5128:
5092:
4067:
3975:
1929:
4866:
4554:
4440:
4053:
3961:
4974:
4850:
4708:
4538:
4422:
4238:
4083:
4953:
4829:
2779:
5076:
4916:
4785:
4639:
2008:
5062:
4939:
4815:
4669:
4572:
4383:
5108:
2661:
5144:
1410:
4727:
4134:
4114:
3996:
47:
4156:
4268:
5727:
5167:
120:
4689:
4519:
4403:
4280:
4353:
2489:
2364:
4799:
4653:
4503:
4367:
4252:
4095:
2261:
2123:
2575:
553:
1507:
4176:
3895:, 33β34) questions the parentage of Theodora shown here. He proposes that Maximian is her natural father (and that her mother is possibly a daughter of Afranius Hannibalianus). Substituting Afranicus Hannibalianus and switching the positions of Maximian and Eutropia would produce a diagram that matches the alternative lineage.
5127:
1730:
Under the
Tetrarchy a number of important military victories were secured. Both the dyarchic and the tetrarchic system ensured that an emperor was near to every crisis area to personally direct and remain in control of campaigns simultaneously on more than just one front. After suffering a defeat by
1726:
were prepared to accompany their armies thousands of miles between war regions, this was not an ideal solution. Furthermore, it was risky for an emperor to delegate power in his absence to a subordinate general, who might win a victory and then be proclaimed as a rival emperor himself by his troops
1365:
As used by the ancients, the term describes not only different governments, but also a different system of government from the
Diocletianic arrangements. The Judaean tetrarchy was a set of four independent and distinct states, where each tetrarch ruled a quarter of a kingdom as they saw fit; the
1739:
in 298βreversing a series of Roman defeats throughout the centuryβcapturing members of the imperial household and a substantial amount of booty and gaining a highly favourable peace treaty, which secured peace between the two powers for a generation. Similarly, Constantius defeated the
British
1636:
In terms of regional jurisdiction there was no precise division among the four tetrarchs, and this period did not see the Roman state actually split up into four distinct sub-empires. Each emperor had his zone of influence within the Roman Empire, but little more, mainly high command in a 'war
1462:
took care of matters in the eastern regions of the empire while
Maximian similarly took charge of the western regions. In 293, Diocletian thought that more focus was needed on both civic and military problems, so with Maximian's consent, he expanded the imperial college by appointing two
5091:
1894:
By 313, therefore, there remained only two rulers: Constantine in the West and
Licinius in the East. The tetrarchic system was at an end, although it took until 324 for Constantine to finally defeat Licinius, reunite the two halves of the Roman Empire and declare himself sole
1703:
The tetrarchs appeared identical in all official portraits. Coinage dating from the tetrarchic period depicts every emperor with identical featuresβonly the inscriptions on the coins indicate which one of the four emperors is being shown. The
Byzantine sculpture
1530:. These centres are known as the tetrarchic capitals. Although Rome ceased to be an operational capital, Rome continued to be nominal capital of the entire Roman Empire, not reduced to the status of a province but under its own, unique Prefect of the city (
1345:
Although the term "tetrarch" was current in antiquity, it was never used in the imperial college (as it's often called) under
Diocletian. Instead, the term was used to describe independent portions of a kingdom that were ruled under separate leaders. The
4996:
Licinius eventually fights and defeats
Maximinus, gaining all eastern territories. He then makes peace with Constantine, who remains as the emperor of the West. This joint rule lasted until 316, when Licinius rejected Constantine's election of
1813:, the son of Maximian, resented being left out of the new arrangements, so he rebelled against and defeated Severus before forcing him to abdicate and then arranging his murder in 307. Maxentius and Maximian both then declared themselves
1378:
for disobedience by appealing to the example in submission set by
Diocletian's lesser colleagues; his successor Julian compared the Diocletianic tetrarchs to a chorus surrounding a leader, speaking in unison under his command. Only
1882:
Between 309 and 313 most of the claimants to the imperial office died or were killed in various civil wars. Constantine forced
Maximian's suicide in 310. Galerius died naturally in 311. Maxentius was defeated by Constantine at the
5771:, the sharing of imperial power, and the notion that an associate to the throne was the designated successor (possibly conflicting with the notion of hereditary claim by birth or adoption), was to reappear repeatedly.
1727:(which often happened). All members of the imperial college, on the other hand, were of essentially equal rank, despite two being senior emperors and two being junior; their functions and authorities were also equal.
8566:
5209:
1247:
in 312 left him in control of the western part of the empire, while Licinius was left in control of the east on the death of Maximinus Daza. Constantine and Licinius jointly recognized their sons β
2934:
1514:
The four tetrarchs based themselves not at Rome but in other cities closer to the frontiers, mainly intended as headquarters for the defence of the empire against bordering rivals (notably
4066:
3974:
8561:
6694:
1692:
Although power was shared in the tetrarchic system, the public image of the four members of the imperial college was carefully managed to give the appearance of a united empire (
8546:
6040:
5774:
The idea of the two halves, the east and the west, re-emerged and eventually resulted in the permanent de facto division into two separate Roman empires after the death of
1928:
1718:
One of the greatest problems facing emperors in the Third Century Crisis was that they were only ever able to personally command troops on one front at any one time. While
6322:
1103:
8541:
4467:, but this meant nothing given that he himself was declared an usurper. Galerius and Maximinus thus remained as the only "legimitate" members of the imperial college.
4459:
Severus was taken hostage by Maximian in April 307, but Galerius still acknowledged him as the official emperor of the west. Constantine was denied the promotion to
5195:
2962:
2927:
5744:
Although the tetrarchic system as such only lasted until 313, many aspects of it survived. The fourfold regional division of the empire continued in the form of
6581:
7123:
5778:; though, importantly, the Empire was never formally divided. The emperors of the eastern and western halves legally ruled as one imperial college until the
7165:
7153:
4887:
After the death of Galerius' (who died of natural causes), Licinius acquires parts of his domains, thus ruling over territories both in the East and West.
1637:
theater'. Each tetrarch was himself often in the field, while delegating most of the administration to the hierarchic bureaucracy headed by his respective
7212:
3307:
1879:), they both had to be recognised as Augusti in 309. However, four full Augusti all at odds with each other did not bode well for the tetrarchic system.
1263:
in March 317. Ultimately the tetrarchic system lasted until c. 324, when mutually destructive civil wars eliminated most of the claimants to power:
4463:
even after Severus' death in September, as Galerius had decided to exclude him from the system altogether. Maximian acknowledge Constantine's status as
1383:, a contemporary of Diocletian and a deep ideological opponent of the Diocletianic state, referred to the tetrarchs as a simple multiplicity of rulers.
1633:, in northern England near the Celtic tribes of modern Scotland and Ireland), were also significant centres for Maximian and Constantius respectively.
5236:
2920:
1548:
in Turkey), a base for defence against invasion from the Balkans and Persia's Sassanids was the capital of Diocletian, the eastern (and most senior)
8556:
8551:
7128:
4865:
4553:
4439:
4052:
3960:
8500:
7138:
8445:
7133:
6867:
6315:
1096:
700:
8415:
7240:
6767:
690:
8596:
8505:
8380:
7533:
5831:
4973:
4849:
4707:
4537:
4421:
68:
5202:
4320:
proclaimed himself emperor in Rome. Maximian also proclaimed himself emperor, ruling jointly with his son. Despite being accepted by the
1552:; in the final reorganisation by Constantine the Great, in 318, the equivalent of his domain, facing the most redoubtable foreign enemy,
1394:. It did not appear in the literature until used in 1887 by schoolmaster Hermann Schiller in a two-volume handbook on the Roman Empire (
8571:
7086:
4998:
861:
4952:
4828:
4237:
4082:
2778:
2007:
6757:
6274:
6253:
6232:
6211:
1828:
In 308 Galerius, together with the retired emperor Diocletian and the supposedly retired Maximian, called an imperial "conference" at
1225:
by his retired father in 306. Severus surrendered to Maximian and Maxentius in 307. Maxentius and Constantine were both recognized as
683:
666:
8586:
8425:
7185:
6752:
6747:
6723:
6574:
6354:
6308:
6166:
6145:
6058:
3917:
1089:
661:
90:
1154:
the following year; Maximian was to govern the western provinces and Diocletian would administer the eastern ones. The role of the
8440:
7113:
6762:
6689:
5779:
1303:
678:
6706:
6639:
5075:
4915:
4784:
4638:
671:
1852:. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper. This agreement proved disastrous: by 308 Maxentius had become
8536:
7460:
7385:
7143:
6190:
6116:
3631:
1706:
125:
5061:
4938:
4814:
4668:
4571:
4382:
1409:
1390:
pioneered the description of the Diocletianic government as a "New Empire", he never used the term "tetrarchy"; neither did
7956:
6534:
7796:
7400:
6852:
6567:
5732:
1884:
1367:
1244:
1076:
8495:
6224:
Diokletian und die Epoche der Tetrarchie: Das rΓΆmische Reich zwischen KrisenbewΓ€ltigung und Neuaufbau (284β313 n. Chr.)
1482:
In 305, the senior emperors jointly abdicated and retired, allowing Constantius and Galerius to be elevated in rank to
8531:
8420:
8179:
7235:
7118:
6664:
6376:
6102:
5107:
3888:
1761:
1697:
518:
6418:
61:
55:
1856:
ruler of Italy and Africa even without any imperial status, and neither Constantine nor Maximinusβwho had both been
8455:
8119:
8011:
7781:
7553:
7375:
7283:
7148:
7091:
6522:
874:
30:
This article is about the tetrarchy created by Diocletian. For the tetrarchy formed from the kingdom of Herod, see
2660:
1354:, is the most famous example of the antique tetrarchy. The term was understood in the Latin world as well, where
8475:
7568:
7523:
7450:
7370:
7318:
7308:
7260:
6607:
6424:
6406:
3314:
939:
641:
35:
6203:
Diocletian und die Erste Tetrarchie: Improvisation oder Experiment in der Organisation monarchischer Herrschaft?
