Winston Churchill in the Second World War

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will say: it is to wage war, by sea, land and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us; to wage war against a monstrous tyranny, never surpassed in the dark, lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy. You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word: it is victory, victory at all costs, victory in spite of all terror, victory, however long and hard the road may be; for without victory, there is no survival. Let that be realised; no survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge and impulse of the ages, that mankind will move forward towards its goal. But I take up my task with buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to fail among men. At this time I feel entitled to claim the aid of all, and I say: Come then, let us go forward together with our united strength.

1966: 1683: 650:. Churchill's resolve was to fight on, even if France capitulated, but his position remained precarious until Chamberlain resolved to support him. Churchill had the full support of the two Labour members but knew he could not survive as prime minister if both Chamberlain and Halifax were against him. In the end, by gaining the support of his outer cabinet, Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax and won Chamberlain over. The essence of Churchill's argument was that, as he said, "it was idle to think that, if we tried to make peace now, we should get better terms than if we fought it out". He therefore concluded that the only option was to fight on though, at times, he personally was pessimistic about the chances of a British victory, as on 12 June 1940 when he told General 1859: 1851: 430: 1797: 1211:. The situation in Bengal was exacerbated by a Japanese air offensive which prevented the RAF from launching an airlift. It has been alleged that Churchill's government was wrong in its prioritisation of food exports to other theatres of war and its stockpiling of resources in Great Britain, but those policies were pursued because Churchill's main concern was fighting a war for survival. Food exports were canceled and subsequently used as famine relief. Nevertheless, he did push for whatever famine relief efforts India itself could provide, but these were hidebound by corruption and inefficiency in the Bengali government. Churchill responded by appointing 668: 489: 1776:. By that time, the Soviet armies were in Rumania and Bulgaria. Churchill suggested a scale of predominance throughout the whole region so as not to, as he put it, "get at cross-purposes in small ways". He wrote down some suggested percentages of influence per country and gave it to Stalin who ticked it. The agreement was that Russia would have 90% control of Romania and 75% control of Bulgaria. The UK and the USA would have 90% control of Greece. Hungary and Yugoslavia would be 50% each. In 1958, five years after the account of this meeting was published (in Churchill's 745:

island or lose the war. If we can stand up to him all Europe may be free, and the life of the world may move forward into broad, sunlit uplands; but if we fail then the whole world, including the United States, and all that we have known and cared for, will sink into the abyss of a new dark age made more sinister, and perhaps more prolonged, by the lights of a perverted science. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duty and so bear ourselves that if the British Commonwealth and Empire lasts for a thousand years, men will still say: "This was their finest hour".

1248:, arrived in London and stayed until the 28th before going on to Washington. The purpose of this visit was to sign a treaty of friendship but Molotov wanted it done on the basis of certain territorial concessions re Poland and the Baltic States. Churchill and Eden worked for a compromise and eventually a twenty-year treaty was formalised but with the question of frontiers placed on hold. Molotov was also seeking a Second Front in Europe but all Churchill could do was confirm that preparations were in progress and make no promises on a date. 469:– Jenkins says his accession to the premiership was "at best the equivalent of an abrupt wartime marriage". He probably could not have won a majority in any of the political parties in the House of Commons, and the House of Lords was completely silent when it learned of his appointment. Chamberlain remained Conservative Party leader until October when ill health forced his resignation – he died of cancer in November. By that time, Churchill had won the doubters over and his succession as party leader was a formality. 33: 325: 717:

fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall never surrender, and even if, which I do not for a moment believe, this Island or a large part of it were subjugated and starving, then our Empire beyond the seas, armed and guarded by the British Fleet, would carry on the struggle, until, in God's good time, the New World, with all its power and might, steps forth to the rescue and the liberation of the old.

126: 1389: 1348: 1580:, the Americans openly admitted that a cross-Channel operation in the near future was "utterly impossible". As an alternative, Churchill recommended "slit(ting) the soft belly of the Mediterranean" and persuaded them to invade first Sicily and then Italy after they had defeated the Afrika Korps in North Africa. After the war, Clark still agreed that Churchill's analysis was correct but he added that, when the Allies 1229: 1315:. He was in Moscow 12–16 August and had four lengthy meetings with Stalin. Although they got along quite well together on a personal level, there was little chance of any real progress given the state of the war with the Germans still advancing in all theatres. Stalin was desperate for the Allies to open the Second Front in Europe, as Churchill had discussed with Molotov in May, and the answer was the same. 604:, who became the government's scientific advisor. Lindemann was one of several outside exports drafted in and these "technocrats" fulfilled vital functions, especially on the Home Front. Churchill would proudly proclaim that his government, in the interests of national unity, was the most broadly based in British political history as it spanned far right to far left by including such figures as 1946:, had ordered French forces to establish an air base in Syria and a naval base in Lebanon. This action provoked a nationalist outbreak in both countries and France responded with an armed intervention, leading to many civilian deaths. With the situation escalating out of control, Churchill intervened on 31 May and gave de Gaulle an ultimatum to desist. This was ignored and British forces from 691:" speech. It was not well-received at the time, mainly because the majority of Conservative MPs held doubts about Churchill's suitability to be premier. It was in fact little more than a short statement but, Jenkins says, "it included phrases which have reverberated down the decades". Churchill made it plain to the nation that a long, hard road lay ahead and that victory was the final goal: 1401: 1363:. Until November, the Allies had always been on the defensive, but from November, the Germans were. Churchill ordered the church bells to be rung throughout Great Britain for the first time since early 1940. On 10 November, knowing that El Alamein was a victory, he delivered one of his most memorable war speeches to the Lord Mayor's Luncheon at the 2046:, his new constituency in Essex, but his majority over a sole independent candidate was much less than expected. On hearing the Woodford result, he gloomily anticipated national defeat by Labour and, when Clementine suggested that it might be "a blessing in disguise", he retorted that "at the moment it seems very effectively disguised". 1001:", the decision to prioritise victory in Europe over victory in the Pacific, taken by Roosevelt while Churchill was still in mid-Atlantic. The Americans agreed with Churchill that Hitler was the main enemy and that the defeat of Germany was key to Allied success. It was also agreed that the first joint Anglo-American strike would be 708:, the evacuation of 338,226 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk, ended on Tuesday, 4 June when the French rearguard surrendered. The total was far in excess of expectations and it gave rise to a popular view that Dunkirk had been a miracle, and even a victory. Churchill himself referred to "a miracle of deliverance" in his " 1090:, whose signals could not be deciphered by Bletchley Park for nearly a year. In the Far East, the news was much worse with Japanese advances in all theatres, especially at sea and in Malaya. At a press conference in Washington, Churchill had to play down his increasing doubts about the security of Singapore. 744:

is about to begin. Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation. Upon it depends our own British life and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire. The whole fury and might of the enemy must very soon be turned on us. Hitler knows that he will have to break us in this

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the following day and Italy entered the war on the 10th. The Wehrmacht occupied Paris on the 14th and completed their conquest of France on 25 June. It was now inevitable that Hitler would attack and probably try to invade Great Britain. Faced with this, Churchill addressed the Commons on 18 June and

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as Lord President of the Council – replacing Chamberlain who died in November (Anderson later became Chancellor after Kingsley Wood's death in September 1943). Jenkins described this combination as a "war cabinet for winning", contrasting it with Chamberlain's "war cabinet for losing". In response to

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until he was effectively vetoed by the King who told Churchill that, as head of all three services, he (the King) ought to go too. Churchill expected an Allied death toll of 20,000 on D-Day but he was proved to be pessimistic because less than 8,000 died in the whole of June. He made his first visit

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in April. They had been sent by Roosevelt to discuss the feasibility of a cross-Channel invasion, as Roosevelt was keen to take pressure off the Soviets who were still on the back foot. At this time, 1942 was practically impossible and it was hoped to open a Channel front in 1943. The Americans were

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The gratitude of every home in our Island, in our Empire, and indeed throughout the world, except in the abodes of the guilty, goes out to the British airmen who, undaunted by odds, unwearied in their constant challenge and mortal danger, are turning the tide of the World War by their prowess and by

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has pointed out that the number of Soviet citizens who died from German bombing was roughly equivalent to the number of German citizens who died from Allied raids. Jenkins asks if Churchill was moved more by foreboding than by regret but admits it is easy to criticise with the hindsight of victory.

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with its five "Giant Evils" was published in November 1942 and assumed great importance amid widespread popular acclaim. Even so, Churchill was not really interested because he was focused on winning the war and saw reform in terms of tidying up afterwards. His attitude was demonstrated in a Sunday

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but he was also keen to make the most of Allied air power which, by the beginning of 1944, had become overwhelming. Churchill never fully lost his apprehension about the invasion, however, and underwent great fluctuation of mood as D-Day approached. Jenkins says that he faced potential victory with

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helped secure vital food, oil and munitions via the North Atlantic shipping routes. Between 1939 and 1945 they exchanged an estimated 1700 letters and telegrams and met 11 times; Churchill estimated that they had 120 days of close personal contact. It was for this reason that Churchill was relieved

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reported in November: "Everywhere I went in London people admired energy, his courage, his singleness of purpose. People said they didn't know what Britain would do without him. He was obviously respected. But no one felt he would be prime minister after the war. He was simply the right man in the

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after the war, on which much progress was made; and the more vexed question of Poland's post-war status, which Churchill saw as a test case for the future of Eastern Europe. Churchill faced some strong criticism for the Yalta agreement on Poland. For example, 27 Tory MPs voted against him when the

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while, the previous week, the government had lost a bye-election to an independent candidate, the first of several in which Conservative majorities were overturned. Jenkins describes the rebel motion in Parliament as "a fiasco", its speakers not being co-ordinated. One of them, the seconder of the

