224:. Columbia University was the first American university to grant the M.D. degree in 1770, although, as in England, this followed the M.B. (which was the qualifying degree) and required completion of a thesis. Professional societies started licensing doctors from the 1760s, and in the early nineteenth century started setting up their own medical schools, known as proprietary medical colleges, the first being the medical college of the Medical Society of the County of New York, which opened March 12, 1807. These eliminated the general education and long lecture terms of the university schools, making them much more popular. Without effective regulation, abuses arose, and national conventions in 1846 and 1847 led to the establishment of the
373:
professional degree", this classification also requires that the total time in higher education is at least six years, although the requirement for at least two years of college-level study prior to entering the program was removed. The
Department of Education does not define which fields professional doctorates may be awarded in, unlike with the "first professional degree". Besides professional doctorates, other professional degrees can exist that use the title of bachelor or master, e.g., B.Arch. and M.Arch. in architecture. In particular, first professional degrees in theology, which did not use the title of doctor, were reclassified as master's degrees in 2011 - including the B.D.
50:. Professional degrees may be either graduate or undergraduate entry, depending on the profession concerned and the country, and may be classified as bachelor's, master's, or doctoral degrees. For a variety of reasons, professional degrees may bear the name of a different level of qualification from their classification in qualifications, e.g., some UK professional degrees are named bachelor's but are at master's level, while some Australian and Canadian professional degrees have the name "doctor" but are classified as master's or bachelor's degrees.
181:; in terms of employment, that the bishops accepted it as equivalent to a B.A. for ordination was more useful than the legal training it provided, and it was generally seen as an easy option for those who couldn't cope with the mathematics on the B.A. course. Cambridge reformed its course in 1858, and London established an undergraduate course a few years later. However, it has only been since the 1960s that law schools have taken on a leading role in training lawyers and truly established professional degrees.
377:
research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or scholarly achievement." Internationally, US professional doctorates (which, unlike research doctorates, are not defined as requiring work beyond the master's level) are not generally considered to be doctoral level qualifications. The classification of "Doctor's degree - other" also exists for doctorates that do not meet the definition of either professional doctorates or research doctorates.
280:
multi-disciplinary professional degrees awarded for studies in areas related to public health. The M.P.H. degree focuses on public health practice, as opposed to research or teaching. In the 1990s there was also some debate in the architectural community about renaming the professional degree in architecture a "doctorate". The spread of professional doctorates raised concerns about the standards of the new degrees, particularly in cases such as physical therapy, where the standard set by the
200:– an international agreement between engineering regulatory bodies to recognise professional degrees accredited in each country – signed originally in 1989 by the UK, US, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, and since expanded to include many other countries. In the twenty-first century, the standard professional degree for many science and engineering fields was raised from bachelor's to master's level, including for qualification as a
303:
total of at least six academic years of college work to complete the degree program, including prior required college work plus the length of the professional program itself." The use of the term "first-professional" was discontinued by the
Department of Education as of 2010–11, when new post-baccalaureate award categories were introduced. Prior to this, first-professional degrees (so defined) were awarded in the following ten
240:, stated in the early 20th century that: "However convenient it might be to insist on the possession of a bachelor's degree by all pupils in the schools of law or medicine, I feel that it would be a violation of our duty to these professions to hedge ourselves about by any such artificial limitations." This changed (for medicine) after
151:. The Licence in Theology could be taken as either a one year graduate course, following on from a BA, or a three-year undergraduate course. Shortly after, in 1837, Durham also became the first British university to teach engineering (although the course closed after a few years), followed only a few months later by
568:
It is common for professional qualification in the UK to require professional experience in addition to academic qualification. For
Architecture, the standard route has a year of experience between the bachelor's and master's stages and a further year after the master's before the final examination;
231:
The M.D. was thus the first entry-level professional degree to be awarded as a purely trade school "doctor" degree in the United States, before the first
European-style doctorate, the Ph.D., was awarded by an American institution in 1861, although the M.D. was not established as a post-baccalaureate