72:
8076:
7986:
7495:
7475:
7470:
7455:
7408:
7348:
7303:
7105:
6448:
5701:
5681:
5602:
5133:
3798:
2746:
2458:
1491:
1252:
1201:
The orderly system of two senior and two junior rulers endured until Constantius died in July 306, and his son
543:
455:
5143:
8591:
8485:
8465:
8405:
8395:
8385:
7791:
7480:
7380:
7360:
7275:
7265:
6970:
6910:
6602:
5863:
4738:
4726:
3608:
1829:
1182:
in March 293. Diocletian and Maximian retired on 1 May 305, raising Galerius and Constantius to the rank of
977:
5726:
4752:
by his troops in about May 310. Galerius reluctantly agreed to recognize both Maximinus and Constantine as
1522:(mainly Germanic, and an unending sequence of nomadic or displaced tribes from the eastern steppes) at the
8490:
8480:
8430:
8410:
8224:
8199:
8164:
8046:
7771:
7418:
7180:
6711:
6540:
6400:
6344:
5298:
5265:
4133:
3014:
1723:
1342:, "leadership of four ") describes any form of government where power is divided among four individuals.
8460:
8390:
8214:
7966:
7766:
7761:
7558:
7465:
7390:
7353:
7338:
7313:
7293:
7195:
6498:
6492:
5745:
5654:
5621:
5607:
5573:
5508:
5445:
5068:
4945:
4821:
4674:
4577:
4388:
4113:
3995:
3583:
2875:
2693:
2642:
2544:
2369:
2100:
1798:
1370:
led by a single supreme leader. When later authors described the period, this is what they emphasized:
1302:
together, and the concept of the division of the empire under multiple joint emperors endured until the
1279:
1272:
1202:
527:
5166:
4267:
4155:
1510:
Map of the Empire under the Tetrarchy, showing the dioceses and the four tetrarchs' zones of influence.
138:
119:
8470:
8435:
8124:
8114:
7991:
7891:
7816:
7681:
7644:
7020:
6684:
6516:
6390:
6386:
5253:
5053:
5048:
4907:
4902:
4776:
4771:
4630:
4625:
4487:
4482:
4344:
4339:
4229:
4224:
4044:
4039:
3952:
3947:
1371:
1307:
619:
8400:
8249:
8051:
7921:
7871:
7190:
6787:
5627:
5419:
5379:
5359:
5150:
5018:
4603:
4294:
4244:
4088:
3298:
2812:
2758:
2470:
2266:
2178:
2076:
1989:
1745:
1175:
1159:
754:
487:
4308:. However, Constantius' troops immediately proclaimed Constantine, Constantius' son, as their new
8526:
8450:
8174:
7981:
7836:
7776:
7696:
7639:
7503:
6739:
6718:
6504:
5884:
5855:
5767:
5749:
5468:
4732:
4181:
3599:
1638:
1603:
1375:
1012:
651:
130:
31:
8089:
1867:
After an abortive attempt to placate both Constantine and Maximinus with the meaningless title
8581:
8576:
8084:
7936:
7691:
7651:
7629:
6837:
6460:
6295:
6270:
6249:
6228:
6207:
6186:
6162:
6141:
6112:
6054:
6036:
5823:
3913:
3555:
1563:
1347:
931:
924:
727:
6290:
8149:
8109:
8041:
7976:
7901:
7896:
7668:
7591:
7538:
7333:
7328:
7217:
7076:
7025:
6985:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6935:
6857:
6804:
6797:
6782:
6777:
6701:
6629:
6528:
6474:
6442:
6133:
6046:
5815:
5758:
5284:
5277:
5258:
4688:
4518:
4402:
4352:
4279:
3837:
3790:
3290:
3003:
2488:
1787:
1515:
1191:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1026:
855:
834:
779:
764:
759:
744:
628:
5756:, and often reappeared in the title of the military supra-provincial command assigned to a
8244:
8056:
8036:
7996:
7931:
7881:
7876:
7751:
7701:
7609:
7443:
7423:
7343:
6792:
6617:
6454:
6430:
6412:
5579:
5114:
5014:
4301:
3646:
3273:
2708:
1732:
1645:, the governors-general in charge of another, lasting new administrative level, the civil
1553:
1531:
1391:
1355:
1351:
769:
471:
1710:
shows the tetrarchs again with identical features and wearing the same military costume.
4798:
4652:
4502:
4366:
4251:
4094:
2260:
2122:
8299:
7941:
7676:
7624:
7596:
7543:
7528:
7508:
7323:
7298:
7255:
7245:
7071:
7045:
6975:
6960:
6925:
6885:
6646:
6176:
6106:
5840:
5665:
5638:
5521:
5433:
5292:
5271:
4959:
4834:
4694:
4524:
4408:
4285:
3811:
2784:
2556:
2363:
2345:
2238:
1779:
1654:
1450:
1331:
1283:
1195:
1058:
1005:
849:
824:
733:
581:
6156:
1797:
However, the system broke down very quickly thereafter. When Constantius died in 306,
1676:, Constantius, controlled Gaul and Britain. In the East, the arrangements between the
1127:
in 293 AD to govern the ancient Roman Empire by dividing it between two emperors, the
8520:
7831:
7801:
7716:
7250:
7227:
7040:
6895:
6880:
6827:
6634:
6468:
6331:
6001:
5753:
4167:
4125:
4007:
1888:
1766:
When in 305 the 20-year term of Diocletian and Maximian ended, both abdicated. Their
1669:
1646:
1476:
1424:
1387:
1121:
954:
804:
572:
431:
418:
374:
337:
283:
224:
207:
134:
1358:
glossed it as follows: "each is the equivalent of a kingdom, and also part of one" (
1282:'s emperors retained some aspects of collegiate rule; Constantine appointed his son
8309:
8169:
7614:
7563:
7518:
7513:
7365:
7175:
7061:
7005:
7000:
6890:
6772:
6656:
6590:
6349:
5888:
5775:
4321:
4139:
3539:
2574:
1665:
1556:, became the praetorian prefecture Oriens, 'the East', the core of later Byzantium.
1495:
867:
819:
789:
715:
590:
404:
370:
326:
279:
248:
6137:
6264:
6243:
6222:
6201:
6180:
6050:
8104:
7726:
7548:
7438:
6832:
6300:
6127:
5634:
5586:
5172:
4719:
4187:
4145:
3853:
2722:
1809:
while granting Constantine the position of caesar to Severus. At the same time,
1256:
910:
552:
451:
1298:
in 335, and the three surviving sons of Constantine in 337 were declared joint
17:
8329:
8269:
8234:
8026:
7961:
7951:
7846:
7731:
7619:
7202:
7170:
6915:
6842:
6674:
6669:
6371:
6182:
The Empire of the Tetrarchs, Imperial Pronouncements and Government AD 284β324
5800:
5450:
5414:
5331:
4359:
4273:
4073:
3981:
3324:
2987:
2835:
2618:
2495:
2333:
2294:
2194:
2155:
2049:
1934:
1860:
since 306 and 305 respectivelyβwere prepared to tolerate the promotion of the
1805:
by his father's troops; however, Galerius instead chose to promote Severus to
1615:
1589:
1459:
1428:
1403:
1380:
1124:
991:
721:
601:
437:
398:
260:
244:
193:
160:
4598:
At the council of Carnutum, Diocletian decides that Licinius will be the new
4312:. Galerius accepted Constantine as part of the imperial college, but only as
1614:, near the strategic Rhine border; it had been the capital of Gallic emperor
8359:
8354:
8314:
8239:
8209:
8189:
8066:
8006:
7916:
7866:
7861:
7786:
7746:
7634:
7604:
7413:
7288:
7081:
6940:
6819:
5709:
5501:
5474:
5405:
5315:
4979:
4855:
4713:
4543:
4427:
4317:
4119:
4001:
3563:
2863:
2581:
2532:
2414:
2210:
2088:
1810:
1567:
1541:
1519:
1506:
1415:
1295:
1214:
1033:
899:
881:
844:
385:
294:
1817:. By 308 there were therefore no fewer than four claimants to the rank of
1600:; his domain became "Italia et Africa", with only a short exterior border.
8319:
8304:
8294:
8279:
8194:
8184:
8154:
8144:
8139:
8129:
8031:
7946:
7826:
7811:
7741:
7721:
7711:
7706:
7686:
7485:
7066:
7030:
6920:
6847:
6679:
6381:
6158:
The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193β337
5836:
5808:
5804:
5792:
5705:
5685:
5551:
5516:
5484:
5478:
5427:
5409:
5364:
5353:
5324:
5081:
4921:
4871:
4805:
4790:
4659:
4644:
4587:
4559:
4509:
4445:
4373:
4258:
4161:
4100:
4059:
3967:
3824:
3616:
3261:
3035:
3027:
2887:
2851:
2823:
2667:
2630:
2607:
2521:
2430:
2399:
2317:
2305:
2226:
2166:
2129:
2064:
2013:
1977:
1962:
1833:
1821:(Galerius, Constantine, Maximian and Maxentius), and only one to that of
1741:
1719:
1626:
1622:
1575:
1545:
1472:
1445:
1291:
1264:
1230:
1171:
1167:
1143:
1135:
998:
888:
799:
710:
608:
356:
350:
313:
300:
266:
230:
211:
187:
175:
8339:
8334:
8324:
8289:
8284:
8274:
8219:
8204:
8021:
8016:
8001:
7971:
7926:
7906:
7886:
7841:
7573:
7428:
7207:
7015:
7010:
6900:
5866: β Problem arising when multiple people claim the title of emperor
5796:
5737:
5568:
5097:
2734:
2446:
1650:
1642:
1559:
1441:
1420:
1248:
1129:
984:
963:
814:
794:
459:
6559:
137:
of Constantinople after 1204, now standing at the southwest corner of
8349:
8229:
8159:
8099:
8094:
8061:
7821:
7806:
7756:
7736:
7158:
7035:
6930:
6291:
A detailed chronology of the tetrarchy from Diocletian to Constantine
5492:
3575:
1736:
1579:
1571:
1527:
1019:
809:
142:
1770:, Galerius and Constantius Chlorus, were both raised to the rank of
1744:, Maximian pacified the Gauls, and Diocletian crushed the revolt of
4175:
1427:, the tetrarchs offer sacrifice to celebrate a victory against the
8134:
7856:
7583:
6875:
5819:
1749:
1607:
1593:
1523:
1505:
1498:
in the east under Galeriusβthereby creating the second Tetrarchy.
