112:Culture and Customs of Vietnam
2617:Nguyen, Ni Hoang Thuc (2017).
1918:; each was ruled by a Chinese
1375:Those who were referred to as
890:Provisional Central Government
1:
3553:Records of the Three Kingdoms
3477:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
3384:Rebellion of the Seven States
3245:Taylor, Keith Weller (1983),
2932:Churchman, Catherine (2016).
2917:. Columbia University Press.
2911:Bowman, John Stewart (2000).
2846:Journal of East Asian Studies
2803:. Columbia University Press.
1354:Pre-sinicization Yue identity
60:Map of the Han dynasty under
3022:. Cornell University Press.
2003:(太守) along with inspectors (
1552:, to serve in the palace at
1007:Cát Tiên archaeological site
2837:Anderson, James A. (2013).
1748:defeated the successors of
1511:on a diplomatic mission to
940:(Republic of South Vietnam)
3976:
3683:Provinces and commanderies
3571:Eight Immortals of Huainan
3399:War of the Heavenly Horses
3051:10.1177/009770049602200101
2115:Holcombe, Charles (2001).
2066:Vietnam under Chinese rule
2018:Chu Chương — appointed by
1599:
1492:
1387:
1357:
670:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords
3940:1st century BC in Vietnam
3500:
3389:Han dynasty in Inner Asia
3309:
3302:
3294:
3236:Suryadinata, Leo (1997).
3132:; Yian, Goh Geok (2016).
3018:Hyunh, Kim Khanh (1986).
2896:10.1017/S0362502800000225
2858:10.1017/S1598240800003933
2623:Digital Commons @ Trinity
2228:Ebrey & Walthall 2013
1618:people to rise up in the
1260:("Northern Domination").
1252:Chinese rule over Vietnam
231:
217:
172:
160:
118:
53:
48:
3442:Trung sisters' rebellion
3406:Han conquest of Gojoseon
3373:Feast at Swan Goose Gate
3263:Tucker, Spencer (1999).
3247:The Birth of the Vietnam
3172:East Asia: A New History
3170:Murphey, Rhoads (1997).
2953:Vietnam: A Country Study
2951:Cima, Ronald J. (1987).
2818:Anderson, David (2005).
2799:Anderson, David (2004).
2569:McLeod & Nguyen 2001
2049:Trưng sisters' rebellion
2024:Ích Cư Xương (? - 54 BC)
1620:Trưng sisters' rebellion
1602:Trung sisters' rebellion
1230:refers to the period of
603:Trung sisters' rebellion
191:• Establishment of
3955:China–Vietnam relations
3935:1st century BC in China
3721:Ancient Chinese coinage
3482:Yellow Turban Rebellion
2341:Morton & Lewis 2004
1724:(Wild Barbarians), the
1596:Trung sisters' uprising
1595:
1317:used on Knowledge (XXG)
1097:Principality of Hà Tiên
3950:1st century in Vietnam
3925:110s BC establishments
3743:Science and technology
3487:End of the Han dynasty
3427:Han conquest of Nanyue
3134:Ancient Southeast Asia
2530:Miksic & Yian 2016
2088:Miksic & Yian 2016
2043:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1674:
1537:
1499:Han conquest of Nanyue
1489:Han conquest of Nanyue
1398:defeated the state of
1321:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
1256:
978:Non-Vietnamese history
730:4th Chinese domination
633:3rd Chinese domination
613:2nd Chinese domination
593:1st Chinese domination
154:Emperor Guangwu of Han
39:Bắc thuộc lần thứ nhất
38:
3671:Three Ducal Ministers
3559:Flying Horse of Gansu
3546:Book of the Later Han
2165:Kiernan, Ben (2017).
1668:
1580:. In 111 BC, General
1529:
1360:Baiyue § Culture
1358:Further information:
926:(Republic of Vietnam)
843:1887–1945 / 1945–1954
831:1883–1945 / 1946–1948
821:1883–1945 / 1945–1948
811:1862–1945 / 1945–1949
3945:1st century in China
3930:40 disestablishments
3733:Sino-Roman relations
3576:Mawangdui Silk Texts
3492:Battle of Red Cliffs
3432:Han conquest of Dian
2640:Reid & Tran 2006
2015:Thạch Đái (111 BC-?)
