Reform Act 1832 - Knowledge (XXG)

1218:(cut off funding to the government) until the House of Lords should acquiesce. Some demonstrations called for the abolition of the nobility, and some even of the monarchy. In these circumstances, the Duke of Wellington had great difficulty in building support for his premiership, despite promising moderate reform. He was unable to form a government, leaving King William with no choice but to recall Lord Grey. Eventually the king consented to fill the House of Lords with Whigs; however, without the knowledge of his cabinet, Wellington circulated a letter among Tory peers, encouraging them to desist from further opposition, and warning them of the consequences of continuing. At this, enough opposing peers relented. By abstaining from further votes, they allowed the legislation to pass in the House of Lords, and the Crown was thus not forced to create new peers. The bill finally received 444: 569:, was never adjusted for inflation of land value; thus the amount of land one had to own in order to vote gradually diminished over time. The franchise was restricted to males by custom rather than statute; on rare occasions women had been able to vote in parliamentary elections as a result of property ownership. Nevertheless, the vast majority of people were not entitled to vote; the size of the English county electorate in 1831 has been estimated at only 200,000 and 400,000 enfranchised Englishmen overall. Furthermore, the sizes of the individual county constituencies varied significantly. The smallest counties, 197: 48: 1511:. Furthermore, many new conurbations and economic areas bridged traditional county boundaries by having been formed in previously obscure areas: the West Midlands conurbation bridged Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Worcestershire, Manchester and Liverpool both had hinterlands in Cheshire but city centres in Lancashire, while in the south Oxford's developing southern suburbs were in Berkshire and London was expanding into Essex, Surrey and Middlesex. This led to further acts to reorganise county boundaries in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 1241: 1459:

Wellington lamented: "If such projects can be carried into execution by a minister of the Crown with impunity, there is no doubt that the constitution of this House, and of this country, is at an end.... here is absolutely an end put to the power and objects of deliberation in this House, and an end to all just and proper means of decision." The subsequent history of Parliament, however, shows that the influence of the Lords was largely undiminished. They compelled the Commons to accept significant amendments to the

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representation possessed the full and entire confidence of the country. He would go still further, and say, that if at the present moment he had imposed upon him the duty of forming a legislature for any country he did not mean to assert that he could form such a legislature as they possessed now, for the nature of man was incapable of reaching such excellence at once. s long as he held any station in the government of the country, he should always feel it his duty to resist measures, when proposed by others.

865:" (hence the term "rotten borough"). Nevertheless, he did not advocate an immediate disfranchisement of rotten boroughs. He instead proposed that a third member be added to each county, to countervail the borough influence. The Whigs failed to unite behind the expansion of county representation; some objected to the idea because they felt that it would give too much power to the aristocracy and gentry in rural areas. Ultimately, despite Chatham's exertions, Parliament took no action on his proposals. 1094:. The Whig party won almost all constituencies with genuine electorates, leaving the Tories with little more than the rotten boroughs. The Reform Bill was again brought before the House of Commons, which agreed to the second reading by a large majority in July. During the committee stage, opponents of the bill slowed its progress through tedious discussions of its details, but it was finally passed in September 1831, by a margin of more than 100 votes. 1637: 872:(variously described as a Tory and as an "independent Whig"). Like his father, he shrank from proposing the wholesale abolition of the rotten boroughs, advocating instead an increase in county representation. The House of Commons rejected Pitt's resolution by over 140 votes, despite receiving petitions for reform bearing over twenty thousand signatures. In 1783, Pitt became Prime Minister but was still unable to achieve reform. 1651: 1623: 1013: 705: 255: 1499:, gained a widespread following. However, the Tories were united against further reform, and the Liberal Party (successor to the Whigs) did not seek a general revision of the electoral system until 1852. The 1850s saw Lord John Russell introduce a number of reform bills to correct defects the first act had left unaddressed. However, no proposal was successful until 1867, when Parliament adopted the 275: 788: 1203:

were left with only one alternative: to create a large number of new peerages, swamping the House of Lords with pro-reform votes. But the prerogative of creating peerages rested with the king, who recoiled from so drastic a step and rejected the unanimous advice of his cabinet. Lord Grey then resigned, and the king invited the Duke of Wellington to form a new government.

1172: 729:, because they were said to be in the pockets of their patrons. Most patrons were noblemen or landed gentry who could use their local influence, prestige, and wealth to sway the voters. This was particularly true in rural counties, and in small boroughs situated near a large landed estate. Some noblemen even controlled multiple constituencies: for example, the 1399:, was adopted in the House of Commons despite opposition from the Government. The tenants-at-will thereby enfranchised typically voted as instructed by their landlords, who in turn normally supported the Tory party. This concession, together with the Whig party's internal divisions and the difficulties faced by the nation's economy, allowed the Tories under 838:, who became the leader of England after the abolition of the monarchy in 1649, refused to adopt universal suffrage; individuals were required to own property (real or personal) worth at least £200 in order to vote. He did nonetheless agree to some electoral reform; he disfranchised several small boroughs, granted representation to large towns such as 1319:

electors retained a lifetime right to vote, however they had qualified, provided they were resident in the boroughs in which they were electors. In those boroughs which had freemen electors, voting rights were to be enjoyed by future freemen as well, provided their freemanship was acquired through birth or apprenticeship and they too were resident.

983:, and by transferring their seats to Manchester and Birmingham. This time, however, the House of Lords rejected his proposals. In 1830, Russell proposed another, similar scheme: the enfranchisement of Leeds, Manchester, and Birmingham, and the disfranchisement of the next three boroughs found guilty of corruption; again, the proposal was rejected. 1214:; one day signs appeared across London reading "Stop the Duke; go for gold!" £1.8 million was withdrawn from the Bank of England in the first days of the run (out of about £7 million total gold in the bank's possession). The National Political Union and other organisations sent petitions to the House of Commons, demanding that they 1594:

political system that had prevailed during the long reign of George III, and replaced it with an essentially modern electoral system based on rigid partisanship and clearly articulated political principle. Hardly "modest" in its consequences, the Reform Act could scarcely have caused a more drastic alteration in England's political fabric.

1342:. Scotland received eight additional seats, and Ireland received five; thus keeping the total number of seats in the House of Commons the same as it had been before the Act. While no constituencies were disfranchised in either of those countries, voter qualifications were standardised and the size of the electorate was increased in both. 1069:

47 others. Some seats were completely abolished, while others were redistributed to the London suburbs, to large cities, to the counties, and to Scotland and Ireland. Furthermore, the bill standardised and expanded the borough franchise, increasing the size of the electorate (according to one estimate) by half a million voters.

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the public's appetite, fueling ever-growing demands until full democracy was achieved. This, they warned, would upend the historic constitutional balance of power, rendering the House of Commons supreme over the House of Lords. It was this slippery slope that Sir Robert Peel dreaded, famously declaring in July 1831:

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I have been uniformly opposed to Reform upon principle, because I was unwilling to open a door which I saw no prospect of being able to close. In short, the advantages of such a measure were not sufficient to counterbalance the evil of altering the constitution of Parliament, and agitating the public

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The Scottish Act revolutionised politics in Scotland, with its population of 2 million. Its electorate had been only 0.2% of the population compared to 4% in England. The Scottish electorate overnight soared from 5,000 to 65,000, or 13% of the adult men, and was no longer a private preserve of a

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The size of the pre-Reform electorate is difficult to estimate. Voter registration was lacking, and many boroughs were rarely contested in elections. It is estimated that immediately before the 1832 Reform Act, 400,000 English subjects (people who lived in the country) were entitled to vote, and that

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in every parish and township. It instituted a system of special courts to review disputes relating to voter qualifications. It also authorised the use of multiple polling places within the same constituency, and limited the duration of polling to two days. (Formerly, polls could remain open for up to

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The property qualifications of borough franchise were standardised to male occupants of property who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more. The property could be a house, warehouse, counting-house, shop, or other building as long as it was occupied, and occupied for at least 12 months. Existing borough

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The Reform Act's chief objective was the reduction of the number of nomination boroughs. There were 203 boroughs in England before the Act. The 56 smallest of these, as measured by their housing stock and tax assessments, were completely abolished. The next 30 smallest boroughs each lost one of their

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declaring such an association "unconstitutional and illegal", and commanding all loyal subjects to shun it. The leaders of the National Political Union ignored this proclamation, but leaders of the influential Birmingham branch decided to co-operate with the government by discouraging activities on a

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Lord Grey's first announcement as Prime Minister was a pledge to carry out parliamentary reform. On 1 March 1831, Lord John Russell brought forward the Reform Bill in the House of Commons on the government's behalf. The bill disfranchised 60 of the smallest boroughs, and reduced the representation of

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was held. Electoral reform, which had been frequently discussed during the preceding parliamentary session, became a major campaign issue. Across the country, several pro-reform "political unions" were formed, made up of both middle and working class individuals. The most influential of these was the

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and demanding change. He did not propose any specific scheme of reform, but merely a motion that the House inquire into possible improvements. Parliament's reaction to the French Revolution was so negative, that even this request for an inquiry was rejected by a margin of almost 200 votes. Grey tried

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Much of the support for passage in Parliament came from conservatives hoping to head off even more radical changes. Earl Grey argued that the aristocracy would best be served by a cautiously constructive reform program. Most Tories were strongly opposed, and made dire predictions about what they saw