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In the end, however, it was the population's demand for reform that decided the 1945 general election. Labour was perceived as the party that would deliver Beveridge. Arthur Greenwood had initiated its preceding social insurance and allied services inquiry in June 1941. Attlee, Bevin and Labour's

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I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government, that I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We have before us many, many long months of struggle and of suffering. You ask, what is our policy? I

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wrote in 1941 that "The responsibilities which are his now must be greater than those carried by any other human being on earth. One would think such a weight would have a crushing effect upon him. Not at all. The last time I saw him, while the Battle of Britain was still raging, he looked twenty

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Churchill came back to another motion of no confidence, this time in the central direction of the war, which meant him personally and was a direct reaction to the fall of Tobruk. The petitioners were a cross-party spread. The debate was held 1–2 July and opened with the news that Rommel was only

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We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air. We shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be. We shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall

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in Chamberlain's government. There was considerable support for Churchill on both sides of the House but, as a member of the government, he was obliged to speak on its behalf. He was called upon to wind up the debate, which placed him in the difficult position of having to defend the government

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Churchill used to watch air raids from the Whitehall rooftops and was all for intensive anti-aircraft barrages, regardless of whether anything was being hit or not. He was totally opposed to proposals that the seat of government should be removed to Worcestershire and made extensive use of the

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and was forced to remain until after Christmas while a succession of specialists were drafted in to ensure his recovery. Clementine and Colville arrived to keep him company; Colville had just returned to Downing Street after more than two years in the RAF. On 27 December, the party went on to

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Since my return to this country, I have come to the conclusion that I must ask to be sustained by a vote of confidence from the House of Commons. This is a thoroughly normal, constitutional, democratic procedure. Could you have anything freer than that? Could you have any higher expression of

712:" speech to the Commons that afternoon, though he shortly reminded everyone that: "We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations". The speech ended on a note of defiance coupled with a clear appeal to the United States: 1117:

returned from Moscow, where he had been British ambassador since May 1940. On the evening of Sunday, 8 February, Cripps broadcast to the nation about the Soviet war effort and compared it to the perceived "lack of urgency" in Britain where the population were almost "spectators rather than

933:, but to no avail as Stalin did not trust Churchill. The night before the attack, already intending an address to the nation, Churchill alluded to his hitherto anti-communist views by saying to Colville: "If Hitler invaded Hell, I would at least make a favourable reference to the Devil". 898:. Upon re-election, Roosevelt set about implementing a new method of providing necessities to Great Britain without the need for monetary payment. He persuaded Congress that repayment for this immensely costly service would take the form of defending the US. The policy was known as 552:. In practice, these five were augmented by the service chiefs and ministers who attended the majority of meetings. The cabinet changed in size and membership as the war progressed. By the end of 1940, it had increased to eight after Churchill, Attlee and Greenwood were joined by 2041:

did not become known until 26 July, owing to the need to collect the votes of those serving overseas. The result was a landslide victory for Labour so Churchill resigned as prime minister and was succeeded by Clement Attlee. Churchill had been unopposed by the major parties in

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matter was debated in the Commons at the end of the month. Jenkins, however, maintains that Churchill did as well as he could have done in very difficult circumstances, not least the fact that Roosevelt was seriously ill and could not provide Churchill with meaningful support.

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The invasion of Sicily began on 9 July and was successfully completed by 17 August. Churchill was then all for driving straight up the Italian mainland with Rome as the main target, but the Americans wanted to withdraw several divisions to England in the build-up of forces for

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on 1 October 1943 and ordering the military under Wavell's direction to transport aid into Bengal. The combination of relief transports and a successfully harvested winter rice crop eased the famine in December 1943. The famine's death toll was around three million in total.

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and took control of most of Italy. Although he still preferred Italy to Normandy as the Allies' main route into the Third Reich, Churchill was deeply concerned about the strong German resistance at Salerno and, later, after the Allies successfully gained their bridgehead at

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Churchill on his return from America was aware of parliamentary and public criticism because, after nearly two years of his premiership, the end of the war was nowhere in sight. He decided to insist upon a full three-day Commons debate, through 27–29 January, on a

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that "ou and I will be dead in three months' time". Nonetheless, his use of rhetoric hardened public opinion against a peaceful resolution and prepared the British people for a long war – Jenkins says Churchill's speeches were "an inspiration for the nation, and a

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on 13 December 1939 and afterwards welcomed home the crews, congratulating them on "a brilliant sea fight" and saying that their actions in a cold, dark winter had "warmed the cockles of the British heart". On 16 February 1940, Churchill personally ordered Captain

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on 21 June. Churchill was with Roosevelt when the news of Tobruk reached him. He was shocked by the surrender of 35,000 troops which was, apart from Singapore, "the heaviest blow" he received in the war. The Axis advance was eventually halted at the battles of

279:. Since the division vote, Chamberlain had been trying to form a coalition but Labour declared on the Friday afternoon that they would not serve under his leadership, although they would accept another Conservative. The only two candidates were Churchill and 1179:

to the Japanese on 15 February 1942, he felt that his misgivings were confirmed and said: "(this is) the worst disaster and largest capitulation in British military history". More bad news had come on 11 February as the Kriegsmarine pulled off its audacious

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motion who was targeting the Chiefs of Staff, even declared that it would be a "deplorable disaster" if Churchill had to go. Even so, 25 votes were cast against Churchill, with 477 in favour, and he drew some comfort from being told that the government of

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replaced him. Churchill returned to Cairo from Moscow on 17 August and could see for himself that the Alexander/Montgomery combination was already having an effect. He returned to England on the 21st, nine days before Rommel launched his final offensive.

291:. Halifax admitted that he could not govern effectively as a member of the House of Lords and so Chamberlain advised the King to send for Churchill, who became prime minister. His first act was to write to Chamberlain and thank him for his support. 1950:

were mobilised to restore order. The French, heavily outnumbered, had no option but to return to their bases. A diplomatic row broke out and Churchill reportedly told a colleague that de Gaulle was "a great danger to peace and for Great Britain".

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and the job was retitled Minister of Production. Churchill was concerned about Cripps' obvious public popularity and, sensing a challenge to his premiership, realised that he needed Cripps in the government. On 15 February, he appointed Cripps as

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The difficulties in Italy caused Churchill to have a change of heart and mind about Allied strategy to the extent that, when the Anzio stalemate developed soon after his return to England from North Africa, he threw himself into the planning of

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altered its strategy from 7 September 1940 and began to bomb London, at first in daylight raids and then, after their losses became unacceptably high, at night. The raids were soon extended to provincial cities such as the notorious attack on

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in November that he thought the threat of invasion was past. He was confident that Great Britain could hold its own, given the increase in output, but was realistic about its chances of actually winning the war without American intervention.

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Churchill later wrote of feeling a profound sense of relief in that he now had authority over the whole scene. He believed himself to be walking with destiny and that his life so far had been "a preparation for this hour and for this trial".

2000:(VE Day) when Churchill broadcast to the nation that Germany had surrendered and that a final ceasefire on all fronts in Europe would come into effect at one minute past midnight that night (i.e., on the 9th). Afterwards, Churchill went to 1898:

The destruction of Dresden remains a serious query against the conduct of Allied bombing..... I feel the need for more precise concentration upon military objectives..... rather than on mere acts of terror and wanton destruction, however

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Despite his concerns, he won easily enough with 464 votes in his favour and only one against, in a House of 640. Many MPs were unavailable for war service reasons. Churchill's gloom persisted, though, and he faced another problem when

2029:), and with the Labour ministers refusing to continue the wartime coalition, Churchill resigned as prime minister on 23 May 1945. Later that day, he accepted the King's invitation to form a new government, known officially as the 1666:

evening radio broadcast on 26 March 1944. He was obliged to devote most of it to the subject of reform and showed a distinct lack of interest. In their respective diaries, Colville said Churchill had broadcast "indifferently" and

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democracy than that? Very few other countries have institutions strong enough to sustain such a thing while they are fighting for their lives. No one need be mealy-mouthed in debate, and no one should be chicken-hearted in voting.

1026:. While he was well-received, he was concerned that his anti-Japanese rhetoric met with greater enthusiasm than his anti-German statements. That night, Churchill suffered a mild heart attack which was diagnosed by his physician, 137:

On 3 September 1939, the day Britain declared war on Germany following the outbreak of the Second World War, Chamberlain appointed Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty, the same position he had held at the beginning of the

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and, on the 8th, Churchill declared war on Japan. Three days later came the joint declaration of war by Germany and Italy against the United States. Churchill went to Washington later in the month to meet Roosevelt for the

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for the Allied occupation of Germany after the war, the intention of which was not only to demilitarise but also de-industrialise Germany. Eden strongly opposed it and was later able to persuade Churchill to disown it.

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that included the "some chicken, some neck" line in which he recalled French predictions in 1940 that "Britain alone would have her neck wrung like a chicken". Churchill arrived home in mid-January, having flown from

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on 8 November and the Afrika Korps was now facing formidable opposition on two fronts. The conflict at Stalingrad lasted for over five months but the key date was 23 November when the Germans were encircled.

