731:
40:
498:
585:, in certain areas annexed by Prussia like Notec and Royal Prussia, 54% of the population (75% in the urban areas) were German-speaking Protestants. That condition in the next century would be used by nationalistic German historians to justify the partition, but it was irrelevant to contemporary calculations. Frederick was dismissive of German culture; he pursued an imperialist policy, acting on the security interests of his state with dynastic rather than national identity.
246:
997:, who is experiencing difficulty keeping his crown on his head. Above the scene the angel of peace trumpets the news that civilized eighteenth-century sovereigns have accomplished their mission while avoiding war. The drawing gained notoriety in contemporary Europe, with bans on its distribution in several European countries.
343:
suggested to Henry that
Prussia claim some land currently held by Poland, such as Ermland. After Henry had informed him of the proposal, Frederick suggested a partition of the Polish borderlands by Austria, Prussia and Russia, with the largest share going to Austria, the party most weakened by the
715:
By the first partition, the
Commonwealth lost about 211,000 square kilometres (81,000 sq mi) (30% of its territory, amounting to about 733,000 square kilometres (283,000 sq mi)), with a population of over four to five million people, about a third of its population of fourteen
1785:
Czy Rosja uczestniczyła w pierwszym rozbiorze Polski czyli co zaborcy zabrali Polsce w trzech rozbiorach. Nowe określenie obszarów rozbiorowych Polski w kontekście analizy przynależności i tożsamości państwowej Księstw
Inflanckiego i Kurlandzkiego, prawnopaństwowego stosunku Polski i Litwy oraz
588:
The newly-gained territories connected
Prussia with Germany proper and had major economic importance. By seizing northwestern Poland, Prussia instantly cut off Poland from the sea and gained control of over 80% of the Commonwealth's total foreign trade. Through levying enormous customs duties,
608:
an ample compensation. Although
Austria was the least interested in the partition, it received the largest share of the former Polish population and the second-largest land share: 83,000 square kilometres (32,000 sq mi) and 2,650,000 people. Austria gained
401:
that the balance of power would be maintained by a tripartite division of the so-called Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth instead of Russia taking land from the Ottomans. Under pressure from Prussia, which had long wanted to recover the northern province of so-called
464:
The regiments of the Bar
Confederation, whose executive board had been forced to leave Austria, which had supported them, after Austria joined the Prusso–Russian alliance, did not lay down their arms. Many fortresses in their command held out as long as possible.
389:
The three powers officially justified their actions as compensation for dealing with a troublesome neighbour and restoring order to Polish anarchy, and the Bar
Confederation provided a convenient excuse although all three were interested in territorial gains.
460:
In early August, Russian, Prussian and
Austrian troops simultaneously entered the Commonwealth and occupied the provinces that had been agreed upon among themselves. On August 5, the three parties signed the treaty on their respective territorial gains.
259:
was friendly towards the
Ottoman Empire but also both Prussia and Austria and suggested a series of territorial adjustments in which the Ottoman Empire would not suffer from Austria and Russia. In return, Austria would be compensated with parts of
773:, the capital, to compel by force of arms the calling of the assembly, no alternative could be chosen but passive submission to their will. The senators who advised against that step were threatened by the Russians, represented by the ambassador,
1903:
2376:
420:
An attempt of the Bar Confederacy to kidnap King Stanisław on 3 November 1771 gave the three courts another pretext to showcase the "Polish anarchy" and the need for its neighbours to step in and "save" the country and its citizens.
311:
had left Prussia's treasury and army weakened. Like France, he was interested in protecting the weakening Ottoman Empire, which could be advantageously used in the event of a Prussian war either against Russia or Austria.
869:. The Sejm elected a committee of thirty to deal with the various matters presented. On September 18, 1773, the committee signed the treaty of cession, renouncing all Commonwealth claims to the lost territories.