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Many major commercial and industrial cities became separate parliamentary boroughs under the Act. The new constituencies saw party conflicts within the middle class, and between the middle class and working class. A study of elections in the medium-sized borough of Halifax, 1832–1852, concluded that

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Between 1835 and 1841, local Conservative Associations began to educate citizens about the party's platform and encouraged them to register to vote annually, as required by the Act. Coverage of national politics in the local press was joined by in-depth reports on provincial politics in the national

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The Bill was then sent up to the House of Lords, a majority in which was known to be hostile to it. After the Whigs' decisive victory in the 1831 election, some speculated that opponents would abstain, rather than openly defy the public will. Indeed, when the Lords voted on the second reading of the

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in Cornwall. He suggested that the borough's two seats be transferred to the city of Leeds. Tories in the House of Lords agreed to the disfranchisement of the borough, but refused to accept the precedent of directly transferring its seats to an industrial city. Instead, they modified the proposal so

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Likewise, Eric Evans concludes that the Reform Act "opened a door on a new political world". Although Grey's intentions were conservative, Evans says, and the 1832 Act gave the aristocracy an additional half-century's control of Parliament, the Act nevertheless did open constitutional questions for

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According to Norman Lowe, opponents at the time warned that even small reform efforts were very dangerous in the long run. They predicted that the proposed changes to the good current system would unleash an unstoppable chain reaction. They feared that granting modest reforms today would only whet

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as Birmingham's "legislatorial representative". Following their example, reformers in Manchester held a similar meeting to elect a "legislatorial attorney". Between 20,000 and 60,000 (by different estimates) attended the event, many of them bearing signs such as "Equal Representation or Death". The

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that, out of the 514 members representing England and Wales, about 370 were selected by nearly 180 patrons. A member who represented a pocket borough was expected to vote as his patron ordered, or else lose his seat at the next election. Voters in some constituencies resisted outright domination by

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The passing of the Act seven years later enfranchising "male persons" was, however, a more significant event; it has been argued that it was the inclusion of the word "male", thus providing the first explicit statutory bar to women voting, which provided a focus of attack and a source of resentment

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During the ensuing years, Parliament adopted several more minor reforms. Acts of Parliament passed in 1835 and 1836 increased the number of polling places in each constituencies and thus reduced polling to a single day. Parliament also passed several laws aimed at combatting corruption, including

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A modern historian's examination of votes in the House concluded that the traditional landed interest "suffered very little" by the 1832 Act. They continued to dominate the Commons, while losing some of their power to enact laws that focused on their more parochial interests. By contrast, the same

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Realizing that another rejection would not be politically feasible, opponents of reform decided to use amendments to change the bill's essential character; for example, they voted to delay consideration of clauses in the bill that disfranchised the rotten boroughs. The ministers believed that they

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He was fully convinced that the country possessed, at the present moment, a legislature which answered all the good purposes of legislation,—and this to a greater degree than any legislature ever had answered, in any country whatever. He would go further, and say that the legislature and system of

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The Reform Act strengthened the House of Commons by reducing the number of nomination boroughs controlled by peers. Some aristocrats complained that, in the future, the government could compel them to pass any bill, simply by threatening to swamp the House of Lords with new peerages. The Duke of

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put forward a motion objecting to provisions of the bill that reduced the total number of seats in the House of Commons. This motion was carried, against the government's wishes, by 8 votes. Thereafter, the ministry lost a vote on a procedural motion by 22 votes. As these divisions indicated that

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notes that the "reformed Parliament was, unquestionably, more liberal and progressive in its policy than the Parliaments of old; more vigorous and active; more susceptible to the influence of public opinion; and more secure in the confidence of the people", but admitted that "grave defects still

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England's frenzy over the Reform Bill in 1831, coupled with the effect of the bill itself upon its enactment in 1832, unleashed a wave of political modernisation that the Whig Party eagerly harnessed, and the Tory Party grudgingly, but no less effectively, embraced. Reform quickly destroyed the

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Parliament. As soon as the new session began in December 1831, the Third Reform Bill was brought forward. The bill was in a few respects different from its predecessors; it no longer proposed a reduction in the total membership of the House of Commons, and it reflected data collected during the

691:... all those individuals whose interests are indisputably included in those of other individuals may be struck off without any inconvenience ... In this light also women may be regarded, the interests of almost all of whom are involved in that of their fathers or in that of their husbands. 1793:

Wales did not lose any of its existing borough representatives because with the exception of Beaumaris and Montgomery these members represented groups of towns rather than an individual town. To enable Wales to retain all of its existing borough seats the Act therefore simply increased, where

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became law on 1 January 1801, the unreformed House of Commons comprised 658 members, of whom 513 represented England and Wales. There were two types of constituency: counties and boroughs. County members were supposed to represent landholders, while borough members were supposed to represent

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7QB 361 it was ruled that married women, otherwise qualified, could not vote in municipal elections. This decision made it clear that married women would be excluded from the operation of any Act enfranchising women for the parliamentary vote, unless special provision to the contrary was

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further development. Evans argues it was the 1832 Act, not the later reforms of 1867, 1884, or 1918, that were decisive in bringing representative democracy to Britain. Evans concludes the Reform Act marked the true beginning of the development of a recognisably modern political system.

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Parliamentary boroughs in England ranged in size from small hamlets to large cities, partly because they had evolved haphazardly. The earliest boroughs were chosen in the Middle Ages by county sheriffs, and even a village might be deemed a borough. Many of these early boroughs (such as

846:, and increased the number of members elected by populous counties. These reforms were all reversed, however, after Cromwell's death and the last parliament to be elected in the Commonwealth period in 1659 reverted to the electoral system as it had existed under Charles I. 520:

was enfranchised in 1661, no additional boroughs were enfranchised, and, with the sole exception of Grampound's 1821 disenfranchisement, the system remained unchanged until the Reform Act of 1832. Most English boroughs elected two MPs; but five boroughs elected only one MP:

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Thus 65 new county seats and 65 new borough seats were created in England and Wales. The total number of English members fell by 17 and the number in Wales increased by four. The boundaries of the new divisions and parliamentary boroughs were defined in a separate Act, the

1061:. Sydney Smith wrote, "Never was any administration so completely and so suddenly destroyed; and, I believe, entirely by the Duke's declaration, made, I suspect, in perfect ignorance of the state of public feeling and opinion." Wellington was replaced by the Whig reformer 1076:

attracted a record 608 members, including the non-voting Speaker (the previous record was 530 members). Despite the high attendance, the second reading was approved by only one vote, and further progress on the Reform Bill was difficult. During the committee stage,

774:, Prime Minister of Great Britain during the 1760s, casting an eye on the fortunes made in India commented that "the importers of foreign gold have forced their way into Parliament, by such a torrent of corruption as no private hereditary fortune could resist". 1827:

Immediately after 1832, more than a third of borough electors—over 100,000—were "ancient right" electors, the greater proportion being freemen. Their numbers dwindled by death, and by 1898 apparently only one ancient right "potwalloper" remained a registered

585:. Not only was this typically legal (since there was usually no need for a property owner to live in a constituency in order to vote there) it was also feasible, even with the technology of the time, since polling was usually held over several days. 1396: 876:

was averse to the idea, as were many members of Pitt's own cabinet. In 1786, the Prime Minister proposed a reform bill, but the House of Commons rejected it on a 174–248 vote. Pitt did not raise the issue again for the remainder of his term.

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Another change brought by the 1832 Reform Act was the formal exclusion of women from voting in Parliamentary elections, as a voter was defined in the Act as a male person. Before 1832 there were occasional, although rare, instances of women

1047:) was weak. When the Opposition raised the issue of reform in one of the first debates of the year, the Duke made a controversial defence of the existing system of government, recorded in the formal "third-party" language of the time: 1355:

after passage, the number rose to 650,000, an increase of more than 60%. Rodney Mace estimates that before, 1 per cent of the population could vote and that the Reform Act only extended the franchise to 7 per cent of the population.

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the party organisations, and the voters themselves, depended heavily on local social relationships and local institutions. Having the vote encouraged many men to become much more active in the political, economic and social sphere.

1605:, a noted American critic of democracy and expert on the English language, credited the Act with imparting a congealed moralistic cast to the mind of England, calling it "the great intellectual levelling, the emancipation of the 516:. Finally, the parliamentarians of the 17th century compounded the inconsistencies by re-enfranchising 15 boroughs whose representation had lapsed for centuries, seven of which were later disenfranchised by the Reform Act. After 1431:

The property qualifications of the Reform Act were substantial at the time and barred most of the working class from the vote. This created division between the working class and the middle class and led to the growth of the

929:, chairman of the London Hampden Club, proposed a resolution in favour of universal suffrage, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by secret ballot to the House of Commons, his motion found only one other supporter ( 833:

stated, "no man hath a right to an interest or share in the disposing of the affairs of the kingdom ... that hath not a permanent fixed interest in this kingdom." The views of the conservative "Grandees" eventually won out.

