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people will give its allegiance". It also declared "foreign government in
Ireland to be an invasion of our national right" and demanded British military withdrawal. Once the Declaration was read, Cathal Brugha said (in Irish): "Deputies, you understand from what is asserted in this Declaration that we are now done with England. Let the world know it and those who are concerned bear it in mind. For come what may now, whether it be death itself, the great deed is done".
681:, is today the master of Ireland. He alone will decide upon the type of government the country is to have, and it is he rather than any member of the House of Commons, who will be the judge of political and industrial reforms". Lord French's observer at the meeting, George Moore, was impressed by its orderliness and told French that the Dáil represented "the general feeling in the country".
68:
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that had been issued in the 1916 Rising, and pledged "to make this declaration effective by every means". It stated that "the elected representatives of the Irish people alone have power to make laws binding on the people of
Ireland, and that the Irish Parliament is the only Parliament to which that
915:
by members of the Irish
Volunteers. The Volunteers seized the explosives the officers had been guarding. This action had not been authorised by the Irish Volunteer leadership nor by the Dáil. Although the Dáil and the Irish Volunteers had some overlapping membership, they were separate and neither
669:
The first meeting of the Dáil and its declaration of independence was headline news in
Ireland and abroad. However, the press censorship that began during the First World War was continued by the British administration in Ireland after the war. The Press Censor forbade all Irish newspapers from
526:
was the only unionist who declined rather than ignored his invitation. Sixty-nine Sinn Féin MPs had been elected (four of whom represented more than one constituency), but thirty-four were in prison, and eight others could not attend for various reasons. Those in prison were described as being
690:
Irish republicans, and many nationalist newspapers, saw the meeting as momentous and the beginning of "a new epoch". According to one observer: "It is difficult to convey the intensity of feeling which pervaded the Round Room, the feeling that great things were happening, even greater things
402:. After a week of heavy fighting, mostly in Dublin, the rising was put down by British forces. About 3,500 people were taken prisoner by the British, many of whom had played no part in the Rising. Most of the Rising's leaders were executed. The rising, the British response, and the British
694:
One
American journalist was more accurate than most when he forecast that "The British government apparently intends to ignore the Sinn Fein republic until it undertakes to enforce laws that are in conflict with those established by the British; then the trouble is likely to begin".
315:
The Dáil was outlawed by the
British government in September 1919, and thereafter it met in secret. The First Dáil met 21 times and its main business was establishing the Irish Republic. It created the beginnings of an independent Irish government and state apparatus. Following the
644:
The Dáil
Constitution was a brief provisional constitution. It stated that the Dáil had "full powers to legislate" and would be composed of representatives "chosen by the people of Ireland from the present constituencies of the country". It established an executive government or
641:. It stated that "the existing state of war between Ireland and England can never be ended until Ireland is definitely evacuated by the armed forces of England". Although this could have been a "rhetorical flourish", it was the nearest the Dáil came to a declaration of war.
447:
had pledged to establish an Irish
Republic by founding "a constituent assembly comprising persons chosen by Irish constituencies" which could then "speak and act in the name of the Irish people". Once elected the Sinn Féin MPs chose to follow through with their manifesto.
935:. The Dáil did not debate whether it would "accept a state of war" with, or declare war on, the United Kingdom until 11 March 1921. It was agreed unanimously to give President de Valera the power to accept or declare war at the most opportune time, but he never did so.
995:
with
Britain and bring the war to an end". The Irish state has commemorated the founding of the First Dáil several times, as "the anniversary of when a constitutionally elected majority of MPs declared the right of the Irish people to have their own democratic state".