1352:
7.1 have been educated as a physicist and have obtained an
Integrated Master's degree recognised by the Council for the purpose of this Clause of this Bylaw and have had experience in responsible work including a structured training course which demands a knowledge of physics or its applications as
284:
for the doctorate is the same as that for the master's degree. Critics have claimed that these degrees should not be called doctorates, pointing out that a Ph.D. takes an average of twelve years from the start of college, compared to five and a half to eight years for professional doctorates, while
1478:
King's
College organized a medical faculty in 1767 and was the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine. The first graduates in medicine from the College were Robert Tucker and Samuel Kissarn, who received the degree of Bachelor of Medicine in May
400:
Professional degrees are considered undergraduate degrees in Canada and are recognized by
Statistics Canada as degrees that lead to entry-to-practice professions. They generally require first, an undergraduate degree, prior to admission, however, some professional degrees may be direct entry after
302:
defined these as: "A first-professional degree was an award that required completion of a program that met all of the following criteria: (1) completion of the academic requirements to begin practice in the profession; (2) at least two years of college work prior to entering the program; and (3) a
391:
Some professional fields offer degrees beyond the professional doctorate or other degree required for qualification, sometimes termed post-professional degrees. Higher professional degrees may also be offered in fields that do not have specific academic requirements for entry, such as Fine Arts.
376:
A distinction is drawn in the US between professional doctorates and "doctor's degree - research/scholarship", with the latter being " Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original
279:
In the late twentieth and early twenty-first century, other professions, particularly in clinical fields, transitioned their professional degrees to doctorates, following the example of the M.D. and J.D. The Master of Public Health (M.P.H. degree) and the Doctor of Public Health (Dr.P.H.) are
1349:
7. Every person who at the twenty-eighth day of
February 2001 was a Corporate Member of the Institute shall be entitled to use the title Chartered Physicist and the abbreviation CPhys according to regulations prescribed by the Council. Every person admitted to any of the corporate classes of
372:
Since 2011, the classification "doctor's degree - professional practice" has been used for " doctor's degree that is conferred upon completion of a program providing the knowledge and skills for the recognition, credential, or license required for professional practice." As with the "first
596:(Eng.D.) and Doctor of Agriculture (D.Ag.), are offered for those already established in professions. UK professional doctorates are research degrees at the same level as Ph.D.'s, normally including teaching at doctoral level but still assessed by a doctoral research thesis or equivalent.
71:. These were followed shortly afterwards by doctorates in canon law, and then in the thirteenth century by doctorates in medicine, grammar, logic and philosophy. These mediaeval doctorates remained, however, essentially teaching qualifications, with their major importance being the
271:
used the name for their post-LL.B. degree, elsewhere called the LL.M. By the 1930s, when most law schools had shifted to graduate entry, the standard degree was once again the LL.B. The second shift to the J.D., again without a change of curriculum, came in the 1960s, with all
228:. This new body set the first nationwide standards for M.D. degrees, requiring that students had a liberal education in arts and sciences as part of their degree, that they had served an apprenticeship before starting the course, and that the course lasted three years.
99:
and without examination, despite not having medical schools. In
England, the two universities (Oxford and Cambridge) were only sporadically interested in medical teaching, which was mainly carried out in the London hospitals. It was not until the establishment of the
1236:
166:
degrees, validated by Durham, have offered a more unified training across the theological colleges. Some colleges continue to offer other degrees in addition to the Common Awards, such as the
Cambridge Bachelor of Theology at the
2088:
1240:
905:
Though considered to be bachelor's programs in academic standing, some professional programs yield degrees with other nomenclature. Examples: D.D.S. (Dental Surgery), M.D. (Medicine), LL.B., or J.D. (Juris
128:
completed the reform by replacing the MS with the Bachelor of Surgery, the MS joining the MD as a higher degree and the initial professional qualification taking on its modern form as the double
599:
Some professional degrees are designed specifically for trainees or members within a particular organisation, rather than being available via general enrollment. Examples of these include the
1953:
2458:
2410:
1372:
384:
uses the classification "professional degree beyond bachelor's degree" as one of the possible answers to "What is the highest degree or level of school this person has completed?" in the
780:
These degrees follow a set curriculum to meet the requirements of the relevant professional organisation so that you're fully prepared to enter your chosen profession after you graduate.
