1168:
supporters supported
Kurdish irredentism towards what they called "Kurdistan that is annexed to Iran", implying that Iraq held irredentist claims on Iran's Kurdish populated territories that it supported being united with Iraq. The Qassim government's pro-Kurdish policies including a statement promising "Kurdish national rights within Iraqi unity" and open attempts by Iraq to coopt Iranian Kurds to support unifying with Iraq resulted in Iran responding by declaring Iran's support for the unification of all Kurds who were residing in Iraq and Syria, into Iran. Qassim's initial policies towards Kurds were very popular amongst Kurds across the Middle East whom in support of his policies called Qassim "the leader of the Arabs and the Kurds".
1378:
1408:
action on 3 July 1963. The plan called for a mixture of 2,000 party members and rebel soldiers to take control over ar-Rashid army base in
Baghdad, where 1,000 Qasim supporters and communists were being held, in the belief that the freed former officers could provide leadership and encourage other army units across Iraq to join the rebellion. The coup faced an unexpected level of opposition from the prison guards at the base, preventing them from releasing the officers and spreading the rebellion. The base was surrounded by forces from the Ba'ath Party National Guard Militia and the coup was put down.
1550:
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1512:
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86:
180:
557:
102:
1538:
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States of the
Fertile Crescent, and helped to create the Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan, but reserved his enthusiasm about a Nasser espoused pan-Arab state. Al-Said joined the Arab league in 1944 on Iraq's behalf seeing it as a providing a forum for bringing together the Arab states, leaving the door open for a possible future federation. The charter of the League enshrined the principle of the autonomy for each Arab state and referenced pan-Arabism only rhetorically.
532:
1197:
609:
2877:
2887:
1757:
979:
1296:, suffering from tremendous inflation and a subsequent plummet in living conditions. Prime Minister Nuri Al-Said and the Arab Nationalist regent, Abd al-Ilah, continually clashed on economic policy. Instead of cooperating to improve the quality of life for the Iraqi people and cut inflation, the Prime Minister and the regent could not agree on a cohesive economic policy.
2897:
2907:
1567:
1183:
to return to Iraq and declared his loyalty to Iraq, saying "Your
Excellency, leader of the people: I take this opportunity to tender my sincere appreciation and that of my fellow Kurdish refugees in the Socialist countries for allowing us to return to our beloved homeland, and to join in the honor of
1442:
formed a new cabinet, mostly made of technocrats and
Nasserist army officers. All banks and over thirty major Iraqi businesses were nationalized. Arif undertook these measures in an effort to bring Iraq closer with Egypt to help foster unity and on 20 December plans for union were announced; despite
1407:
Although the Iraqi
Communist Party had been greatly weakened by the anti-Leftists purges following the Ramadan Revolution, there still existed pockets of support for the party, particularly in Baghdad, which hosted some of the most militant party cells. A plan was eventually hatched and was put into
1304:
Educated elites in Iraq began dabbling in the ideals espoused by Nasser's pan-Arabism movement. Within the officer corps of the Iraqi military, pan-Arab nationalism began to take root. The policies of Al-Said were disliked by certain individuals within the Iraqi military, and opposition groups began
1258:
and installed Rashid Ali as Prime
Minister of Iraq. Ali was eventually ousted by the British and 'Abd al-Ilah and al-Said retook power. In 1947, the Iraqis started to negotiate a British withdrawal, and finally negotiated the treaty at Portsmouth on January 15, 1948, which stipulated the creation of
1389:
and sympathetic Arab
Nationalist groups in the Iraqi Armed Forces. Qasim was unpopular in the Ba'ath Party and among Arab Nationalists largely for his focus on Iraqi Nationalism, as opposed to Arab Nationalism, and also because he was seen as being too close to the Iraqi Communist Party, which both
1227:
Under the Qasim regime, the Iraqi government in its actions and documents on the economy promoted nine economic principles: (1) economic planning over the whole economy; (2) dismantling monopolies and strengthening the middle class; (3) liberating the economy from imperialism; (4) abolition of the
1162:
that recognized all ethnic groups such as Arabs, Assyrians, Kurds, and
Yazidis as equal partners in the state of Iraq, Kurdish language was not only formally legally permitted in Iraq under the Qassim government, but the Kurdish version of the Arabic alphabet was adopted for use by the Iraqi state
1283:
Monarchy as too beholden to
British and Western interests. This anti-Hashemite sentiment grew from a politicized educational system in Iraq and an increasingly assertive and educated bourgeoisie. Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Said expressed his interest in pursuing the idea of a federation of Arab