1610:In March 40 AD, the
911:North–South division
760:Later Lê Restoration
466:Phùng Nguyên culture
3612:Eastern Han Chinese
3513:Society and culture
3418:Southward expansion
3379:Lü Clan disturbance
3219:Archaeology of Asia
3130:Miksic, John Norman
2036:Emperor Ping of Han
2020:Emperor Zhao of Han
1669:In 111 BC, Emperor
1622:against the Han in
1427:, a general of the
1419:Formation of Nanyue
1272:expansion southward
1136:Historical capitals
1057:Nung-Zhuang kingdom
404:12,000 BC–10,000 BC
383:20,000 BC–12,000 BC
142:Emperor Zhao of Han
85:Eastern Han dynasty
77:Western Han dynasty
3830:Balanced Discourse
3369:Chu–Han Contention
3091:Largo, V. (2002).
2443:, p. 119-120.
2331:, p. 452-453.
2247:, p. 199-214.
2192:, p. 258-290.
1734:Southern dynasties
1680:civilizing mission
1675:
1626:. It began at the
1538:
1232:Vietnamese history
1190:Vietnam portal
807:French Cochinchina
425:10,000 BC–8,000 BC
3902:
3901:
3411:Four Commanderies
3319:
3318:
3310:Succeeded by
3200:978-1-316-44504-4
2943:978-1-442-25861-7
2753:thuviengiaoan.com
1992:
1991:
1782:, modern central
1351:
1350:
1343:
1315:encyclopedic tone
1248:Jiaozhou province
1224:
1223:
1105:
1104:
1087:Sip Song Chau Tai
968:
967:
941:
927:
881:
857:
856:
849:Empire of Vietnam
788:
787:
641:
640:
574:
573:
543:Hồng Bàng dynasty
524:
523:
510:(1,000 BC–200 AD)
500:(1,000 BC–100 AD)
480:1,500 BC–1,000 BC
470:2,000 BC–1,500 BC
445:4,000 BC–3,000 BC
435:8,000 BC–6,000 BC
431:Quỳnh Văn culture
321:
320:
303:
302:
299:
298:
265:
264:
129:Emperor Wu of Han
124:• 111–87 BC
62:Emperor Wu of Han
16:(Redirected from
3967:
3506:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3322:
3295:Preceded by
3292:
3287:
3278:
3259:
3241:
3232:
3213:
3204:
3185:
3166:
3147:
3125:
3106:
3095:. Nova Science.
3087:
3078:
3033:
3014:
2995:
2966:
2947:
2928:
2907:
2878:
2869:
2843:
2833:
2814:
2785:
2779:
2773:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2755:. Archived from
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2726:, p. 74-75.
2721:
2715:
2714:, p. 26-27.
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2666:, p. 27-29.
2661:
2655:
2654:, p. 24-25.
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2517:, p. 33-34.
2512:
2501:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2444:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2394:
2391:Suryadinata 1997
2388:
2382:
2376:
2365:
2359:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2313:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2277:
2271:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2231:
2225:
2212:
2206:
2193:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2091:
2085:
1933:
1540:In 135 BC, King
1531:Jade burial suit
1521:Changsha Kingdom
1346:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:for suggestions.
1306:
1305:
1298:
1276:northern Vietnam
1259:
1244:Jiaozhi province
1216:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1187:
1186:
983:
982:
939:
925:
900:State of Vietnam
879:
872:
871:
838:French Indochina
803:
802:
740:Later Lê dynasty
700:Later Lý dynasty
690:Early Lê dynasty
656:
655:
623:Early Lý dynasty
589:
588:
549:
539:
538:
506:Sa Huỳnh culture
496:Dong Son culture
476:Đồng Đậu culture
364:
363:
351:
341:
323:
295:
294:
281:
280:
269:
268:
256:
255:
249:
248:
233:
232:
180:Han-Nam Việt War
137:• 87–74 BC
58:
41:
30:
21:
3975:
3974:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:Zhoubi Suanjing
3872:Huangdi Neijing
3837:Book of Origins
3815:
3811:Zhang Zhongjing
3737:
3702:
3616:
3507:
3498:
3394:Han–Xiongnu War
3355:
3349:
3315:
3307:111 BC – 40 AD
3306:
3300:
3290:
3281:
3275:
3262:
3257:
3244:
3235:
3229:
3216:
3207:
3201:
3188:
3182:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3128:
3122:
3109:
3103:
3090:
3081:
3036:
3030:
3017:
3011:
2998:
2969:
2963:
2950:
2944:
2931:
2925:
2910:
2881:
2872:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2817:
2811:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:
2682:
2674:
2670:
2662:
2658:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2528:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2454:
2447:
2439:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2397:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2368:
2362:Bielestein 1986
2360:
2347:
2339:
2335:
2327:
2316:
2308:
2295:
2287:
2280:
2272:
2263:
2255:
2251:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2215:
2211:, p. 3-27.