1408:
8344:
7911:
7851:
7433:
6809:
4583:
1630:
1386:
Much modern scholarship was written without the term. Although
6563:
6304:
5025:
in 316 and 324 respectively (literary sources refer to them as
1887:
in 312 and subsequently killed. Maximinus committed suicide at
1402:". Even so, the term did not catch on in the literature until
6905:
5696:
5692:
5676:
5672:
5649:
5645:
5616:
5597:
5593:
5563:
5559:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5496:
5463:
5459:
5440:
5400:
5391:
5387:
5371:
5347:
5343:
5309:
5305:
4602:
of the west (although his western domains only consist of the
1653:, within each quarter (known as a praetorian prefecture), see
970:
917:
40:
1586:; this was to become the Balkans-Danube prefecture Illyricum.
1133:, and their junior colleagues and designated successors, the
6296:
A chart showing the tetrarchy from Diocletian to Constantine
5782:
left Byzantium, the "second Rome", as the sole direct heir.
6082:
6080:
6078:
6076:
1610:, in Germany) was the capital of Constantius, the western
1596:, near the Alps) was the capital of Maximian, the western
1794:
to Constantius). These four formed the second tetrarchy.
1444:("rule of two"), involved the designation of the general
8567:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
5984:
The chronology has been thoroughly established by Kolb,
6006:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1275:, leaving Constantine in control of the entire empire.
1454:(heir apparent) in 285, followed by his promotion to
5035:
4889:
4758:
4756:, thus breaking the Diocletian's tetrarchic system.
4612:
4469:
4326:
4211:
4026:
3934:
8368:
8262:
8075:
7667:
7660:
7582:
7494:
7399:
7274:
7226:
7104:
7054:
6993:
6984:
6866:
6818:
6738:
6655:
6616:
4024:are appointed in 293, thus starting the Tetrarchy.
1891:in 313 after being defeated in battle by Licinius.
1236:for the west in 308 and elevated Maximinus Daza to
504:
149:
105:
6037:"Imperial titles, AugustusβJustinian (Appendix 2)"
5814:The constellation of Jewish principalities in the
5013:, restoring a dynastic system. Licinius appointed
4324:, they were not recognized by the other emperors.
1360:regnorum instar singulae et in regna contribuuntur
5791:Tetrarchies in the ancient world existed in both
3912:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
1582:border) was the capital of Galerius, the eastern
27:Roman system of power division among four rulers
1649:. For a listing of the provinces, now known as
1229:by Maximian that same year. Galerius appointed
8562:States and territories established in the 290s
2963:Chronological scheme of the Tetrarchy, 286β324
1664:Maximian controlled the provinces west of the
1440:The first phase, sometimes referred to as the
6575:
6316:
5860:, a later document from the imperial chancery
5203:
2928:
1832:on the River Danube. The council agreed that
1618:. This quarter became the prefecture Galliae.
1097:
8:
6129:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
3910:The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine
1243:Constantine's victory over Maxentius at the
6132:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5895:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), 1.
5853:
5843:as a tetrarchy of two kings and two queens.
4606:). Constantine was given back the title of
389:as usurper in Rome (and Asia Minor 311β312)
8547:310s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
7664:
6990:
6622:
6582:
6568:
6560:
6366:
6323:
6309:
6301:
5210:
5196:
5188:
2935:
2921:
2913:
1698:the numerous civil wars of the 3rd century
1104:
1090:
538:
6269:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
1217:contested Severus' title, styled himself
91:Learn how and when to remove this message
5725:
5244:
1906:
1875:", essentially an alternative title for
1318:continued to be appointed sporadically.
54:This article includes a list of general
8542:290s establishments in the Roman Empire
6042:The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy
5925:
5876:
5033:); almost nothing is known about them.
4610:, which he continued to unacknowledge.
3881:
1696:). This was especially important after
946:
898:
833:
778:
743:
699:
650:
563:
541:
6086:
102:
5653:
4493:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3846:
3835:
3833:
3822:
3820:
3809:
3807:
3796:
3794:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3561:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3509:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3417:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3272:
3259:
3257:
3252:
3220:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3156:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3033:
3026:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3002:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2021:Marcus Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus
1840:in the West, with Constantine as his
1684:, Galerius, were much more flexible.
1213:by his father's army. Maximian's son
7:
6030:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6018:
6016:
6014:
5832:The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe
4316:. On 28 October 306, Maximian's son
1942:Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus
1625:, a port on the Adriatic coast, and
6245:Galerius and the Will of Diocletian
5752:and subdivided into administrative
5238:Simplified Family tree of Tetrarchs
2274:Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius
1801:, Constantius' son, was proclaimed
1544:in northwestern Asia Minor (modern
1537:The four tetrarchic capitals were:
1534:, later copied in Constantinople).
1494:in the west under Constantius, and
1396:Geschichte der RΓΆmischen Kaiserzeit
6242:Leadbetter, William Lewis (2009).
5748:, each of which was overseen by a
4297:(who died of natural causes), the
2686:11 November 308 β 19 September 324
2587:Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius
2234:for the West, 11 November 308β311)
2135:Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus
60:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
6206:(in German). Berlin: de Gruyter.
4197:After the retirement of the two a
2638:, 11 November 308β28 October 312)
1844:. In the East, Galerius remained
1486:. They in turn appointed two new
1350:, established after the death of
6541:Emperors/Despots of Thessalonica
6523:Eastern Roman/Byzantine emperors
5780:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
5165:
5142:
5126:
5106:
5090:
5074:
5060:
4972:
4951:
4937:
4914:
4864:
4848:
4827:
4813:
4797:
4783:
4725:
4706:
4687:
4667:
4651:
4637:
4570:
4552:
4536:
4517:
4501:
4438:
4420:
4401:
4381:
4365:
4351:
4278:
4266:
4250:
4236:
4174:
4154:
4132:
4112:
4093:
4081:
4065:
4051:
3994:
3973:
3959:
2777:
2689:(15 years, 10 months and 8 days)
2659:
2573:
2487:
2362:
2259:
2121:
2041:28 October 306 β 11 November 308
2006:
1958:(20 years, 5 months and 11 days)
1927:
1304:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
551:
118:
45:
8557:4th century in the Roman Empire
8552:3rd century in the Roman Empire
6248:. London; New York: Routledge.
5807:) as well as among the British
2600:28 October 306 β 28 October 312
2393:(18 years, 1 month and 25 days;
2037:(19 years and 1 month; retired)
304:as usurpers in Italy and Africa
198:as Augusti of the West and East
6161:. Cambridge University Press.
5822:was known as a tetrarchy; see
5043:August 313 β 18 September 324
2390:25 July 306 β 18 September 324
2290:(1 year, 2 months and 24 days)
1707:Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs
1400:die diokletianische Tetrarchie
126:Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs
1:
6138:10.4159/harvard.9780674280670
4877:
4477:September 307 β November 308
2650:, 25 July 306β28 October 312)
2377:Flavius Valerius Constantinus
1672:, and within that region his
1366:Diocletianic tetrarchy was a
1120:was the system instituted by
7154:Frontiers and fortifications
6266:Diocletian and the Tetrarchy
6111:. Harvard University Press.
6051:10.1017/cbo9781139020442.007
5913:Nominal emperor of the West.
5904:Nominal emperor of the West.
5733:battle of the Milvian Bridge
5219:Chronological scheme of the
5009:appointed their own sons as
4334:25 July 306 β September 307
4205:succeeded them, and two new
2783:
2673:Valerius Licinianus Licinius
2665:
2579:
2493:
2368:
2361:
2265:
2218:, 28 October 306; junior co-
2127:
2012:
1933:
1885:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
1864:Licinius as their superior.
1374:had Constantius II admonish
1245:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
8597:Crisis of the Third Century
7213:Decorations and punishments
6377:Crisis of the Third Century
6227:. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
6185:. Oxford University Press.
6126:Barnes, Timothy D. (1982).
5765:The pre-existing notion of
5029:, but coins bear the title
5005:. In the ensuing war, both
2792:Galerius Valerius Maximinus
2718:, October 316βFebruary 317)
1955:20 November 284 β 1 May 305
1848:and Maximinus remained his
1762:Civil wars of the Tetrarchy
1641:, each supervising several
1205:was unilaterally acclaimed
1142:Initially Diocletian chose
519:Crisis of the Third Century
442:as Augusti of West and East
409:as Augusti of West and East
361:as Augusti of West and East
270:as Augusti of West and East
235:as Augusti of West and East
133:sculptures looted from the
8613:
8572:Constitutional state types
8120:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
6695:historiography of the fall
6035:Cooley, Alison E. (2012).
5945:Amm. Marc. 14.11.10; Jul.
5395:
4620:11 November 308 β May 310
4293:After the sudden death of
3942:1 April 286 β 1 March 293
2944:Simplified family tree of
2705:, 310β316; rival, 316β324)
2442:, 310β316; rival, 316β324)
2250:, 1 May 310βearly May 311)
1759:
1166:was akin to Jupiter's son
1150:in 285, raising him to co-
29:
8501:External wars and battles
6625:
6598:
6364:
6339:
6221:Kuhoff, Wolfgang (2001).