2342:
1357:
7.2 have attained professional competence to an equivalent standard demonstrated through a combination of academic qualification, training and experience as shall satisfy the Council
2113:
221:
2092:
216:
The Bachelor of Medicine, or M.B., was the first medical degree to be granted in the United States and Canada. The first medical schools that granted the M.B. degree were at the
639:
388:, with examples of M.D., D.D.S., D.V.M., LL.B., and J.D. This sits between "master's degree" and "doctorate degree" (with the examples for a doctorate being Ph.D. and Ed.D.).
173:
Legal studies in England were mainly confined to the Inns of Court until the late nineteenth century. The only undergraduate course was at Cambridge and concentrated on Roman
1896:
1841:
545:) or a B.Sc. in Surveying. or a B.Sc. in Accountancy. Some professional bodies also offer different levels of professional recognition, e.g., a master's degree is needed for
2432:
950:
581:
takes seven to nine more years. Although initial registration as a medical doctor occurs after the initial four-to-six-year primary medical qualification (e.g., M.B.B.S.).
2868:
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secondary schooling education such as social work, nursing, midwifery and education. Professional degrees are considered competitive for entry with academic rigor.
3084:
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612:
298:
Among the professional degrees in the United States, one particular form was the graduate-entry first-professional degree, often denominated as a doctorate. The
1202:
217:
1988:
1428:
112:, Scottish graduates gained the right to practice in England and degrees in both medicine and surgery became the norm. The Scottish practice of awarding the
2185:
91:. In 1817, Glasgow became the first British university to offer a separate degree in surgery, the Master of Surgery. However, other Scottish universities –
2480:
2729:
1376:
248:
into the state of medical education in 1910: by 1930 almost all medical schools required a previous liberal arts degree before starting the M.D. course.
873:
Professional degrees may require some undergraduate study prior to admission to the program and generally include an internship or other work experience
487:
on defining benchmark statements for their subjects. Specific benchmark statements have also been produced for professional qualifications in Scotland.
494:
129:
125:
117:
2013:
720:(2008) recognises similar academic training on accredited courses for computing and information technology professionals in the signatory countries.
2316:
2262:
63:
The first doctorates were awarded in the mid twelfth century to recognise teachers (doctors) in mediaeval universities, either in civil law at the
1960:
1169:
The University of Durham is the first public body which had attempted to supply this deficiency in the system of education pursued in this country
675:
2418:
1380:
263:
in 1902, with the same curriculum as the LL.B. but requiring a previous B.A. or B.S. for entry. The J.D. spread, but encountered opposition, and
1751:
162:
partnered with local universities to offer professional degrees in theology and ministry during the twentieth century. Since 2014, however, the
1723:
2269:
299:
281:
1903:
842:
Degree, professional. A degree signifying the completion of an academic curriculum pertaining to a professional field; for example: JD, MD.
638:
In medicine, individual countries specify rules for recognising foreign qualifications; in the US, for example, this is carried out by the
256:
2388:
2527:
1359:
shall be entitled to use the title 'Chartered Physicist' and the abbreviation CPhys according to regulations prescribed by the Council.
655:
1671:
1574:
1265:
1146:
1082:
1035:
1008:
835:
585:
1848:
1976:
The '1st professional degree' is a first degree, not a graduate degree even though it incorporates the word 'doctor' in the title
2436:
2210:
570:
260:
168:
1928:
2783:
2582:
1863:
First-professional degrees will not be considered in themselves as PhD-equivalent, even if recipients carry the title "Doctor".
681:
197:
148:
2722:
885:
502:
1306:
584:
In addition to initial professional degrees, some professional master's degrees and most professional doctorates, e.g., the
2552:. World Federation for Medical Education and the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education and Research
925:
285:
defenders of the new professional doctorates have said the point of comparison should be the M.D. and J.D., not the Ph.D.