2207:
2196:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2105:, p. 1-35.
2101:
2094:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2057:
1997:
1928:
1744:In 111 BC, the
1742:
1713:Red River Plain
1692:
1656:Red River Delta
1647:
1628:Red River Delta
1608:
1600:Main articles:
1598:
1501:
1493:Main articles:
1491:
1486:
1456:Red River Delta
1421:
1402:in 223 BC, the
1392:
1386:
1366:
1356:
1347:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1311:This section's
1307:
1303:
1296:
1220:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1115:
1107:
1106:
980:
970:
969:
938:
924:
878:
869:
859:
858:
800:
790:
789:
770:Tây Sơn dynasty
653:
643:
642:
586:
576:
575:
536:
526:
525:
421:Bắc Sơn culture
361:
339:
332:
314:
292:
278:
253:
210:
196:
182:
150:
138:
125:
64:
44:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3973:
3971:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3907:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3825:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3747:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3692:Chief Official
3685:
3680:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:Nine Ministers
3658:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3641:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3455:
3450:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3422:Han–Minyue War
3415:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3396:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3288:
3279:
3274:978-0813121215
3273:
3260:
3255:
3242:
3233:
3228:978-1405102131
3227:
3214:
3205:
3199:
3186:
3181:978-0205695225
3180:
3167:
3161:
3148:
3143:978-0415735544
3142:
3126:
3121:978-0313361135
3120:
3107:
3102:978-1590333686
3101:
3088:
3079:
3034:
3029:978-0801493973
3028:
3015:
3010:978-1133606475
3009:
2996:
2967:
2962:978-0160181436
2961:
2948:
2942:
2929:
2924:978-0231110044
2923:
2908:
2879:
2870:
2834:
2829:978-0333963371
2828:
2815:
2810:978-0231114936
2809:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2759:on 2023-11-02.
2740:
2738:, p. 236.
2728:
2724:Churchman 2016
2716:
2712:Churchman 2016
2704:
2702:, p. 149.
2692:
2680:
2676:Churchman 2016
2668:
2664:Churchman 2016
2656:
2652:Churchman 2016
2644:
2632:
2609:
2605:Churchman 2016
2597:
2585:
2573:
2561:
2549:
2534:
2532:, p. 157.
2519:
2502:
2487:
2472:
2470:, p. 525.
2460:
2445:
2428:
2426:, p. 524.
2416:
2414:, p. 6-7.
2395:
2393:, p. 268.
2383:
2381:, p. 454.
2366:
2364:, p. 271.
2345:
2333:
2314:
2312:, p. 453.
2293:
2291:, p. 136.
2278:
2276:, p. 452.
2261:
2259:, p. 128.
2249:
2232:
2213:
2194:
2182:
2176:978-0195160765
2175:
2157:
2151:978-0759104587
2150:
2132:
2126:978-0824824655
2125:
2107:
2092:
2090:, p. 156.
2076:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2031:'s usurpation)
2025:
2022:
2016:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1914:, near modern
1908:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1871:
1854:
1837:
1817:
1804:
1787:
1741:
1740:Administration
1738:
1691:
1690:Historiography
1688:
1646:
1643:
1597:
1594:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1420:
1417:
1385:
1382:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1211:
1204:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1171:Indochina Wars
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1077:Jarai kingdoms
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
981:
976:
975:
972:
971:
966:
965:
962:
956:
955:
952:
950:Subsidy period
946:
945:
942:
932:
931:
928:
918:
917:
914:
906:
905:
902:
896:
895:
892:
886:
885:
882:
870:
865:
864:
861:
860:
855:
854:
851:
845:
844:
841:
833:
832:
829:
823:
822:
819:
813:
812:
809:
801:
796:
795:
792:
791:
786:
785:
782:
780:Nguyễn dynasty
776:
775:
772:
766:
765:
762:
756:
755:
752:
746:
745:
742:
736:
735:
732:
726:
725:
722:
716:
715:
712:
706:
705:
702:
696:
695:
692:
686:
685:
682:
676:
675:
672:
666:
665:
662:
654:
649:
648:
645:
644:
639:
638:
635:
629:
628:
625:
619:
618:
615:
609:
608:
605:
599:
598:
595:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
572:
571:
568:
562:
561:
558:
552:
551:
545:
537:
532:
531:
528:
527:
522:
521:
518:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
488:
486:Gò Mun culture
482:
481:
478:
472:
471:
468:
462:
461:
459:
447:
446:
443:
441:Đa Bút culture
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
417:
416:
414:
406:
405:
402:
396:
395:
393:
385:
384:
381:
379:Sơn Vi culture
375:
374:
372:
362:
357:
356:
353:
352:
344:
343:
334:
333:
326:
319:
318:
309:
305:
304:
301:
300:
297:
296:
289:
283:
282:
275:
266:
263:
262:
257:
245:
244:
239:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
204:
201:
200:
197:
190:
187:
186:
183:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
157:
151:
148:
145:
144:
139:
136:
133:
132:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
115:
112:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
70:
66:
65:
59:
51:
50:
46:
45:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3972:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3879:Shuowen Jiezi
3876:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3346:
3341:
3339:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3314:
3313:Trưng Sisters
3305:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3256:9780520074170
3252:
3248:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3162:0-07-141279-4
3158:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3139:
3136:. Routledge.