777:, who declared that in the face of refusal, the whole of Warsaw would be destroyed by them. Other threats included execution, confiscation of estates, and further increases of partitioned territory. According to
644:, on the northeast, was the largest, but the least-important area economically. By the "diplomatic document", Russia came into possession of the commonwealth territories east of the line formed roughly by the
2473:
946:
952:
1866:
O. Halecki, Reviewed work(s): British Public Opinion and the First Partition of Poland. by D. B. Horn, American Slavic and East European Review, Vol. 4, No. 3/4 (December, 1945), pp. 205–207
2569:
2501:
1860:
D. B. Horn, review of The First Partition of Poland by Herbert H. Kaplan, The English Historical Review, Vol. 79, No. 313 (October, 1964), pp. 863–864 (review consists of 2 pages),
203:
By the late 18th century, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had been reduced from the status of a European power to that of a country under major influence of, and almost becoming the
2544:
2511:
581:
of Polish territories. Frederick II settled 26,000 Germans in Polish Pomerania, who influenced the ethnic situation in the region, which had around 300,000 inhabitants. According to
2438:
1508:
and I are simple robbers. I just would like to know how the empress calmed down her father confessor? She cried, when she took; the more she cried, the more she took!?" Davies,
409:
That was in light of the possible Austrian-Ottoman alliance with only token objections from Austria although it would have preferred to receive more Ottoman territories in the
2444:
1586:Ю. В. Готье. "История областного управления в России от Петра I до Екатерины II", том II. Издательство Академии наук СССР, Москва/Ленинград 1941; p. 251.
2517:
755:
188:
977:
The picture shows the rulers of the three countries that participated in the partition tearing a map of Poland apart. The outer figures demanding their share are
788:) refused to elect deputies to the Sejm, and after great difficulties, less than half of the regular number of representatives came to attend the session led by
1945:
2310:
347:
Thus, Frederick attempted to encourage Russia to direct its expansion towards a weak and dysfunctional Poland instead of the Ottomans. The Austrian statesman
2554:
589:
Prussia accelerated the inevitable collapse of the Commonwealth. The acquisition of Polish Royal Prussia also permitted Frederick to change his title from
227:
177:
386:, was seen as both weak and too independent-minded. Eventually, the Russian court decided that the usefulness of Poland as a protectorate had diminished.
2549:
1972:
933:
430:
176:, from going to war. Territories in Poland–Lithuania were divided by its more powerful neighbours (Austria, Russia and Prussia) to restore the regional
762:
for help and tarried with the convocation of the Sejm. The European powers reacted to the partition with utmost indifference; only a few voices like
774:
800:. The latter in particular was one of many Polish nobles who were bribed by the Russians into following their orders. The Sejm became known as the
2559:
2054:
2479:
2564:
1911:
1894:
2196:
1722:
1558:
1479:
1439:
1279:
2351:
2128:
1884:
2365:
316:
139:
45:
1201:
1026:
696:. Russia gained 92,000 square kilometres (36,000 sq mi) and 1,300,000 people, and reorganized its newly-acquired lands into
2370:
793:
362:, Russia had seen the weak Poland as its own protectorate, Poland had also been devastated by a civil war in which the forces of the
231:
2484:
1938:
1842:
1828:
1814:
1762:
1674:
1641:
1606:
1529:
1380:
1356:
1197:
1147:
1079:
1055:
169:
2266:
677:
610:
281:
1533:
518:
The partition treaty was ratified by its signatories on September 22, 1772. It was a major success for Frederick II of Prussia:
2078:
2042:
1645:
1059:
994:
751:
522:
might have been the smallest, but it was also significantly developed and strategically important. Prussia took most of Polish
383:
1774:
989:, who appears ashamed of his action (although in reality, he was more of an advocate of the partition, and it was his mother,
1550:
1728:
1509:
1360:
2539:
986:
485:, held until late August. In the end, the Bar Confederation was defeated, with its members either fleeing abroad or being
1610:
2382:
1954:
1931:
1308:
1247:
797:
778:
1329:
931:
was invited to present recommendations for a new constitution for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, resulting in the
2400:
2215:
2095:
1573:Сергей А. Тархов. "Изменение административно-территориального деления за последние 300 лет". (Sergey A. Tarkhov.
511:
324:
2467:
17:
2506:
2450:
2254:
2210:
1874:
Guarantee or Annexation: a Note on Russian Plans to acquire Polish Territory prior to the First Partition of Poland
1597:
1118:
1083:
1046:
957:
858:
566:. Overall, Prussia gained 36,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) and about 600,000 people. According to
535:
904:
in which the structure of the government of Poland and the foreign influence over it were used in several papers (
2455:
2330:
2147:
2124:
2107:
2021:
1855:
601:
348:
216:
1623:"Opponents were threatened with executions, increase of partitioned territories, and destruction of the capital"
2113:
1993:
634:
39:
850:
497:
2432:
2427:
2406:
2289:
2220:
2171:
1501:
982:
889:
450:
394:
304:
292:
839:
2416:
2283:
2153:
1505:
978:
854:
744:
730:
336:
277:
187:
With Poland unable to defend itself effectively and foreign troops already inside the country, the Polish
457:. A previous agreement between Prussia and Russia had been made in Saint Petersburg on February 6, 1772.