762:(who constituted a majority of the electorate) formed a corrupt organisation that called itself the "Christian Club", and regularly sold the borough to the highest bidder. Especially notorious for their corruption were the " 1588:

Historians in recent decades have been polarized over emphasizing or downplaying the importance of the Act. However, John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell argue for its drastic modernizing impact on the political system:

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Despite such setbacks, popular pressure for reform remained strong. In 1819, a large pro-reform rally was held in Birmingham. Although the city was not entitled to any seats in the Commons, those gathered decided to elect

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The Prime Minister's absolutist views proved extremely unpopular, even within his own party. Less than two weeks after Wellington made these remarks, on 15 November 1830 he was forced to resign after he was defeated in a

483:. In Wales, each county elected one member, while in England, each county elected two members until 1826 when Yorkshire's representation was increased to four, following the disenfranchisement of the Cornish borough of 4204: 1314:

paying an annual rent of at least £50. Annual value refers to the rent at which the land might reasonably be expected to be let from year to year. (The franchise rights of 40 shilling freeholders were retained.)

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An area the Reform Act did not address was the issue of municipal and regional government. As a result of archaic traditions, many English counties had enclaves and exclaves, which were mostly abolished in the

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An Appeal of One Half the Human Race, Women, Against the Pretensions of the Other Half, Men, to Retain Them in Political, and Thence in Civil and Domestic Slavery: In Reply to Mr. Mill's Celebrated Article on

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No King, no Lords, no inequalities in the social system; all will be levelled to the plane of the petty shopkeepers and small farmers; this, perhaps, not without bloodshed, but certainly by confiscations and

975:, the county in which Leeds is situated. In this form, the bill passed both houses and became law. In 1828, Lord John Russell suggested that Parliament repeat the idea by abolishing the corrupt boroughs of 3603: 998:

who perceived a danger to the established religion came to favour parliamentary reform, in particular the enfranchisement of Manchester, Leeds, and other heavily Nonconformist cities in northern England.

406:": those with very small electorates and usually dominated by a wealthy patron. The Act also increased the electorate from about 400,000 to 650,000, making about one in five adult males eligible to vote. 4398: 1394:

abolished by the Reform Act belonged to the Tory party. These losses were somewhat offset by the extension of the vote to tenants-at-will paying an annual rent of £50. This clause, proposed by the Tory

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protesters were ordered to disband; when they did not, the Manchester Yeomenry suppressed the meeting by force. Eighteen people were killed and several hundred injured in what later became known as the

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Since the House of Commons regularly rejected direct challenges to the system of representation by large majorities, supporters of reform had to content themselves with more modest measures. The Whig

4403: 4383: 4373: 4134: 994:. This legislation repealed various laws that imposed political disabilities on Roman Catholics, in particular laws that prevented them from becoming members of Parliament. In response, disenchanted 4393: 4388: 4378: 4368: 352:. It reapportioned constituencies to address the unequal distribution of seats and expanded franchise by broadening and standardising the property qualifications to vote. Only qualifying men were 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 1310:

and long-term (at least sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10 annual value, medium-term (between twenty and sixty years) leaseholders of land with at least £10 annual value, and to

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affirming their support for Lord Grey's administration. Because parliamentary rules prohibited the introduction of the same bill twice during the same session, the ministry advised the new king,

5029: 3982: 925:(which consisted of workers and artisans). But the "Radical" reforms supported by these organisations (for example, universal suffrage) found even less support in Parliament. For example, when 4408: 1538:, a close friend of Peel's, ominously predicted that the Reform Bill's passage would herald nothing less than the utter dismantling of the monarchy, aristocracy, and social hierarchy itself: 1423:

caused serious erosion of their legislative power and the 1874 elections saw great landowners losing their county seats to the votes of tenant farmers in England and especially in Ireland.

504:) were substantial settlements at the time of their original enfranchisement, but later went into decline, and by the early 19th century some only had a few electors, but still elected two 4331: 4335: 4327: 1254: 546: 627:

Some boroughs had a combination of these varying types of franchise, and most had special rules and exceptions, so many boroughs had a form of franchise that was unique to themselves.

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were historical national subdivisions established between the 8th and 16th centuries. They were not merely parliamentary constituencies: many components of government (as well as

398:. Nevertheless, the bill was eventually passed, mainly as a result of public pressure. The Act granted seats in the House of Commons to large cities that had sprung up during the 4319: 3879: 1484:, though these measures proved largely ineffectual. Neither party strove for further major reform; leading statesmen on both sides regarded the Reform Act as a final settlement. 4638: 3596: 2004:

The Elizabethan House of Commons – J E. Neale 1949 pages 133–134. Grampound was one of the 31 boroughs disenfranchised but was disenfranchised prior to the Reform Act in 1821.

375:, controlled eleven boroughs. Criteria for qualification for the franchise varied greatly among boroughs, from the requirement to own land, to merely living in a house with a 3818: 3813: 1199:

census that had just been completed. The new version passed in the House of Commons by even larger majorities in March 1832; it was once again sent up to the House of Lords.

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proclaimed that "The country belongs to the Duke of Rutland, Lord Lonsdale, the Duke of Newcastle, and about twenty other holders of boroughs. They are our masters!"

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declared, "I think it's clear, that every man that is to live under a government ought first by his own consent to put himself under that government."

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states that "it would be wrong to assume that the political scene in the succeeding generation differed essentially from that of the preceding one".

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or land with an annual value of at least forty shillings in a particular county were entitled to vote in that county. This requirement, known as the

4589: 4278: 3780: 1044: 987: 631: 302: 1257:'s four members were reduced to two. Thus in total the Act abolished 143 borough seats in England (one of the boroughs to be completely abolished, 954:

prohibited groups of more than 50 people from assembling to discuss any political subject without prior permission from the sheriff or magistrate.

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Many constituencies, especially those with small electorates, were under the control of rich landowners, and were known as nomination boroughs or

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More conservative members disagreed, arguing instead that only individuals who owned land in the country should be allowed to vote. For example,

4506: 1366:. They created a banner celebrating the Reform Act which declared, "The battle's won. Britannia's sons are free." This banner is on display at 967: 894: 647: 635: 484: 219: 70: 4834: 4542: 4259: 3972: 3833: 3823: 3740: 3725: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3705: 3700: 3695: 3690: 3680: 3667: 2779:

Toshihiko Iwama, "Parties, Middle-Class Voters, And The Urban Community: Rethinking The Halifax Parliamentary Borough Elections, 1832–1852,"

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The political and popular pressure for reform had grown so great that pro-reform Whigs won an overwhelming House of Commons majority in the

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A Memoir of the Reverend Sydney Smith by his daughter, Lady Holland, with a Selection from his Letters edited by Mrs Sarah Austin (2 vols)

169: 1210:", with so great a level of political agitation that some feared revolution. Some protesters advocated non-payment of taxes, and urged a 285:

that commemorates the passing of the Act. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833 held in

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Electors were bribed individually in some boroughs, and collectively in others. In 1771, for example, it was revealed that 81 voters in

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The emergence of British parliamentary democracy in the nineteenth century: the passing of the Reform Acts of 1832, 1867, and 1884–1885

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Aidt, Toke S., and Raphaël Franck. "How to get the snowball rolling and extend the franchise: voting on the Great Reform Act of 1832."

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Matthew Cragoe, "The Great Reform Act and the Modernization of British Politics: The Impact of Conservative Associations, 1835–1841",

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In boroughs the franchise was far more varied. There were broadly six types of parliamentary boroughs, as defined by their franchise:

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that could be used to "manufacture" electors if necessary—usually around half a dozen was thought sufficient. Other examples were

443: 4690: 4491: 4209: 4139: 3849: 3798: 3618: 1467:, and successfully resisted several other bills supported by the public. It would not be until decades later, culminating in the 1191: 926: 873: 853:'s attempt to remodel municipal corporations to gain control of their borough seats created an antipathy to any change after the 337: 298: 201: 52: 4726: 4633: 4362: 4239: 4224: 4156: 4129: 3962: 3889: 3765: 1669: 1460: 1024: 3554: 1723:(13 & 14 Vict. c. 21) which specified that the masculine gender should include the feminine unless otherwise provided, in 1334:

The Reform Act itself did not affect constituencies in Scotland or Ireland. However, there were also reforms there, under the

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Channeling the "Restless Spirit of Innovation": Elite Concessions and Institutional Change in the British Reform Act of 1832.

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Support for reform came from an unexpected source—a reactionary faction of the Tory Party—in 1829. The Tory government under

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The rejection of the claims of certain women to be placed on the electoral roll was subsequently confirmed, in spite of the

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Meanwhile, the political unions, which had hitherto been separate groups united only by a common goal, decided to form the

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in 1789. Many English politicians became steadfastly opposed to any major political change. Despite this reaction, several

5024: 4870: 4214: 4191: 4181: 4146: 2620: 382:

There had been calls for reform long before 1832, but without success. The Act that finally succeeded was proposed by the

367:. The number of electors in a borough varied widely however, from a dozen or so up to 12,000. Frequently the selection of 3152:

Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".

1082:

Parliament was against the Reform Bill, the ministry decided to request a dissolution and take its appeal to the people.

5060: 4839: 4782: 4288: 4244: 4176: 4171: 4151: 3945: 3576: 922: 905:, included 28 MPs. In 1793, Grey presented to the House of Commons a petition from the Friends of the People, outlining 5013: 4809: 4732: 4604: 4073: 3925: 1358:

Tradesmen, such as shoemakers, believed that the Reform Act had given them the vote. One example is the shoemakers of

1175: 1157: 1062: 951: 898: 438: 387: 290: 214:

An Act to prevent the Application of Corporate Property to the Purposes of Election of Members to serve in Parliament.

86: 4923: 4894: 3026:

John A. Phillips, and Charles Wetherell. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the political modernization of England."