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:. Greenwood.
3113:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2968:
2964:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2784:, p. 55.
2783:
2778:
2775:
2772:, p. 63.
2771:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2690:, p. 53.
2689:
2684:
2681:
2678:, p. 26.
2677:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2660:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2607:, p. 24.
2606:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:Anderson 2004
2589:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2571:, p. 16.
2570:
2565:
2562:
2559:, p. 92.
2558:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:Anderson 2005
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2485:, p. 93.
2484:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2343:, p. 56.
2342:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2245:Di Cosmo 2011
2241:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2230:, p. 54.
2229:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2190:Anderson 2013
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:Brindley 2011
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:Governors or
1994:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1612:Trưng sisters
1607:
1606:Trưng sisters
1603:
1593:
1591:
1588:(present-day
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:Emperor Gaozu
1500:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:Qin Shi Huang
1391:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1342:
1334:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
979:
974:
973:
963:
961:
958:
957:
953:
951:
948:
947:
943:
937:
934:
933:
929:
923:
922:South Vietnam
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
903:
901:
898:
897:
893:
891:
888:
887:
883:
877:
876:North Vietnam
874:
873:
868:
863:
862:
852:
850:
847:
846:
842:
840:
839:
835:
834:
830:
828:
827:French Tonkin
825:
824:
820:
818:
815:
814:
810:
808:
805:
804:
799:
794:
793:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
771:
768:
767:
763:
761:
758:
757:
753:
751:
748:
747:
743:
741:
738:
737:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
721:
718:
717:
713:
711:
708:
707:
703:
701:
698:
697:
693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
681:
678:
677:
673:
671:
668:
667:
663:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
646:
636:
634:
631:
630:
626:
624:
621:
620:
616:
614:
611:
610:
606:
604:
601:
600:
596:
594:
591:
590:
585:
580:
579:
570:204 BC–111 BC
569:
567:
566:Triệu dynasty
564:
563:
560:257 BC–179 BC
559:
557:
554:
553:
546:
544:
541:
540:
535:
530:
529:
519:
517:
516:Óc Eo culture
514:
513:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
497:
494:
493:
489:
487:
484:
483:
479:
477:
474:
473:
469:
467:
464:
463:
460:
458:
457:
453:
449:
448:
444:
442:
439:
438:
434:
432:
429:
428:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
413:
412:
408:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
392:
391:
387:
386:
382:
380:
377:
376:
373:
371:
370:
366:
365:
360:
355:
354:
350:
346:
345:
342:
335:
330:
324:
317:
313:
310:
308:Today part of
306:
290:
288:
285:
284:
276:
274:
273:Trưng sisters
271:
270:
267:
261:
258:
251:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
207:Trưng sisters
198:
194:
184:
181:
167:
163:
159:
155:
152:
149:• 40 AD
143:
140:
130:
127:
113:
111:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
63:
57:
52:
47:
40:
31:
19:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3587:
3580:
3563:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3458:Red Eyebrows
3303:
3283:
3264:
3246:
3237:
3218:
3209:
3190:
3171:
3152:
3133:
3111:
3092:
3083:
3042:
3039:Modern China
3038:
3019:
3000:
2975:
2971:
2952:
2933:
2913:
2887:
2883:
2874:
2849:
2845:
2822:. Palgrave.
2819:
2800:
2777:
2765:
2757:the original
2752:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2707:
2695:
2688:Schafer 1967
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2642:, p. 5.
2635:
2622:
2612:
2600:
2595:, p. 8.