2248:
2090:
928:
844:
669:
1175:
Poland. In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2022, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
750:
After they had occupied their respective territories, the three partitioning powers demanded that King
567:
223:
of 1767–68 was named after the Russian ambassador who had unofficially presided over its proceedings.
2411:
2394:
2336:
2225:
2177:
1179:. Section: History > The Commonwealth > Reforms, agony, and partitions > The First Partition
701:
665:
577:, Frederick the Great soon introduced German colonists in territories he conquered, and enforced the
165:
135:
2324:
2242:
1915:
828:
705:
308:
245:
157:
1984:
812:
and the defeat of the purpose of the invaders, Poniński undertook to turn the regular Sejm into a
2295:
2260:
2237:
709:
605:
519:
434:
147:
2231:
2084:
1881:
789:
600:
Despite token criticism of the partition from the Empress Maria Theresa, the Austrian statesman
433:
and Prussia had taken over some border territories of the Commonwealth, with Austria taking the
2461:
2277:
2133:
2066:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1838:
1824:
1810:
1758:
1718:
1670:
1666:
1637:
1602:
1554:
1525:
1522:
The right of conquest: the acquisition of territory by force in international law and practice
1475:
1471:
1435:
1431:
1376:
1352:
1275:
1193:
1190:
The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice
1176:
1143:
1075:
1051:
1022:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
862:
849:
to prevent it, the deed was accomplished with the aid of Poniński, Radziwiłł, and the bishops
813:
735:
697:
641:
582:
502:
363:
352:
332:
256:
151:
79:
1690:
1384:
1269:
351:
made a counter-proposal for Prussia to take lands held by Poland in return for relinquishing
2101:
1658:
882:
866:
661:
340:
320:
261:
572:
2159:
2137:
2072:
2033:
1888:
1333:
1312:
921:
894:
590:
482:
161:
27:
1772 division of Polish-Lithuanian territory between Austria, Imperial Russia, and Prussia
1877:
1575:
Changes of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Russia in the past 300 years
1504:
wrote about the participation of Maria Theresa in the first partition in a letter: "The
1122:
413:, a region that had long been coveted by the Habsburgs. The Russians also withdrew from
2421:
2388:
2060:
878:
824:
801:
759:
725:
614:
547:
539:
478:
234:
strengthening Russia and endangering Habsburg interests in the region (particularly in
192:
181:
173:
143:
90:
53:
1271:
Dying with an enlightening fall: Poland in the eyes of German intellectuals, 1764–1800
2533:
2192:
2165:
2015:
1659:
1621:
Historia Encyklopedia Szkolna Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne Warszawa 1993 p. 525
1464:
1424:
990:
817:
645:
618:
578:
523:
442:
403:
398:
371:
328:
300:
285:
273:
1014:
993:, who was critical of the partition). On his right is the beleaguered Polish king,
833:
807:
763:
563:
531:
466:
367:
204:
1255:
1712:
2356:
2048:
740:
712:
was appointed the Governor General of the new territories on May 28, 1772.
359:
220:
219:
and deciding the outcome of much of Poland's internal politics. For example the
2377:
Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Austria-Hungary and Japan
382:
also weakened the Polish position. Besides, the Russian-supported Polish king,
1398:
Duch Rzeczypospolitej Jerzy Surdykowski – 2001 Wydawn. Nauk. PWN, 2001, p. 153
649:
622:
1305:
769:
When no help was forthcoming and the armies of the combined nations occupied
1821:
Liberty's Folly The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Eighteenth Century
1326:
693:
630:
446:
438:
239:
555:
470:
319:, spent the winter of 1770–71 as a representative of the Prussian court at
781:, some senators were even arrested by the Russians and exiled to Siberia.
743:, 1866, 282 cm × 487 cm (111 in × 192 in),
562:. In 1773, the territories annexed by Prussia became the new province of
559:
543:
507:
486:
414:
355:
and parts of Silesia to Austria, but his plan was rejected by Frederick.
235:
900:
The ongoing partitions of Poland were a major topic of discourse in the
242:). Habsburg Austria then started considering waging war against Russia.
1963:
1139:
689:
685:
681:
673:
657:
653:
626:
551:
410:
379:
375:
296:
265:
68:
1923:
877:
The only two countries that refused to accept the partitions were the
230:
in Europe shifted, with Russian victories against the Ottomans in the
1121:. Retrieved September 19, 2022, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:
785:
770:
527:
474:
454:
269:
208:
1867:
1861:
1876:, Historical Research, Vol. 56, Issue 133, p. 60, May 1983,
1714:
Rousseau: 'The Social Contract' and Other Later Political Writings
729:
496:
244:
453:. On February 19, 1772, the agreement of partition was signed in
212:
1927:
1407:
Polskie losy Pomorza Zachodniego, 1970, p. 149 Bogdan Dopierała
370:, attempted to disrupt Russian control over Poland. The recent
1595:
Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland,
1044:
Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland,
953:
Administrative division of Polish territories after partitions
303:, but was also interested in finding a peaceful solution. The
947:
Administrative division of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
307:
would draw him into a potential war against Austria, and the
406:, the three powers agreed on the First Partition of Poland.