1649:
2138:
252:
225:
196:. This led to the accreditation of degrees by the relevant professional bodies and, in the case of engineering, to the
2779:
2414:
2117:
654:, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, and Korean Institute of Medical Education and Evaluation jointly sponsor the
144:
954:
483:
Professional degrees in the UK are accredited by professional, statutory and regulatory bodies, which work with the
2367:
739:
647:
498:
2601:
New York State Education Department Office of the Professions. Conferral of M.D. Degree. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
3079:
2715:
651:
616:
385:
184:
In the latter part of the twentieth century, many chartered bodies introduced educational requirements for their
104:
in 1836, however, that students at the hospital medical schools could earn degrees. Following the passing of the
2848:
2312:
701:
484:
273:
185:
174:
92:
666:
grants an M.D. degree to graduates of approved foreign medical schools upon application and payment of a fee.
152:
490:
Many professional degrees span teaching at bachelor's and master's level, leading to a master's level award:
255:
in 1792, with its "Batchellor of Law" (sic) (L.B.) degree. This was followed by the "Graduate of Law" at the
3069:
2775:
2063:
800:
689:
643:
546:
514:
193:
109:
84:
2290:
871:
A Professional Degree meets the accreditation standards of a particular professional association or college
135:
The first university in England to offer training in theology for those intending to become priests in the
2821:
1679:
Proceedings of the 85th ACSA Annual Meeting, Architecture: Material and Imagined and Technology Conference
1465:
734:
713:
530:
513:(M.Pharm.). In some subjects, qualification can be via separate bachelor's and master's degrees, e.g., a
2882:
1869:
768:
705:
685:
684:(1989) recognised that the academic training (i.e., professional degrees) for full professional status (
593:
578:
554:
506:
493:
This includes older degrees that retain the names of bachelor's degrees for historic reasons, e.g., the
429:
237:
88:
64:
1394:
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1816:
1769:
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1162:
574:
562:
341:
140:
101:
1581:
In 1891 the program leading to an M.D. was three years in length and required no college preparation
792:
3010:
2972:
2338:
1283:"Scholarly and Professional Objectives in Legal Education: American Trends and English Comparisons"
589:
550:
526:
435:
365:
205:
201:
189:
159:
68:
662:, permits foreign graduates to use the title "MD" if licensed to practice in the US. The state of
2914:
2142:
1622:
1175:
1092:
1045:
812:
A Professional Degree is an academic degree that prepares the holder for a particular profession.
510:
405:
329:
264:
113:
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2697:
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854:
3006:
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1078:
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1004:
831:
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693:
633:
608:
600:
558:
518:
136:
121:
1136:
1119:
533:(M.Arch.). In some subjects the normal professional degree is a bachelor's degree, e.g., the
3036:
2992:
2909:
2765:
1614:
1437:
1255:
663:
534:
522:
381:
105:
116:(M.D.) as a first degree was abolished by the university commissioners appointed under the
3031:
3015:
2977:
2962:
2929:
2739:
1882:
1187:
1104:
1057:
744:
268:
241:
233:
1692:
17:
2704:
2692:
2363:
1610:
1332:
3001:
2957:
2807:
1959:. National Qualifications Authority of Ireland. October 2006. p. 3. Archived from
1442:
1423:
529:(B.Sc.) in Architecture followed by a year of professional experience, then a two-year
259:
in 1829, which became the first American LL.B. in 1840. The J.D. was introduced by the
245:
83:
The first university medical school to be established in the United Kingdom was at the
1491:
1203:"DURHAM UNIVERSITY: LAST OF THE ANCIENT UNIVERSITIES AND FIRST OF THE NEW (1831-1871)"
124:(MS), with the MD becoming a higher degree as in England. The commissioners under the
3063:
709:
697:
47:
2163:
2919:
717:
604:
311:
163:
1515:
267:, which imposed graduate entry as a requirement for its LL.B. course in 1909, and
2675:
1310:
1164:
Education of Students in Civil Engineering and Mining in the University of Durham
998:
951:"The Frameworks for Higher Education Qualifications of UK Degree-Awarding Bodies"
2982:
471:
459:
1618:
1121:
General Report of the Commissioners Under the Universities (Scotland) Act, 1889
542:
538:
323:
178:
39:
2655:
2238:"Becoming a chartered or incorporated engineer after starting a graduate job"
1794:
979:
2877:
2707:
1929:"The American education system described and compared with the Dutch system"
1479:
1769, and that of Doctor of Medicine in May 1770 and May 1771, respectively.