2588:
2583:, p. 3.
2576:
2564:
2552:
2547:, p. 3.
2500:, p. 6.
2463:
2458:, p. 8.
2441:Murphey 1997
2419:
2386:
2336:
2252:
2185:
2166:
2160:
2141:
2135:
2116:
2110:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1980:
1929:
1909:
1762:commanderies
1743:
1730:Tang dynasty
1725:
1721:
1710:
1693:
1684:
1676:
1660:
1651:sinicization
1648:
1645:Sinicization
1632:
1609:
1571:
1539:
1502:
1478:
1474:Han conquest
1460:
1445:
1422:
1393:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1337:
1328:
1312:
1290:Han empire.
1262:
1227:
1225:
1047:Dali Kingdom
1037:Khmer Empire
964:1986–present
909:
836:
817:French Annam
710:Trần dynasty
680:Đinh dynasty
597:111 BC–40 AD
556:Thục dynasty
490:1,000–800 BC
450:
409:
388:
367:
242:Succeeded by
241:
236:
73:Commanderies
49:111 BC–40 AD
3960:Han dynasty
3791:Luoxia Hong
3654:Family tree
3539:Book of Han
3453:Xin dynasty
3352:Han dynasty
3174:. Pearson.
2884:Early China
2782:Taylor 1983
2770:Taylor 1983
2700:Taylor 1983
2498:Tucker 1999
2468:Bowman 2000
2424:Bowman 2000
2412:Tucker 1999
1942:Population
1746:Han dynasty
1718:Pearl River
1562:Zhao Yingqi
1558:Han Chinese
1550:Zhao Yingqi
1503:In 196 BC,
1446:In 179 BC,
1429:Qin dynasty
1404:Qin dynasty
1286:, into the
1270:during its
1240:Xin dynasty
1236:Han dynasty
1141:Immigration
1121:Agriculture
750:Mạc dynasty
660:Ngô dynasty
369:Paleolithic
359:Prehistoric
338:History of
237:Preceded by
81:Xin dynasty
3909:Categories
3806:Zhang Heng
3801:Wang Chong
3622:Government
3600:Han poetry
2736:Stark 2005
2557:Largo 2002
2515:Hyunh 1986
2483:Largo 2002
2289:Loewe 1986
2257:Loewe 1986
2072:References
1939:Households
1936:Commandery
1926:Population
1576:along the
1517:Empress Lü
1388:See also:
1370:Yue people
1331:March 2021
1294:Background
1288:burgeoning
720:Hồ dynasty
520:(1–630 AD)
400:Hoabinhian
390:Mesolithic
226:Cash coins
101:Government
3781:Liu Xiang
3761:Ding Huan
3728:Silk Road
3595:Old Texts
3565:Huainanzi
3526:Sima Qian
3221:. Wiley.
3075:143871496
3059:0097-7004
2984:0003-0279
2904:157162042
2866:155599974
2581:Cima 1987
2456:Cima 1987
2209:Lary 1996
2029:Wang Mang
1995:Governors
1912:Long Biên
1784:Guangdong
1736:empires.
1590:Guangzhou
1458:region.
1437:Guangzhou
1280:Guangdong
1265:conquered
1257:Bắc thuộc
1126:Dynasties
1101:1707–1832
1091:1600–1954
1081:1100–1904
1071:1061–1432
1067:Ngưu Hống
1061:1042–1052
954:1975–1986
944:1969–1976
930:1955–1975
916:1954–1976
904:1949–1955
894:1948–1949
884:1945–1976
784:1802–1945
774:1778–1802
764:1533–1789
754:1527–1592
744:1428–1527
734:1407–1427
724:1400–1407
714:1225–1400
704:1009–1225
584:Dominated
456:Iron Ages
411:Neolithic
209:Uprising
195:province
95:Long Biên
3796:Sima Tan
3756:Cai Yong
3634:Ban Chao
3626:military
3589:Yiwu Zhi
3467:Chengjia
2992:40593813
2627:Archived
2055:See also
1988:981,755
1985:143,643
1964:166,013
1958:Jiuzhen
1953:746,237
1947:Jiaozhi
1920:mandarin
1750:Zhao Tuo
1722:Wild Man
1697:Dai Viet
1671:Han Wudi
1616:Lac Viet
1578:Xi River
1554:Chang'an
1533:of King
1469:tributes
1448:Zhao Tuo
1425:Zhao Tuo
1364:Lạc Việt
1238:and the
1151:Monarchs
1146:Military
1114:By topic
1051:937–1253
1041:802–1431
1001:192–1832
867:Republic
798:Colonial
694:980–1009
651:Dynastic
329:a series
327:Part of
222:Currency
104:Monarchy
3851:Fangyan
3786:Liu Xin
3771:Hua Tuo
3751:Cai Lun
3716:Coinage
3708:Economy
3644:Emperor
3639:Ma Yuan
3361:History
3265:Vietnam