1177:
https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland/The-First-Partition
215:
effectively choosing Polish–Lithuanian monarchs during the
920:
for examples) as a cautionary tale for the writers of the
758:
approve their action. The king appealed to the nations of
1466:
Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
1426:
Iron kingdom: the rise and downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947
660:
that had remained in Commonwealth control after the 1629
985:. The inner figure on the right is the Habsburg Emperor
937:(1782), which was to be his last major political work.
154:
and was the primary motive behind the First Partition.
1123:
https://www.britannica.com/event/Partitions-of-Poland
18:
First partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1807:
Constitution and Reform in Eighteenth-Century Poland
1632:
Jerzy Jan Lerski, Piotr Wróbel, Richard J. Kozicki,
1349:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
633:
but not the city of Kraków itself, and the whole of
2494:
2350:
2123:
2031:
1982:
1961:
120:
112:
104:
99:
88:
77:
66:
61:
32:
1463:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1256:Google Print – public domain – full text online
2570:Treaties of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2502:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1922–1946)
1882:The Three Partitions, 1764–95: First Partition
1072:The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775
621:(which constituted the counties of Kraków and
1939:
8:
1343:
1341:
1021:. Random House. p. 688 (316 for reference).
823:In spite of the efforts of individuals like
804:. To prevent the disruption of the Sejm via
2512:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic
805:
358:Although for a few decades, since Poland's
211:) of, the Russian Empire, with the Russian
138:that eventually ended the existence of the
2545:1772 in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
2184:
1946:
1932:
1924:
1717:. Cambridge University Press. p. ix.
1327:Tyniec jako twierdza Konfederatów Barskich
1117:Partitions of Poland (Polish History). In
934:Considerations on the Government of Poland
477:Fortress held until the end of July 1772;
195:, which was convened by the three powers.
191:ratified the partition in 1773 during the
2518:Treaties of the Third Republic of Hungary
1634:Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
897:, contains a reference to the partition.
538:. Prussia also annexed northern areas of
168:to prevent Austria, which was envious of
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
397:, Henry convinced Frederick and Empress
344:recent changes in the balance of power.
1394:
1392:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1113:
1111:
1006:
700:, which also included two provinces of
676:/Piltyń, which had been transferred to
449:in 1769–1770 and Prussia incorporating
226:The First Partition occurred after the
124:92,000 km (36,000 sq mi)
116:83,000 km (32,000 sq mi)
108:36,000 km (14,000 sq mi)
1547:The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
865:), who occupied high positions in the
29:
1994:Personal union of Hungary and Croatia
1904:Photos of some contemporary documents
1731:from the original on 16 February 2017
1470:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1430:. Harvard University Press. pp.
1074:, Cambridge University Press, 2001,
1040:
1038:
7:
2439:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Ukraine
1895:The Period of Partitions (1772–1918)
1891:, Library of Congress Country Study
1636:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996,
1019:Frederick the Great: King of Prussia
625:), including the rich salt mines of
142:by 1795. The growth of power in the
2366:Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
1767:Tadeusz Cegielski, Łukasz Kądziela,
299:, having recently gained it in the
134:took place in 1772 as the first of
2555:Treaties of the Kingdom of Prussia
2480:U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty (1921)
530:, which allowed Frederick to link
25:
2550:Treaties of the Habsburg monarchy
2485:Covenant of the League of Nations
1524:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1375:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
1351:, Oxford University Press, 2005,
1192:, Oxford University Press, 1996,
514:for the First Partition of Poland
417:, away from the Austrian border.
2267:Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)
1809:, Indiana University Press 1997
1711:Gourevitch, Victor, ed. (1997).
282:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
276:which Poland had annexed in the
38:
2079:Peace Treaty of Wiener Neustadt
1918:treaties of the First Partition
1274:. Lexington Books. p. 35.
1252:The Political History of Poland
716:million before the partitions.