578:), which was accepted. Both actions "immediately associated the Dáil with the 1916 Rising, during which Brugha had been seriously wounded, and after which Plunkett's son had been executed as a signatory to the famed Proclamation". Brugha then called upon Father
923:("The Volunteer"), stated that Ireland and England were at war, and that the founding of Dáil Éireann and its declaration of independence justified the Irish Volunteers in treating "the armed forces of the enemy – whether soldiers or policemen – exactly as a
990:
The First Dáil "created the beginnings of an independent Irish governmental and bureaucratic machine", and was a means by which "a formal constitution for the new state was created". It also "provided the personnel and the authority to conclude the
930:
The
Soloheadbeg ambush "and others like it that occurred during 1919 were not intended to be the first shots in a general war of independence, though that is what they turned out to be". It is thus seen as one of the first actions of the
1076:
Members of the Dáil, in accordance with the decision arrived at last Session, it is my privilege and my duty to open the new Dáil. Until the moment the Speaker left the Chair, the old Dáil was in session. The new Dáil is in session
982:
over sixty years later. The landslide victory for Sinn Féin was seen by Irish republicans as an overwhelming endorsement of the principle of a united independent Ireland. Until recently republican paramilitary groups, such as the
896:, a republican paramilitary organization, "believed that the election of the Dáil and its declaration of independence had given them the right to pursue the republic in the manner they saw fit". It began to refer to itself as the
661:) chosen by the Dáil, and ministers of finance, home affairs, foreign affairs and defence. Cathal Brugha was elected as the first, temporary president. He would be succeeded, in April, by Éamon de Valera.
472:
Sinn Féin had held several meetings in early January to plan the first sitting of the Dáil. On 8 January, it publicly announced its intention to convene the assembly. On the night of 11 January, the
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would treat the members of an invading army". In August 1920, the Dáil adopted a motion that the Irish Volunteers, "as a standing army", would swear allegiance to it and to the Republic.
938:
In September 1919 the Dáil was declared illegal by the British authorities and thereafter met only intermittently and at various locations. The Dáil also set about attempting to secure
476:
raided Sinn Féin headquarters and seized drafts of the documents that would be issued at the assembly. As a result, the British administration was fully aware what was being planned.
312:. Although the Dáil had not authorised any armed action, it became a "symbol of popular resistance and a source of legitimacy for fighting men in the guerrilla war that developed".
503:
controlled the crowds, and police were also present. Precautions had been taken in case the assembly was raided by the British authorities. A reception for British soldiers of the
510:
Twenty-seven Sinn Féin MPs attended. Invitations had been sent to all elected MPs in Ireland, but the Unionists and Irish Parliamentary Party MPs declined to attend. The IPP's
413:, Sinn Féin won 73 out of the 105 Irish seats in the House of Commons. In 25 constituencies, Sinn Féin won the seats unopposed. Elections were held almost entirely under the '
919:
After the founding of the Dáil, steps were taken to make the Volunteers the army of the new self-declared republic. On 31 January 1919 the Volunteers' official journal,
383:. In 1867, Hungarian representatives had boycotted the Imperial parliament in Vienna and unilaterally established their own legislature in Budapest, resulting in the
441:
or a republic by having a clear choice between the two nationalist parties. The IPP won a smaller share of seats than votes due to the first-past-the-post system.
515:
387:. Griffith argued that Irish nationalists should follow this "policy of passive resistance – with occasional excursions into the domain of active resistance".
1765:
487:. It lasted about two hours. The packed audience in the Round Room rose in acclaim for the members of the Dáil as they walked into the room, and many waved
337:
518:, acknowledged the invitation but wrote he should "decline for obvious reasons". He expressed sympathy with the call for Ireland to have a hearing at the
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900:(IRA). The First Dáil was "a visible symbol of popular resistance and a source of legitimacy for fighting men in the guerrilla war that developed".
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The Message to the Free Nations called for international recognition of Irish independence and for Ireland to be allowed to make its case at the
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974:(plural for Dáil) continue to be numbered from the "First Dáil" convened in 1919. The current Dáil, elected in 2020, is accordingly the "
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499:. Scores of Irish and international journalists were reporting on the proceedings. Outside, Dawson Street was thronged with onlookers.
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The First Dáil and the general election of 1918 came to occupy a central place in Irish republicanism and nationalism. Today the name
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authority for the Irish Republic throughout the country. This included the establishment of a parallel judicial system known as the
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978:". The 1918 general election was the last time the whole island of Ireland voted as a unit until elections to the
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946:. The First Dáil held its last meeting on 10 May 1921. After elections on 24 May the Dáil was succeeded by the
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That evening, a British unionist view of events was printed in a newspaper. It said that the British
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1046:"The 100 Year Anniversary Celebration Of The First Dáil Eireann Located At The Mansion House Dublin"
987:, often claimed that their campaigns derived legitimacy from this 1918 mandate, and some still do.