1436:. Stalin had hoped to attend but declined because of the situation at Stalingrad. Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing " 5407: 2055: 919: 109: 1886:

close to the end of the war, though an independent commission in 2010 confirmed a death toll between 22,700 and 25,000. On 28 March, he decided to restrict area bombing and sent a memorandum to

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El Alamein was fought 23 October to 11 November and was a resounding victory for the Eighth Army with Rommel's forces in full retreat. The Americans under Eisenhower had successfully completed

1965: 5397: 2058:, Churchill is consistently ranked in the top of rankings, often as the greatest prime minister in British history. A 1999 study by 20 prominent historians, politicians and commentators by 1291:(ETOUSA). Having received the news from North Africa, Churchill obtained shipment from America to the Eighth Army of 300 Sherman tanks and 100 howitzers. He returned to Britain on 25 June. 1644:

and set up an ongoing series of meetings with SHAEF and the British Chiefs of Staff over which he regularly presided. These were always attended by either Eisenhower or his chief of staff

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fell in March 1942 and the Japanese advance gathered pace until they had occupied most of the country by the end of April. Campaigning was effectively halted through the May to December

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Through the spring of 1942, Churchill's spirits rose as things settled down in cabinet and there was no especially bad news, although still a lack of triumph. He welcomed US emissaries

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On 20 August 1940, at the height of the Battle of Britain, Churchill addressed the Commons to outline the war situation. In the middle of this speech, he made a statement that created

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but still failed to break the stalemate, he caustically said that instead of "hurling a wildcat onto the shore", the Allied force had become a "stranded whale". The big obstacle was

5997: 4449: 2022:. In the evening, Churchill made another broadcast to the nation asserting that the defeat of Japan would follow in the coming months (the Japanese surrendered on 15 August 1945). 1251:

Churchill felt well pleased with these negotiations and said as much when he contacted Roosevelt on the 27th. The previous day, however, Rommel had launched his counter-offensive,

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The war energised Churchill, who was 65 years old when he became prime minister. Stating that he was the only top leader from World War I who still had an important political job,

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that was initiated by Churchill in January with the intention of shortening the war. Churchill came to regret the bombing because initial reports suggested an excessive number of

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as he feared that an Anglo-American army in France might not be a match for the fighting efficiency of the Wehrmacht. He preferred peripheral operations, including a plan called

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Churchill's wartime speeches were a great inspiration to the embattled British, beginning with his first as prime minister, which he had delivered to the Commons on 13 May: the "

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for various purposes. He arrived home on 7 February having been out for the country for nearly a month. He addressed the Commons on the 11th and then became seriously ill with

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At this point he asked Ernest Bevin to come forward and share the applause. Bevin said: "No, Winston, this is your day", and proceeded to conduct the people in the singing of

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in the Commons that afternoon. Since 12 January 1943, when he set off for the Casablanca Conference, Churchill had been abroad and/or seriously ill for 203 of the 371 days.

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and it was also agreed that Germany would be divided after the war, but no firm decisions were made about how. On their way back from Tehran, Churchill and Roosevelt held a

5793: 5750: 1288: 1019: 795:. The SOE was ordered to promote and execute subversive activity in Nazi-occupied Europe while the Commandos were charged with raids on specific military targets there. 3548:

Middleton, Drew (24 January 1943). "Roosevelt, Churchill Map 1943 War Strategy At Ten-Day Conference Held In Casablanca; Giraud And De Gaulle, Present, Agree On Aims".

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Churchill could not ignore the need for post-war reforms covering a broad sweep of areas such as agriculture, education, employment, health, housing and welfare. The

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needing several weeks' bed rest. Churchill insisted that he did not need bed rest and, two days later, journeyed on to Ottawa by train where he gave a speech to the

5991: 5820: 5798: 1924:, says that Churchill's memorandum was a "calculated political attempt..... to distance himself..... from the rising controversy surrounding the area offensive". 260:

without damaging his own prestige. Although the government won the vote, its majority was drastically reduced amid calls for a national government to be formed.

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previous criticisms that there had been no clear single minister in charge of the prosecution of the war, Churchill created and took the additional position of

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in 1945. Stalin judged Churchill to be "more formidable" than Roosevelt. Roosevelt and Stalin co-operated in persuading Churchill to commit to the opening of

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the German occupation of Norway, the Commons held an open debate from 7 to 9 May on the government's conduct of the war. This has come to be known as the

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focused on Europe and Churchill raised his concerns about the possible losses of both India and Egypt, but the Americans were not concerned about India.

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and is renowned as one of the most significant events in parliamentary history. On the second day (Wednesday, 8 May), the Labour opposition called for a

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God bless you all. This is your victory. In our long history, we have never seen a greater day than this. Everyone, man or woman, has done their best.

1913: 1184:", a massive blow to British naval prestige. The combined effect of these events was to sink Churchill's morale to its lowest point of the whole war. 4177: 5767: 1204: 895: 837:

was especially intensive through October and November. It can be said to have continued for eight months, by which time Hitler was ready to launch

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both by scholars and the public as one of the top three greatest British prime ministers, often as the greatest prime minister in British history.

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participants". This happened soon after a blazing row between Bevin and Beaverbrook which undermined the war cabinet. The latter had just become

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from 4 to 11 February. Yalta had massive implications for the post-war world. There were two predominant issues: the question of setting up the

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In August, despite health concerns, Churchill visited the British forces in North Africa, raising morale in the process, en route to Moscow for

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Hitler launched his invasion of the Soviet Union on Sunday, 22 June 1941. It was no surprise to Churchill who had known since early April, from

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on 11 June, an immediate response to the Italian declaration of war. This went well at first while the Italian army was the sole opposition and

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to Normandy on 12 June to visit Montgomery, whose HQ was then about five miles inland. That evening, as he was returning to London, the first

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and it was not until mid-May 1944 when it was finally overcome, enabling the Allies to at last advance on Rome, which was taken on 4 June.

69: 4443: 4291: 1529:, arriving on 10 December, initially as Eisenhower's guest (soon afterwards, Eisenhower took over as Supreme Allied Commander of the new 5745: 5402: 1565: 100:, Historians have long held Churchill in high regard as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending Europe's 5810: 5596: 2605: 1845: 409: 5967: 2549: 1207:

which devastated the region in October 1942 and, with vital rice imports from Burma curtailed by the Japanese, led ultimately to the

5723: 5685: 5439: 1212: 557: 283:, the Foreign Secretary. The matter had already been discussed at a meeting on the 9th between Chamberlain, Halifax, Churchill, and 2402: 1796: 803:, took political responsibility for the SOE and recorded in his diary that Churchill told him: "And now go and set Europe ablaze". 3373: 1011:(i.e., Algeria and Morocco). Originally planned for the spring of 1942, it was finally launched in November 1942 when the crucial 5527: 1778: 196: 72:

on 10 May 1940 and held the post until 26 July 1945. Out of office during the 1930s, Churchill had taken the lead in calling for

4476: 1768:) from 9 to 19 October 1944, Churchill and Eden met Stalin and Molotov. This conference has gained notoriety for the so-called " 5903: 5695: 5567: 5419: 5387: 5357: 4682:

Bell, Christopher M. (2011). "Sir John Fisher's Naval Revolution Reconsidered: Winston Churchill at the Admiralty, 1911–1914".

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where he appeared on the balcony with the Royal Family before a huge crowd of celebrating citizens. He went from the palace to

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seemingly imminent, Halifax proposed that the government should explore the possibility of a negotiated peace settlement using

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Churchill wanted people he knew and trusted to take part in government. Among these were personal friends like Beaverbrook and

577: 5985: 2744:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. pp. 359–362. 667: 5624: 5543: 3910: 2378: 1568:(NATOUSA), and his aides on the subject of where the Western Allies should launch their first strike in Europe. According to 1128: 867: 841:, the invasion of the USSR. The Luftwaffe failed its objective of reducing British war production, which actually increased. 470: 93: 3304: 488: 2812: 2571: 1456:

the following day, necessitating more than one month of rest, recuperation and convalescence – for the latter, he moved to

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and then the Allies mounted the first of several offensives from India. Efforts were hampered by disordered conditions in

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other coalition ministers through the war were seen to be working towards reform and earned the trust of the electorate.

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but, on 19 February and citing a "nervous breakdown", he resigned from the government. He was replaced in early March by

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In May, Churchill was still unpopular with many Conservatives, with probably the majority of the Labour Party, and with

373: 221:

to Germany. There were disagreements about mining, both in the war cabinet and with the French government. As a result,

1167:

Churchill already had grave concerns about the fighting quality of British troops after the defeats in Norway, France,

959:. This outlined the goals of both countries for the future of the world and it is seen as the inspiration for the 1942 5923: 5885: 5733: 5591: 5434: 5081: 4034: 2737: 1817: 1464: 1356: 1087: 1012: 990: 585: 324: 57: 5444: 2062:

ranked Churchill number one, compounded by 2008, 2010 and 2020 polls, while 2004 and 2006 polls placed him second.

1564:

In the autumn of 1942, after Churchill's meeting with Stalin in Moscow, he was approached by Eisenhower, commanding

6030: 5955: 5652: 5350: 1600: 1265: 1119: 729: 4418: 5949: 5716: 5705: 4733: 1891: 1216: 272: 174: 1051:, and soon found that there was a crisis of confidence in both his coalition government and himself personally. 5487: 2729: 1828:. The Western Allies agreed to the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens in the Allied zones, including 1761: 1733: 1581: 1573: 1324: 1308: 1301: 952: 943: 594: 252: 143: 2939: 5979: 5973: 5535: 1809: 1628: 1515: 1472: 1437: 886:. An added advantage for Britain was that its military assets in those bases could be redeployed elsewhere. 750: 386: 226: 1519: 1371:

This is not the end. It is not even the beginning of the end. But it is, perhaps, the end of the beginning.

5867: 5465: 3908:(April 1978). "The Churchill-Stalin Secret "Percentages" Agreement on the Balkans, Moscow, October 1944". 3685: 1947: 1613: 1548: 1260: 1079: 981: 680: 521: 483: 368: 311: 268: 85: 1502:), where Churchill and Roosevelt met Stalin in the first of the "Big Three" meetings, preceding those at 5908: 5856: 5583: 5040: 1997: 1769: 1746: 1421: 1409: 1364: 1208: 1192: 1074:. On 21 January 1942, however, Rommel launched a surprise counter-attack which drove the Allies back to 890: 256: 190: 108:. For his wartime leadership and for his efforts in overseeing the war effort, he has been consistently 32: 17: 5931: 5575: 5254: 5103: 1360: 1284: 1031: 838: 517:

years younger than before the war began ... His uplifted spirit is transmitted to the people".