729:
659:
465:
447:
423:
411:
335:
317:
43:
1634:
95:
and the two universities in Aberdeen – also offered medical degrees, often
42:, practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for
2502:
1451:
417:
359:
353:
347:
1138:
Nineteenth-century Anglican Theological Training: The Redbrick Challenge
924:. Australian Qualifications Framework Council. June 2013. Archived from
893:
Ministerial Statement on Quality Assurance of Degree Education in Canada
577:
requires five years of study beyond the M.B.B.S., while qualifying as a
1626:
453:
2633:
2611:
1257:
A History of the University of Cambridge:, Volume 3; Volumes 1750-1870
2967:
2934:
2924:
2853:
2017:
1992:
1594:
700:(2001) recognises similar academic training between signatories for
276:–accredited professional degrees adopting the nomenclature by 1971.
2599:
https://www.op.nysed.gov/professions/physicians/conferral-md-degree
1752:"MAPPING OLD POST-BACCALAUREATE AWARD LEVELS WITH NEW AWARD LEVELS"
1350:
membership after the twenty-eighth day of February 2001 who shall:
27:
Academic degree for qualification to work in a specific profession
2549:
1373:"UK Raises the Engineering Education Bar for Chartered Engineers"
1290:
Pressing Problems in the Law, Volume 2: What are Law Schools For?
2687:
1754:. Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. Archived from
696:, etc.) is equivalent in the signatory countries. Similarly the
2711:
1650:"HOW DID LAWYERS BECOME "DOCTORS"? FROM THE LL.B. TO THE J.D."
441:
1492:"History | Columbia University in the City of New York"
505:(B.V.S.), and newer integrated master's degrees such as the
38:, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular
1672:"LL.B. to J.D. and the Professional Degree in Architecture"
2581:. p. 108. PHY-007 Use of the MD Title. Archived from
2435:. Quality Assurance Agency. September 2015. Archived from
1746:
1744:
1003:. Society for Research into Higher Education. p. 8.
1424:"The Kissam Family: Its Importance in New York Medicine"
824:
John W. Collins; Nancy Patricia O'Brien (31 July 2011).
2343:
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales
2164:"Professional, statutory and regulatory bodies (PSRBs)"
1000:
Changing doctoral degrees: an international perspective
1071:
F.N.L. Poynter (1970). Charles Donald O'Malley (ed.).
1024:
L. R. C. Agnew (1970). Charles Donald O'Malley (ed.).
392:
These degrees may be at master's or doctorate levels.
2572:"Practice, Organization and Interprofessional Issues"
2093:
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards
1842:"PhD and Equivalent Doctoral Degrees: The ERC Policy"
827:
The Greenwood Dictionary of Education: Second Edition
2364:"Professional recognition for practising scientists"
1309:. International Engineering Alliance. Archived from
1301:
1299:
1077:. University of California Press. pp. 235–250.
1030:. University of California Press. pp. 251–262.
861:. Ontario Council on Articulation and Transfer. 2016
640:
Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates
120:, it being replaced by the Bachelor of Medicine and
3024:
2943:
2902:
2895:
2867:
2829:
2820:
2792:
2755:
2746:
2389:"Getting from masters to chartered engineer status"
2205:
2203:
1466:"History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons"
573:that typically takes four to six years; becoming a
569:becoming a Chartered Engineer requires post-degree
1566:Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University
986:. Robert Appleton Company – via New Advent.
362:(M. Div., M.H.L., B.D., or Ord. and M.H.L./Rav.)