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1002:, who died on 10 January 1984 at the age of 94, was the last surviving member of the First Dáil.
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flags. A tricolour was also displayed above the lectern. Among the audience were the Lord Mayor
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impending, and that in looking around the room he saw a glimpse of the Ireland of the future".
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Being a first and highly symbolic meeting, the proceedings of the Dáil were held wholly in the
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The first meeting of Dáil Éireann began at 3:30 pm on 21 January in the Round Room of the
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687:, then the voice of the Unionist status quo, called the events both farcical and dangerous.
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These documents asserted that the Dáil was the parliament of a sovereign state called the "
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In April 1916, during the First World War, Irish republicans launched an uprising against
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The exception to the use of this system were the constituencies of Dublin University and
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to achieve self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom. This resulted in the
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Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement
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had increased the Irish electorate from around 700,000 to about two million.
281:, and on 21 January 1919 they founded a separate parliament in Dublin called
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A number of short documents were then read out and adopted. These were the:
438:
507:, who had been prisoners of war in Germany, had ended shortly beforehand.
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17:
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did not stand in the election, allowing the electorate to decide between
1734:
406:, led to greater public support for Sinn Féin and Irish independence.
380:
376:
333:
433:, and the IPP won only six (down from 84), all but one in Ulster. The
27:
First meeting of the revolutionary Irish Republic parliament (1919-21)
430:
713:
Members of the First Dáil, outside the Mansion House, 10 April 1919.
1469:
Political Violence in Ireland: Government and Resistance Since 1848
547:(absent). At the time, they were in England planning the escape of
543:(present), but the record was later amended to show that they were
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463:
455:
243:
as it convened from 1919 to 1921. It was the first meeting of the
903:
On the same day as the Dáil's first meeting, two officers of the
360:, but its implementation was postponed with the outbreak of the
1658:. The Irish Story. 19 February 2018. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
1585:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 1–11 March 1921 – PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT"
629:". With the Declaration of Independence, the Dáil ratified the
1656:"Controlling History: Commemorating the First Dáil, 1929–1969"
615:– calling for international recognition of Irish independence
1116:
The Founding of Dáil Éireann: Parliament and Nation Building
1155:
The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923
379:
nationalists who had gained legislative independence from
555:, and did not wish to draw attention to their absence.
468:
Cathal Brugha, the Dáil's first speaker and president
348:(MPs). From 1882, most Irish MPs were members of the
1196:. The two Unionist representatives returned for the
429:) won 26 seats, all but three of which were in east
1048:. Dublin: The Mansion House. Accessed 10 July 2024.
213:
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34:
1434:"Roll call of the first sitting of the First Dáil"
1378:
1235:pp. 59–62, M. E. Collins, Edco Publishing (2004),
1421:A New History of Ireland: Ireland Under the Union
375:, believed Irish nationalists should emulate the
273:won a landslide victory in Ireland. In line with
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1494:
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950:which sat for the first time on 16 August 1921.
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1259:"The inaugural public meeting of Dáil Éireann"
304:Its first meeting happened on the same day as
1438:Dáil Éireann Parliamentary Debates (in Irish)
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1319:
1317:
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1157:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3, 18.
621:– a declaration of social and economic policy
594:Cover page of the Declaration of Independence
8:
1343:
1341:
404:attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland
1423:. Oxford University Press, 2010. pp.240–241
1130:Dividing Ireland: World War I and Partition
1087:
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338:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1638:
1636:
1528:
1526:
962:is used for the lower house of the modern
210:
31:
1630:. University of Alabama Press, 1980. p.68
1458:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. pp.140–142
1200:(Trinity College) were elected under the
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1108:
1106:
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705:Timeline of the Irish War of Independence
1520:. Irish Stationery Office, 1936. p.xxiii
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
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1220:Ireland 1798–1998: War, Peace and Beyond
1092:"Explainer: Establishing the First Dáil"
613:Message to the Free Nations of the World
589:
1699:
1518:Bibliography of Irish History 1912–1921
1038:
1361:"Roll Call, Wednesday 22 January 2019"
342:House of Commons of the United Kingdom
320:, the First Dáil was succeeded by the
1644:Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change
1301:"Dáil Éireann meets in Mansion House"
1222:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 210.