473:fell only at the end of April;
250:Picture of Europe for July 1772
48:after the First Partition as a
2560:Treaties of the Russian Empire
1786:podmiotowości Rzeczypospolitej
1769:Rozbiory Polski 1772–1793–1795
1551:University of Washington Press
972:
393:After Russia had occupied the
295:had no intention of giving up
140:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
46:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1:
2565:1772 in the Habsburg monarchy
2371:Croatian–Hungarian Settlement
1755:The First Partition of Poland
1462:Christopher M. Clark (2006).
1422:Christopher M. Clark (2006).
1306:Kartki z kalendarza: kwiecień
323:. As Austria had annexed the
232:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
184:among those three countries.
33:The First Partition of Poland
2383:League of the Three Emperors
2311:Principality of Transylvania
2000:Hungarian–Byzantine Treaties
1248:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin
995:Stanisław August Poniatowski
779:Edward Henry Lewinski Corwin
752:Stanisław August Poniatowski
384:Stanisław August Poniatowski
331:in 1769 in violation of the
2401:Budapest Convention of 1877
2216:Treaty of Adrianople (1568)
2055:Hungarian–Neapolitan Treaty
2049:Hungarian–Lithuanian Treaty
949:in the course of partitions
784:The local land assemblies (
736:Rejtan – The Fall of Poland
512:Jean-Michel Moreau le Jeune
429:Already by 1769–1771, both
2586:
2507:Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
2451:Treaty of Bucharest (1918)
2211:Truce of Adrianople (1547)
2032:1302–1526 (Middle ages to
1657:Prazmowska, Anita (2010).
1598:Cambridge University Press
1134:Schieder, Theodor (2000).
1047:Cambridge University Press
958:Second Partition of Poland
859:Antoni Kazimierz Ostrowski
766:were raised in objection.
723:
684:embracing the counties of
2456:Armistice of Villa Giusti
2320:
2305:
2272:First Partition of Poland
2206:
2187:
2148:Franco-Hungarian alliance
1973:Legend of the white horse
1856:First Partition of Poland
1545:Stone, Daniel Z. (2014).
1084:Gooble Print, pp. 181–182
794:Michał Hieronim Radziwiłł
602:Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz
349:Wenzel Anton Graf Kaunitz
252:, satirical British plate
132:First Partition of Poland
37:
2114:First Congress of Vienna
1800:Dzieje Niemiec 1648–1789
1778:Dzieje Polski nowożytnej
1665:. I. B. Tauris. p.
1661:Poland: A Modern History
554:, but not the cities of
339:and her advisor General
2445:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
2428:Treaty of London (1913)
2407:Treaty of Berlin (1878)
2221:Treaty of Vienna (1606)
2166:Confessio Pentapolitana
1962:9–10th century (age of
1835:The Last King of Poland
1805:Editor Samuel Fiszman,
1502:Frederick II of Prussia
1119:Encyclopædia Britannica
983:Frederick II of Prussia
890:Il Canto degli Italiani
670:former western exclaves
656:rivers, the section of
493:Division of territories
395:Danubian Principalities
329:Hungarian Szepes region
305:Russo-Prussian alliance
293:Frederick II of Prussia
2468:Armistice with Romania
2417:Triple Alliance (1882)
2284:Treaty of Campo Formio
1775:Władysław Konopczyński
979:Catherine II of Russia
855:Ignacy Jakub Massalski
806:
747:
745:Royal Castle in Warsaw
515:
337:Catherine II of Russia
278:Second Treaty of Thorn
253:
2249:Treaty of Passarowitz
2091:Treaty of Brno (1478)
1837:, Jonathan Cape 1992
1780:, t. 2, Warszawa 1986
1757:, Ams Pr Inc (1972),
1268:David Pickus (2001).