1351:

press. Grassroots Conservatives therefore saw themselves as part of a national political movement during the 1830s.

1240: 4740: 4053: 3930: 3560: 3441: 1710:

40 shillings, or £2, was equivalent to £1,800 in 2023 terms in 1430, but had dropped to £230 in 2023 terms by 1832.

1367: 1279:

Yorkshire, which was represented by four MPs before the Act, was given an extra two MPs (so that each of its three

1037: 1033: 819: 566: 306: 278: 1794:

necessary, the number of towns in these groupings and created entirely new groupings for Beaumaris and Montgomery.

5080: 5070: 4557: 4547: 4527: 4340: 3105: 1769: 1481: 4486: 4440: 3977: 3642: 1685: 1335: 1043:

The Tories won a majority in the election, but the party remained divided, and support for the Prime Minister (

966:

brought forward one such measure in 1820, proposing the disfranchisement of the notoriously corrupt borough of

869: 791: 426: 106: 2457:

Readings in English History Drawn from the Original Sources: Intended to Illustrate A Short History of England

1487:

There was considerable public agitation for further expansion of the electorate, however. In particular, the

1565:

remained to be considered". Other historians have argued that genuine democracy began to arise only with the

5008: 5000: 4944: 4849: 4522: 4471: 4445: 3935: 3215: 3190:

Rudé, George (1967). "English Rural and Urban Disturbances on the Eve of the First Reform Bill, 1830–1831".

1857: 1773: 1720: 1058: 890: 620:

boroughs", as the usual definition of a householder was a person able to boil a pot on his/her own hearth);

609:

Boroughs in which only members of the corporation were electors (such boroughs were perhaps in every case "

4928: 4900: 4756: 4008: 2071: 1359: 1102:

mustered in unusually large numbers, and of 22 present, 21 voted against the Bill. It failed by 41 votes.

1016: 717: 286: 3526:. Vol. 2 & 3 William IV. London: His Majesty's statute and law printers. 1832. pp. 154–206. 3378: 770:. The nabobs, in some cases, even managed to wrest control of boroughs from the nobility and the gentry. 4501: 4124: 3429: 1853: 1642: 1582: 1581:

supported reform measures in order to weaken Wellington's ministry, which had outraged them by granting

1339: 1273:

26 English counties were divided into two divisions with each division being represented by two members.

1138: 1073: 675: 422: 399: 209: 110: 60: 394:

factions in Parliament, who had long governed the country; opposition was especially pronounced in the

1455:

observed, "it was too soon evident, that as more votes had been created, more votes were to be sold".

4936: 4905: 4844: 4698: 4068: 1327: 1187: 906: 814:. In 1647, different factions of the victorious parliamentary army held a series of discussions, the 803: 721:

series, depicts the political corruption endemic in election campaigns prior to the Great Reform Act.

480: 479:) were organised along county lines. The members of Parliament chosen by the counties were known as 4804: 4481: 4048: 2688: 2674: 1468: 854: 850: 823: 558: 357: 2461: 4976: 4913: 4814: 4594: 4038: 3904: 3203: 3169: 3077: 2025: 1777: 1535: 1492: 1452: 1323: 1130: 456: 383: 3094:

Politics in the Age of Peel: A Study in the Technique of Parliamentary Representation, 1830–1850

1098:

bill after a memorable series of debates, many Tory peers did refrain from voting. However, the

910:

to raise the subject again in 1797, but the House again rebuffed him by a majority of over 150.

3419:

Voters, Patrons, and Parties: The Unreformed Electoral System of Hanoverian England, 1734–1832.

4952: 4875: 4819: 4704: 4476: 4093: 4001: 3967: 3519: 3261: 3142: 3124: 3101: 2954: 2859: 2841: 2744: 2740: 2600: 2555: 2425: 2419: 2309: 2305: 2280: 2199: 2103: 2097: 1955: 1916: 1906: 1280: 1134: 1118: 1106: 943: 886: 799: 742: 349: 333: 99: 2948: 2274: 2193: 1949: 1552:

Many historians credit the Reform Act 1832 with launching modern democracy in Great Britain.

849:

Following Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 the issue of parliamentary reform lay dormant;

4985: 4865: 4824: 4798: 4772: 4717: 4666: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4496: 4098: 4043: 3366: 3307:

Wilkes, Wyvill and Reform: The Parliamentary Reform Movement in British Politics, 1760–1785.

3195: 3161: 2594: 976: 513: 418: 341: 254: 75: 3480:

Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840.

1186:

After the Reform Bill was rejected in the Lords, the House of Commons immediately passed a

4792: 4466: 3854: 3652: 3236: 2764: 1628: 1566: 1553: 1500: 1420: 1311: 1156:. Perceiving this group as a threat, the government issued a proclamation pursuant to the 1133:. The mob broke into prisons and destroyed several buildings, including the palace of the 1099: 990:, responding to the danger of civil strife in largely Roman Catholic Ireland, drew up the 901:

founded an organisation advocating parliamentary reform in 1792. This group, known as the

835: 712: 561:, standardised property qualifications for county voters. Under these Acts, all owners of 509: 267: 155: 3581: 3530: 3144:

The Constitutional History of England Since the Accession of George the Third, 1760–1860

2909: 2455: 2421:

Wellington: Studies in the Military and Political Career of the First Duke of Wellington

274: 4918: 4599: 4582: 4562: 4552: 4063: 4058: 3293: 3266: 2036: 1440: 1391: 1215: 1078: 818:, on reforming the structure of English government. The most radical elements proposed 815: 726: 663: 610: 542: 403: 395: 2645: 1622: 5049: 4083: 3494:

The Evolution of a Constitution: Eight Key Moments in British Constitutional History.

3274: 2189: 1781: 1602: 1496: 1179: 1122: 582: 345: 282: 1105:

When the Lords rejected the Reform Bill, public violence ensued. That very evening,

921:, an English politician who opposed the Crown during the English Civil War) and the 429:

was revolutionary, enlarging the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000.

4968: 4960: 3760: 3335: 1578: 1363: 1276:

8 English counties and 3 Welsh counties each received an additional representative.

1219: 995: 918: 914: 830: 766:", or individuals who had amassed fortunes in the British colonies in Asia and the 738: 704: 596: 259: 125: 3546: 3538: 3520:"Cap. XLV: An Act to amend the Representation of the People in England and Wales." 581:, had more than 20,000. Those who owned property in multiple constituencies could 3118: 2031: 1768:

Including Monmouth, considered part of Wales under sections 1, 20 and 269 of the

17: 4088: 3629: 3089: 1849: 1679: 1650: 1570: 1400: 1207: 767: 617: 616:

Boroughs in which male householders were electors (these were usually known as "

448: 414: 2032:"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)" 787: 4078: 3438:

Electoral Behaviour in Unreformed England: Plumpers, Splitters, and Straights.

1902:

Reform acts : Chartism, social agency, and the Victorian novel, 1832-1867

1776:(cap. 30) provides that before 1 April 1974, "a reference to England includes 1656: 1618: 1560:'the sovereignty of the people' had been established in fact, if not in law". 1371: 1125:(the estate of Lord Middleton). The most significant disturbances occurred at 1114: 839: 684: 562: 263: 3426:

The Great Reform Bill in the Boroughs: English Electoral Behaviour, 1818-1841

1920: 950:, measures designed to quell further political agitation. In particular, the 613:", because council members were usually "in the pocket" of a wealthy patron); 549:

each elected four members. The Welsh boroughs each returned a single member.

512:. Of the 70 English boroughs that Tudor monarchs enfranchised, 31 were later 4777: 3568: 3394:

Aristocratic Government in the Age of Reform: Whigs and Liberals, 1830–1852.

3330:

Ertman, Thomas. "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and British Democratization."

1750:£1.8 million was equivalent to £200 million in 2023 terms in 1832. 1675:

List of constituencies enfranchised and disfranchised by the Reform Act 1832

1245: 972: 811: 578: 3199: 1182:) headed the Whig ministry that ushered the Reform Bill through Parliament. 868:

The cause of parliamentary reform was next taken up by Lord Chatham's son,

3456:

Lord Grey of the Reform Bill: Being the Life of Charles, Second Earl Grey.

1900: 1759:£7 million was equivalent to £800 million in 2023 terms in 1832. 1171: 861:("Pitt the Elder"), who called borough representation "the rotten part of 4024: 3920: 1607: 1488: 1433: 1307: 1211: 1146: 947: 807: 574: 538: 353: 3463:

Reform Acts: Chartism, Social Agency, and the Victorian Novel, 1832–1867

2801:

David F. Krein "The Great Landowners in the House of Commons, 1833–85,"

2276:

Strangers in the Land: The Rise and Decline of the British Indian Empire

3173: 3031: 2935:

The Birth of a New Europe - State and Society in the Nineteenth Century

1126: 980: 893:

groups were established to agitate for reform. A group of Whigs led by

639: 603: 570: 476: 364: 3207: 1142: 1141:, and several private homes. Other places that saw violence included 1113:, where a mob attacked the city jail and freed several prisoners. In 822:

and the reorganisation of parliamentary constituencies. Their leader

411:

An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales

376: 371:(MPs) was effectively controlled by one powerful patron: for example 234: 140: 65:

An Act to amend the representation of the people in England and Wales

3165: 3045:

The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870

2195:

James and John Stuart Mill: Father and Son in the Nineteenth Century

1993:

Parliamentary Representation of English Boroughs in the Middle Ages

1269:

In their place the Act created 130 new seats in England and Wales:

4993: 1239: 1170: 1110: 1019:, Tory Prime Minister (1828–30), strongly opposed reform measures. 1011: 843: 786: 763: 703: 662:

The claim for the women's vote appears to have been first made by

472: 442: 273: 1905:. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 74–76. 2675:

https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/rp13-14/

2300:

Key, Newton; Bucholz, Robert; Bucholz, R. O. (2 February 2009),

1856:. After its repeal it is now authorised by section 19(2) of the 1688:, enlarged the electorate by a factor of 13 from 5,000 to 65,000 1289:

Another 21 towns (of which two were in Wales) were given one MP.