2579:Wisconsin Medical Society Policy Compendium 2007
2483:. Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
1718:
1716:
1260:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 187–190.
716:. For computing and information technology, the
208:(from 2004) and Chartered Engineer (from 2012).
143:in 1833, following the lead of colleges such as
356:(Pod.D. or D.P.) or Podiatric medicine (D.P.M.)
3045:Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
613:Association of Chartered Certified Accountants
2723:
2232:
2230:
2228:
251:Law degrees were introduced in the US by the
8:
2528:"Acceptable overseas medical qualifications"
1902:. NARIC Portugal. p. 49. Archived from
1429:Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
509:(M.Eng.), Master of Optometry (M.Optom), or
2433:"Doctoral Degree Characteristics Statement"
2211:"Master's Degree Characteristics Statement"
1847:. European Research Council. Archived from
1797:. National Architecture Accreditation Board
895:. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada
2899:
2826:
2752:
2730:
2716:
2708:
2696:74.Doctor of Traditional Chinese Medicine
2213:. Quality Assurance Agency. September 2015
1510:
1508:
1377:National Society of Professional Engineers
1118:Commission, Scottish Universities (1900).
886:"Canadian Degree Qualifications Framework"
232:degree until much later. The President of
2691:73.Doctor of Traditional Korean Medicine
1441:
495:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
130:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2317:Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors
2043:National Center for Education Statistics
1821:National Center for Education Statistics
1774:National Center for Education Statistics
1728:National Center for Education Statistics
973:
971:
2257:
2255:
1770:"Doctor's degree-professional practice"
1239:. The Church of England. Archived from
756:
676:Regulation and licensure in engineering
3075:Professional titles and certifications
1878:
1867:
1817:"Doctor's degree-research/scholarship"
1657:New York State Bar Association Journal
1225:. 29 September 1838. pp. 705–707.
1183:
1173:
1100:
1090:
1074:Medical Education in England from 1600
1053:
1043:
3085:Academic degrees of the United States
2270:Royal Institute of British Architects
2014:"ISCED 2011 Mappings - United States"
1989:"ISCED 1997 Mappings - United States"
1338:. Institute of Physics. pp. 9–10
432:(D.Ch) or Podiatric medicine (D.P.M.)
282:American Physical Therapy Association
7:
2636:. International Engineering Alliance
2614:. International Engineering Alliance
1595:"On the Granting of the M.D. Degree"
1542:"Yale History Timeline: 1860 - 1869"
1516:"Doctor of medicine profession (MD)"
953:. QAA. November 2014. Archived from
1954:"Review of Professional Doctorates"
615:' B.Sc. in Applied Accounting with
1563:Robert McCaughey (June 19, 2012).
1201:Matthew Andrews (12 August 2016).
656:World Directory of Medical Schools
25:
2293:. Solicitors Regulation Authority
2291:"Qualifying law degree providers"
1700:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1659:. New York State Bar Association.
1593:Edwin Linton (29 December 1905).
1371:Craig Musselman (11 April 2012).
586:Master of Business Administration
537:(LL.B.) or B.A. in Law (for both
87:in 1726, followed in 1744 by the
1395:"Becoming a Chartered Scientist"
765:"Professional Degree Programmes"
658:. At least one state in the US,
571:Initial Professional Development
169:Cambridge Theological Federation
126:Universities (Scotland) Act 1889
118:Universities (Scotland) Act 1858
34:, formerly known in the US as a
2784:Certificate of Higher Education
1897:"Recognition of Qualifications"
1141:. Clarendon Press. p. 24.
497:(M.B.B.S.; M.B., Ch.B.; etc.),
75:– the right to teach anywhere.
2481:"DEGREE IN APPLIED ACCOUNTING"
1422:Paul Cushman Jr. (July 1969).
503:Bachelor of Veterinary Science
1:
2114:"Post-Professional Doctorate"
1569:. Columbia University Press.
642:(ECFMG) and in the UK by the
521:(M.Sc.) in Engineering, or a
253:College of William & Mary
108:and the establishment of the
2411:"Medical training in the UK"
553:but a bachelor's degree for
444:(J.D) or (LL.B.) or (B.C.L.)