159: 4392: 4366: 4313: 1874:

On the nights of 13–15 February 1945, some 1,200 British and US bombers attacked the German city of

1836:, many of whom were anti-Communist. Keelhaul was implemented between 14 August 1946 and 9 May 1947. 759:

was a noted success. In early 1941, however, Mussolini requested German support and Hitler sent the

173:", when the only significant action by British forces was at sea. Churchill was ebullient after the 5878: 5700: 5638: 5210: 4805: 1883: 1645: 1534: 1114: 1035: 1008: 601: 513: 73: 65: 1878:, which was crowded with wounded and refugees from the Eastern Front. The attacks were part of an 166:

have found contemporary evidence to confirm it, suggesting that it may well be a later invention.

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As 1942 drew to a close, the tide of war began to turn with Allied victory in the key battles of

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right job at the right time. The time being the time of a desperate war with Britain's enemies".

393: 244: 169:

As First Lord, Churchill proved to be one of the highest-profile ministers during the so-called "

147: 2382: 1272:(early September). Both sides were exhausted and in urgent need of reinforcements and supplies. 207:

and initially wanted to send a naval force there but this was soon changed to a plan, codenamed

2736:, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . 5373: 5328: 5306: 5284: 5262: 5240: 5218: 5163: 5111: 5089: 5067: 5048: 5026: 5004: 4982: 4963: 4943: 4933: 4925: 4911: 4889: 4867: 4797: 4785: 4775: 4755: 4745: 4719: 4668: 4609: 4590: 4528: 4509: 4285: 4156: 4013: 3846: 3818: 3606: 3439: 2918: 2851: 2770: 2745: 2505: 2265: 2102: 2001: 1939: 1867: 1700: 1495: 1429: 1176: 846: 792: 755: 741: 589: 466: 398: 264: 209: 184: 130: 101: 53: 2499: 2096: 1494:

The most important conference of the year was soon afterwards (28 November to 1 December) at

787:

In other initiatives through June and July 1940, Churchill ordered the formation of both the

200:. These actions, supplemented by his speeches, considerably enhanced Churchill's reputation. 5756: 5551: 5190: 5134: 4842: 4691: 4635: 4554: 3919: 3783: 3635: 2495: 1909: 1879: 1801: 1791: 1707:

itself (6 June 1944) or at least on D-Day+1. His desire caused unnecessary consternation at

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against Rommel's forces in Libya, successfully driving them back to a defensive position at

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said that, to many people, Churchill came across the air as "a worn and petulant old man".

1653:

much less buoyancy than when he defiantly faced the prospect of defeat four years earlier.

820:

their devotion. Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few.

5937: 5898: 5840: 5158:

Winston S. Churchill, 1874–1965: A Comprehensive Historiography and Annotated Bibliography

4825: 4737: 4005: 1977:

on the day he broadcast to the nation that the war with Germany had been won, 8 May 1945.

1741: 1713: 1667: 1624: 1618: 1609: 1533:

just being created in London). While Churchill was in Tunis, he became seriously ill with

1480: 1463:

Churchill made two transatlantic crossings during the year, meeting Roosevelt at both the

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The Allies: Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin, and the Unlikely Alliance That Won World War II

2790: 194:

in Norwegian waters and liberate some 300 British prisoners who had been captured by the

1604:

for an invasion of northern Norway. Events in Sicily had an unexpected impact in Italy.

1388: 1347: 6003: 5892: 5178: 5138: 4903: 4881: 3787: 3626:

Roberts, Geoffrey (Fall 2007). "Stalin at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conferences".

3022: 2033:, like the Conservative-dominated coalition of the 1930s, but in practice known as the 964: 915: 911: 764: 651: 635: 529: 163: 4096: 1782:), Soviet authorities denied that Stalin had accepted such an "imperialist proposal". 1612:

as prime minister. Badoglio opened negotiations with the Allies which resulted in the

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as the necessary precursor to an invasion of Europe. Roosevelt had appointed General

1269: 1147: 948: 922: 854: 581: 248: 238: 4273: 3774:

Abel-Smith, Brian (January 1992). "The Beveridge report: Its origins and outcomes".

3647: 1552:. He was back in London on the morning of 18 January and surprised MPs by attending 1259:. The Allies were ultimately driven out of Libya and suffered a major defeat in the 1228: 941:

In August 1941, Churchill made his first transatlantic crossing of the war on board

5666: 5320: 4955: 4582: 4542: 3905: 2398: 1978: 1970: 1921: 1749: 1740:) from 12 to 16 September 1944. Between themselves, they reached agreement on the 1336: 1181: 1083: 998: 883: 853:. His morale during the Blitz was generally high and he told his private secretary 773: 760: 676: 647: 561: 553: 509: 280: 150:

sent a signal to the Fleet: "Winston is back". Although this story was repeated by

81: 46: 42: 2742:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

5281:

Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill

5961: 5276: 4996: 4623: 4148: 3838: 3327: 2059: 1917: 1832:, to the Soviet Union and the policy was later extended to all Eastern European 1721: 1048: 1023: 850: 796: 179: 89: 1400: 4833:

Douglas, R. M. (2009). "Did Britain Use Chemical Weapons in Mandatory Iraq?".

4639: 4501: 2733: 2574:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 360, cols 1501–1525. 4 June 1940 1716:

were launched. In a longer visit to Normandy on 22–23 July, Churchill went to

1296: 1067: 899: 569: 288: 204: 170: 77: 4947: 4789: 4695: 2346: 2344: 955:. On 14 August, they issued the joint statement that has become known as the 5845: 4759: 3639: 3155:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 377, col. 592. 27 January 1942 2815:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 364, col. 1167. 20 August 1940 2005: 1974: 1772:" in which Churchill and Stalin effectively agreed the post-war fate of the 1717: 1543: 1539: 1479:) in August. In November, Churchill and Roosevelt met Chinese Generalissimo 1453: 1071: 879: 871: 834: 825: 656: 639: 355: 749:

Churchill was determined to fight back and ordered the commencement of the

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From 30 January to 2 February 1945, Churchill and Roosevelt met for their

874:

were transferred to the Royal Navy in exchange for free US base rights in

597:, making him the most powerful wartime prime minister in British history. 1522:, but were unable to gain any commitment from Turkey to join the Allies. 1457: 1044: 830: 723: 214: 155: 5146: 4525:

Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill

2688:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 362, col. 61. 18 June 1940 2630:. Hansard, House of Commons, 5th Series, vol. 361, col. 791. 4 June 1940 1594:, now scheduled for the spring of 1944. Churchill was still not keen on 5511: 4647: 4566: 3931: 1875: 1833: 1773: 1449: 1188: 1040: 875: 812: 631: 105: 1908:

He adds that the area bombing campaign was no more reprehensible than

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In September 1940, the British and American governments concluded the

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While he was in Cairo in early August, Churchill decided to replace

146:. Churchill later claimed that, on learning of his appointment, the 5125:

Moritz, Jr., Edward (1958). "Winston Churchill – Prison Reformer".

4846: 512:

wrote in 1940 that Churchill "looks ten years younger than he is".

5189:(5). Boston, Massachusetts: Johns Hopkins University Press: 8–10. 3813:

Lynch, Michael (2008). "1. The Labour Party in Power, 1945–1951".

1990: 1986: 1964: 1863: 1857: 1849: 1813: 1795: 1708: 1704: 1681: 1530: 1526: 1441: 1399: 1387: 1346: 1227: 1200: 666: 642:

as an intermediary given that Italy was still neutral. There were

496:

sub-machine gun in June 1941. The man in the pin-striped suit and

487: 124: 31: 4665:

Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire & the War with Japan

3686:"Were "Soft Underbelly" and "Fortress Europe" Churchill Phrases?" 3278: 3276: 1331:

as Commander-in-Chief of the Middle East Theatre. Command of the

4742:

Churchill: A Major New Reassessment of His Life in Peace and War

1752:

also opposed it and convinced Roosevelt that it was infeasible.

493: 445: 5346: 3438:. Briarcliff Manor, New York: Stein and Day. pp. 376–377. 4979:

All Behind You, Winston – Churchill's Great Coalition, 1940–45

4804:. The Second World War. Vol. II (9th ed.). London: 3436:

The German Army 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure

1440:" by the Axis powers. From Morocco, Churchill went to Cairo, 1279:

on 17 June. He and Roosevelt agreed on the implementation of

5086:

Is Tomorrow Hitler's? 200 Questions on the Battle of Mankind

4221: 4219: 3817:. Access to History. London: Hodder Headline. pp. 1–4. 1367:

in London, in response to the Allied victory at El Alamein:

4527:. Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. 84:. As prime minister, he oversaw British involvement in the 4116: 4114: 3745: 3743: 2454: 2452: 2450: 1542:

for convalescence. Feeling much better, Churchill flew to

1428:), which lasted ten days. It was also attended by General 564:

as Foreign Secretary – replacing Halifax, who was sent to

162:

notes that neither he nor Churchill's official biographer

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With a general election looming (there had been none for

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Japanese operations in Burma had begun in December 1941.