1319:
On 14 July 1958, a group that identified as the "Free Officers", a secret military group led by General Abd al-Karim Qasim, overthrew the monarchy. This group was markedly Pan-Arab in character, with the exception of Abd al-Karim Qasim, who was an Iraqi Nationalist, which would later hurt his
1167:
into Iraqi nationalism and Iraqi culture, stating: "Iraq is not only an Arab state, but an Arabo-Kurdish state...he recognition of Kurdish nationalism by Arabs proves clearly that we are associated in the country, that we are Iraqis first, Arabs and Kurds later". The Qassim government and its
1175:
during his alliance with Qassim and upon Qassim granting him the right to return to Iraq from exile imposed by the former monarchy, declared support of the Kurdish people for being citizens of Iraq, saying in 1958 "On behalf of all my Kurdish brothers who have long struggled, once again I
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and the Kurdish language became the medium of instruction in all educational institutions, both in the Kurdish territories and in the rest of Iraq. Under Qassim, Iraqi cultural identity based on Arabo-Kurdish fraternity was stressed over ethnic identity, Qasim's government sought to merge
1134:
in the North to Kuwait in the South", Zakho referring to the border between Iraq and Turkey. The Qasim government in Iraq and its supporters backed Kurdish irredentism towards what they called "Kurdistan that is annexed to Iran", implying that Iraq supported the unification of
1358:
and local Kurdish tribes. Following the defeat of the coup Mosul was the scene of several days of unprecedented violence as all groups engaged in score-settling, using the post-coup chaos as a smokescreen, resulting in thousands of deaths.
1228:
land tenure system; (5) establishing trade with all countries; (6) closer economic ties with Arab countries; (7) expanding the public sector; (8) encouragement of the private sector; and (9) creating a higher rate of economic growth.
1362:
Qasim's use of the Iraqi Communist Party to help put down the rebellion, and their growing strength within Iraq, convinced the Ba'ath Party in Iraq that the only way to stop the spread of the communists was to overthrow Qasim.
1176:
congratulate you and the Iraqi people, Kurds and Arabs, for the glorious Revolution putting an end to imperialism and the reactionary and corrupt monarchist gang". Barzani also commended Qassim for allowing Kurdish
1422:
Divisions between pro and anti-Nasser Ba'ath leaders, as well between right and left pan-Arab nationalists soon created new political instability. In November 1963 Nasserist elements in the government and the
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142:
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Regional rivalries played a huge role in the 14 July Revolution. Pan-Arab and Arab Nationalist sentiment circulated in the Middle East and was proliferated by an anti-imperialist revolutionary,
169:
1393:
Following Qasim's overthrow and execution members of the Ba'ath Party engaged in a house to house hunt for communists. Total deaths from the communist purge and the coup were around 5,000.
1674:
Roby Carol Barrett. "The greater Middle East and the Cold War: US foreign policy under Eisenhower and Kennedy", Library of international relations, Volume 30. I.B.Tauris, 2007. Pp. 90-91.
1354:. Despite attracting support from local Arab tribes, the Mosul-based leadership of the coup was defeated in a number of days by loyal forces from within the Iraqi Army supported by the
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Qasim specifically cited the north–south territorial limits from its highest point in the North and lowest point in the South, identified in the regime's popular slogan as being "From
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2168:
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was declared new President of Iraq; al-Bakr banned the Arab Socialist Union and declared the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party the only legal party of the country, starting the
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1386:
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Opposition to Qasim from Arab Nationalist forces within the army culminated in the 1959 Mosul Uprising, which was an attempted coup launched with support from the
143:
168:
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groups viewed with a deep suspicion. Conflict between Qasim and certain officers of the Iraqi Armed Forces made them sympathetic to the idea of a coup.
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1007:
2428:
2968:
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By Kerim Yildiz, Georgina Fryer, Kurdish Human Rights Project. The Kurds: culture and language rights. Kurdish Human Rights Project, 2004. Pp. 58
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Wadie Jwaideh. The Kurdish national movement: its origins and development. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press, 2006. Pp. 289.