226:American Medical Association
149:St David's College, Lampeter
2780:Diploma of Higher Education
2415:British Medical Association
2118:Thomas Jefferson University
1209:. University of Manchester.
188:statuses, most notably the
145:St Bees Theological College
3101:
2658:. Seoul Accord Secretariat
2368:Royal Society of Chemistry
2188:. Quality Assurance Agency
2166:. Quality Assurance Agency
2089:"Advanced Degree Programs"
1619:10.1126/science.22.574.875
1292:. Oxford University Press.
1027:Scottish Medical Education
997:Keith Allan Noble (1994).
919:"AQF qualification titles"
740:Professional certification
673:
648:Australian Medical Council
631:
499:Bachelor of Dental Surgery
300:US Department of Education
218:University of Pennsylvania
2503:"Certification Factsheet"
2459:"About the Common Awards"
2186:"Professions in Scotland"
1648:David Perry (June 2012).
1544:. Yale University Library
1353:shall satisfy the Council
1281:John H. Langbein (1996).
1237:"About the Common Awards"
1135:David A. Dowland (1997).
830:. ABC-CLIO. p. 132.
702:Engineering Technologists
652:Medical Council of Canada
623:International equivalence
617:Oxford Brookes University
386:American Community Survey
36:first professional degree
18:First professional degree
2686:72.Doctor of Naturopathy
2676:Doctor of Plant Medicine
2656:"About the Seoul Accord"
2339:"Training as a graduate"
2064:"Educational Attainment"
1167:. July 1838. p. 3.
485:Quality Assurance Agency
274:American Bar Association
2776:Higher National Diploma
2039:"Doctor's degree-other"
1795:"Architecture Programs"
1670:Joanna Lombard (1997).
1307:"The Washington Accord"
855:"OnTransfer - Glossary"
801:Government of Australia
714:Engineering Technicians
644:General Medical Council
517:(B.Eng.) followed by a
515:Bachelor of Engineering
110:General Medical Council
85:University of Edinburgh
2139:"Professional Degrees"
1877:Cite journal requires
984:Catholic Encyclopaedia
735:Postgraduate education
706:Incorporated Engineers
555:Incorporated Engineers
531:Master of Architecture
420:(Pharm.D.) or (BPharm)
257:University of Virginia
186:chartered professional
67:or in theology at the
2883:Candidate of Sciences
2682:Doctor of Audiologist
1468:. Columbia University
1254:Peter Searby (1988).
769:University of Glasgow
686:Professional Engineer
594:Doctor of Engineering
563:Registered Scientists
507:Master of Engineering
261:University of Chicago
238:Arthur Twining Hadley
153:King's College London
89:University of Glasgow
65:University of Bologna
2953:Academic certificate
2845:Postgraduate diploma
2588:on 16 February 2008.
2263:"Think Architecture"
1724:"First-professional"
1520:Medical Encyclopedia
1383:on 17 February 2015.
1333:"Charter and Bylaws"
1207:University Histories
680:In engineering, the
650:, US ECFMG, UK GMC,
575:General Practitioner
557:and a bachelor's or
551:Chartered Scientists
474:(B.Eng) or (B.A.Sc.)
426:(D.D.S.) or (D.M.D.)
342:Osteopathic medicine
177:rather than English
160:theological colleges
141:University of Durham
102:University of London
2988:Professional degree
2461:. Church of England
2421:on 24 October 2013.
1934:. NUFFIC. p. 3
1611:1905Sci....22..875L
931:on 13 December 2016
590:Doctor of Education
547:Chartered Engineers
527:Bachelor of Science
456:(B.Sc.N.) or (B.N.)
436:Veterinary medicine
366:Veterinary medicine
222:Columbia University
206:Chartered Scientist
202:Chartered Physicist
190:Engineering Council
69:University of Paris
32:professional degree
2915:Doctor of Sciences
2439:on 19 January 2018
2143:Cornell University
1966:on 10 January 2017
1693:"Credential Creep"
1403:. 27 November 2013
797:Study in Australia
690:Chartered Engineer
511:Master of Pharmacy
430:Chiropody/Podiatry
320:(D.D.S. or D.M.D.)