113:21 January 1919 – 16 August 1921
7:
1233:Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949
670:publishing the Dáil's declarations.
1615:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1333:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1276:Revolutionary Government in Ireland
1058:de Valera, Éamon (16 August 1921).
385:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1501:"Press coverage of the First Dáil"
1278:. Gill & MacMillan, 1995. p.12
631:Proclamation of the Irish Republic
427:Ulster Unionist Labour Association
291:Proclamation of the Irish Republic
217:21 January 1919 – 10 May 1921
25:
1742:Records of Dáil Éireann 1919–1922
1628:The Birth of the Irish Free State
1377:Hayes, Cathy; Byrne, Patricia M.
566:opened the session and nominated
293:that had been issued in the 1916
1595:from the original on 7 June 2011
1565:. Gill and Macmillan, 1983. p.38
1419:. "The war of independence", in
1118:. Gill and Macmillan, 1971. p.81
527:"imprisoned by the foreigners" (
419:Representation of the People Act
263:Parliament of the United Kingdom
66:
1170:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923
1064:Dáil Éireann (2nd Dáil) debates
193:President of the Irish Republic
1766:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1471:. Clarendon Press, 1983. p.328
1456:Revolutionary Ireland, 1912–25
1172:. Routledge. pp. 33, 39.
358:Government of Ireland Act 1914
285:("Assembly of Ireland"). They
1:
1746:Digital Repository of Ireland
1550:Political Violence in Ireland
1386:Dictionary of Irish Biography
586:Declarations and constitution
1563:Britain and Ireland, 1914–23
1389:. Cambridge University Press
400:proclaimed an Irish Republic
352:(IPP) who strove in several
306:one of the first engagements
1289:Eyewitness to Irish History
608:Declaration of Independence
539:were marked in the roll as
340:and was represented in the
287:declared Irish independence
279:refused to take their seats
1782:
1706:VP of Sinn Féin, not a TD.
1351:. J Clarke, 1969. pp.51–54
1128:Hennessey, Thomas (1998).
1012:Government of the 1st Dáil
702:
675:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
474:Dublin Metropolitan Police
415:first-past-the-post voting
332:In the early 20th century
133:Government of the 1st Dáil
1380:"Woods, Sir Robert Henry"
1291:. Wiley, 2004. pp.230–231
1287:Ellis, Peter Berresford.
1132:. Routledge. p. 76.
933:Irish War of Independence
715:1st row (left to right):
699:Irish War of Independence
460:The Mansion House, Dublin
367:The founder of the small
350:Irish Parliamentary Party
310:Irish War of Independence
209:
180:President of Dáil Éireann
65:
39:
1202:single transferable vote
1153:Laffan, Michael (1999).
905:Royal Irish Constabulary
299:provisional constitution
1646:. Routledge, 2013. p.12
1484:. Routledge, 2002. p.32
1218:Jackson, Alvin (2010).
1168:Coleman, Marie (2013).
1017:Members of the 1st Dáil
483:, the residence of the
392:British rule in Ireland
916:controlled the other.
889:
639:Paris Peace Conference
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520:Paris Peace Conference
505:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
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259:December 1918 election
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1534:Fighting for Ireland?
993:articles of agreement
898:Irish Republican Army
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703:Further information:
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564:George Noble Plunkett
467:
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445:Sinn Féin's manifesto
417:' system. The recent
411:1918 general election
346:Members of Parliament
163:George Noble Plunkett
122:1918 general election
104:Mansion House, Dublin
1728:31 July 2020 at the
1719:Oireachtas website:
1467:Townshend, Charles.
1444:on 19 November 2007.