1254:, 1917, pp. 310–315 (
929:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
851:Andrzej Młodziejowski
840:Stanisław Bohuszewicz
733:
500:
315:Frederick's brother,
248:
2540:Partitions of Poland
2474:Bill of dethronement
2433:Armistice of Focșani
2412:Dual Alliance (1879)
2395:Reichstadt Agreement
2290:Treaty of Schönbrunn
2226:Peace of Zsitvatorok
1783:Tomasz Paluszyński,
1646:Google Print, p. 466
1385:Google Print, p. 664
1361:Google Print, p. 392
790:Marshals of the Sejm
775:Otto von Stackelberg
702:Novgorod Governorate
666:Inflanty Voivodeship
325:13 Polish-held towns
274:that part of Prussia
113:To Habsburg monarchy
2331:Treaty of Pressburg
2325:Peace of Nikolsburg
2243:Treaty of Karlowitz
2154:Treaty of Nagyvárad
2108:Treaty of Pressburg
2022:Treaty of Pressburg
1955:Treaties of Hungary
1753:Herbert H. Kaplan,
1611:Google Print, p. 97
1534:Google Print, p. 74
1202:Google Print, p. 75
1136:Frederick the Great
1060:Google Print, p. 84
739:, oil on canvas by
706:Mogilev Governorate
487:deported to Siberia
451:Lauenburg and Bütow
158:Frederick the Great
2495:Modern age (1922–)
2337:Treaty of Nymwegen
2296:Congress of Vienna
2261:Treaty of Belgrade
2255:Pragmatic Sanction
2238:Holy League (1684)
2129:Ottoman vassalship
2096:Treaty of Piotrków
1887:2011-01-11 at the
1691:"L'Inno nazionale"
1332:2008-07-04 at the
1311:2008-04-20 at the
748:
710:Zakhar Chernyshyov
516:
435:Eldership of Spisz
254:
148:Kingdom of Prussia
100:Territorial losses
2527:
2526:
2462:Treaty of Trianon
2346:
2345:
2278:Treaty of Sistova
2178:Treaty of Szatmár
2067:Treaty of Lubowla
2011:Concordat of 1169
2006:Concordat of 1161
1823:, Routledge 1991
1798:Maria Wawrykowa,
1724:978-0-521-42446-2
1560:978-0-295-80362-3
1506:Empress Catherine
1481:978-0-674-02385-7
1441:978-0-674-02385-7
1373:Europe: A History
1281:978-0-7391-0153-7
1070:Hamish M. Scott,
918:Federalist No. 39
914:Federalist No. 22
910:Federalist No. 19
906:Federalist No. 14
902:Federalist Papers
863:primate of Poland
814:confederated sejm
698:Pskov Governorate
680:in 1717), and of
583:Christopher Clark
568:Jerzy Surdykowski
503:The Troelfth Cake
489:by the Russians.
364:Bar Confederation
333:Treaty of Lubowla
170:Russian successes
164:, engineered the
152:Habsburg monarchy
128:
127:
80:Habsburg monarchy
62:Population losses
16:(Redirected from
2577:
2185:
2172:Treaty of Speyer
2102:Peace of Olomouc
1948:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1910:
1902:
1872:J. T. Lukowski,
1791:S. Salmonowicz,
1741:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1664:
1654:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1578:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1542:
1536:
1518:
1512:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1469:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1419:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1363:
1345:
1336:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1303:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1265:
1259:
1245:
1204:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1154:
1153:
1131:
1125:
1115:
1086:
1068:
1062:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1011:
976:
867:Senate of Poland
848:
837:
811:
668:, excluding the
662:Truce of Altmark
576:
550:), and northern
506:, a 1773 French
425:Partition begins
341:Ivan Chernyshyov
321:Saint Petersburg
309:Seven Years' War
284:, already under
270:Ermland (Warmia)
262:Prussian Silesia
228:balance of power
178:balance of power
136:three partitions
42:
30:
21:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2490:
2354:
2352:Austria-Hungary
2342:
2316:
2301:
2232:Peace of Vasvár
2202:
2183:
2160:Treaty of Gyalu
2140:
2138:Napoleonic Wars
2132:
2119:
2085:Treaty of Ófalu
2073:Peace of Szeged
2027:
1978:
1957:
1952:
1916:Polish–Austrian
1908:
1900:
1889:Wayback Machine
1854:James Fletcher
1851:
1819:Jerzy Lukowski
1802:, Warszawa 1976
1793:Fryderyk Wielki
1771:, Warszawa 1990
1750:
1748:Further reading
1745:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1696:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1553:. p. 273.
1544:
1543:
1539:
1520:Sharon Korman,
1519:
1515:
1500:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1371:Norman Davies,
1370:
1366:
1347:Norman Davies,
1346:
1339:
1334:Wayback Machine
1323:
1322:
1318:
1313:Wayback Machine
1304:Halina Nehring
1301:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1246:
1207:
1188:Sharon Korman,
1187:
1183:
1174:
1157:
1150:
1142:. p. 165.
1133:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1089:
1069:
1065:
1043:
1036:
1029:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1003:
971:
966:
943:
922:US Constitution
895:national anthem
883:Persian Empires
875:
873:Other countries
842:
831:
728:
722:
604:considered the
591:King in Prussia
570:
556:Danzig (Gdańsk)
520:Prussia's share
495:
483:Casimir Pulaski
481:, commanded by
427:
201:
162:King in Prussia
146:threatened the
57:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2583:
2581:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2425:
2422:Boxer Protocol
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2389:Treaty of Bern
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2355:to the end of
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2334:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2099:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2061:Treaty of Zara
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:Treaty of Enns
2039:
2037:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1919:
1912:Polish–Russian
1906:
1898:
1892:
1879:
1870:
1864:
1858:
1850:
1849:External links
1847:
1846:
1845:
1833:Adam Zamoyski
1831:
1817:
1803:
1796:
1795:, Wrocław 2006
1789:
1788:, Poznań 2006.