3997: 3585: 3577:

Image of the original act on the Parliamentary Archives website

3524:

The statutes of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

3389:(1967) 122pp; brief excerpts from primary and secondary sources 595:

Boroughs in which the franchise was restricted to those paying

3241:

British History in the Nineteenth Century and After (1782–1901

2950:

The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History

1451:

in Sussex. Also, bribery of voters remained a problem. As Sir

577:, had fewer than 1,000 voters each, while the largest county, 3123:. Women's Source Library. Vol. VIII. London: Routledge. 1306:

In county constituencies, franchise rights were extended to

623:

Boroughs in which freeholders of land had the right to vote.

3993: 3412:

Whiggery and Reform, 1830–1841: The Politics of Government.

3356:

Perilous question: the drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832.

289:. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords: 3220:

Reform or Revolution? A Diary of Reform in England, 1830-2

2922:

Perilous Question: The Drama of the Great Reform Bill 1832

1495:

for men, equally sized electoral districts, and voting by

5030:

Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States

3361:

Gash, Norman. (1979) "The Constitutional Revolution" in

3183:

Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain, 1866–1914

1577:

as dangerous, radical proposals. However, one faction of

1248:

Typographical Society celebrating the passing of the Act.

1065:, who had by this time inherited the title of Earl Grey. 857:. It was revived in the 1760s by the Whig Prime Minister 696:

from which, in time, the women's suffrage movement grew.

421:. c. 45). The Act applied only in England and Wales; the 356:; the Act introduced the first explicit statutory bar to 750:

powerful landlords, but were often open to corruption.

3829:

Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011

668:

Plan of Parliamentary Reform in the form of a Catechism

417:

and citation is Representation of the People Act 1832 (

2179:

London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown & Green.

557:

Statutes passed in 1430 and 1432, during the reign of

363:

Before the reform, most members nominally represented

3880:

Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000

3292:(1969), excerpts from primary and secondary sources; 1741:£200 was equivalent to £34,000 in 2023 terms in 1649. 885:

Support for parliamentary reform plummeted after the

258:

Start of parchment roll of the Reform Act 1832, with

4750:

Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain

3875:

European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)

913:

Other notable pro-reform organisations included the

4884: 4858: 4617: 4515: 4459: 4351: 4112: 4031: 3913: 3842: 3819:

House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949

3814:

House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944

3779: 3753: 3628: 3617: 3555:

The National Archives. "The Struggle for Democracy"

3349:

The Vote: How It Was Won and How It Was Undermined.

2737:

British Trade Union Posters: An Illustrated History

2302:

Sources and Debates in English History, 1485 – 1714

1818:£50 was equivalent to £5,900 in 2023 terms in 1832. 1806:£10 was equivalent to £1,200 in 2023 terms in 1832. 1027:on 26 June 1830 dissolved Parliament by law, and a 747:

Representative History of Great Britain and Ireland

245: 233: 228: 218: 208: 182: 168: 161: 151: 139: 134: 124: 119: 93: 82: 69: 59: 3895:Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013 3860:Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883 2552:99 Tactics of Successful Tax Resistance Campaigns 2122: 1933: 1121:(the home of the Duke of Newcastle) and attacked 794:was a prominent advocate of parliamentary reform. 425:brought similar changes to Ireland. The separate 2236:Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, pp. 214–215. 1682:, other legislation concerning electoral matters 5035:Music and women's suffrage in the United States 4656:Women's suffrage organizations and publications 3958:2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum 3865:European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed) 2020: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 689: 4543:National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869) 3900:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1534:Some Tories expressed even graver misgivings. 1471:, that Wellington's fears would come to pass. 390:. It met with significant opposition from the 344:. c. 45) that introduced major changes to the 4009: 3597: 683:. In the "celebrated article on Government", 8: 3489:(Heinemann Advanced History, 2001), textbook 3387:The Reform Bill of 1832: Why Not Revolution? 2947:A. Ricardo López; Barbara Weinstein (2012). 1814: 1812: 1556:hails 1832 as the watershed moment at which 35: 3794:Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832 2725:Phillips and Wetherell (1995), pp. 413–414. 2474:Holland and Austin (1855), vol. II, p. 313. 2102:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 107. 4686:Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial 4355: 4016: 4002: 3994: 3890:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed) 3870:Registration of Political Parties Act 1998 3804:Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918 3625: 3604: 3590: 3582: 3449:Reform!: the fight for the 1832 Reform Act 3314:Collier, Martin and Philip Pedley. (2001) 2673:. London: House of Commons Library, 2013. 2134:Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 331, 435, 480. 2076:The History of the Parliamentary Franchise 2057: 1802: 1800: 1131:rioters controlled the city for three days 602:Boroughs in which only the ownership of a 179: 34: 5019:Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar 3517:Full original text of the Act as passed: 3487:The Extension of the Franchise: 1832–1931 3363:Aristocracy and people: Britain 1815-1865 3000:D. C. Moore, "The Other Face of Reform", 2937:(U of North Carolina Press, 1983) p. 303. 2905:See also "Tory arguments against reform" 2161:Thorne (1986), vol. II, pp. 50, 369, 380. 2028:inflation figures are based on data from 1943: 1941: 1670:Elections in the United Kingdom § History 946:. In response, the government passed the 4590:1920 United States presidential election 3573:hosted by Melvin Bragg, 27 November 2008 2766:Collection Highlights, Shoemakers Banner 1411:, and to retake the House of Commons in 1206:The ensuing period became known as the " 988:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 592:Boroughs in which freemen were electors; 303:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 253: 4830:Women's Rights National Historical Park 3222:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Alan Sutton. 3015:A Concise History of Britain, 1707–1975 1841: 1703: 184:Corporate Property (Elections) Act 1832 5086:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom 5056:United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1832 4507:Suffragette bombing and arson campaign 3612:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom 3482:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2716:July 2008, Vol. 47 Issue 3, pp 581–603 2671:The History of Parliamentary Franchise 2599:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1. 2198:. Transaction Publishers. p. 86. 1222:on 7 June 1832, thereby becoming law. 895:James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale 360:by defining a voter as a male person. 4548:Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873) 4363:International Woman Suffrage Alliance 3834:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020 3824:Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986 3302:New York: Cambridge University Press. 3281:The Passing of the Great Reform Bill. 3185:. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 3112:. London: Brown, Green, and Longmans. 2861:The Constitutional History of England 2843:The Constitutional History of England 2078:, House of Commons Library, p. 6 971:that two further seats were given to 318:Representation of the People Act 1832 240:Representation of the People Act 1949 170:Text of statute as originally enacted 146:Representation of the People Act 1948 36:Representation of the People Act 1832 27:UK law reforming the electoral system 7: 4901:"The March of the Women" (1910 song) 4629:List of suffragists and suffragettes 4492:Women's Coronation Procession (1911) 3499:Woodward, Sir E. Llewellyn. (1962). 3473:The Genesis of Parliamentary Reform. 2510: 1665:1832 United Kingdom general election 1530:mind on the question of Reformation. 1439:Although it did disenfranchise most 1322:The Act also introduced a system of 903:Society of the Friends of the People 798:During the 1640s, England endured a 606:property qualified a person to vote; 373:Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk 295:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 3983:Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918) 3365:Cambridge: Harvard UP, pp.129–155. 3316:Britain 1815-51: Protest and Reform 3082:Commentaries on the Laws of England 1951:Scotland: A Very Short Introduction 5076:Election law in the United Kingdom 4871:National Voting Rights Museum (US) 4835:Women's Suffrage National Monument 4651:Historiography of the Suffragettes 4605:Selma to Montgomery marches (1965) 3496:Oxford: Hart Pub., pp. 65–82. 3358:London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 3243:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 3096:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 2554:. Picket Line Press. p. 176. 2454:Edward Potts Cheyney, ed. (1922). 1509:Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 1403:to make gains in the elections of 1286:22 large towns were given two MPs. 737:controlled nine. Writing in 1821, 460:mercantile and trading interests. 25: 5066:Representation of the People Acts 4763:Turning Point Suffragist Memorial 3885:Electoral Administration Act 2006 3789:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 2574:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 390–391. 2522:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 389–390. 2390:May (1896), vol. II, pp. 352–359. 2304:, John Wiley & Sons, p. 2099:Citizenship in Britain: A History 1848:The citation of this Act by this 1296:Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832 859:William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham 674:in 1825, when he published, with 4914:"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song) 4712:Women's Rights Pioneers Monument 4558:Woman Suffrage Procession (1913) 4528:Declaration of Sentiments (1848) 3850:Parliamentary Elections Act 1868 3799:Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 3531:"Tory arguments against reform" 3461:Vanden Bossche, Chris R. (2014) 3458:London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 3283:London: Longmans, Green, and Co. 3147:. Vol. 1. pp. 263–364. 2874:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 316–317. 2689:"Georgian Elections: the Basics" 2687:Burlock, Hillary (3 July 2023). 2583:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 312–313. 2501:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 423–424. 2492:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 422–423. 2483:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 421–422. 2399:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 408–416. 2381:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 406–407. 2372:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 404–406. 2354:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 400–401. 2245:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 361–362. 2143:May (1896), vol. I, pp. 321–322. 1649: 1635: 1621: 1569:in 1867, or perhaps even later. 1158:Corresponding Societies Act 1799 338:Parliament of the United Kingdom 202:Parliament of the United Kingdom 195: 53:Parliament of the United Kingdom 46: 4727:Kate Sheppard National Memorial 4487:Battle of Downing Street (1910) 4130:1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act 3963:Elections in the United Kingdom 3375:The Triumph of Reform 1830-1841 3300:Parliamentary Reform 1640–1832. 3229:The House of Commons: 1790–1820 2933:Quoted in Theodore S. Hamerow, 2152:Thorne (1986), vol. II, p. 266. 2123:Phillips & Wetherell (1995) 2070:Johnston, Neil (1 March 2013), 1974:Blackstone (1765), pp. 154–155. 1934:Phillips & Wetherell (1995) 1693:Notes, bibliography and sources 1463:in 1835, forced compromises on 599:, a form of municipal taxation; 309:on the right. Currently in the 4538:Ohio Women's Convention (1850) 4523:Seneca Falls Convention (1848) 3809:Government of Ireland Act 1920 3471:Veitch, George Stead. (1913). 3061:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 20. 2424:. Manchester UP. p. 134. 1948:Houston, Robert Allan (2008). 1899:Vanden Bossche, Chris (2014). 1261:, returned only a single MP). 992:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 666:in 1817 when he published his 402:, and removed seats from the " 1: 3501:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870. 3342:The Great Reform Act of 1832. 3332:Comparative Political Studies 3309:New York: St. Martin's Press. 3290:The great reform bill of 1832 3231:. London: Secker and Warburg. 1520:Opponents fear for the future 1072:On 22 March, the vote on the 733:controlled eleven, while the 105:In Scotland and Ireland, the 4644:in majority-Muslim countries 4634:Timeline of women's suffrage 4573:Silent Sentinels (1917–1919) 4502:Open Christmas Letter (1914) 4451:2019–2020 Hong Kong protests 3385:Maehl, William H., Jr., ed. 2596:The Great Reform Act of 1832 2444:May (1896), vol. II, p. 384. 1326:, to be administered by the 1283:was represented by two MPs). 923:London Corresponding Society 447:The House of Commons is the 5091:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 5014:New Zealand ten-dollar note 4681:(Emmeline Pankhurst statue) 4595:"Give Us the Ballot" (1957) 4533:Rochester Convention (1848) 4318:Constitutional amendments: 4104:Women's liberation movement 3926:Unreformed House of Commons 3120:Suffrage and the Pankhursts 2982:May (1896), vol. I, p. 431. 2883:May (1896), vol. I, p. 449. 2792:May (1896), vol. I, p. 428. 2714:Journal of British Studies, 2540:May (1896), vol. I, p. 312. 2531:May (1896), vol. I, p. 452. 2408:May (1896), vol. I, p. 412. 2363:May (1896), vol. I, p. 402. 2345:May (1896), vol. I, p. 397. 2336:May (1896), vol. I, p. 394. 2273:Roderick Cavaliero (2002). 2263:May (1896), vol. I, p. 335. 2254:May (1896), vol. I, p. 340. 2227:May (1896), vol. I, p. 333. 1255:Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 881:After the French Revolution 547:Weymouth and Melcombe Regis 508:; they were often known as 439:Unreformed House of Commons 433:Unreformed House of Commons 388:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 291:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 5107: 4553:Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914) 3931:Rotten and pocket boroughs 3492:Wicks, Elizabeth (2006). 3442:Princeton University Press 3436:Phillips, John A. (1982). 3428:Oxford University Press; 3424:Phillips, John A. (1992). 3334:43.8–9 (2010): 1000–1022. 3273:London: Hutchinson Press. 3154:American Historical Review 3117:Marcus, Jane, ed. (2001). 