646:

from 26 to 28 May, including two with the French premier

2407:. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 328, 332–33. 2144: 2142: 1699:

Churchill was determined to be actively involved in the

889:

Churchill's good relations with United States President

4506:

Churchill – The Life: An authorised pictorial biography

3307:. The International Churchill Society. 18 November 2008 116:

First Lord of the Admiralty: September 1939 to May 1940

4864:

The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France he saved

4545:(1980). "The Political Beliefs of Winston Churchill". 2848:

The German Air Force 1933–1945: An Anatomy of Failure

918:, that the attack was imminent. He had tried to warn 780:

so that he could reassign forces to Greece where the

203:

He was concerned about German naval activity in the

5922: 5833: 5783: 5676: 5616: 5496: 5458: 5380: 3237:. International Churchill Society. 10 November 2015 1616:on 3 September. In response, the Germans activated 815:for the RAF fighter pilots involved in the battle: 392: 382: 361: 351: 225:was delayed until 8 April 1940, the day before the 5155: 4634:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 307–330. 4417: 4391: 4365: 4312: 3328:"Was Churchill Responsible for the Bengal Famine?" 2915:Warfare and Society in Europe: 1898 to the Present 1311:. He was accompanied by Roosevelt's special envoy 1304:conceded 25 votes after a similar debate in 1799. 1289:European Theater of Operations, United States Army 776:, who arrived not long after Churchill had halted 456:Dunkirk to Pearl Harbor: May 1940 to December 1941 2767:The Second World War Diary of Hugh Dalton 1940–45 2504:. London: Oneworld Publications. pp. 28–31. 2037:. Polling day was 5 July, but the results of the 1159:was still on the agenda as regards North Africa. 976:Pearl Harbor and United States entry into the war 971:Pearl Harbor to D-Day: December 1941 to June 1944 522:his premiership by forming a five-man war cabinet 305:Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership 5325:Lloyd George and Churchill: Rivals for Greatness 4866:. London: Simon & Schuster. pp. 42–47. 4802:The Twilight War: 3 September 1939 – 10 May 1940 4718:. London and New York: Hambledon and Continuum. 4626:(2001). "Churchill and the Conservative Party". 4553:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press: 23–47. 1420:In January 1943, Churchill met Roosevelt at the 4178:"Dresden Bombing Is To Be Regretted Enormously" 2793:. The Churchill Society, London. 20 August 1940 2710:. International Churchill Society. 18 June 1940 2010: 1896: 1584:, they found that Italy was "a tough old gut". 1369: 1105: 817: 734: 714: 693: 233:The Norway Debate and Chamberlain's resignation 5181:(2013). "Winston Churchill and Almighty God". 5023:The Churchill Factor: How One Man Made History 4908:Never Despair: Winston S. Churchill, 1945–1965 2917:. London: Psychology Press. pp. 118–119. 2608:. International Churchill Society. 4 June 1940 2552:. International Churchill Society. 13 May 1940 902:and it was formally enacted on 11 March 1941. 5358: 4932:. John Brownjohn (translator). London: Haus. 4097:"Up to 25,000 died in Dresden's WWII bombing" 3029:. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 1 January 1942 2350: 1460:. He returned to work in London on 15 March. 316:United Kingdom home front during World War II 8: 4628:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 4547:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2387:. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 127. 1339:but he was killed only three days later and 263:In the early hours of 10 May, German forces 5660:Never was so much owed by so many to so few 4960:Finest Years. Churchill as Warlord, 1940–45 4367:"Matthew Parris: my top 50 Prime Ministers" 3900: 3898: 3282: 3267: 2208: 2160: 1824:Another outcome of Yalta was the so-called 1319:Turn of the tide: El Alamein and Stalingrad 1078:. Meanwhile, recent British success in the 701:Dunkirk evacuation and the Battle of France 62:United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany 5780: 5365: 5351: 5343: 5162:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 5133:(4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley: 428–440. 4419:"Ben Macintyre: My top 50 Prime Ministers" 4393:"Peter Riddell: my top 50 Prime Ministers" 4033:Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers (1 November 1974). 2365: 2335: 2308: 2121: 1854:The destruction of Dresden, February 1945. 1608:sacked Mussolini on 25 July and appointed 1546:on 14 January 1944 and sailed home on the 1103:. He opened on a note of some resentment: 1094:Problems in Parliament and the War Cabinet 663:Importance of Churchill's wartime speeches 323: 5606:A History of the English-Speaking Peoples 4237: 4225: 4210: 3023:"Joint Declaration by the United Nations" 2458: 2429: 2133: 1812:ahead of the second "Big Three" event at 121:The Phoney War and the Norwegian Campaign 4663:Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Tim (2004). 4012:. New York City: Scribner. p. 360. 2975:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 15–16. 2940:"Churchill Offers Toil and Tears to FDR" 2660: 2648: 2008:where he addressed another large crowd: 1800:Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin at the 1678:Defeat of Germany: June 1944 to May 1945 1648:. Churchill was especially taken by the 461:Initial reaction to Churchill as Premier 92:. Regarded as the most important of the 5215:Churchill: A Study in Failure 1900–1939 4274:Churchill 'greatest PM of 20th Century' 4261: 4249: 4155:. London: Macmillan. pp. 423–424. 4143: 4141: 4120: 4083: 4059: 3992: 3980: 3968: 3956: 3944: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3800: 3782:(1–2). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell: 5–16. 3761: 3749: 3734: 3722: 3710: 3672: 3660: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3535: 3523: 3511: 3494: 3482: 3470: 3458: 3421: 3409: 3394: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3139: 3122: 3110: 3098: 3086: 3071: 3059: 3047: 3009: 2997: 2985: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2833: 2672: 2592: 2536: 2524: 2482: 2470: 2441: 2417: 2320: 2296: 2247: 2235: 2220: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2148: 2087: 1994:the Allies accepted Germany's surrender 1141:Secretary of State for Dominion Affairs 558:Minister of Labour and National Service 5980:Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill 5729:Schools and higher education (various) 5064:Churchill, A Founder of Modern Ireland 4821: 4811: 4774:. London: Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 4132: 4071: 4039:San Jose State University ScholarWorks 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 2850:. New York: Jane's. pp. 173–174. 2284: 425: 342:First premiership of Winston Churchill 319: 60:on 3 September 1939, the day that the 18:First premiership of Winston Churchill 5505:The Story of the Malakand Field Force 5488:Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955 5217:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 4772:Churchill's Grand Alliance, 1940–1957 4452:from the original on 25 November 2015 4198: 3351:"CAB 65 Second World War conclusions" 3255: 3235:"Churchill and the Fall of Singapore" 2769:. London: Jonathan Cape. p. 62. 2072:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 671:Churchill walks through the ruins of 7: 5088:. New York: Reynal & Hitchcock. 4314:"The Times's Top 50 Prime Ministers" 4176:Hawley, Charles (11 February 2005). 3776:International Social Security Review 2264:. Abingdon: Routledge. p. 431. 213:, to mine Norwegian waters and stop 27:Life of Winston Churchill, 1939–1945 5592:"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942) 4744:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4589:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4294:from the original on 4 October 2008 3845:. London: Macmillan. pp. 5–6. 3599:Groom, Winston (29 November 2018). 2938:Lukacs, John (Spring–Summer 2008). 1724:where he saw the Mulberry Harbour. 1566:North African Theater of Operations 1392:Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill in 1163:Fall of Singapore and loss of Burma 1135:. Attlee stepped up to become both 980:On 7–8 December 1941, the Japanese 807:The Battle of Britain and the Blitz 347:10 May 1940 – 26 July 1945 5483:Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945 5303:Dresden: Tuesday, 13 February 1945 5239:. London and New York: Routledge. 5139:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1958.tb01990.x 5066:. Westport, Mayo: Westport Books. 5025:. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 3788:10.1111/j.1468-246X.1992.tb00900.x 2056:ranking of British prime ministers 1846:Bombing of Dresden in World War II 1703:and hoped to cross the Channel on 1695:D-Day: Allied invasion of Normandy 25: 5751:Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel 5734:Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario 5686:Bibliography of Winston Churchill 5466:Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945 4479:from the original on 14 July 2007 3692:. Hillsdale College. 1 April 2016 1728:Quebec Conference, September 1944 1384:International conferences in 1943 1224:International conferences in 1942 736:What General Weygand called the " 76:to counter the growing threat of 5529:London to Ladysmith via Pretoria 4606:Burma: The Longest War 1941–1945 4346:from the original on 15 May 2021 2730:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 2384:Report on England, November 1940 2262:Neville Chamberlain: A Biography 1512:a second front in western Europe 967:which was founded in June 1945. 662: 428: 188:to board the German supply ship 5904:1940 British war cabinet crisis 5696:International Churchill Society 5569:Marlborough: His Life and Times 4962:. Hammersmith: Harper Collins. 4716:Churchill: A Study in Greatness 4472:Thatcher and Attlee top PM list 4338:Dale, Iain (12 November 2020). 2606:"We Shall Fight on the Beaches" 1786:Yalta Conference, February 1945 1756:Moscow Conference, October 1944 1732:Churchill met Roosevelt at the 1686:Churchill visits the troops in 1242:Soviet Foreign Affairs minister 784:was entering a critical phase. 