1781:
1772:
1765:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1742:
1723:
1703:
1693:. Quirinale.it
1682:
1675:
1649:
1625:
1614:
1588:
1579:
1566:
1559:
1537:
1513:
1494:
1480:
1454:
1440:
1409:
1400:
1388:
1364:
1337:
1316:
1294:
1280:
1260:
1205:
1181:
1155:
1148:
1126:
1087:
1063:
1034:
1028:978-1400068128
1027:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
965:
962:
961:
960:
955:
950:
942:
939:
893:, the Italian
874:
871:
825:Tadeusz Rejtan
802:Partition Sejm
760:Western Europe
726:Partition Sejm
724:Main article:
721:
718:
606:Austrian share
548:Netze District
540:Greater Poland
494:
491:
426:
423:
217:free elections
200:
197:
193:Partition Sejm
182:Central Europe
174:Ottoman Empire
144:Russian Empire
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
97:
96:
93:
86:
85:
82:
75:
74:
71:
64:
63:
59:
58:
54:Russian Empire
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2582:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2319:
2312:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2193:Royal Hungary
2190:
2189:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2016:Oath of Bereg
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:Árpád dynasty
1981:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1843:0-224-03548-7
1840:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:0-415-03228-8
1826:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:0-253-33317-2
1812:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1763:0-404-03636-8
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1692:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1676:9781848852730
1672:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:0-313-26007-9
1639:
1635:
1629:
1626:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1607:0-521-55917-0
1604:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1530:0-19-828007-6
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1455:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1381:0-19-820171-0
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1357:0-19-925339-0
1354:
1350:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1298:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1273:
1272:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:0-19-828007-6
1195:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1149:0-582-01768-8
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
1080:0-521-79269-X
1077:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:0-521-55917-0
1053:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1000:
998:
996:
992:
991:Maria Theresa
988:
984:
980:
975:
974:
970:
963:
959:
956:
954:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
936:
935:
930:
925:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
891:
886:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
841:
835:
830:
829:Samuel Korsak
826:
821:
819:
818:majority rule
815:
810:
809:
803:
799:
798:Adam Poniński
795:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
746:
742:
738:
737:
732:
727:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:Russian share
638:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
619:Little Poland
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
586:
584:
580:
579:Germanization
574:
569:
565:
561:
560:Thorn (Toruń)
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
524:Royal Prussia
521:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
492:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
462:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
424:
422:
418:
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:Royal Prussia
400:
399:Maria Theresa
396:
391:
387:
385:
381:
377:
373:
372:Koliyivschyna
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
310:
306:
302:
301:Silesian Wars
298:
294:
289:
287:
286:Baltic German
283:
279:
275:
271:
268:would regain
267:
263:
258:
251:
247:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
198:
196:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
92:
87:
83:
81:
76:
72:
70:
65:
60:
55:
51:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2271:
2197:Independence
2034:Tripartition
1921:
1873:
1834:
1820:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1768:
1754:
1733:. Retrieved
1713:
1706:
1695:. Retrieved
1685:
1660:
1652:
1633:
1628:
1617:
1596:
1591:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1546:
1540:
1521:
1516:
1497:
1485:. Retrieved
1465:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1425:
1403:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1319:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1270:
1263:
1251:
1189:
1184:
1135:
1129:
1071:
1066:
1045:
1018:
1015:Tim Blanning
1009:
973:
968:
967:
932:
926:
899:
888:
887:
876:
822:
808:liberum veto
783:
768:
764:Edmund Burke
749:
734:
714:
639:
599:
594:
587:
564:West Prussia
532:East Prussia
526:, including
517:
501:
467:Wawel Castle
463:
459:
428:
419:
408:
392:
388:
378:uprising in
374:peasant and
366:, formed in
357:
346:
317:Prince Henry
314:
290:
255:
249:
225:
205:protectorate
202:
186:
172:against the
156:
131:
129:
50:protectorate
49:
2359:(1848–1922)
2357:World War I
2141:(1526–1848)
2002:(1153–1167)
1983:1000–1301 (
1909:(in Polish)
1901:(in Polish)
1897:– resources
1487:17 February
1447:17 February
1324:(in Polish)
1302:(in Polish)
843: [
832: [
820:prevailed.