3084:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3028:American Historical Review 2920:Quoted in Antonia Fraser, 2279:. I.B.Tauris. p. 65. 1954:. OUP Oxford. p. 26. 1482:Corrupt Practices Act 1854 1443:, a few remained, such as 1302:Extension of the franchise 1034:Birmingham Political Union 820:universal manhood suffrage 436: 379:sufficient to boil a pot. 311:National Portrait Gallery. 177:United Kingdom legislation 32:United Kingdom legislation 5021:(2020 U.S. commemorative) 4840:International Women's Day 4358: 3676: 3503:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3475:London: Constable and Co. 3454:Trevelyan, G. M. (1920). 3417:O'Gorman, Frank. (1989). 3399:Morrison, Bruce. (2011) " 3354:Fraser, Antonia (2013). 3305:Christie, Ian R. (1962). 3279:Butler, J. R. M. (1914). 3260:155.3–4 (2013): 229–250. 3181:Rover, Constance (1967). 3013:For example W. A. Speck, 2973:Trevelyan (1922), p. 242. 2894:Mastering British History 2769:, People's History Museum 2621:"Higham Ferrers. Borough" 1983:Blackstone (1765), p. 110 1770:Local Government Act 1972 1548:Evaluations by historians 1419:study concluded that the 1003:Passage of the Reform Act 545:and the joint borough of 194: 189: 45: 40: 4924:Women's suffrage in film 4895:The Women's Marseillaise 4783:Suffragette Handkerchief 4661:Women's rights activists 4441:Hong Kong 1 July marches 3978:Parliament in the Making 3421:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3396:Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3392:Mandler, Peter. (1990). 3318:Oxford: Heinemann, 2001. 2646:"The Reform Act of 1832" 2593:Evans, Eric J. (1994) . 2550:Gross, David M. (2014). 1727:4CP 374. In the case of 1686:Scottish Reform Act 1832 1382:few very rich families. 1154:National Political Union 1092:general election of 1831 870:William Pitt the Younger 792:William Pitt the Younger 783:Early attempts at reform 657: 427:Scottish Reform Act 1832 386:, led by Prime Minister 224:2 & 3 Will. 4. c. 69 107:Scottish Reform Act 1832 95:Territorial extent 5025:2020 US ten-dollar bill 5009:Susan B. Anthony dollar 4946:Not for Ourselves Alone 4568:Suffrage Special (1916) 4497:Great Pilgrimage (1913) 4446:2014 Hong Kong protests 4044:Right to run for office 3936:University constituency 3766:England and Wales, 1835 3653:England and Wales, 1867 3638:England and Wales, 1832 3467:excerpt and text search 3410:Newbould, Ian. (1990). 3344:London: Methuen and Co. 3340:Evans, Eric J. (1983). 3288:Cahill, Gilbert A. ed. 2953:. Duke UP. p. 58. 2816:"The Chartist Movement" 2072:"Ancient voting rights" 2030:Clark, Gregory (2017). 1858:Interpretation Act 1978 1774:Interpretation Act 1978 1721:Interpretation Act 1850 1368:People's History Museum 1059:motion of no confidence 958:Reform during the 1820s 933:) in the entire House. 567:forty shilling freehold 4692:Elizabeth Cady Stanton 4341:1965 Voting Rights Act 3478:Warham, Dror. (1995). 3407:63.04 (2011): 678–710. 3298:Cannon, John. (1973). 3227:Thorne, R. G. (1986). 3057:H. L. Mencken (1917). 3030:100.2 (1995): 411–436 2805:(2013) 32#3 pp 460–476 2783:(2014) 51#1 pp. 91–112 2327:Cannon (1973), cap. 1. 2096:Heater, Derek (2006). 1995:by May McKisack, 1932. 1852:was authorised by the 1545: 1532: 1360:Duns, Scottish Borders 1249: 1183: 1145:, Leicestershire, and 1117:, rioters set fire to 1054: 1045:the Duke of Wellington 1020: 1017:The Duke of Wellington 952:Seditious Meetings Act 795: 722: 718:Humours of an Election 693: 670:, and was taken up by 452: 313: 271: 113:applied, respectively. 4673:Belmont–Paul Monument 4600:Freedom Summer (1964) 4477:Women's Sunday (1908) 3541:The Reform Act Crisis 3321:Conacher, J.B. (1971) 3271:The Great Reform Act. 3047:(2nd ed. 1996) p. 229 2803:Parliamentary History 2650:www.historyhome.co.uk 2625:History of Parliament 1871:"The Reform Act 1832" 1854:Short Titles Act 1896 1643:United Kingdom portal 1583:Catholic emancipation 1540: 1527: 1461:Municipal Reform Bill 1328:overseers of the poor 1265:Creation of new seats 1253:two MPs. In addition 1244:Poster issued by the 1243: 1174: 1139:Lord Mayor of Bristol 1137:, the mansion of the 1049: 1015: 790: 707: 630:The largest borough, 446: 423:Irish Reform Act 1832 400:Industrial Revolution 369:Members of Parliament 305:(1769–1852), and the 297:(1779–1848), and the 277: 257: 111:Irish Reform Act 1832 4938:Shoulder to Shoulder 4907:The Mother of Us All 4850:Women's Equality Day 4845:Susan B. Anthony Day 4699:Suffragette Memorial 4304:District of Columbia 4074:Non-resident citizen 3973:Boundary commissions 3569:The Great Reform Act 3451:(Random House, 2010) 3200:10.1093/past/37.1.87 3004:, (1961) 5#1 pp 7–34 2991:Gash (1952), p. xii. 2735:Rodney Mace (1999). 2418:Norman Gash (1990). 1188:motion of confidence 939:Sir Charles Wolseley 907:abuses of the system 709:Canvassing for Votes 481:knights of the shire 5061:1832 in British law 4805:Hunger Strike Medal 4482:Black Friday (1910) 3781:Constituency reform 3347:Foot, Paul (2005). 3139:May, Thomas Erskine 3078:Blackstone, William 2218:Rover (1967), p. 3. 1469:Parliament Act 1911 1465:Jewish emancipation 1397:Marquess of Chandos 1336:Scottish Reform Act 927:Sir Francis Burdett 855:Glorious Revolution 824:Thomas Rainsborough 778:Movement for reform 583:vote multiple times 320:(also known as the 287:St Stephen's Chapel 37: 4948:(1999 documentary) 4815:Suffrage jewellery 4039:Universal suffrage 3905:Elections Act 2022 3843:Other related Acts 3414:London: Macmillan. 3059:A Book of Prefaces 2170:London: R. Hunter. 2060:, pp. 166–167 2026:Retail Price Index 1778:Berwick-upon-Tweed 1536:John Wilson Croker 1493:universal suffrage 1453:Thomas Erskine May 1324:voter registration 1250: 1236:Abolition of seats 1184: 1086:Second Reform Bill 1021: 796: 723: 457:Acts of Union 1800 453: 409:The full title is 314: 272: 5043: 5042: 4954:Iron Jawed Angels 4876:Umbrella Movement 4820:Suffragette penny 4734:Millicent Fawcett 4705:Portrait Monument 4613: 4612: 4467:WSPU march (1906) 4284:African Americans 4202:Spain (Civil War, 4094:Compulsory voting 3991: 3990: 3968:Corrupt practices 3749: 3748: 3619:Representation of 3002:Victorian Studies 2741:Sutton Publishing 2315:978-1-4051-6276-0 2058:Blackstone (1765) 1912:978-1-4214-1209-2 1729:Regina v. Harrald 1725:Chorlton v. Lings 1567:Second Reform Act 1501:Second Reform Act 1491:, which demanded 1489:Chartist movement 1434:Chartist Movement 1167:Third Reform Bill 1135:Bishop of Bristol 1119:Nottingham Castle 1008:First Reform Bill 964:Lord John Russell 944:Peterloo Massacre 887:French Revolution 743:T. H. B. Oldfield 563:freehold property 419:2 & 3 Will. 4 350:England and Wales 342:2 & 3 Will. 4 301:on the left; and 283:Sir George Hayter 252: 251: 229:Other legislation 190:Act of Parliament 175: 174: 135:Other legislation 100:England and Wales 76:2 & 3 Will. 4 41:Act of Parliament 18:First Reform Bill 16:(Redirected from 5098: 5081:June 1832 events 5071:1832 in politics 4866:Age of candidacy 4799:Holloway Jingles 4773:Pankhurst Centre 4744:(2008 sculpture) 4667:Leser v. Garnett 4472:Mud March (1907) 4356: 4289:Native Americans 4099:Disfranchisement 4018: 4011: 4004: 3995: 3941:Women's suffrage 3754:Municipal Reform 3626: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3583: 3527: 3485:Whitfield, Bob. 3447:Pearce, Edward. 3244: 3237:Trevelyan, G. M. 3232: 3223: 3211: 3192:Past and Present 3186: 3177: 3148: 3134: 3113: 3097: 3085: 3063: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3041: 3035: 3024: 3018: 3017:(1993) pp 72–76. 3011: 3005: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2931: 2925: 2918: 2912: 2903: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2790: 2784: 2781:Northern History 2777: 2771: 2770: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2717: 2710: 2704: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2684: 2678: 2669:Johnston, Neil. 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2575: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2513:, pp. 97–98 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2484: 2481: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2460:. Ginn. p. 2451: 2445: 2442: 2436: 2435: 2415: 2409: 2406: 2400: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2382: 2379: 2373: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2337: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2318: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2209: 2186: 2180: 2177: 2171: 2168: 2162: 2159: 2153: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2022: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1945: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1881: 1867: 1861: 1846: 1829: 1825: 1819: 1816: 1807: 1804: 1795: 1791: 1785: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1717: 1711: 1708: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1625: 1559: 1340:Irish Reform Act 1212:run on the banks 1029:general election 891:Radical Movement 863:our Constitution 812:Parliamentarians 735:Earl of Lonsdale 672:William Thompson 658:Women's suffrage 346:electoral system 330:First Reform Act 326:Great Reform Act 247:Status: Repealed 199: 198: 185: 180: 163:Status: Repealed 115: 96: 89:, Prime Minister 50: 49: 38: 21: 5106: 5105: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5004:(upcoming film) 4930:Votes for Women 4886: 4880: 4854: 4793:Holloway brooch 4788:Holloway banner 4619: 4609: 4578:Night of Terror 4511: 4455: 4347: 4108: 4027: 4022: 3992: 3987: 3909: 3855:Ballot Act 1872 3838: 3775: 3745: 3672: 3621:the People Acts 3620: 3613: 3610: 3549:1832 Reform Act 3518: 3514: 3509: 3351:London: Viking. 3252: 3250:Further reading 3247: 3235: 3226: 3214: 3189: 3180: 3166:10.2307/2169005 3151: 3137: 3131: 3116: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043:Eric J. Evans, 3042: 3038: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2915: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2778: 2774: 2763: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2734: 2733: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2711: 2707: 2697: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2681: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2549: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2432: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2316: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2272: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2206: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2117: 2110: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2081: 2079: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2029: 2023: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1947: 1946: 1939: 1932: 1928: 1913: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1868: 1864: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1810: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1788: 1772:(cap. 70). 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4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4350: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4275: 4274:United States 4272: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4187:Liechtenstein 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Demeny voting 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3943: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3771:Ireland, 1840 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3675: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3663:Ireland, 1868 3661: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3648:Ireland, 1832 3646: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3616: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3559:BBC Radio 4, 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3481: 3477: 3474: 3470: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3413: 3409: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3376: 3373:Halévy Élie. 3372: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3301: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3259: 3258:Public Choice 3255: 3254: 3249: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130:9780415256933 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3106:Austin, Sarah 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3069: 3060: 3053: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2979: 2976: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2956: 2952: 2951: 2943: 2940: 2936: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2896:(1998) p. 50. 