732:, ending with this peroration: 578:Minister of Aircraft Production 500:to the right is his bodyguard, 303:For a chronological guide, see 6026:United Kingdom in World War II 5998:Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill 5701:Churchill War Rooms and Museum 5625:A total and unmitigated defeat 4587:Churchill: The Unexpected Hero 4445:Rating British Prime Ministers 3911:The American Historical Review 2550:"Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat" 1914:second atomic bomb on Nagasaki 1129:Leader of the House of Commons 1058:, having already relieved the 925:via the British ambassador to 868:Destroyers for Bases Agreement 524:which included Chamberlain as 1: 5646:We shall fight on the beaches 5408:"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939 4835:The Journal of Modern History 4608:. J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd. 2353:, pp. 140, 150, 178–179. 1560:Invasions of Sicily and Italy 1525:Churchill went from Cairo to 1412:, and Churchill at the first 1309:his first meeting with Stalin 1287:as commanding officer of the 961:Declaration by United Nations 740:" is over. I expect that the 710:we shall fight on the beaches 526:Lord President of the Council 436:Coat of Arms of HM Government 142:. As such he was a member of 129:Churchill with US ambassador 96:during the first half of the 5712:Churchill College, Cambridge 5632:Blood, toil, tears and sweat 5237:Churchill: Profiles in Power 4475:, BBC News, 29 August 2006, 4340:"Ranking 55 Prime Ministers" 4290:, BBC News, 1 October 2008, 4153:The Making of Modern Britain 4035:"Operation Keelhaul—Exposed" 2035:Churchill caretaker ministry 2019:For He's a Jolly Good Fellow 1961:Churchill caretaker ministry 1862:Churchill's crossing of the 1840:Dresden bombings controversy 801:Minister of Economic Warfare 789:Special Operations Executive 689:blood, toil, tears and sweat 626:At the end of May, with the 622:War cabinet crisis, May 1940 374:Churchill caretaker ministry 5886:Terminological inexactitude 5062:Jordan, Anthony J. (1995). 5003:. London: Macmillan Press. 3843:A History of Modern Britain 3628:Journal of Cold War Studies 3376:. Government Of India Press 3374:"Famine Inquiry Commission" 3153:"War Situation – Churchill" 2813:"War Situation – Churchill" 2686:"War Situation – Churchill" 2628:"War Situation – Churchill" 1818:United Nations Organisation 1646:General Walter Bedell Smith 1465:third Washington Conference 1013:Second Battle of El Alamein 997:). This was important for " 991:first Washington Conference 644:several high-level meetings 628:British Expeditionary Force 586:Chancellor of the Exchequer 492:Churchill takes aim with a 467:the so-called Establishment 232: 58:First Lord of the Admiralty 6047: 5873:St Martin's Church, Bladon 5653:This was their finest hour 5108:Churchill in His Own Words 2572:"His Majesty's Government" 1958: 1931: 1843: 1789: 1572:, who later commanded the 1554:Prime Minister's Questions 1120:Minister of War Production 1018:On 26 December, Churchill 963:, itself the basis of the 870:, by which fifty American 619: 550:minister without portfolio 481: 309: 302: 236: 5914:Honorary U.S. citizenship 5717:Churchill Archives Centre 5706:National Churchill Museum 5608:(1956–1958, four volumes) 5571:(1933–1938, four volumes) 5555:(1923–1931, five volumes) 5154:Rasor, Eugene L. (2000). 4977:Hermiston, Roger (2016). 4640:10.1017/S0080440101000160 4099:. BBC News. 18 March 2010 1892:Chiefs of Staff Committee 1866:river in Germany, during 1268:(first battle; July) and 1236:in Cairo in December 1942 1020:addressed a joint meeting 442: 424: 404: 338: 334: 322: 299:Prime Minister: 1940–1945 227:German invasion of Norway 175:Battle of the River Plate 144:Chamberlain's war cabinet 5600:(1948–1953, six volumes) 5398:Liberal Party, 1904–1924 4862:Fenby, Jonathan (2011). 4696:10.1177/0968344511401489 3434:Cooper, Matthew (1978). 2846:Cooper, Matthew (1981). 2368:, pp. 249, 252–255. 2338:, pp. 264, 270–271. 1942:, as head of the French 1762:fourth Moscow conference 1734:Second Quebec Conference 1657:Need for post-war reform 1574:United States Fifth Army 1325:Field Marshal Auchinleck 1302:William Pitt the Younger 659:for Churchill himself". 245:Allies failed to prevent 5974:Lord Randolph Churchill 5545:Lord Randolph Churchill 5415:World War II, 1939–1945 5110:. London: Ebury Press. 4981:. London: Aurum Press. 4910:. Trowbridge: Minerva. 3640:10.1162/jcws.2007.9.4.6 3605:. National Geographic. 3353:. The National Archives 3283:Bayly & Harper 2004 3268:Bayly & Harper 2004 2972:Roosevelt in Retrospect 2098:Leaders of World War II 1518:with Turkish president 1516:second Cairo conference 1473:first Quebec Conference 1438:unconditional surrender 1329:Field Marshal Alexander 1232:Churchill meeting King 1086:'s introduction of its 1082:was compromised by the 1054:While he was away, the 751:Western Desert campaign 329:Official portrait, 1945 88:war effort against the 5992:John Spencer-Churchill 5868:Siege of Sidney Street 5393:In politics, 1900–1939 5305:. London: Bloomsbury. 4523:Adams, Edward (2011). 3634:(4). MIT Press: 6–40. 3330:. History News Network 2969:Gunther, John (1950). 2366:Blake & Louis 1993 2336:Blake & Louis 1993 2014: 1982: 1944:Provisional Government 1901: 1871: 1855: 1805: 1691: 1635:Preparations for D-Day 1614:Armistice of Cassibile 1417: 1397: 1373: 1352: 1277:returned to Washington 1237: 1110: 1080:Battle of the Atlantic 1015:was already underway. 984:was followed by their 982:attack on Pearl Harbor 822: 747: 719: 698: 684: 572:to the United States; 505: 484:Churchill war ministry 369:Churchill war ministry 312:Churchill war ministry 275:as a prelude to their 255:which was in effect a 134: 104:against the spread of 50: 5909:Bengal famine of 1943 5857:Operation Unthinkable 5794:Palace of Westminster 5585:Arms and the Covenant 5420:Later life, 1945–1965 5403:Chancellor, 1924–1929 5388:Early life, 1874–1904 5327:. London: Macmillan. 5283:. London: Doubleday. 5255:Shakespeare, Nicholas 5195:10.1353/hsp.2013.0056 5183:Historically Speaking 5047:. New York: Penguin. 4888:. London: Heinemann. 4806:Cassell & Co. Ltd 4604:Allen, Louis (1984). 4252:, pp. 22–23, 27. 3690:The Churchill Project 3349:Bridges, Sir Edward. 3326:Mukerjee, Madhusree. 2765:Dalton, Hugh (1986). 2260:Self, Robert (2006). 2095:Taylor, Mike (2010). 2050:Historical reputation 1998:Victory in Europe Day 1985:On 7 May 1945 at the 1969:Churchill waving the 1968: 1880:area bombing campaign 1861: 1853: 1799: 1770:Percentages agreement 1747:US Secretary of State 1685: 1422:Casablanca Conference 1410:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1403: 1391: 1350: 1335:was given to General 1231: 1209:Bengal famine of 1943 1137:Deputy Prime Minister 947:and met Roosevelt in 891:Franklin D. Roosevelt 767:under the command of 728:delivered one of his 670: 538:deputy prime minister 491: 257:vote of no confidence 128: 35: 5932:Clementine Churchill 5598:The Second World War 5577:Great Contemporaries 5537:Ian Hamilton's March 5211:Rhodes James, Robert 5082:Knickerbocker, H. R. 3737:, pp. 720, 729. 3372:Woodhead, Sir John. 3305:"The Bengali Famine" 3125:, pp. 675, 678. 1981:stands to his right. 1779:The Second World War 1606:King Victor Emmanuel 1285:Dwight D. Eisenhower 906:Operation Barbarossa 839:Operation Barbarossa 730:most famous speeches 478:War ministry created 5879:Sword of Stalingrad 5768:Cultural depictions 5763:Sutherland portrait 5639:Be ye men of valour 5261:. London: Vintage. 4667:. Penguin History. 4508:. London: Cassell. 4213:, pp. 353–354. 4135:, pp. 430–431. 4074:, pp. 262–264. 4062:, pp. 777–778. 4010:The Secret Betrayal 3983:, pp. 778–779. 3868:, pp. 744–745. 3713:, pp. 713–714. 3675:, pp. 726–728. 3589:, pp. 719–720. 3577:, pp. 707–711. 3565:, pp. 705–707. 3538:, pp. 705–706. 3497:, pp. 699–701. 3473:, pp. 693–698. 3461:, pp. 692–693. 3397:, pp. 688–690. 3285:, pp. 285–291. 3270:, pp. 247–251. 3224:, pp. 687–688. 3200:, pp. 683–684. 3074:, pp. 677–678. 3012:, pp. 665–666. 3000:, pp. 658–659. 2988:, pp. 614–615. 2911:Neiberg, Michael S. 2708:"Their Finest Hour" 2527:, pp. 611–612. 2485:, pp. 602–603. 2444:, pp. 714–715. 2420:, pp. 587–588. 2211:, pp. 299–300. 2187:, pp. 576–577. 2175:, pp. 573–574. 2031:National Government 1996:. The next day was 1884:civilian casualties 1535:atrial fibrillation 1115:Sir Stafford Cripps 1036:Canadian Parliament 1032:coronary deficiency 1009:French North Africa 944:HMS Prince of Wales 894:when Roosevelt was 616:Resolve to fight on 602:Frederick Lindemann 595:Minister of Defence 514:H. R. Knickerbocker 410:Neville Chamberlain 74:British re-armament 66:Neville Chamberlain 49:, 30 December 1941. 47:Canadian Parliament 5956:Marigold Churchill 5944:Randolph Churchill 5863:Political ideology 5774:Churchillian Drift 5708:(Fulton, Missouri) 5259:Six Minutes in May 5104:Langworth, Richard 4926:Haffner, Sebastian 4798:Churchill, Winston 4287:BBC Newsnight poll 3550:The New York Times 3027:The Avalon Project 2351:Knickerbocker 1941 1983: 1938:In April, General 1916:six months later. 1903:British historian 1872: 1856: 1826:Operation Keelhaul 1806: 1692: 1591:Operation Overlord 1570:General Mark Clark 1448:, Cairo again and 1434:Free French Forces 1418: 1398: 1353: 1341:General Montgomery 1246:Vyacheslav Molotov 1238: 1101:vote of confidence 1064:Operation Crusader 1007:, the invasion of 986:invasion of Malaya 896:re-elected in 1940 721:Germany initiated 685: 675:with J A Moseley, 673:Coventry Cathedral 506: 502:Walter H. Thompson 148:Board of Admiralty 135: 51: 6031:Winston Churchill 6013: 6012: 5968:Winston Churchill 5829: 5828: 5799:Parliament Square 5450:Death and funeral 5425:Electoral history 5374:Winston Churchill 5334:978-14-05048-96-5 5312:978-07-47570-84-4 5299:Taylor, Frederick 5290:978-03-85406-91-8 5268:978-17-84701-00-0 5246:978-13-17874-52-2 5224:978-02-97820-15-4 5169:978-03-13305-46-7 5117:978-00-91933-36-4 5095:978-14-17992-77-5 5073:978-09-52444-70-1 5054:978-01-43117-99-5 5032:978-14-44783-05-6 5010:978-03-30488-05-1 4988:978-17-81316-64-1 4969:978-00-07263-67-7 4939:978-19-04341-07-9 4917:978-07-49391-04-1 4895:978-04-34291-83-0 4886:Churchill: A Life 4873:978-18-47394-10-1 4781:978-01-51275-81-6 4751:978-01-98203-17-9 4725:978-18-52852-53-5 4674:978-01-40293-31-9 4615:978-04-60024-74-7 4596:978-01-99297-43-6 4534:978-08-13931-45-6 4515:978-17-88400-02-2 4424:timesonline.co.uk 4398:timesonline.co.uk 4372:timesonline.co.uk 4319:timesonline.co.uk 4201:, pp. 42–47. 