741:Jan Matejko
571: [
546:River (the
536:Brandenburg
479:Częstochowa
360:Silent Sejm
280:, plus the
221:Repnin Sejm
56:(1773–1789)
2534:Categories
2134:reconquest
2125:Dual reign
1735:8 February
1697:2013-11-17
1287:4 December
1001:References
623:Sandomierz
617:, part of
542:along the
443:Stary Sącz
288:hegemony.
199:Background
105:To Prussia
2514:(1949–89)
987:Joseph II
927:In 1772,
816:in which
720:Aftermath
694:Mstislavl
631:Wieliczka
615:Auschwitz
597:Prussia.
447:Nowy Targ
439:Czorsztyn
272:from the
240:Wallachia
166:partition
121:To Russia
95:1,300,000
84:2,650,000
1885:Archived
1729:Archived
1601:, 2001,
1330:Archived
1309:Archived
1050:, 2001,
1017:(2016).
941:See also
754:and the
678:Courland
593:to King
508:allegory
415:Moldavia
236:Moldavia
150:and the
2520:(1989–)
1964:Magyars
1140:Longman
879:Ottoman
786:Sejmiks
690:Polotsk
686:Vitebsk
682:Belarus
674:Piltene
672:around
658:Livonia
654:Dnieper
635:Galicia
627:Bochnia
552:Kuyavia
528:Ermland
431:Austria
411:Balkans
380:Ukraine
376:Cossack
327:in the
297:Silesia
266:Prussia
73:580,000
69:Prussia
52:of the
2487:(1922)
2476:(1921)
2470:(1920)
2464:(1920)
2458:(1918)
2447:(1918)
2441:(1918)
2435:(1917)
2424:(1901)
2403:(1877)
2397:(1876)
2391:(1874)
2385:(1873)
2379:(1869)
2373:(1868)
2339:(1679)
2333:(1626)
2327:(1621)
2298:(1815)
2292:(1809)
2286:(1797)
2280:(1791)
2274:(1772)
2263:(1739)
2257:(1723)
2251:(1718)
2245:(1699)
2234:(1664)
2228:(1606)
2180:(1711)
2174:(1570)
2168:(1549)
2162:(1541)
2156:(1538)
2150:(1526)
2116:(1515)
2110:(1491)
2104:(1479)
2098:(1479)
2087:(1474)
2081:(1463)
2075:(1444)
2069:(1412)
2063:(1358)
2057:(1352)
2051:(1351)
2045:(1336)
2024:(1271)
2018:(1233)
1996:(1102)
1841:
1827:
1813:
1761:
1721:
1673:
1640:
1605:
1557:
1528:
1510:p. 390
1478:
1438:
1379:
1355:
1278:
1196:
1146:
1078:
1054:
1025:
857:, and
838:, and
771:Warsaw
704:, and
664:(i.e.
652:, and
475:Tyniec
471:Kraków
455:Vienna
264:, and
257:France
209:vassal
91:Russia
1975:(894)
1868:JSTOR
1862:JSTOR
964:Notes
847:]
836:]
646:Dvina
611:Zator
575:]
544:Noteć
353:Glatz
291:King
2136:and
1914:and
1839:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1811:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1737:2017
1719:ISBN
1671:ISBN
1638:ISBN
1603:ISBN
1555:ISBN
1526:ISBN
1489:2011
1476:ISBN
1449:2011
1436:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1289:2011
1276:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1144:ISBN
1076:ISBN
1052:ISBN
1023:ISBN
981:and
881:and
796:and
756:Sejm
692:and
650:Drut
640:The
629:and
558:and
534:and
445:and
238:and
213:tsar
207:(or
189:Sejm
130:The
44:The
2195:to
1474:–.
1472:232
1434:–.
1432:233
510:by
469:in
368:Bar
180:in
89:To
78:To
67:To
2536::
2127:,
1727:.
1669:.
1667:25
1644:,
1609:,
1577:).
1549:.
1532:,
1412:^
1391:^
1383:,
1359:,
1340:^
1250:,
1208:^
1200:,
1158:^
1138:.
1090:^
1082:,
1058:,
1037:^
924:.
916:,
912:,
908:,
885:.
853:,
845:pl
834:pl
827:,
792:,
708:.
688:,
648:,
637:.
613:,
595:of
573:PL
441:,
437:,
335:,
160:,
2313:)
2309:(
2199:)
2191:(
2131:,
2036:)
1987:)
1966:)
1947:e
1940:t
1933:v
1739:.
1700:.
1679:.
1563:.
1491:.
1451:.
1291:.
1258:)
1152:.
1031:.
969:a
861:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