966:(parliament) of the
619:Democratic Programme
529:fé ghlas ag Gallaibh
485:Lord Mayor of Dublin
1669:"Mr. Seán MacEntee"
980:European Parliament
968:Republic of Ireland
909:killed in an ambush
308:of what became the
1735:Members since 1919
1347:Comerford, Maire.
1274:Mitchell, Arthur.
890:
880:6th row (l to r):
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856:4th row (l to r):
810:3rd row (l to r):
753:2nd row (l to r):
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580:Michael O'Flanagan
524:Robert Henry Woods
470:
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336:was a part of the
318:May 1921 elections
1642:Tonge, Jonathan.
1591:. 11 March 1921.
1198:Dublin University
603:Dáil Constitution
582:to say a prayer.
516:North East Tyrone
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653:) made up of a
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549:Éamon de Valera
533:Michael Collins
512:Thomas Harbison
489:Irish tricolour
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373:Arthur Griffith
362:First World War
354:Home Rule Bills
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560:Irish language
553:Lincoln Prison
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324:of 1921–1922.
255:Irish Republic
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295:Easter Rising
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252:revolutionary
249:
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237:An Chéad Dáil
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100:Meeting place
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1672:
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1579:
1574:Lyons, p.244
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1533:
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1481:
1476:
1468:
1463:
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1450:
1442:the original
1437:
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1384:
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1070:10 September
1068:. Retrieved
1066:. Oireachtas
1063:
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960:Dáil Éireann
959:
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844:B. O'Higgins
799:L. de Róiste
767:J. O'Doherty
759:T. MacSwiney
733:É. de Valera
693:
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241:Dáil Éireann
228:
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90:Jurisdiction
84:Dáil Éireann
48:New assembly
47:
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1681:13 February
1548:Townshend,
1206:bloc voting
1022:Second Dáil
948:Second Dáil
944:Dáil Courts
907:(RIC) were
882:P. Shanahan
876:P. Galligan
862:S. MacEntee
858:J. McDonagh
836:P. Ó Máille
771:S. O'Mahony
741:E. MacNeill
737:G. Plunkett
729:A. Griffith
679:Lord French
659:Príomh-Aire
322:Second Dáil
1755:Categories
1674:Oireachtas
1613:Mitchell,
1599:20 January
1589:Oireachtas
1536:, pp.56–57
1505:Oireachtas
1365:Oireachtas
1331:Mitchell,
1263:Oireachtas
1027:Third Dáil
964:Oireachtas
921:An tÓglách
868:P. Béaslaí
832:C. Collins
803:M. Colivet
791:J. McGrath
787:M. Staines
783:P. O'Keefe
763:R. Mulcahy
721:M. Collins
717:L. Ginnell
570:as acting
545:as láthair
497:Maud Gonne
328:Background
277:, its MPs
248:parliament
245:unicameral
229:First Dáil
128:Government
35:First Dáil
18:First Dail
1194:Cork City
1060:"Prelude"
1033:Footnotes
976:33rd Dáil
872:R. Barton
840:J. O'Mara
824:J. Sweeny
816:A. McCabe
795:B. Cusack
749:E. Blythe
725:C. Brugha
665:Reactions
655:president
541:i láthair
514:, MP for
439:home rule
423:Unionists
377:Hungarian
369:Sinn Féin
271:Sinn Féin
257:. In the
200:(1919–21)
171:(1919–21)
1761:1st Dáil
1726:Archived
1593:Archived
1393:27 April
1006:See also
940:de facto
848:S. Burke
828:R. Hayes
775:J. Dolan
651:Aireacht
647:Ministry
205:Sessions
118:Election
75:Overview
53:2nd Dáil
1617:, p.245
1552:, p.332
1532:Smith,
1208:system.
812:P. Ward
576:speaker
409:In the
398:. They
381:Austria
371:party,
344:by 105
334:Ireland
261:to the
250:of the
140:Members
57:→
44:←
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431:Ulster
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187:(1919)
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159:(1919)
1744:from
1694:Notes
551:from
233:Irish
1683:2012
1601:2019
1395:2020
1237:ISBN
1174:ISBN
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1077:now.
1072:2020
972:Dála
884:and
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