4162:978-03-30510-99-8 4019:978-06-84156-35-4 3852:978-03-30439-83-1 3824:978-03-40965-95-5 3815:Britain 1945–2007 3612:978-1-4262-1986-3 3445:978-08-12824-68-1 3258:, pp. 96–98. 2944:American Heritage 2924:978-04-15327-19-0 2857:978-05-31037-33-1 2776:978-02-24020-65-7 2751:978-1-84574-065-8 2663:, pp. 51–53. 2651:, pp. 44–45. 2511:978-17-80746-14-2 2496:Schneer, Jonathan 2432:, pp. 26–29. 2271:978-07-54656-15-9 2108:978-1-61787-205-1 2002:Buckingham Palace 1940:Charles de Gaulle 1870:on 25 March 1945. 1868:Operation Plunder 1701:Normandy invasion 1582:landed at Salerno 1471:) in May and the 1432:on behalf of the 1430:Charles de Gaulle 1416:in November 1943. 1351:Churchill in 1942 1295:forty miles from 1177:fall of Singapore 1088:M4 4-rotor Enigma 920:General Secretary 851:Treasury building 847:Cabinet War Rooms 813:a famous nickname 756:Operation Compass 742:Battle of Britain 683:and others, 1941. 608:on the right and 590:Sir John Anderson 542:Foreign Secretary 453: 452: 399:10 Downing Street 287:, the government 277:assault on France 210:Operation Wilfred 197:Admiral Graf Spee 182:of the destroyer 160:Richard Langworth 102:liberal democracy 54:Winston Churchill 16:(Redirected from 6038: 5821:Washington, D.C. 5781: 5757:The Roaring Lion 5553:The World Crisis 5367: 5360: 5353: 5344: 5338: 5316: 5294: 5272: 5250: 5228: 5206: 5177:Reagles, David; 5173: 5161: 5150: 5121: 5099: 5077: 5058: 5036: 5014: 4992: 4973: 4951: 4921: 4899: 4877: 4858: 4829: 4823: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4793: 4763: 4738:Louis, Wm. Roger 4729: 4707: 4678: 4659: 4619: 4600: 4578: 4538: 4519: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4421: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4335: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4282: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4253: 4247: 4241: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4214: 4208: 4202: 4196: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4145: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4057: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4006:Tolstoy, Nikolai 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3948: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3902: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3875: 3869: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3346: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3301: 3286: 3280: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2862: 2861: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2738:Butler, J. R. M. 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2682: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2501:Ministers at War 2492: 2486: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2379:Ingersoll, Ralph 2375: 2369: 2363: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2333: 2324: 2318: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2209:Shakespeare 2017 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2170: 2164: 2161:Shakespeare 2017 2158: 2152: 2146: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2092: 1989:headquarters in 1973:to the crowd in 1955:VE Day and after 1910:President Truman 1905:Frederick Taylor 1830:prisoners of war 1810:Malta Conference 1804:, February 1945. 1802:Yalta Conference 1792:Yalta Conference 1714:V-1 flying bombs 1663:Beveridge Report 1650:Mulberry project 1610:Marshal Badoglio 1578:Italian campaign 1485:Cairo Conference 1414:Cairo Conference 1313:Averell Harriman 1257:Battle of Gazala 1253:Operation Venice 1203:, not least the 1175:. Following the 1124:Oliver Lyttelton 957:Atlantic Charter 937:Atlantic Charter 833:on 14 November. 782:Balkans campaign 738:Battle of France 706:Operation Dynamo 574:Lord Beaverbrook 546:Arthur Greenwood 528:, Labour leader 520:Churchill began 449: 448: 432: 345: 343: 327: 320: 152:Lord Mountbatten 98:Second World War 41:, a portrait by 38:The Roaring Lion 21: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6035: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6009: 5950:Sarah Churchill 5938:Diana Churchill 5918: 5899:Tonypandy riots 5841:Blenheim Palace 5825: 5779: 5724:Memorial Trusts 5678: 5672: 5612: 5492: 5454: 5376: 5371: 5341: 5335: 5319: 5313: 5297: 5291: 5275: 5269: 5253: 5247: 5231: 5225: 5209: 5179:Larsen, Timothy 5176: 5170: 5153: 5124: 5118: 5102: 5096: 5080: 5074: 5061: 5055: 5039: 5033: 5017: 5011: 4995: 4989: 4976: 4970: 4954: 4940: 4924: 4918: 4904:Gilbert, Martin 4902: 4896: 4882:Gilbert, Martin 4880: 4874: 4861: 4832: 4820: 4810: 4796: 4782: 4766: 4752: 4740:, eds. (1993). 4732: 4726: 4710: 4681: 4675: 4662: 4622: 4616: 4603: 4597: 4581: 4559:10.2307/3679001 4541: 4535: 4522: 4516: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4482: 4480: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4455: 4453: 4442: 4441: 4437: 4428: 4426: 4416: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4400: 4390: 4389: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4323: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4297: 4295: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4260: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4224: 4217: 4209: 4205: 4197: 4193: 4183: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4163: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4082: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4058: 4054: 4044: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3975: 3967: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3924:10.2307/1862322 3904: 3903: 3896: 3888: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3695: 3693: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3561: 3557: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3446: 3433: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3343: 3333: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3289: 3281: 3274: 3266: 3262: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3220: 3216: 3208: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3184: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3085: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3008: 3004: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2980: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2925: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2872: 2865: 2858: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2752: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2364: 2357: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2327: 2319: 2315: 2309:Churchill 1967b 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2167: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2140: 2132: 2128: 2122:Churchill 1967b 2120: 2116: 2109: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2068: 2052: 2027:almost a decade 1963: 1957: 1936: 1930: 1848: 1842: 1794: 1788: 1758: 1742:Morgenthau Plan 1730: 1697: 1680: 1668:Harold Nicolson 1659: 1637: 1619:Operation Achse 1562: 1481:Chiang Kai-shek 1406:Chiang Kai-shek 1386: 1321: 1281:Operation Torch 1255:, to begin the 1240:On 20 May, the 1226: 1165: 1157:Operation Torch 1152:George Marshall 1133:Lord Privy Seal 1096: 1060:Siege of Tobruk 1047:in an American 1004:Operation Torch 978: 973: 939: 931:Stafford Cripps 912:Enigma decrypts 908: 864: 809: 770:Generalleutnant 703: 665: 624: 618: 610:Ellen Wilkinson 566:Washington D.C. 534:Lord Privy Seal 486: 480: 471:Ralph Ingersoll 463: 458: 446:Library website 444: 443: 438: 437: 434: 433: 420: 419: 418: 412: 378: 346: 341: 339: 330: 318: 308: 301: 285:David Margesson 273:the Netherlands 265:invaded Belgium 241: 235: 217:shipments from 154:in a speech at 140:First World War 123: 118: 64:. He succeeded 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6044: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6018: 6017: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6007: 6004:Leonard Jerome 6001: 5995: 5989: 5986:Jack Churchill 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5953: 5947: 5941: 5935: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5893:The Other Club 5889: 5882: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5787: 5785: 5778: 5777: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5742: 5741: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5719: 5709: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5610: 5602: 5594: 5589: 5581: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5525: 5517: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5390: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5347: 5340: 5339: 5333: 5317: 5311: 5295: 5289: 5273: 5267: 5251: 5245: 5233:Robbins, Keith 5229: 5223: 5207: 5174: 5168: 5151: 5122: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5078: 5072: 5059: 5053: 5037: 5031: 5019:Johnson, Boris 5015: 5009: 4993: 4987: 4974: 4968: 4952: 4938: 4922: 4916: 4900: 4894: 4878: 4872: 4859: 4847:10.1086/605488 4841:(4): 859–887. 4830: 4794: 4780: 4768:Charmley, John 4764: 4750: 4730: 4724: 4712:Best, Geoffrey 4708: 4690:(3): 333–356. 4684:War in History 4679: 4673: 4660: 4620: 4614: 4601: 4595: 4579: 4539: 4533: 4520: 4514: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4489: 4462: 4448:, Ipsos MORI, 4435: 4409: 4383: 4357: 4330: 4304: 4277: 4266: 4264:, p. 798. 4254: 4242: 4240:, p. 356. 4238:Hermiston 2016 4230: 4228:, p. 355. 4226:Hermiston 2016 4215: 4211:Hermiston 2016 4203: 4191: 4168: 4161: 4137: 4125: 4123:, p. 778. 4110: 4088: 4086:, p. 777. 4076: 4064: 4052: 4025: 4018: 3997: 3995:, p. 779. 3985: 3973: 3971:, p. 773. 3961: 3959:, p. 760. 3949: 3947:, p. 759. 3937: 3918:(2): 368–387. 3894: 3892:, p. 754. 3882: 3880:, p. 746. 3870: 3858: 3851: 3830: 3823: 3805: 3803:, p. 733. 3793: 3766: 3764:, p. 737. 3754: 3752:, p. 730. 3739: 3727: 3725:, p. 713. 3715: 3703: 3677: 3665: 3663:, p. 725. 3653: 3618: 3611: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3540: 3528: 3526:, p. 704. 3516: 3514:, p. 702. 3499: 3487: 3485:, p. 698. 3475: 3463: 3451: 3444: 3426: 3424:, p. 692. 3414: 3412:, p. 690. 3399: 3387: 3364: 3341: 3318: 3287: 3272: 3260: 3248: 3226: 3214: 3212:, p. 686. 3202: 3190: 3188:, p. 683. 3178: 3176:, p. 682. 3166: 3144: 3142:, p. 681. 3127: 3115: 3113:, p. 680. 3103: 3101:, p. 679. 3091: 3089:, p. 674. 3076: 3064: 3062:, p. 670. 3052: 3050:, p. 667. 3040: 3014: 3002: 2990: 2978: 2961: 2930: 2923: 2902: 2900:, p. 641. 2890: 2888:, p. 640. 2878: 2876:, p. 636. 2863: 2856: 2838: 2836:, p. 631. 