5932:Qtd. and tr. Leadbetter,
5795:(in northern Greece) and
5664:
5601:
5585:
5549:
5536:
5527:
5514:
5507:
5505:
5444:
5432:
5425:
5404:
5375:
5363:
5358:
5338:
5329:
5322:
5257:
5252:
5249:
5161:
5052:
5047:
5038:
4989:
4966:
4927:
4906:
4901:
4892:
4842:
4775:
4770:
4761:
4748:Maximinus was proclaimed
4700:
4629:
4624:
4615:
4592:
4530:
4486:
4481:
4474:Galerius as sole Augustus
4472:
4414:
4343:
4338:
4329:
4228:
4223:
4214:
4106:
4043:
4038:
4029:
4013:
3988:
3951:
3946:
3937:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3745:
3743:
3731:
3729:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3691:
3689:
3612:
3579:
3559:
3531:
3529:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3507:
3499:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3451:
3449:
3437:
3435:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3395:
3393:
3381:
3379:
3367:
3365:
3353:
3351:
3315:Flavia Maximiana Theodora
3311:
3294:
3283:
3281:
3270:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3218:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3190:
3188:
3180:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3118:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3084:
3082:
3031:
3024:
3000:
2174:, 21 March 293β1 May 305)
2163:, 21 March 293β1 May 305)
1735:in 296, Galerius crushed
1467:(one responsible to each
1448:as co-emperorβfirstly as
1335:
940:Senatus consultum ultimum
835:Extraordinary magistrates
509:
154:
117:
110:
36:Tetrarch (disambiguation)
8587:290s in the Roman Empire
6108:Constantine and Eusebius
5887:translates the term as "
4219:1 May 305 β 25 July 306
4034:1 March 293 β 1 May 305
2859:, late 306βNovember 308)
2831:, 1 May 305β25 July 311)
2820:, 1 May 305β25 July 306)
2529:, 25 July 306βApril 307)
2501:Flavius Valerius Severus
2353:, 1 May 305β25 July 306)
2329:, 1 May 305β25 July 306)
2313:, 1 April 286β1 May 305)
2302:, 1 March 293β1 May 305)
2190:, 1 May 305β25 July 306)
544:Politics of ancient Rome
423:self-proclaimed Augustus
342:self-proclaimed Augustus
106:Roman imperial dynasties
8496:RomanβIranian relations
6971:Optimates and populares
6403:(27 BCβAD 68)
6004:(1776). "Chapter XIV".
5893:Constantine the Emperor
5864:Problem of two emperors
3609:Flavia Julia Constantia
2626:, August 306βApril 307)
2514:25 July 306 β April 307
2287:1 May 305 β 25 July 306
2206:, August 306βApril 307)
2034:1 April 286 β 1 May 305
1413:On the reverse of this
75:more precise citations.
8506:Civil wars and revolts
7772:Sextus Pompeius Festus
7419:Conflict of the Orders
6778:Legislative assemblies
6517:Western Roman emperors
6449:Year of the 6 Emperors
6425:Year of the 5 Emperors
6419:NervaβAntonine dynasty
6407:Year of the 4 Emperors
6401:Julio-Claudian dynasty
6345:List of Roman emperors
5854:
5746:Praetorian prefectures
5741:
4986:(until 28 October 312)
3015:Afranius Hannibalianus
2564:, 1 May 305βApril 307)
2341:, 1 May 305 βJuly 306)
1511:
1432:
1294:in 333 and his nephew
1190:were in turn taken by
701:Political institutions
34:. For other uses, see
8537:313 disestablishments
8215:Simplicius of Cilicia
7967:Quintus Curtius Rufus
7196:Siege in Ancient Rome
6805:Executive magistrates
6535:Emperors of Trebizond
6499:Valentinianic dynasty
6493:Constantinian dynasty
6155:Bowman, Alan (1939).
5729:
4897:May 311 β August 313
4452:(from 28 October 306)
4434:(from 28 October 306)
3308:Constantinian Dynasty
2768:, JulyβSeptember 324)
2395:sole emperor 324β337)
2044:(2 years and 14 days)
1694:patrimonium indivisum
1509:
1412:
1280:Constantinian dynasty
1273:Battle of Chrysopolis
528:Constantinian dynasty
8225:Stephanus Byzantinus
8130:Eusebius of Caesaria
7992:Sidonius Apollinaris
7682:Ammianus Marcellinus
7021:Tribune of the plebs
6391:Eastern Roman Empire
6387:Western Roman Empire
6263:Rees, Roger (2004).
6200:Kolb, Frank (2011).
6045:. pp. 488β509.
5661:(Sole Roman Emperor)
5259:Eastern Roman Empire
5254:Western Roman Empire
5069:Constantine Augustus
5054:Eastern Roman Empire
5049:Western Roman Empire
4946:Constantine Augustus
4908:Eastern Roman Empire
4903:Western Roman Empire
4894:Tetrarchy of Augusti
4822:Constantine Augustus
4777:Eastern Roman Empire
4772:Western Roman Empire
4763:Tetrarchy of Augusti
4631:Eastern Roman Empire
4626:Western Roman Empire
4488:Eastern Roman Empire
4483:Western Roman Empire
4345:Eastern Roman Empire
4340:Western Roman Empire
4245:Constantius Augustus
4230:Eastern Roman Empire
4225:Western Roman Empire
4045:Eastern Roman Empire
4040:Western Roman Empire
3953:Eastern Roman Empire
3948:Western Roman Empire
2764:(designated Western
2714:(designated Western
2222:, April 307βMay 311)
2151:(6 years and 4 days)
2148:1 May 305β 5 May 311
1502:Regions and capitals
1308:Eastern Roman Empire
1290:in 324, followed by
1221:, and was appointed
780:Ordinary magistrates
493:Augustus of the West
477:Augustus of the West
8401:Distinguished women
8052:Velleius Paterculus
7892:Nicolaus Damascenus
7872:Marcellus Empiricus
7261:Republican currency
5731:Constantine at the
5246:
5185:Chronological table
4984:In Italy and Africa
4860:In Italy and Africa
4604:Diocese of Pannonia
4564:in Italy and Africa
4548:in Italy and Africa
4450:in Italy and Africa
4432:in Italy and Africa
4295:Constantius Chlorus
4074:Diocletian Augustus
3982:Diocletian Augustus
3908:Barnes, Timothy D.
3799:Constantine II
2325:, 21 March 293; co-
1680:Diocletian and his
1348:tetrarchy of Judaea
8532:293 establishments
8175:Phlegon of Tralles
7982:Seneca the Younger
7456:Naming conventions
7186:Personal equipment
6719:Later Roman Empire
6529:Emperors of Nicaea
6505:Theodosian dynasty
6475:Britannic emperors
6103:Barnes, Timothy D.
5856:Notitia dignitatum
5768:consortium imperii
5750:praetorian prefect
5742:
5245:
5151:Martinian Augustus
5134:Constantine Caesar
4960:Maximinus Augustus
4836:Maximinus Augustus
4766:May 310 β May 311
4733:Domitius Alexander
4675:Constantine Caesar
4389:Constantine Caesar
4089:Constantius Caesar
3600:Julius Constantius
2754:, 1 March 317β324)
2742:, 1 March 317β324)
2730:, 1 March 317β324)
2466:, 1 March 317β324)
2454:, 1 March 317β324)
2186:, 1 March 293; co-
2108:, 25 July 306; co-
2057:, 21 July 285; co-
1970:, 21 July 285; co-
1825:(Maximinus Daza).
1714:Military successes
1639:praetorian prefect
1604:Augusta Treverorum
1512:
1433:
1186:. Their places as
1013:Triumvir monetalis
947:Titles and honours
284:Constantine I
208:Constantius I
139:St Mark's Basilica
32:Herodian Tetrarchy
8514:
8513:
8476:Pontifices maximi
8258:
8257:
8115:Diogenes LaΓ«rtius
7937:Pliny the Younger
7692:Asconius Pedianus
7652:Romance languages
7524:Civil engineering
7266:Imperial currency
7139:Political control
7100:
7099:
6734:
6733:
6557:
6556:
6552:
6551:
6461:Illyrian emperors
6443:Barracks emperors
6089:, pp. 30β33.
5824:Tetrarchy (Judea)
5719:
5718:
5715:
5714:
5182:
5181:
5083:Licinius Augustus
4994:
4993:
4923:Licinius Augustus
4885:
4884:
4806:Galerius Augustus
4792:Licinius Augustus
4746:
4745:
4660:Galerius Augustus
4646:Licinius Augustus
4596:
4595:
4510:Galerius Augustus
4457:
4456:
4374:Galerius Augustus
4304:succeeded him as
4291:
4290:
4259:Galerius Augustus
4195:
4194:
4060:Maximian Augustus
4018:
4017:
3968:Maximian Augustus
3931:Detailed timeline
3925:
3924:
3863:
3862:
3556:Valeria Maximilla
3540:Maximinus II
2968:
2907:
2906:
2900:
2895:, 308β313; rival
2884:
2872:
2860:
2848:
2832:
2821:
2809:
2805:310 β c. July 313
2793:
2769:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2719:
2706:
2690:
2674:
2651:
2639:
2627:
2616:
2604:
2588:
2565:
2553:
2541:
2540:, 28 October 306)
2530:
2518:
2502:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2427:
2412:
2396:
2378:
2354:
2342:
2330:
2314:
2303:
2291:
2275:
2251:
2235:
2223:
2207:
2191:
2175:
2164:
2152:
2136:
2113:
2097:
2085:
2073:
2062:
2045:
2038:
2022:
1998:
1986:
1975:
1959:
1943:
1786:to Galerius) and
1660:In the West, the
1570:region of modern
1564:Sremska Mitrovica
1406:used it in 1897.