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in which four nationalist Iraqi generals, with German intelligence and military assistance, overthrew Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and Prime Minister
2180:
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2477:
1469:. These positions irritated the Army and the radical Arab nationalists, who viewed it as a betrayal of the Revolution's principles.
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960:
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2423:
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101:
31:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1722:
1259:
a British and Iraqi joint defense board that oversaw Iraqi military planning and British control of Iraqi foreign affairs.
179:
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1320:
relations with his colleagues. King Faisal II, the Regent and Crown Prince Abd al-Ilah, and Nuri al-Said were all killed.
1000:
2900:
2173:
1712:
Eppel, Michael. "The Elite, the Effendiyya, and the Growth of Nationalism and Pan-Arabism in Hashemite Iraq, 1921-1958".
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Iraq reverted to control over the territory of the former Kingdom of Iraq and Jordan again became an independent entity.
85:
780:
2151:
1537:
1251:
2943:
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1329:
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292:
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2387:
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1846:
700:
2527:
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1942:
1737:
1582:
130:
2614:
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993:
805:
588:
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to form, modeled upon the Egyptian Free Officers Movement which had overthrown the Egyptian monarchy in 1952.
1465:, which turned the Iraqi regime to the centre, halting nationalizations and improving relationships with the
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2842:
2590:
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1987:
1462:
725:
1147:. It held irredentist claims to Kuwait, at the time controlled by Britain until its independence in 1961.
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2404:
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2119:
1871:
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1034:
933:
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735:
357:
327:
1576:
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2517:
2129:
2002:
1981:
1901:
1861:
1699:
Abbas Alnasrawi. "The economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects, 1950-2010",
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920:
745:
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107:
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On 17 July 1968, the Ba'ath Party, with the support of the Armed Forces, overthrew Rahman Arif in a
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903:
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2102:
1911:
1826:
1473:
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1431:. The Ba'ath Party was banned, along with all other political parties in Iraq, and the nasserist
1424:
1372:
1333:
1314:
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defending the great cause of our people, the cause of defending the republic and its homeland."
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1947:
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304:
240:
207:
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2506:
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2097:
2009:
1997:
1921:
1916:
1906:
1841:
1816:
1801:
1788:
1776:
1457:
Salam Arif died in a plane crash on 13 April 1966 and was replaced by his younger brother
1381:
Soldier in the ruins of the Ministry of Defence in the aftermath of the Ramadan Revolution
1276:
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1690:. New York, New York, USA; Hampshire, England, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Pp. 180-181.
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1957:
1806:
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245:
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to power. Qasim's regime implemented a number of domestic changes to Iraqi society.
1279:
was home to a number of Arab nationalist sympathizers. Arab nationalists viewed the
17:
2706:
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1977:
1972:
1962:
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910:
885:
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221:
91:
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259:
167:
141:
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1821:
983:
798:
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490:
394:
1967:
1079:
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860:
845:
673:
618:
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The Kurds and the state: evolving national identity in Iraq, Turkey, and Iran
1443:
this, in July 1965, the Nasserist ministers resigned from the Iraqi cabinet.
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233:
225:
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758:
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715:
498:
229:
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2711:
1891:
1836:
1177:
690:
193:
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1640:. Manchester, England, UK: Manchester University Press, 2003 Pp. 209.
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203:
1665:. Syracuse, New York, USA: Syracuse University Press, 2005. Pp. 49.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
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2019:
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2201:
1774:
1726:
1688:
Mustafa Barzani and the Kurdish liberation movement (1931–1961)
1385:
On 8 February 1963, Qasim was overthrown by a coup led by the
1191:
1597:
Yitzhak Oron, Ed. Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961. Pp. 281.
1701:
Issue 154 of Contributions in economics and economic history
65:
1056:(1963–1968), was a state forged in 1958 under the rule of
1435:
was declared the only legal party in the Iraqi Republic.
1208:
1461:. A moderate, Rahman Arif formed a new cabinet led by
1070:. ar-Ruba'i and Qasim first came to power through the
1143:. The Qasim government held an irredentist claim to
1039:
58:
51:
2770:
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2018:
1935:
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1082:was overthrown. As a result, the Kingdom and the
1682:
1680:
1292:Iraq was left in ruins upon the conclusion of
2959:States and territories disestablished in 1968
1738:
1638:The international politics of the Middle East
1001:
8:
1714:International Journal of Middle East Studies
1094:later took power and overthrew Qasim in the
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44:
2954:States and territories established in 1958
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1008:
994:
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178:
36:
2053:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region
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1605:
1603:
27:Period of Iraqi history from 1958 to 1968
1877:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire
162:"It has been a long time, oh my weapon!"