2895: 2892:Norman Lowe, 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2863: 2862: 2853: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2836: 2833: 2821: 2820:UK Parliament 2817: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2773: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2709: 2706: 2694: 2690: 2683: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2651: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2608: 2606:9781134816033 2602: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2571: 2568: 2563: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2528: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2498: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2450: 2447: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2431:9780719029745 2427: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2369: 2366: 2360: 2357: 2351: 2348: 2342: 2339: 2333: 2330: 2324: 2321: 2317: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2293: 2288: 2286:9780857717078 2282: 2278: 2277: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2207: 2205:9781412826792 2201: 2197: 2196: 2191: 2190:Bruce Mazlish 2185: 2182: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2164: 2158: 2155: 2149: 2146: 2140: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2125:, p. 413 2124: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2109:9780748626724 2105: 2101: 2100: 2092: 2089: 2077: 2073: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1961:9780199230792 1957: 1953: 1952: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1935: 1930: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1875:UK Parliament 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1835: 1824: 1821: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1782:Monmouthshire 1779: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1756: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1738: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1647: 1644: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1603:H. L. Mencken 1600: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1580: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1555: 1547: 1544: 1543:persecutions. 1539: 1537: 1531: 1526: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1497:secret ballot 1494: 1490: 1485: 1483: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1447:in Devon and 1446: 1442: 1437: 1435: 1426: 1424: 1422: 1416: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1386:Tenant voters 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1345: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1299: 1297: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1247: 1242: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1200: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1181: 1180:George Hayter 1177: 1173: 1166: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1123:Wollaton Hall 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1095: 1093: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1023:The death of 1018: 1014: 1007: 1002: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 984: 982: 978: 974: 969: 965: 957: 955: 953: 949: 945: 940: 934: 932: 931:Lord Cochrane 928: 924: 920: 917:(named after 916: 915:Hampden Clubs 911: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 880: 878: 875: 871: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 847: 845: 841: 837: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 793: 789: 782: 777: 775: 773: 769: 765: 761: 753: 751: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 720: 719: 714: 710: 706: 699: 697: 692: 688: 686: 682: 677: 673: 669: 665: 655: 653: 649: 646:(32 voters), 645: 641: 640:burgage plots 637: 633: 628: 622: 619: 615: 612: 608: 605: 601: 598: 594: 591: 590: 589: 586: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 553:The franchise 552: 550: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 463: 461: 458: 450: 445: 440: 432: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413:. Its formal 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 293:(1764–1845), 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 269: 266:marked above 265: 261: 256: 244: 241: 238: 236: 232: 227: 223: 221: 217: 213: 211: 207: 203: 193: 188: 181: 171: 167: 160: 157: 154: 150: 147: 144: 142: 138: 133: 129: 127: 123: 118: 114: 112: 108: 101: 98: 92: 88: 85: 83:Introduced by 81: 77: 74: 72: 68: 64: 62: 58: 54: 44: 39: 30: 19: 5001: 4992: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4962:Up the Women 4961: 4953: 4945: 4937: 4929: 4909:(1947 opera) 4906: 4825:Suffrage Oak 4810:Justice Bell 4797: 4755: 4748: 4741: 4733: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4691: 4678: 4665: 4365:conferences 4254: 4032:Basic topics 3637: 3567: 3548: 3540: 3533:The Peel Web 3532: 3523: 3500: 3493: 3486: 3479: 3472: 3462: 3455: 3448: 3437: 3425: 3418: 3411: 3404: 3393: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3355: 3348: 3341: 3331: 3322: 3315: 3306: 3299: 3289: 3280: 3270: 3257: 3240: 3228: 3219: 3216:Smith, E. A. 3191: 3182: 3157: 3153: 3143: 3119: 3109: 3102:Lady Holland 3093: 3090:Gash, Norman 3081: 3070:Bibliography 3058: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3027: 3022: 3014: 3009: 3001: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2949: 2942: 2934: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2907:The Peel Web 2906: 2901: 2893: 2888: 2879: 2870: 2860: 2858:May (1895). 2852: 2842: 2840:May (1895). 2835: 2823:. Retrieved 2819: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2788: 2780: 2775: 2765: 2759: 2736: 2730: 2721: 2713: 2708: 2696:. Retrieved 2692: 2682: 2670: 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2649: 2640: 2630:14 September 2628:. Retrieved 2624: 2615: 2595: 2588: 2579: 2570: 2551: 2545: 2536: 2527: 2518: 2506: 2497: 2488: 2479: 2470: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2420: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2368: 2359: 2350: 2341: 2332: 2323: 2301: 2295: 2275: 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2194: 2184: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2118: 2098: 2091: 2080:, retrieved 2075: 2065: 2053: 2041:. Retrieved 2035: 2000: 1992: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1950: 1929: 1901: 1894: 1885: 1878:. Retrieved 1874: 1865: 1844: 1823: 1789: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1587: 1579:Ultra-Tories 1575: 1551: 1541: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1505: 1486: 1478: 1457: 1438: 1430: 1417: 1390:Most of the 1389: 1380: 1376: 1364:Berwickshire 1357: 1353: 1349: 1333: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1292: 1268: 1251: 1220:royal assent 1205: 1201: 1185: 1178:(painted by 1162: 1151: 1104: 1096: 1089: 1071: 1067: 1063:Charles Grey 1055: 1050: 1042: 1022: 996:ultra-Tories 985: 981:East Retford 961: 935: 919:John Hampden 912: 899:Charles Grey 884: 867: 848: 831:Henry Ireton 828: 810:against the 802:that pitted 797: 772:Lord Chatham 760:New Shoreham 757: 746: 739:Sydney Smith 724: 716: 708: 694: 690: 687:had stated: 679: 676:Anna Wheeler 667: 661: 629: 626: 597:scot and lot 587: 556: 494: 467: 454: 410: 408: 381: 362: 358:women voting 354:able to vote 340:(indexed as 329: 325: 321: 317: 315: 260:royal assent 126:Royal assent 104: 29: 4980:(2015 film) 4978:Suffragette 4972:(2014 film) 4956:(2004 film) 4932:(1912 film) 4768:Eagle House 4621:(memorials) 4309:Puerto Rico 4220:Switzerland 4197:New Zealand 4089:Suffragette 4069:Non-citizen 3630:Reform Acts 3561:In Our Time 3547:Spartacus. 3440:Princeton: 2511:Rudé (1967) 1850:short title 1680:Reform Acts 1571:Norman Gash 1427:Limitations 1308:copyholders 1208:Days of May 768:West Indies 632:Westminster 618:potwalloper 449:lower house 415:short title 235:Repealed by 141:Repealed by 130:7 June 1832 5050:Categories 4757:Resilience 4299:foreigners 4205:Francoist) 4135:aboriginal 4113:By country 4079:Voting age 3269:. (1973). 2856:Quoted in 2750:0750921587 2698:19 January 2655:19 January 1836:References 1657:Law portal 1515:Assessment 1372:Manchester 1231:Provisions 1192:William IV 1115:Nottingham 840:Manchester 711:, part of 685:James Mill 681:Government 650:(25), and 498:Winchelsea 455:After the 279:A painting 264:William IV 210:Long title 152:Relates to 61:Long title 4778:Paulsdale 4210:Sri Lanka 4167:Hong Kong 4125:Australia 1921:867050216 1246:Sheffield 1176:Lord Grey 1036:, led by 973:Yorkshire 968:Grampound 808:Royalists 800:civil war 648:Camelford 636:Old Sarum 579:Yorkshire 485:Grampound 332:) was an 87:Lord Grey 4240:Scotland 4157:Colombia 4025:Suffrage 3921:Chartism 3239:(1922). 3218:(1992). 3141:(1895). 3108:(1855). 3092:(1952). 3080:(1765). 2192:(1988). 2082:16 March 1828:elector. 1615:See also 1608:chandala 1449:Midhurst 1338:and the 1196:prorogue 1147:Somerset 1129:, where 948:Six Acts 851:James II 806:and the 575:Anglesey 559:Henry VI 539:Monmouth 523:Abingdon 491:Boroughs 475:and the 469:Counties 464:Counties 365:boroughs 262:of King 220:Citation 71:Citation 5002:Lioness 4887:culture 4885:Popular 4859:Related 4719:Forward 4162:Ecuador 4120:Austria 3564:podcast 3465:(2014) 3377:(1923) 3325:(1971). 3174:2169005 2825:22 July 1887:voting. 1346:Effects 1281:ridings 1226:Results 1127:Bristol 754:Bribery 644:Dunwich 604:burgage 571:Rutland 531:Bewdley 527:Banbury 502:Dunwich 477:militia 392:Pittite 78:. c. 45 4986:Sylvia 4736:statue 4721:statue 4694:statue 4352:Events 4314:states 4294:felons 4215:Sweden 4192:Mexico 4182:Kuwait 4147:Canada 3505:online 3430:online 3379:online 3367:online 3336:online 3294:online 3275:online 3262:online 3208:650024 3206: 3172: 3127: 3032:online 2957: 2910:online 2747: 2693:ECPPEC 2603: 2558: 2428: 2312: 2283: 2202: 2106: 1958: 1919: 1909: 1880:3 July 1445:Totnes 1143:Dorset 977:Penryn 897:, and 764:nabobs 652:Gatton 541:. The 518:Newark 473:courts 377:hearth 307:Tories 4994:Suffs 4970:Selma 4618:Women 4279:women 4251:laws 4245:Wales 4230:women 4177:Japan 4172:India 4152:Chile 4140:women 4064:Youth 4059:Black 4049:Women 3946:Wales 3204:JSTOR 3170:JSTOR 2043:7 May 1732:made. 1698:Notes 1194:, to 1111:Derby 844:Leeds 654:(7). 384:Whigs 299:Whigs 120:Dates 4434:14th 4429:13th 4424:12th 4419:11th 4414:10th 4336:26th 4332:24th 4328:23rd 4324:19th 4320:15th 4265:1928 4260:1918 4255:1832 3741:2000 3736:1993 3731:1991 3726:1990 3721:1989 3716:1985 3711:1983 3706:1981 3701:1969 3696:1949 3691:1948 3686:1928 3681:1918 3668:1884 3125:ISBN 2955:ISBN 2827:2022 2745:ISBN 2700:2024 2657:2024 2632:2021 2601:ISBN 2556:ISBN 2426:ISBN 2310:ISBN 2281:ISBN 2200:ISBN 2104:ISBN 2084:2016 2045:2024 1956:ISBN 1917:OCLC 1907:ISBN 1882:2020 1780:and 1480:the 1413:1841 1409:1837 1407:and 1405:1835 979:and 842:and 573:and 537:and 500:and 316:The 109:and 4409:9th 4404:8th 4399:7th 4394:6th 4389:5th 4384:4th 4379:3rd 4374:2nd 4369:1st 4326:, 4054:Men 3196:doi 3162:doi 3158:100 2462:680 2306:189 2024:UK 1611:." 1370:in 1109:in 715:'s 506:MPs 348:of 336:of 334:Act 328:or 281:by 5052:: 4639:US 4516:US 4460:UK 4334:, 4330:, 4322:, 3566:, 3522:. 3403:" 3202:. 3168:. 3156:. 3104:; 2818:. 2739:. 2691:. 2648:. 2623:. 2308:, 2074:, 2034:. 2009:^ 1940:^ 1915:. 1884:. 1873:. 1811:^ 1799:^ 1784:". 1585:. 1503:. 1436:. 1415:. 1374:. 1362:, 1298:. 1149:. 678:, 533:, 529:, 525:, 487:. 324:, 4897:" 4893:" 4017:e 4010:t 4003:v 3605:e 3598:t 3591:v 3571:, 3444:. 3210:. 3198:: 3176:. 3164:: 3133:. 3034:. 2963:. 2829:. 2753:. 2702:. 2677:. 2659:. 2634:. 2609:. 2564:. 2464:. 2434:. 2289:. 2208:. 2112:. 2047:. 1964:. 1923:. 1860:. 1558:" 270:. 20:)

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