1271:after losing the
1219:princeps invictus
1114:
1113:
932:Quaestio perpetua
925:Senatus consultum
728:Roman citizenship
537:
536:
533:
532:
500:
499:
249:Maximinus II
210: &
101:
100:
93:
16:(Redirected from
8604:
8466:Magistri equitum
8381:Cities and towns
8374:
8300:Constantinopolis
8110:Diodorus Siculus
8042:Valerius Maximus
7977:Seneca the Elder
7897:Nonius Marcellus
7665:
7218:Hippika gymnasia
7181:Infantry tactics
7087:Consular tribune
7077:Magister equitum
7026:Military tribune
6991:
6951:Pontifex maximus
6946:Princeps senatus
6936:Magister militum
6702:Byzantine Empire
6623:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6367:
6325:
6318:
6311:
6302:
6280:
6259:
6238:
6217:
6196:
6172:
6151:
6122:
6090:
6084:
6071:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6032:
6009:
5999:
5993:
5982:
5976:
5969:
5963:
5956:
5950:
5943:
5937:
5930:
5914:
5911:
5905:
5902:
5896:
5881:
5859:
5816:Herodian kingdom
5759:magister militum
5740:, Vatican Rooms.
5247:
5212:
5205:
5198:
5189:
5178:
5169:
5157:
5146:
5139:
5130:
5121:
5110:
5103:
5094:
5078:
5064:
5036:
4987:
4976:
4955:
4941:
4918:
4890:
4881:
4879:
4868:
4861:
4852:
4831:
4817:
4801:
4787:
4759:
4742:
4729:
4722:
4710:
4695:Maximinus Caesar
4691:
4684:
4671:
4655:
4641:
4617:Fourth Tetrarchy
4613:
4590:
4574:
4565:
4556:
4549:
4540:
4525:Maximinus Caesar
4521:
4505:
4470:
4453:
4442:
4435:
4424:
4409:Maximinus Caesar
4405:
4398:
4385:
4369:
4360:Severus Augustus
4355:
4327:
4286:Maximinus Caesar
4282:
4270:
4254:
4240:
4216:Second Tetrarchy
4212:
4209:were appointed.
4191:
4178:
4171:
4158:
4149:
4136:
4129:
4116:
4097:
4085:
4069:
4055:
4027:
4011:
3998:
3977:
3963:
3935:
3896:
3886:
3791:Valerius Romulus
2971:
2970:
2957:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2914:
2890:
2878:
2866:
2854:
2838:
2826:
2815:
2807:
2791:
2781:
2763:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2713:
2696:
2688:
2672:
2663:
2645:
2633:
2621:
2610:
2602:
2586:
2577:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2524:
2516:
2500:
2491:
2473:
2461:
2449:
2433:
2417:
2402:
2392:
2376:
2366:
2348:
2336:
2320:
2308:
2297:
2289:
2273:
2263:
2246:, 1 May 305; co-
2241:
2229:
2213:
2202:, 1 May 305; co-
2197:
2181:
2169:
2158:
2150:
2134:
2125:
2103:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2020:
2010:
1992:
1980:
1965:
1957:
1948:Whole, then East
1941:
1931:
1907:
1788:Valerius Severus
1778:were appointed:
1516:Sassanian Persia
1337:
1192:Valerius Severus
1106:
1099:
1092:
1048:Pontifex maximus
1041:Princeps senatus
1027:Magister militum
862:Consular tribune
856:Magister equitum
684:Augustan reforms
555:
539:
511:
510:
169:
156:
155:
122:
103:
96:
89:
85:
82:
76:
71:this article by
62:inline citations
49:
48:
41:
21:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8605:
8603:
8602:
8601:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8372:
8370:
8364:
8254:
8090:AΓ«tius of Amida
8071:
8057:Verrius Flaccus
8037:Valerius Antias
7997:Silius Italicus
7932:Pliny the Elder
7877:Marcus Aurelius
7752:Cornelius Nepos
7702:Aurelius Victor
7656:
7578:
7490:
7424:Secessio plebis
7395:
7270:
7222:
7096:
7050:
6980:
6862:
6814:
6730:
6651:
6612:
6594:
6588:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6510:
6480:
6469:Gallic emperors
6455:Gordian dynasty
6436:
6431:Severan dynasty
6413:Flavian dynasty
6360:
6359:
6335:
6329:
6287:
6277:
6262:
6256:
6241:
6235:
6220:
6214:
6199:
6193:
6177:Corcoran, Simon
6175:
6169:
6154:
6148:
6125:
6119:
6101:
6098:
6093:
6085:
6074:
6065:
6063:
6061:
6034:
6033:
6012:
6000:
5996:
5983:
5979:
5970:
5966:
5957:
5953:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5903:
5899:
5882:
5878:
5873:
5850:
5788:
5724:
5708:
5704:
5684:
5659:
5637:
5626:
5578:
5520:
5477:
5473:
5408:
5227:
5216:
5187:
5176:
5175:
5173:Licinius Caesar
5155:
5154:
5137:
5136:
5119:
5118:
5115:Valens Augustus
5101:
5100:
5042:
5041:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4874:
4859:
4858:
4765:
4764:
4736:
4735:
4717:
4716:
4678:
4677:
4619:
4618:
4581:
4580:
4563:
4562:
4547:
4546:
4476:
4475:
4451:
4449:
4448:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4392:
4391:
4333:
4332:
4331:Third Tetrarchy
4302:Flavius Severus
4218:
4217:
4185:
4184:
4165:
4164:
4143:
4142:
4123:
4122:
4101:Galerius Caesar
4033:
4032:
4031:First Tetrarchy
4005:
4004:
3941:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3900:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3856:
3843:
3841:
3830:
3828:
3817:
3815:
3804:
3802:
3652:
3651:Western Emperor
3650:
3637:
3636:Western Emperor
3635:
3622:
3621:Eastern Emperor
3620:
3617:Licinius I
3602:
3589:
3587:
3569:
3568:Western Emperor
3567:
3545:
3544:Eastern Emperor
3543:
3330:
3329:Western Emperor
3328:
3306:
3304:
3303:Western Emperor
3302:
3274:Galeria Valeria
3267:
3266:Eastern Emperor
3265:
3254:
3045:
3044:Western Emperor
3043:
3039:
3021:
3017:
2997:
2996:Western Emperor
2995:
2991:
2951:
2941:
2912:
2806:
2790:
2687:
2679:West, then East
2671:
2601:
2585:
2515:
2499:
2394:
2391:
2375:
2288:
2272:
2149:
2133:
2072:, 21 March 293)
2042:
2035:
2019:
1956:
1940:
1905:
1764:
1758:
1716:
1690:
1554:Sassanid Persia
1532:praefectus urbi
1504:
1438:
1392:Theodor Mommsen
1356:Pliny the Elder
1352:Herod the Great
1324:
1178:were appointed
1158:was likened to
1110:
1081:
1077:Other countries
1068:
937:
894:
829:
774:
739:
695:
672:Sullan republic
637:
633:
624:
615:
611:
604:
594:
585:
576:
546:
526:
517:
492:
476:
472:Valerius Valens
441:
422:
408:
360:
341:
251:
234:
214:
197:
167:
145:
97:
86:
80:
77:
67:Please help to
66:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:First Tetrarchy
15:
12:
11:
5:
8610:
8608:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8592:Roman emperors
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8519:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8509:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8377:
8375:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8307:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8266:
8264:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8081:
8079:
8073:
8072:
8070:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7944:
7942:Pomponius Mela
7939:
7934:
7929:
7924:
7919:
7914:
7909:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7677:Aelius Donatus
7673:
7671:
7662:
7658:
7657:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7648:
7647:
7645:Ecclesiastical
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7498:
7492:
7491:
7489:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7447:
7446:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7405:
7403:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7386:Toys and games
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7357:
7356:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7278:
7272:
7271:
7269:
7268:
7263:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7232:
7230:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7199:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7110:
7108:
7102:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7058:
7056:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7018:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6997:
6995:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6926:Vigintisexviri
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6886:Cursus honorum
6883:
6878:
6872:
6870:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6824:
6822:
6816:
6815:
6813:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6727:
6726:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6709:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6685:Western Empire
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6661:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6632:
6626:
6620:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6610:
6605:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6589:
6587:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6545:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6520:
6513:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6502:
6496:
6490:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6472:
6466:
6465:
6464:
6458:
6452:
6439:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6428:
6422:
6416:
6410:
6404:
6397:
6394:
6393:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6341:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:by time period
6332:Roman emperors
6330:
6328:
6327:
6320:
6313:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6293:
6286:
6285:External links
6283:
6282:
6281:
6276:978-0748616602
6275:
6260:
6255:978-1135261320
6254:
6239:
6234:978-3631367926
6233:
6218:
6213:978-3110846508
6212:
6197:
6191:
6173:
6167:
6152:
6146:
6123:
6117:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6091:
6072:
6059:
6010:
6002:Gibbon, Edward
5994:
5988:, and Kuhoff,
5977:
5964:
5951:
5938:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5906:
5897:
5891:". See idem.,
5875:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5868:
5867:
5861:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5839:siblings rule
5827:
5812:
5787:
5786:Other examples
5784:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5702:Constantine II
5699:
5689:
5688:
5682:Constantine II
5679:
5669:
5668:
5666:Constantius II
5663:
5652:
5642:
5641:
5639:Constantius II
5632:
5619:
5613:
5612:
5605:
5603:Constantine II
5600:
5590:
5589:
5584:
5571:
5566:
5556:
5555:
5548:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5513:
5506:
5504:
5499:
5489:
5488:
5481:
5466:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5384:
5383:
5376:
5374:
5368:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5350:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5319:
5312:
5302:
5301:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5229:
5228:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5147:
5140:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5111:
5104:
5098:Crispus Caesar
5095:
5087:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5039:
4992:
4991:
4988:
4977:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4911:
4910:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4883:
4882:
4869:
4862:
4853:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4780:
4779:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4744:
4743:
4730:
4723:
4711:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4685:
4672:
4664:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4621:
4616:
4594:
4593:
4591:
4575:
4567:
4566:
4557:
4550:
4541:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4514:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4455:
4454:
4443:
4436:
4425:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4399:
4386:
4378:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4276:
4274:Severus Caesar
4271:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4201:both previous
4193:
4192:
4179:
4172:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4137:
4130:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4091:
4086:
4078:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4016:
4015:
4012:
3999:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3898:
3897:
3889:Timothy Barnes
3880:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3834:
3832:
3821:
3819:
3812:Constantius II
3808:
3806:
3795:
3793:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3628:
3626:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3271:
3269:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3032:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2953:
2952:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2810:
2803:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2747:Constantine II
2701:, 308β310; co-
2691:
2684:
2664:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2605:
2598:
2578:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2519:
2512:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2459:Constantine II
2438:, 308β310; co-
2422:, 306β307; co-
2407:, 306β307; co-
2397:
2388:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2292:
2285:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2153:
2146:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2084:, 1 March 293)
2047:
2032:
2011:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1997:, 1 March 293)
1985:, 1 March 293)
1960:
1953:
1932:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1901:
1869:filius augusti
1780:Maximinus Daza
1774:, and two new
1760:Main article:
1757:
1754:
1715:
1712:
1689:
1686:
1655:Roman province
1620:
1619:
1601:
1587:
1557:
1503:
1500:
1437:
1434:
1323:
1320:
1284:Constantius II
1253:Constantine II
1196:Maximinus Daza
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1006:Vigintisexviri
1002:
995:
988:
981:
974:
967:
959:
958:
957:
949:
948:
944:
943:
936:
935:
928:
921:
914:
906:
903:
902:
896:
895:
893:
892:
885:
878:
871:
864:
859:
852:
847:
841:
838:
837:
831:
830:
828:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
786:
783:
782:
776:
775:
773:
772:
767:
762:
757:
751:
748:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
734:Cursus honorum
730:
725:
718:
713:
707:
704:
703:
697:
696:
694:
693:
688:
687:
686:
676:
675:
674:
664:
658:
655:
654:
648:
647:
646:
645:
636:
635:
626:
616:
614:
613:
606:
605:27 BC β AD 284
598:
597:
596:
595:27 BC β AD 395
587:
582:Roman Republic
578:
566:
565:
561:
560:
557:
556:
548:
547:
542:
535:
534:
531:
530:
521:
507:
506:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
482:
481:
478:
466:
465:
463:
456:Constantine II
447:
446:
443:
427:
426:
424:
414:
413:
410:
394:
393:
390:
381:
380:
378:
366:
365:
362:
346:
345:
343:
333:
332:
330:
322:
321:
318:
309:
308:
305:
290:
289:
287:
275:
274:
271:
256:
255:
253:
240:
239:
236:
220:
219:
216:
203:
202:
199:
183:
182:
179:
171:
170:
165:
152:
151:
147:
146:
123:
115:
114:
108:
107:
99:
98:
53:
51:
44:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8609:
8598:
8595:
8593:
8590:
8588:
8585:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8524:
8522:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8367:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8261:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8181:
8178:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7938:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7928:
7925:
7923:
7920:
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7908:
7905:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7893:
7890:
7888:
7885:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7832:Julius Paulus
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7767:Fabius Pictor
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7683:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7659:
7653:
7650:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7504:Amphitheatres
7502:
7501:
7499:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7355:
7352:
7351:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7241:Deforestation
7239:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7231:
7229:
7225:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7191:Siege engines
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7124:Establishment
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:Extraordinary
7053:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:Promagistrate
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7022:
7019:
7017:
7014:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6884:
6882:
6879:
6877:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Twelve Tables
6826:
6825:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6794:
6791:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6737:
6725:
6722:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6615:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6402:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6333:
6326:
6321:
6319:
6314:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6284:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6261:
6257:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6240:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6168:9780521044943
6164:
6160:
6159:
6153:
6149:
6147:0-674-28066-0
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6114:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6088:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6073:
6062:
6060:9780521840262
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6031:
6029:
6027:
6025:
6023:
6021:
6019:
6017:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5987:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5968:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5948:
5942:
5939:
5935:
5929:
5926:
5920:
5910:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5880:
5877:
5870:
5865:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5851:
5847:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5829:In the novel
5828:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5777:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5721:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5656:Constantine I
5651:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:Constantine I
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5609:Constantine I
5606:
5604:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5588:
5583:
5582:
5577:
5576:
5575:Constantine I
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5512:
5511:
5510:Constantine I
5503:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5449:
5447:
5446:Constantine I
5442:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5430:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5421:Constantius I
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5407:
5402:
5399:
5398:
5393:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5361:
5360:Constantius I
5356:
5355:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5294:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5248:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5213:
5208:
5206:
5201:
5199:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5184:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5089:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5046:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4917:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4891:
4888:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4830:
4826:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4794:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4751:
4740:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4724:
4721:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4679:(self-styled
4676:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4589:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4551:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4516:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4492:
4489:
4484:
4480:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4429:
4426:
4423:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:(self-styled
4390:
4387:
4384:
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4287:
4284:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4189:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4037:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4009:
4003:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3936:
3930:
3928:
3919:
3918:0-7837-2221-4
3915:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3903:Bibliography:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3871:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3855:
3840:
3839:
3827:
3826:
3814:
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3800:
3792:
3772:
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3719:
3711:
3709:
3701:
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3670:
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3663:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3648:
3634:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3601:
3588:Roman Emperor
3586:
3585:
3584:Constantine I
3577:
3566:
3565:
3557:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3495:
3471:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3459:
3432:
3429:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3403:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3300:
3299:Constantius I
3292:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3248:
3234:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3204:
3202:
3168:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3094:
3092:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3005:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2972:
2969:
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2955:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2877:
2876:Constantine I
2873:
2870:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2843:, 1 May 305;
2842:
2837:
2833:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2813:Constantius I
2811:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2694:Constantine I
2692:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2669:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2644:
2643:Constantine I
2640:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2609:
2606:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2572:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2545:Constantine I
2542:
2539:
2534:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2371:Constantine I
2365:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2268:Constantius I
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2179:Constantius I
2176:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2101:Constantine I
2098:
2095:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2077:Constantius I
2074:
2071:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1990:Constantius I
1987:
1984:
1979:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1961:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:("son of the
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1836:would become
1835:
1831:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
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1777:
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1769:
1763:
1755:
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1728:
1725:
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1663:
1658:
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1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
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1569:
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1538:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1478:
1477:Constantius I
1474:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1425:Constantius I
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:Edward Gibbon
1384:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1319:
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1313:
1309:
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1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:Roman emperor
1119:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
993:
989:
987:
986:
982:
980:
979:
975:
973:
972:
968:
966:
965:
961:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
950:
945:
942:
941:
934:
933:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
919:
915:
913:
912:
908:
907:
905:
904:
901:
897:
891:
890:
886:
884:
883:
879:
877:
876:
872:
870:
869:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
842:
840:
839:
836:
832:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:Promagistrate
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
785:
784:
781:
777:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
750:
749:
746:
742:
736:
735:
731:
729:
726:
724:
723:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
706:
705:
702:
698:
692:
689:
685:
682:
681:
680:
677:
673:
670:
669:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
657:
656:
653:
649:
644:
643:
639:
638:
632:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
617:
610:
607:
603:
600:
599:
593:
592:
588:
584:
583:
579:
575:
574:
573:Roman Kingdom
570:
569:
568:
567:
562:
559:
558:
554:
550:
549:
545:
540:
529:
525:
522:
520:
516:
513:
512:
508:
503:
495:
490:
489:
484:
483:
479:
474:
473:
468:
467:
464:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
444:
440:
439:
434:
433:
432:Constantine I
429:
428:
425:
420:
419:Constantine I
416:
415:
411:
407:
406:
401:
400:
396:
395:
391:
388:
387:
383:
382:
379:
376:
375:Constantine I
372:
368:
367:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
348:
347:
344:
339:
338:Constantine I
335:
334:
331:
328:
324:
323:
319:
316:
315:
311:
310:
306:
303:
302:
297:
296:
292:
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
276:
272:
269:
268:
263:
262:
258:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
241:
237:
233:
232:
227:
226:
225:Constantius I
222:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:
200:
196:
195:
190:
189:
185:
184:
180:
177:
173:
172:
166:
163:
162:
158:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
135:Philadelphion
132:
128:
127:
121:
116:
113:
112:The Tetrarchy
109:
104:
95:
92:
84:
74:
70:
64:
63:
57:
52:
43:
42:
37:
33:
19:
8446:Institutions
8310:Leptis Magna
8263:Major cities
8170:Philostratus
7957:Quadrigarius
7777:Rufus Festus
7640:Contemporary
7361:Romanization
7284:Architecture
6965:
6891:Collegiality
6740:Constitution
6591:Ancient Rome
6486:
6350:Roman Empire
6265:
6244:
6223:
6202:
6181:
6157:
6128:
6107:
6064:. Retrieved
6041:
6005:
5997:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5972:
5971:Leadbetter,
5967:
5959:
5958:Leadbetter,
5954:
5946:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5909:
5900:
5892:
5889:gang of four
5885:David Potter
5879:
5830:
5803:; including
5799:(in central
5776:Theodosius I
5773:
5766:
5764:
5757:
5743:
5736:, fresco by
5730:
5660:
5655:
5628:
5622:
5608:
5580:
5574:
5550:
5523:Maximinus II
5522:
5515:
5509:
5483:
5469:
5451:
5434:Maximinus II
5426:
5420:
5380:Domitian III
5378:
5352:
5330:
5323:
5314:
5291:
5285:
5278:
5270:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5149:
5113:
5082:
5067:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4995:
4958:
4944:
4929:
4922:
4886:
4835:
4820:
4804:
4791:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4680:
4658:
4645:
4607:
4599:
4597:
4508:
4495:
4464:
4460:
4458:
4394:
4372:
4358:
4322:Roman Senate
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4292:
4257:
4243:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4196:
4140:Domitian III
4072:
4058:
4021:
4019:
3980:
3966:
3926:
3909:
3902:
3901:
3892:
3884:
3874:
3873:
3836:
3823:
3810:
3797:
3645:
3630:
3615:
3582:
3562:
3538:
3323:
3297:
3260:
3040:
3034:
3018:
2992:
2986:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2847:25 July 306)
2844:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2817:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2786:Maximinus II
2785:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2666:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2580:
2561:
2557:Maximinus II
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2404:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2370:
2350:
2346:Maximinus II
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2247:
2243:
2239:Maximinus II
2237:
2231:
2230:(designated
2225:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2171:
2165:
2160:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2128:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2061:, 1 May 305)
2058:
2054:
2040:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1974:, 1 May 305)
1971:
1967:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1935:
1919:Co-ruler(s)
1896:
1893:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1688:Public image
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:Adriatic Sea
1661:
1659:
1635:
1621:
1611:
1597:
1583:
1549:
1536:
1513:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1468:
1464:
1455:
1449:
1439:
1414:
1399:
1398:), to wit: "
1395:
1385:
1364:
1359:
1344:
1339:
1327:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1267:resigned as
1260:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1163:
1162:, while his
1155:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1117:
1115:
1063:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1018:
1011:
1004:
997:
990:
983:
976:
969:
962:
938:
930:
923:
916:
909:
887:
880:
873:
866:
854:
732:
720:
716:Collegiality
652:Constitution
640:
629:
620:
591:Roman Empire
589:
580:
571:
523:
514:
486:
470:
436:
430:
405:Maximinus II
403:
397:
384:
371:Maximinus II
355:
349:
327:Maximinus II
312:
299:
293:
280:Maximinus II
265:
259:
229:
223:
206:β with
192:
186:
159:
124:
111:
87:
78:
59:
8441:Geographers
8125:Dioscorides
8105:Cassius Dio
7727:Cassiodorus
7630:Renaissance
7236:Agriculture
7208:Auxiliaries
7149:Engineering
6986:Magistrates
6838:Citizenship
6833:Mos maiorum
6768:Late Empire
6543:(1224β1246)
6537:(1204β1461)
6531:(1204β1261)
6525:(395β1453)
6487:Tetrarchies
6355:Family tree
6087:Barnes 1984
5635:Licinius II
5587:Licinius II
5040:New Diarchy
4578:Constantine
3854:Licinius II
2910:Family tree
2723:Licinius II
2373:"the Great"
2017:"Herculius"
1799:Constantine
1574:, and near
1322:Terminology
1286:as another
1257:Licinius II
1203:Constantine
1176:Constantius
911:Mos maiorum
691:Late Empire
634:AD 395β1453
524:Followed by
515:Preceded by
462:as Caesares
452:Licinius II
377:as Caesares
317:as Augustus
286:as Caesares
252:as Caesares
215:as Caesares
164:as Augustus
73:introducing
8521:Categories
8330:Mediolanum
8270:Alexandria
8235:Themistius
8200:Porphyrius
8027:Tertullian
7962:Quintilian
7952:Propertius
7847:Lactantius
7797:Fulgentius
7732:Censorinus
7554:Sanitation
7539:Metallurgy
7496:Technology
7461:Demography
7409:Patricians
7376:Spectacles
7334:Literature
7329:Hairstyles
7166:Technology
6916:Praefectus
6868:Government
6858:Litigation
6843:Auctoritas
6788:Centuriate
6675:Principate
6670:Pax Romana
6630:Foundation
6445:(235β284)
6372:Principate
6192:019815304X
6118:0674165314
6096:References
6066:2020-06-26
6008:. Vol. II.
5990:Diokletian
5986:Diocletian
5883:Historian
5801:Asia Minor
5706:Constans I
5686:Constans I
5552:Licinius I
5517:Licinius I
5485:Licinius I
5452:Severus II
5415:Severus II
5332:Diocletian
5235:See also:
4741:(308β310?)
3893:New Empire
3825:Constans I
3603:consul 335
3325:Severus II
3022:consul 292
3019:(disputed)
2988:DIOCLETIAN
2960:See also:
2899:, 313β313)
2883:, 310β313)
2871:, 310β312)
2836:Severus II
2619:Severus II
2615:, 306β308)
2552:, 306β307)
2517:(8 months)
2496:Severus II
2411:, 307β308)
2334:Severus II
2295:Diocletian
2195:Severus II
2156:Diocletian
2096:, 306β308)
2050:Diocletian
1936:Diocletian
1746:Domitianus
1616:Tetricus I
1590:Mediolanum
1520:barbarians
1492:Severus II
1460:Diocletian
1429:Sarmatians
1419:struck in
1404:Otto Seeck
1381:Lactantius
1340:tetrarchia
1330:(from the
1125:Diocletian
992:Praefectus
900:Public law
755:Centuriate
745:Assemblies
722:Auctoritas
625:AD 395β476
612:AD 284β641
602:Principate
577:753β509 BC
505:Succession
438:Licinius I
399:Licinius I
261:Severus II
245:Severus II
194:Diocletian
161:Diocletian
150:Chronology
56:references
8527:Tetrarchy
8486:Quaestors
8416:Empresses
8406:Dynasties
8396:Dictators
8371:and other
8360:Volubilis
8355:Vindobona
8315:Londinium
8240:Theodoret
8210:Procopius
8190:Polyaenus
8165:Pausanias
8067:Vitruvius
8012:Symmachus
8007:Suetonius
7917:Petronius
7902:Obsequens
7867:Macrobius
7862:Lucretius
7787:Frontinus
7762:Eutropius
7747:Columella
7697:Augustine
7687:Appuleius
7635:Neo-Latin
7610:Classical
7601:Versions
7509:Aqueducts
7451:Patronage
7371:Sexuality
7344:Mythology
7319:Education
7309:Cosmetics
7134:Campaigns
7129:Structure
7082:Decemviri
6941:Imperator
6640:overthrow
6519:(395β476)
6507:(378β455)
6501:(364β392)
6495:(305β363)
6489:(293β313)
6477:(286β297)
6471:(260β274)
6463:(268β284)
6457:(238β244)
6433:(193β235)
6427:(192β193)
5949:. 315A-B.
5921:Citations
5710:Dalmatius
5629:Martinian
5502:Maxentius
5475:Maxentius
5470:Alexander
5406:Maxentius
5316:Carausius
5225:(286β324)
5222:Tetrarchy
5019:Martinian
4999:Bassianus
4980:Maxentius
4967:Usurpers
4876:In Gaul,
4856:Maxentius
4843:Usurpers
4714:Maxentius
4701:Usurpers
4544:Maxentius
4531:Usurpers
4428:Maxentius
4415:Usurpers
4318:Maxentius
4190:(297β298)
4182:Achilleus
4170:(293β296)
4128:(286β293)
4120:Carausius
4107:Usurpers
4010:(286β293)
4002:Carausius
3989:Usurpers
3838:Julian II
3632:Martinian
3564:Maxentius
3041:Herculius
2947:Tetrarchs
2864:Maxentius
2808:(3 years)
2760:Martinian
2603:(6 years)
2582:Maxentius
2533:Maxentius
2471:Martinian
2415:Maxentius
2270:"Chlorus"
2211:Maxentius
2089:Maxentius
1910:Portrait
1830:Carnuntum
1811:Maxentius
1578:, on the
1568:Vojvodina
1542:Nicomedia
1496:Maximinus
1416:argenteus
1336:ΟΞ΅ΟΟΞ±ΟΟΞ―Ξ±
1328:tetrarchy
1326:The term
1306:. In the
1296:Dalmatius
1215:Maxentius
1118:Tetrarchy
1034:Imperator
882:Decemviri
875:Triumviri
845:Corrector
586:509β27 BC
488:Martinian
386:Maxentius
329:as Caesar
295:Maxentius
178:as Caesar
8582:Monarchy
8577:Emperors
8491:Tribunes
8481:Praetors
8431:Generals
8411:Emperors
8320:Lugdunum
8305:Eboracum
8295:Carthage
8280:Aquileia
8195:Polybius
8185:Plutarch
8155:Libanius
8145:Josephus
8140:Herodian
8032:Tibullus
7947:Priscian
7922:Phaedrus
7882:Manilius
7827:Jordanes
7812:Hydatius
7742:Claudian
7722:Catullus
7712:BoΓ«thius
7707:Ausonius
7625:Medieval
7597:Alphabet
7569:Theatres
7544:Numerals
7529:Concrete
7519:Circuses
7486:Bagaudae
7476:Adoption
7471:Marriage
7444:Assembly
7349:Religion
7324:Folklore
7304:Clothing
7299:Calendar
7256:Currency
7246:Commerce
7144:Strategy
7106:Military
7092:Triumvir
7072:Dictator
7067:Interrex
7046:Governor
7031:Quaestor
6994:Ordinary
6976:Province
6966:Tetrarch
6956:Augustus
6921:Vicarius
6911:Officium
6848:Imperium
6798:Plebeian
6758:Republic
6680:Dominate
6647:Republic
6608:Timeline
6421:(96β192)
6382:Dominate
6179:(2000).
6105:(1984).