1590:
1533:
1495:
1427:overthrew the ba'athis government in a
1102:consolidated their power after another
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585:
1246:During and after World War II, the UK
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7:
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2848:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu)
1627:. Kessinger Publishing, 2004 Pp. 65.
59:
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1387:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party of Iraq
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150:
124:
45:
1237:Precursor to republican revolution
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2181:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
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100:
84:
2660:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
2083:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
2073:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes
1812:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
1686:Masʻūd Bārzānī, Ahmed Ferhadi.
1418:November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état
641:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period
2984:History of Iraq (1958–present)
2969:1968 disestablishments in Iraq
1943:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
1438:Following the coup, President
1:
1277:The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq
1086:were dissolved and the Iraqi
1044:), colloquially known as the
409:Revolutionary Command Council
267:(8 February–18 November 1963)
2439:in ISIL-controlled territory
1433:Arab Socialist Union of Iraq
66:
2964:1958 establishments in Iraq
2350:Council of Representatives
2088:Weapons of mass destruction
1271:of Egypt. During and after
1098:in February 1963, and then
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52:
3000:
2949:Former socialist republics
2078:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
1450:
1415:
1400:
1370:
1343:
1312:
1041:al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Irāqīyah
956:Ba'athist rule (1968–2003)
951:Republic of Iraq (1958–68)
53:al-Jumhūrīyah al-'Irāqīyah
29:
2871:
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2500:
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2322:
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1703:. ABC-CLIO, 2004. Pp. 37.
1583:Federal Research Division
1446:
1106:. The era ended with the
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352:
336:
322:
282:
177:
118:
80:
75:
2429:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq
2340:Administrative divisions
1555:Coat of arms (1965–1968)
1467:United States of America
1330:Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i
1061:Muhammad Najib ar-Ruba'i
1988:Mandate for Mesopotamia
1862:First Babylonian Empire
1716:, 30.2 (1998). page 74.
1636:Raymond A. Hinnebusch.
1463:Abd ar-Rahman al-Bazzaz
1328:The Revolution brought
726:First Babylonian Empire
2979:Military dictatorships
2147:Insurgency (2011–2013)
2068:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
1872:Middle Assyrian Empire
1486:rule of Ba'ath in Iraq
1382:
1252:1941 Iraqi coup d'état
736:Middle Assyrian Empire
2434:in post-invasion Iraq
2140:U.S. troop withdrawal
1902:Neo-Babylonian Empire
1447:Second Ba'athist coup
1380:
1356:Iraqi Communist Party
1104:coup in November 1963
861:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
831:Buyid amirate of Iraq
746:Neo-Babylonian Empire
263:military dictatorship
200:Common languages
157:Walla Zaman Ya Selahy
2934:20th century in Iraq
2383:Council of Ministers
2265:Mesopotamian Marshes
1625:Iraq A Country Study
1482:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
1352:United Arab Republic
1046:First Iraqi Republic
961:Occupation (2003–11)
347:Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr
30:For other uses, see
18:First Iraqi Republic
2645:Mesopotamian Arabic
2451:Freedom of religion
1897:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1867:Old Assyrian Period
1852:Neo-Sumerian Empire
1480:. Ba'athist leader
1346:1959 Mosul Uprising
1232:History (1958–1968)
1165:Kurdish nationalism
1110:rise to power in a
904:Early modern period
741:Neo-Assyrian Empire
706:Neo-Sumerian Empire
465:13–18 November 1963
151:والله زمان يا سلاحي
2944:Former Arab states
2576:Telecommunications
2551:Foreign Investment