2792:Sources
2379:Yu 1986
2329:Yu 1986
2310:Yu 1986
2274:Yu 1986
2001:taishou
1975:69,485
1972:15,460
1961:35,743
1950:92,440
1884:Jiuzhen
1874:Jiaozhi
1801:Guangxi
1780:Lingnan
1758:Jiaozhi
1635:Ma Yuan
1624:Jiaozhi
1582:Lu Bode
1574:Sichuan
1542:Zhao Mo
1535:Zhao Mo
1484:History
1464:Zhao Mo
1412:Lingnan
1284:Guangxi
1131:Economy
1031:738–902
1027:Nanzhao
1021:550–781
1011:300–800
960:Đổi Mới
684:968–980
674:965–968
664:939–965
637:602–938
627:544–602
550:–258 BC
548:2879 BC
534:Ancient
340:Vietnam
312:Vietnam
205:•
193:Jiaozhi
178:•
165:History
131:(first)
110:Emperor
91:Capital
75:of the
3920:111 BC
3776:Liu An
3766:Du Shi
3521:Ban Gu
3354:topics
3298:Nanyue
3271:
3253:
3225:
3197:
3178:
3159:
3140:
3118:
3099:
3073:
3067:189288
3065:
3057:
3026:
3007:
2990:
2982:
2959:
2940:
2921:
2902:
2864:
2826:
2807:
2173:
2148:
2123:
2009:Nanyue
1969:Rinan
1868:Hainan
1857:Dan'er
1851:Hainan
1807:Cangwu
1769:Nanhai
1754:Âu Lạc
1566:Lü Jia
1546:Minyue
1513:Nanyue
1509:Lu Jia
1452:Âu Lạc
1433:Nanyue
1408:Baiyue
1394:After
1362:, and
1268:Nanyue
1017:Chenla
997:Champa
991:68–627
617:43–544
452:Bronze
331:on the
260:Nanyue
199:111 BC
185:111 BC
168:
156:(last)
114:
69:Status
3821:Texts
3678:Kings
3462:Lulin
3071:S2CID
3063:JSTOR
2988:JSTOR
2900:S2CID
2862:S2CID
2842:(PDF)
2005:cishi
1981:Total
1916:Hanoi
1897:Rinan
1840:Zhuya
1820:Yulin
1586:Panyu
1507:sent
1441:Hunan
1166:Women
1161:Naval
1156:Names
987:Funan
607:40–43
316:China
213:40 AD
43:北屬吝次一
3649:list
3624:and
3460:and
3269:ISBN
3251:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3195:ISBN
3176:ISBN
3157:ISBN
3138:ISBN
3116:ISBN
3097:ISBN
3055:ISSN
3024:ISBN
3005:ISBN
2980:ISSN
2957:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2919:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2805:ISBN
2171:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2121:ISBN
1790:Hepu
1706:Tang
1604:and
1497:and
1282:and
1246:and
1226:The
853:1945
454:and
3047:doi
2976:129
2892:doi
2854:doi
1702:Han
1443:.
1410:in
1400:Chu
1377:Yue
1242:as
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3605:Fu
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3041:.
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2886:.
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2850:13
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2751:.
2625:.
2621:.
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2522:^
2505:^
2490:^
2475:^
2448:^
2431:^
2398:^
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2348:^
2317:^
2296:^
2281:^
2264:^
2235:^
2216:^
2197:^
2095:^
2080:^
1878:交趾
1870:),
1726:Li
1641:.
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79:,
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3690:(
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3420:(
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3371:(
3344:e
3337:t
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2179:.
2154:.
2129:.
1904:南
1901:日
1899:(
1891:真
1888:九
1886:(
1876:(
1864:耳
1861:儋
1859:(
1853:)
1847:崖
1844:珠
1842:(
1834:林
1831:鬱
1829:/
1827:林
1824:郁
1822:(
1814:梧
1811:蒼
1809:(
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1797:浦
1794:合
1792:(
1786:)
1776:海
1773:南
1771:(
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1338:(
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1319:.
1215:e
1208:t
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