5973:Galerius
5960:Galerius
5934:Galerius
5848:See also
5837:Pevensie
5809:Cantiaci
5805:Lycaonia
5793:Thessaly
5754:dioceses
5581:Valens I
5479:Maximian
5428:Galerius
5410:Maximian
5365:Galerius
5354:Allectus
5325:Maximian
5299:Usurpers
5293:Caesares
5286:Augustus
5279:Augustus
5272:Caesares
5266:Usurpers
5177:from 317
5138:from 317
5102:from 317
5031:augustus
5023:augustus
5011:caesares
4930:Licinius
4880:July 310
4872:Maximian
4750:augustus
4681:augustus
4600:augustus
4588:Hispania
4560:Maximian
4465:augustus
4461:augustus
4446:Maximian
4395:augustus
4310:augustus
4306:augustus
4207:caesares
4203:caesares
4162:Allectus
4022:caesares
3647:Valens I
3262:Galerius
3036:Maximian
3028:Eutropia
2897:augustus
2893:augustus
2888:Licinius
2881:augustus
2869:augustus
2857:augustus
2852:Maximian
2845:augustus
2829:augustus
2824:Galerius
2818:augustus
2766:augustus
2716:augustus
2710:Valens I
2703:augustus
2699:augustus
2668:Licinius
2648:augustus
2636:augustus
2631:Licinius
2624:augustus
2613:augustus
2608:Maximian
2550:augustus
2538:augustus
2527:augustus
2522:Galerius
2476:augustus
2440:augustus
2436:augustus
2431:Licinius
2424:augustus
2420:augustus
2409:augustus
2405:augustus
2400:Maximian
2327:augustus
2318:Galerius
2311:augustus
2306:Maximian
2300:augustus
2248:augustus
2232:augustus
2227:Licinius
2220:augustus
2204:augustus
2188:augustus
2172:augustus
2167:Maximian
2161:augustus
2130:Galerius
2110:augustus
2106:augustus
2094:augustus
2065:Galerius
2059:augustus
2055:augustus
2015:Maximian
1978:Galerius
1972:augustus
1963:Maximian
1938:"Jovius"
1903:Emperors
1897:augustus
1873:augustus
1862:augustus
1858:caesares
1854:de facto
1846:augustus
1838:augustus
1834:Licinius
1819:augustus
1807:augustus
1803:augustus
1776:caesares
1772:augustus
1768:caesares
1742:Allectus
1740:usurper
1733:Persians
1720:Aurelian
1678:augustus
1668:and the
1662:augustus
1629:(modern
1627:Eboracum
1623:Aquileia
1606:(modern
1598:augustus
1592:(modern
1576:Belgrade
1562:(modern
1550:augustus
1488:caesares
1484:augustus
1473:Galerius
1469:augustus
1465:caesares
1458:in 286.
1456:augustus
1446:Maximian
1436:Creation
1372:Ammianus
1316:caesares
1292:Constans
1269:augustus
1265:Licinius
1261:caesares
1240:in 310.
1238:augustus
1234:augustus
1231:Licinius
1207:augustus
1188:caesares
1184:augustus
1180:caesares
1172:Galerius
1168:Hercules
1156:augustus
1152:augustus
1144:Maximian
1136:caesares
1064:Tetrarch
1054:Augustus
999:Vicarius
978:Officium
889:Interrex
850:Dictator
825:Governor
800:Quaestor
765:Plebeian
711:Imperium
667:Republic
642:Timeline
609:Dominate
357:Galerius
351:Licinius
314:Galerius
301:Maximian
267:Galerius
231:Galerius
212:Galerius
188:Maximian
176:Maximian
131:porphyry
81:May 2012
8461:Legions
8421:Fiction
8391:Consuls
8386:Climate
8340:Ravenna
8335:Pompeii
8325:Lutetia
8290:Bononia
8285:Berytus
8275:Antioch
8250:Zosimus
8245:Zonaras
8220:Sozomen
8205:Priscus
8180:Photius
8022:Terence
8017:Tacitus
8002:Statius
7987:Servius
7972:Sallust
7927:Plautus
7907:Orosius
7887:Martial
7842:Juvenal
7817:Hyginus
7802:Gellius
7661:Writers
7592:History
7574:Thermae
7564:Temples
7514:Bridges
7481:Slavery
7429:Equites
7401:Society
7381:Theatre
7354:Deities
7314:Cuisine
7294:Bathing
7276:Culture
7251:Finance
7228:Economy
7119:Borders
7114:History
7016:Tribune
7011:Praetor
6901:Legatus
6896:Emperor
6783:Curiate
6753:Kingdom
6748:History
6724:History
6707:decline
6665:History
6635:Kingdom
6618:History
6603:Outline
6415:(69β96)
6409:(68β69)
5797:Galatia
5738:Raphael
5569:Crispus
5007:augusti
4754:augusti
4168:Britain
4126:Britain
4008:Britain
3939:Diarchy
3844:361β363
3842:Emperor
3831:337β350
3829:Emperor
3818:337β361
3816:Emperor
3805:337β340
3803:Emperor
3653:316β317
3623:308β324
3590:306β337
3570:306β312
3546:310β313
3331:306β307
3305:305β306
3268:305-311
3253:Unknown
3046:286β305
2998:286β305
2879:(rival
2867:(rival
2735:Crispus
2697:(rival
2646:(rival
2634:(rival-
2622:(rival
2548:(rival
2536:(rival
2474:(rival
2447:Crispus
2434:(rival
2418:(rival
2403:(rival
2104:(rival
1815:augusti
1651:eparchy
1647:diocese
1643:vicarii
1566:in the
1560:Sirmium
1442:diarchy
1421:Antioch
1368:college
1312:augusti
1300:augusti
1249:Crispus
1227:augusti
1160:Jupiter
1146:as his
1130:augusti
985:Praeses
964:Legatus
955:Emperor
815:Tribune
795:Praetor
760:Curiate
662:Kingdom
630:Eastern
621:Western
564:Periods
485:β with
480:316β317
469:β with
460:Crispus
450:β with
445:313β324
417:β with
412:311β313
392:308β312
369:β with
364:308β311
336:β with
325:β with
320:307β308
307:306β308
278:β with
273:306β307
243:β with
238:305β306
218:293β305
201:286β305
181:285β286
174:β with
168:284β286
69:improve
8471:Nomina
8456:Legacy
8436:Gentes
8373:topics
8369:Lists
8350:Smyrna
8230:Strabo
8160:Lucian
8150:Julian
8100:Arrian
8095:Appian
8085:Aelian
8062:Vergil
7837:Justin
7822:Jerome
7807:Horace
7792:Fronto
7782:Florus
7757:Ennius
7737:Cicero
7717:Caesar
7615:Vulgar
7439:Tribes
7366:Romans
7176:Legion
7159:castra
7036:Aedile
7006:Censor
7001:Consul
6961:Caesar
6931:Lictor
6853:Status
6793:Tribal
6773:Senate
6763:Empire
6657:Empire
6593:topics
6370:Early
6273:
6252:
6231:
6210:
6189:
6165:
6144:
6115:
6057:
5975:, 3β4.
5841:Narnia
5835:, the
5722:Legacy
5156:in 324
5120:in 316
5027:caesar
5015:Valens
5003:caesar
4739:Africa
4608:caesar
4496:vacant
4314:caesar
4299:caesar
4199:ugusti
3916:
3875:Notes:
3857:caesar
3576:Fausta
3291:Helena
3255:sister
3004:Prisca
2993:Iovius
2841:caesar
2788:"Daza"
2752:caesar
2740:caesar
2728:caesar
2562:caesar
2478:, 324)
2464:caesar
2452:caesar
2426:; 308)
2351:caesar
2339:caesar
2323:caesar
2244:caesar
2216:caesar
2200:caesar
2184:caesar
2112:, 307)
2082:caesar
2070:caesar
1995:caesar
1983:caesar
1968:caesar
1916:Reign
1889:Tarsus
1877:caesar
1850:caesar
1842:caesar
1823:caesar
1792:caesar
1784:caesar
1756:Demise
1737:Narseh
1724:Probus
1682:caesar
1674:caesar
1670:Syrtis
1612:caesar
1584:caesar
1580:Danube
1572:Serbia
1528:Danube
1518:) and
1451:caesar
1423:under
1376:Gallus
1288:caesar
1255:, and
1223:caesar
1211:caesar
1164:caesar
1148:caesar
1059:Caesar
1020:Lictor
820:Censor
810:Aedile
790:Consul
770:Tribal
679:Empire
458:&
435:&
402:&
354:&
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247:&
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191:&
143:Venice
129:, two
58:, but
8135:Galen
8077:Greek
8047:Varro
7857:Lucan
7669:Latin
7584:Latin
7559:Ships
7549:Roads
7534:Domes
7466:Women
7414:Plebs
7339:Music
6881:Forum
6876:Curia
6451:(238)
5871:Notes
5820:Judea
5250:Year
4720:Italy
4188:Egypt
4148:(297)
4146:Egypt
1913:Name
1750:Egypt
1608:Trier
1594:Milan
1546:Δ°zmit
1524:Rhine
1332:Greek
1259:β as
8451:Laws
8426:Film
8345:Roma
7912:Ovid
7852:Livy
7620:Late
7434:Gens
7391:Wine
7203:Navy
7171:Army
6810:SPQR
6712:fall
6690:fall
6389:and
6271:ISBN
6250:ISBN
6229:ISBN
6208:ISBN
6187:ISBN
6163:ISBN
6142:ISBN
6113:ISBN
6055:ISBN
5962:, 3.
5947:Caes
5936:, 3.
5017:and
4586:and
4584:Gaul
4020:Two
3914:ISBN
2798:East
2611:(co-
2593:West
2507:West
2383:West
2280:West
2141:East
2092:(co-
2039:pac
2027:West
1922:Ref
1731:the
1722:and
1631:York
1526:and
1475:and
1314:and
1278:The
1209:and
1194:and
1174:and
1116:The
373:and
282:and
264:and
7605:Old
7289:Art
7062:Rex
6906:Dux
6820:Law
6134:doi
6047:doi
5818:of
5697:337
5693:335
5677:335
5673:333
5650:333
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5564:317
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5460:308
5441:307
5401:306
5392:305
5388:298
5372:297
5348:296
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1139:.
971:Dux
918:Ius
868:Rex
496:324
8523::
6140:.
6075:^
6053:.
6039:.
6013:^
5762:.
5242:)
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1471:)β
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