2826: 2804: 2782: 2775: 2757: 2750: 2721: 2699: 2677: 2675:, p. 621. 2665: 2653: 2641: 2619: 2597: 2595:, p. 597. 2585: 2563: 2541: 2539:, p. 591. 2529: 2517: 2510: 2487: 2475: 2473:, p. 599. 2463: 2459:Hermiston 2016 2446: 2434: 2430:Hermiston 2016 2422: 2410: 2390: 2370: 2355: 2340: 2325: 2323:, p. 590. 2313: 2311:, p. 243. 2301: 2299:, p. 592. 2289: 2287:, p. 170. 2277: 2270: 2252: 2250:, p. 586. 2240: 2238:, p. 583. 2225: 2223:, p. 582. 2213: 2201: 2199:, p. 579. 2189: 2177: 2165: 2153: 2151:, p. 634. 2138: 2136:, p. 581. 2134:Langworth 2008 2126: 2114: 2107: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2064: 2054:In surveys of 2051: 2048: 1956: 1953: 1932:Main article: 1929: 1926: 1912:'s use of the 1844:Main article: 1841: 1838: 1790:Main article: 1787: 1784: 1757: 1754: 1729: 1726: 1696: 1693: 1679: 1676: 1658: 1655: 1636: 1633: 1561: 1558: 1404:Generalissimo 1385: 1382: 1320: 1317: 1275:Churchill had 1261:loss of Tobruk 1225: 1222: 1205:severe cyclone 1193:monsoon season 1164: 1161: 1095: 1092: 1062:, had pursued 977: 974: 972: 969: 965:United Nations 938: 935: 916:Bletchley Park 907: 904: 863: 860: 808: 805: 791:(SOE) and the 702: 699: 664: 661: 652:Hastings Ismay 636:Fall of France 630:in retreat to 620:Main article: 617: 614: 540:), Halifax as 530:Clement Attlee 482:Main article: 479: 476: 462: 459: 457: 454: 451: 450: 440: 439: 435: 427: 426: 422: 421: 415:Clement Attlee 413: 407: 406: 405: 402: 401: 396: 390: 389: 384: 380: 379: 377: 376: 371: 365: 363: 359: 358: 353: 349: 348: 336: 335: 332: 331: 328: 300: 297: 237:Main article: 234: 231: 229:was launched. 164:Martin Gilbert 131:Joseph Kennedy 122: 119: 117: 114: 94:Allied leaders 70:prime minister 56:was appointed 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6043: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6006:(grandfather) 6005: 6002: 6000:(grandmother) 5999: 5996: 5994:(grandfather) 5993: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5957: 5954: 5951: 5948: 5945: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5852: 5851:Norway Debate 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5775: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5746:Epstein busts 5744: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5609: 5607: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5586: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5561:My Early Life 5558: 5556: 5554: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5521:The River War 5518: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5457: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5336: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5321:Toye, Richard 5318: 5314: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5127:The Historian 5123: 5119: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5041:Johnson, Paul 5038: 5034: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4956:Hastings, Max 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4815: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4734:Blake, Robert 4731: 4727: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4583:Addison, Paul 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4543:Addison, Paul 4540: 4536: 4530: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4463: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4439: 4436: 4425: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4384: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4358: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4331: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4305: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4180:. Der Spiegel 4179: 4172: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4117: 4115: 4111: 4098: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4056: 4053: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3994: 3989: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3965: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3950: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3907: 3906:Resis, Albert 3901: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3886: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3806: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3767: 3763: 3758: 3755: 3751: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3719: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3704: 3691: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3674: 3669: 3666: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3619: 3614: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3460: 3455: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3388: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3329: 3322: 3319: 3306: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3252: 3249: 3236: 3230: 3227: 3223: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3203: 3199: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3167: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3092: 3088: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3028: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3003: 2999: 2994: 2991: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2973: 2965: 2962: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2786: 2783: 2778: 2772: 2768: 2761: 2758: 2753: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732:; with Stitt 2731: 2725: 2722: 2709: 2703: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2661:Hastings 2009 2657: 2654: 2650: 2649:Hastings 2009 2645: 2642: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2607: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2573: 2567: 2564: 2551: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2491: 2488: 2484: 2479: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2461:, p. 41. 2460: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2411: 2406: 2405: 2404:Inside Europe 2400: 2399:Gunther, John 2394: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2273: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2166: 2163:, p. 30. 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2115: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2070: 2069: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2039:1945 election 2036: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2021: 2020: 2013: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1934:Levant Crisis 1928:Syrian crisis 1927: 1925: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1888:General Ismay 1885: 1881: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1860: 1852: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1656: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1629:Monte Cassino 1626: 1621: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1592: 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1550: 1549:King George V 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1395: 1390: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1365:Mansion House 1362: 1358: 1349: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1271: 1270:Alam el Halfa 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1230: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1162: 1160: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1148:Harry Hopkins 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1116: 1109: 1104: 1102: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1052: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 983: 975: 970: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949:Placentia Bay 946: 945: 936: 934: 932: 928: 924: 923:Joseph Stalin 921: 917: 913: 905: 903: 901: 897: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 861: 859: 856: 855:John Colville 852: 848: 842: 840: 836: 832: 827: 821: 816: 814: 806: 804: 802: 798: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 772: 771: 766: 762: 758: 757: 752: 746: 743: 739: 733: 731: 726: 725: 718: 713: 711: 707: 700: 697: 692: 690: 682: 678: 674: 669: 660: 658: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 623: 615: 613: 612:on the left. 611: 607: 603: 598: 596: 591: 587: 583: 582:Kingsley Wood 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 544:and Labour's 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 515: 511: 503: 499: 495: 490: 485: 477: 475: 472: 468: 460: 455: 447: 441: 431: 423: 417: → 416: 411: 408:← 403: 400: 397: 395: 391: 388: 385: 381: 375: 372: 370: 367: 366: 364: 360: 357: 354: 350: 344: 337: 333: 326: 321: 317: 313: 306: 298: 296: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 261: 258: 254: 250: 249:Norway Debate 246: 240: 239:Norway Debate 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 211: 206: 201: 199: 198: 193: 192: 187: 186: 181: 176: 172: 167: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 132: 127: 120: 115: 113: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 48: 44: 40: 39: 34: 30: 19: 5755: 5667:Iron Curtain 5605: 5597: 5584: 5576: 5568: 5560: 5552: 5544: 5536: 5528: 5520: 5515:(1899 novel) 5512: 5504: 5440:Racial views 5430:As a painter 5414: 5324: 5302: 5280: 5277:Soames, Mary 5258: 5236: 5214: 5186: 5182: 5157: 5130: 5126: 5107: 5085: 5063: 5044: 5022: 5000: 4997:Jenkins, Roy 4978: 4959: 4929: 4907: 4885: 4863: 4838: 4834: 4801: 4771: 4741: 4715: 4687: 4683: 4664: 4631: 4627: 4624:Ball, Stuart 4605: 4586: 4550: 4546: 4524: 4505: 4494:Bibliography 4483:24 September 4481:, retrieved 4471: 4465: 4454:, retrieved 4444: 4438: 4427:, retrieved 4423: 4412: 4401:, retrieved 4397: 4386: 4375:, retrieved 4371: 4360: 4348:. Retrieved 4333: 4322:, retrieved 4318: 4307: 4296:, retrieved 4286: 4280: 4269: 4262:Jenkins 2001 4257: 4250:Gilbert 1991 4245: 4233: 4206: 4194: 4182:. Retrieved 4171: 4152: 4149:Marr, Andrew 4128: 4121:Jenkins 2001 4101:. Retrieved 4091: 4084:Jenkins 2001 4079: 4067: 4060:Jenkins 2001 4055: 4043:. Retrieved 4038: 4028: 4009: 4000: 3993:Jenkins 2001 3988: 3981:Jenkins 2001 3976: 3969:Jenkins 2001 3964: 3957:Jenkins 2001 3952: 3945:Jenkins 2001 3940: 3915: 3909: 3890:Jenkins 2001 3885: 3878:Jenkins 2001 3873: 3866:Jenkins 2001 3861: 3842: 3839:Marr, Andrew 3833: 3814: 3808: 3801:Jenkins 2001 3796: 3779: 3775: 3769: 3762:Jenkins 2001 3757: 3750:Jenkins 2001 3735:Jenkins 2001 3730: 3723:Jenkins 2001 3718: 3711:Jenkins 2001 3706: 3694:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Winston Churchill in the Second World War

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