2488:Wars and conflicts
2424:in pre-Saddam Iraq
2388:Presidency Council
2174:2019–2021 protests
2103:Invasion of Kuwait
1927:Sassanid Asorestan
1922:Parthian Babylonia
1917:Seleucid Babylonia
1912:Achaemenid Assyria
1827:Jemdet Nasr period
1543:Emblem (1959–1965)
1476:and exiled him to
1453:17 July Revolution
1425:Iraqi Armed Forces
1383:
1373:Ramadan Revolution
1367:Ramadan Revolution
1334:Abd al-Karim Qasim
1315:14 July Revolution
1309:14 July Revolution
1269:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1263:Regional rivalries
1242:Political problems
1207:. You can help by
1156:Abd al-Karim Qasim
1118:Territorial change
1096:Ramadan Revolution
1072:14 July Revolution
1030:الجمهورية العراقية
876:Jalairid Sultanate
811:Rashidun Caliphate
786:Sasanian Asorestan
776:Parthian Babylonia
771:Seleucid Babylonia
766:Achaemenid Assyria
661:Jemdet Nasr Period
473:17 July Revolution
446:Ramadan Revolution
432:14 July Revolution
380:Abd al-Karim Qasim
252:socialist republic
46:الجمهورية العراقية
2974:Socialism in Iraq
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2918:
2867:
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2853:Mandaean New Year
2604:
2603:
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2495:
2478:Political parties
2373:Foreign relations
2318:
2317:
2225:Lower Mesopotamia
2220:Upper Mesopotamia
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
1953:Abbasid Caliphate
1948:Umayyad Caliphate
1857:Isin-Larsa period
1621:Helen Chapin Metz
1459:Abdul Rahman Arif
1225:
1224:
1160:Iraqi nationalism
1158:promoted a civic
1137:Iranian Kurdistan
1112:coup in July 1968
1092:Arab nationalists
1080:Hashemite dynasty
1068:Abdul-Karim Qasim
1038:
1018:
1017:
821:Abbasid Caliphate
816:Umayyad Caliphate
781:Roman Mesopotamia
711:Isin-Larsa period
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580:
567:
566:
563:
562:
543:
542:
387:• 1967–1968
372:• 1958–1963
342:• 1963–1964
317:Abdul Rahman Arif
312:• 1966–1968
300:• 1963–1966
288:• 1958–1963
170:
144:
16:(Redirected from
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2310:Sinjar Mountains
2300:Zagros Mountains
2240:Hamrin Mountains
2199:
2162:Mosul liberation
2135:Iraqi insurgency
2057:National Command
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1882:Simurrum culture
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1529:Flag (1963–1968)
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1517:Flag (1959–1963)
1514:
1505:Flag (1958–1959)
1502:
1440:Abdul Salam Arif
1403:Ar-Rashid revolt
1397:Ar-Rashid revolt
1324:Domestic reforms
1220:
1217:
1199:
1192:
1126:Territorial aims
1052:(1958–1963) and
1043:
1033:
1031:
1010:
1003:
996:
982:
981:
980:
806:Islamic conquest
611:
601:
583:
559:
558:
547:
546:
534:
533:
527:
526:
511:
510:
448:
390:
375:
305:Abdul Salam Arif
268:
189:and largest city
182:
172:
171:
163:
153:
152:
146:
145:
137:
127:
126:
104:
88:
69:
62:
61:
55:
48:
47:
37:
21:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2859:
2843:Public holidays
2766:
2617:
2600:
2539:
2509:
2492:
2351:
2331:
2314:
2245:Iraqi Kurdistan
2235:Euphrates river
2206:
2185:
2152:War (2014–2017)
2098:Operation Opera
2044:
2014:
2010:Arab Federation
1998:Kingdom of Iraq
1931:
1907:Fall of Babylon
1842:Akkadian Empire
1817:Samarra culture
1802:Hassuna culture
1779:
1766:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1721:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1578:Country Studies
1575:
1566:
1563:
1556:
1553:
1544:
1541:
1530:
1527:
1518:
1515:
1506:
1503:
1494:
1455:
1449:
1420:
1414:
1405:
1399:
1375:
1369:
1348:
1342:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1302:
1290:
1288:Economic issues
1265:
1248:reoccupied Iraq
1244:
1239:
1234:
1221:
1215:
1212:
1205:needs expansion
1190:
1173:Mustafa Barzani
1171:Kurdish leader
1153:
1141:Iraqi Kurdistan
1128:
1120:
1084:Arab Federation
1076:Kingdom of Iraq
1014:
984:Iraq portal
978:
976:
971:
970:
946:Kingdom of Iraq
936:
926:
925:
906:
896:
895:
801:
791:
790:
761:
751:
750:
696:Akkadian Empire
676:
666:
665:
646:Samarra culture
631:Hassuna culture
621:
599:
592:
556:
538:Arab Federation
531:
475:
462:
452:8 February 1963
449:
444:
434:
391:
388:
376:
373:
343:
313:
301:
289:
266:
265:
258:
190:
173:
166:
161:
160:
154:
148:
147:
140:
135:
134:
128:
114:
113:
112:
109:
105:
97:
96:
93:
89:
71:
63:
57:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Arab republics
2936:
2926:
2925:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2893:
2883:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2581:Transportation
2578:
2573:
2571:Stock Exchange
2568:
2566:Reconstruction
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2546:Infrastructure
2543:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2405:Prime Minister
2402:
2401:
2400:
2390:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2177:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2113:1991 uprisings
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2063:Saddam Hussein
2060:
2049:
2048:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1993:Mandatory Iraq
1990:
1985:
1982:Mamluk dynasty
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Gutian dynasty
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1705:
1692:
1676:
1667:
1651:
1642:
1629:
1613:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1451:Main article:
1448:
1445:
1416:Main article:
1413:
1412:Nasserist coup
1410:
1401:Main article:
1398:
1395:
1371:Main article:
1368:
1365:
1344:Main article:
1341:
1340:Mosul Uprising
1338:
1325:
1322:
1313:Main article:
1310:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1289:
1286:
1264:
1261:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1186:
1152:
1149:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1116:
1065:Prime Minister
1054:Nasserist Iraq
1022:Iraqi Republic
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1005:
998:
990:
987:
986:
973:
972:
969:
968:
966:Recent history
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Mandatory Iraq
937:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
921:Mamluk dynasty
918:
913:
907:
902:
901:
898:
897:
894:
893:
888:
883:
881:Timurid Empire
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
802:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
762:
757:
756:
753:
752:
749:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Gutian Dynasty
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
663:
658:
653:
643:
638:
633:
628:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
604:
603:
594:
593:
586:
579:
578:
573:
569:
568:
565:
564:
561:
560:
553:
551:Ba'athist Iraq
544:
541:
540:
535:
523:
522:
517:
507:
506:
501:
495:
494:
488:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
470:
467:
466:
463:
457:
454:
453:
450:
442:
439:
438:
435:
429:
426:
425:
422:
421:
416:
415:Historical era
412:
411:
406:
402:
401:
398:
397:
392:
386:
383:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
364:
363:
360:
358:Prime Minister
354:
353:
350:
349:
344:
341:
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
328:Vice President
324:
323:
320:
319:
314:
311:
308:
307:
302:
299:
296:
295:
293:Muhammad Najib
290:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
276:
270:
269:
256:military junta
243:
237:
236:
215:
211:
210:
201:
197:
196:
191:
188:
184:
183:
175:
174:
164:
138:
116:
115:
106:
99:
98:
90:
83:
82:
81:
78:
77:
73:
72:
67:Komar-î 'Êraqî
43:
41:Iraqi Republic
40:
32:Iraqi Republic
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2996:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2769:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:Iraqi Turkmen
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2352:(legislative)
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2285:Syrian Desert
2283:
2281:
2280:Shatt al-Arab
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2215:Faw peninsula
2213:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Fall of Mosul
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2130:U.S. invasion
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2093:Iran–Iraq War
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1958:Buyid dynasty
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1807:Halaf culture
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1764:
1758:
1748:
1743:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1715:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:Denise Natali
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1572:public domain
1560:
1551:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1379:
1374:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1306:
1300:Social unrest
1299:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1203:This section
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:established.
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:in which the
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Qasimist Iraq
1048:, as well as
1047:
1042:
1036:
1027:
1023:
1011:
1006:
1004:
999:
997:
992:
991:
989:
988:
985:
975:
974:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
935:
930:
929:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
905:
900:
899:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
856:Seljuk Empire
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
800:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
760:
755:
754:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
675:
670:
669:
662:
659:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
636:Halaf culture
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
615:
614:
610:
606:
605:
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419:Arab Cold War
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185:
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136:"My Homeland"
133:
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111:
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95:
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74:
70:
68:
60:كۆماری عێراقی
56:
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38:
33:
19:
2921:
2745:Christianity
2627:Demographics
2561:Oil reserves
2556:Oil Industry
2523:Central Bank
2419:Human rights
2345:Constitution
2290:Tigris river
2270:Persian Gulf
2027:
1978:Ottoman Iraq
1963:Qara Qoyunlu
1797:Ubaid period
1713:
1708:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1670:
1662:
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1593:
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1361:
1349:
1327:
1318:
1303:
1294:World War II
1291:
1273:World War II
1266:
1256:Nuri al-Said
1245:
1226:
1213:
1209:adding to it
1204:
1170:
1154:
1129:
1121:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1021:
1019:
950:
916:Ottoman Iraq
886:Kara Koyunlu
626:Ubaid period
520:Succeeded by
519:
514:
478:17 July 1968
460:Counter-coup
437:14 July 1958
222:Christianity
155:
129:
119:
64:
50:
2901:WikiProject
2702:Marsh Arabs
2687:Circassians
2368:Foreign aid
2260:Mesopotamia
1822:Uruk period
1250:due to the
1216:August 2013
934:Modern Iraq
799:Middle Ages
656:Uruk period
598:History of
515:Preceded by
491:Iraqi dinar
405:Legislature
395:Tahir Yahya
110:(1959–1965)
94:(1959–1963)
2928:Categories
2818:Television
2798:Literature
2760:Irreligion
2735:Secularism
2672:Minorities
2540:(currency)
2533:Corruption
2378:Government
2169:Insurgency
1968:Aq Qoyunlu
1789:Chronology
1100:Nasserists
891:Aq Qoyunlu
846:Al-Mazeedi
674:Bronze Age
619:Prehistory
241:Government
2838:Squatting
2803:Education
2750:Mandaeism
2719:/Turkoman
2697:Mandaeans
2682:Assyrians
2677:Armenians
2640:Languages
2528:Companies
2483:Judiciary
2393:President
2363:Elections
2358:Democracy
2204:Geography
2120:Sanctions
2038:2003–2011
2033:1968–2003
2028:1958–1968
1887:Babylonia
1281:Hashemite
1145:Khuzestan
1108:Ba'athist
1058:President
1035:romanized
871:Ilkhanate
836:Marwanids
826:Hamdanids
721:Babylonia
274:President
260:Ba'athist
249:one-party
234:Yarsanism
226:Mandaeism
214:Religion
76:1958–1968
2881:Category
2730:Religion
2707:Persians
2591:Railways
2586:Airlines
2468:Military
2329:Politics
2305:Wildlife
2295:Umm Qasr
2125:Iraq War
2108:Gulf War
2020:Republic
1973:Safavids
1936:638–1958
1181:diaspora
1088:republic
911:Safavids
851:Ayyubids
841:Uqaylids
759:Iron Age
731:Kassites
716:Simurrum
589:a series
587:Part of
487:Currency
254:under a
230:Yezidism
2911:Commons
2828:Smoking
2793:Culture
2788:Cuisine
2771:General
2755:Yazidis
2712:Solluba
2665:Persian
2655:Kurdish
2650:Aramaic
2615:Society
2596:Tourism
2507:Economy
2255:Islands
2230:Borders
2055: (
2045:present
1980:(incl.
1892:Assyria
1837:Subartu
1777:History
1623:, ed.,
1492:Gallery
1188:Economy
1178:refugee
1151:Culture
1037::
866:Zengids
691:Assyria
471:•
458:•
443:•
430:•
374:(first)
246:Unitary
208:Kurdish
194:Baghdad
187:Capital
131:Mawtini
120:Anthem:
2891:Portal
2833:Sports
2808:Health
2783:Cinema
2635:Iraqis
2538:Dinar
2473:Police
2275:Places
1765:topics
1574:.
1478:Turkey
1026:Arabic
686:Hamazi
591:on the
389:(last)
362:
332:
278:
204:Arabic
122:
108:Emblem
2823:Music
2813:Media
2740:Islam
2692:Kurds
2518:Banks
2456:Women
2250:Lakes
2043:2011–
2003:Kings
1832:Sumer
1561:Notes
1139:into
1132:Zakho
681:Sumer
650:Eridu
493:(IQD)
218:Islam
125:موطني
2723:Jews
2446:LGBT
2410:List
2398:List
1763:Iraq
1474:coup
1429:coup
1332:and
1063:and
1020:The
600:Iraq
576:Iraq
232:and
206:and
92:Flag
2778:Art
2463:Law
1211:.
1078:'s
2930::
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1602:^
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1275:,
1114:.
1032:,
1028::
504:IQ
228:,
224:,
220:,
2059:)
1984:)
1746:e
1739:t
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1218:)
1214:(
1024:(
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648:(
34:.
20:)
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