194:Chartered Engineer
114:Doctor of Medicine
73:ius ubique docendi
3057:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3007:Specialist degree
2891:
2890:
2859:Engineer's degree
2816:
2815:
2803:Bachelor's degree
2771:Foundation degree
1313:on 9 October 2016
1243:on 13 March 2016.
978:Pace, E. (1909).
694:European Engineer
682:Washington Accord
634:Medical education
609:Durham University
601:Church of England
559:foundation degree
519:Master of Science
198:Washington Accord
192:requirements for
137:Church of England
122:Master of Surgery
16:(Redirected from
3092:
3080:Academic degrees
2993:Graduate diploma
2910:Higher doctorate
2900:
2827:
2766:Associate degree
2753:
2732:
2725:
2718:
2709:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2576:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2417:. Archived from
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2391:. TARGETpostgrad
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2313:"School student"
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2267:
2259:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2234:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2068:US Census Bureau
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1873:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1758:on 27 July 2014.
1748:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1707:
1697:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1654:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1605:(574): 875–876.
1590:
1584:
1583:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1379:. Archived from
1368:
1362:
1361:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1171:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1088:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1021:
1015:
1014:
994:
988:
987:
975:
966:
965:
963:
962:
947:
941:
940:
938:
936:
930:
923:
915:
909:
908:
902:
900:
890:
882:
876:
875:
868:
866:
851:
845:
844:
821:
815:
814:
809:
807:
789:
783:
782:
777:
775:
761:
535:Bachelor of Laws
523:Bachelor of Arts
382:US Census Bureau
314:(D.C. or D.C.M.)
106:Medical Act 1858
21:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3049:
3032:Honorary degree
3020:
3016:Terminal degree
2978:Magister degree
2963:External degree
2945:
2939:
2887:
2863:
2840:Master's degree
2812:
2788:
2742:
2740:academic degree
2736:
2701:
2672:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2634:"Dublin Accord"
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2612:"Sydney Accord"
2610:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2533:
2531:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2431:
2430:
2426:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2120:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1910:
1909:on 11 July 2018
1906:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1866:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1547:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1525:
1523:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1471:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1305:
1304:
1297:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1011:
996:
995:
991:
977:
976:
969:
960:
958:
949:
948:
944:
934:
932:
928:
921:
917:
916:
912:
898:
896:
888:
884:
883:
879:
872:
864:
862:
853:
852:
848:
838:
823:
822:
818:
805:
803:
791:
790:
786:
773:
771:
763:
762:
758:
753:
745:Terminal degree
726:
708:, etc. and the
678:
672:
636:
630:
625:
481:
398:
326:(LL.B. or J.D.)
296:
291:
242:Abraham Flexner
214:
81:
61:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3098:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Qualifications
3062:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3004:
3002:Higher diploma
2999:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2958:Artist diploma
2955:
2949:
2947:
2946:classification
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2808:Honours degree
2805:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2773:
2768:
2762:
2760:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2735:
2734:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2670:
2669:
2647:
2625:
2603:
2591:
2563:
2541:
2519:
2494:
2472:
2450:
2424:
2402:
2380:
2355:
2330:
2304:
2282:
2251:
2224:
2199:
2177:
2155:
2130:
2105:
2080:
2055:
2030:
2005:
1980:
1945:
1920:
1888:
1879:|journal=
1833:
1808:
1786:
1761:
1740:
1712:
1684:
1662:
1640:
1585:
1575:
1555:
1533:
1504:
1494:. Columbia.edu
1483:
1457:
1414:
1386:
1363:
1324:
1295:
1273:
1266:
1246:
1228:
1212:
1193:
1154:
1147:
1127:
1124:. p. xvi.
1110:
1083:
1063:
1036:
1016:
1009:
989:
967:
942:
910:
877:
846:
836:
816:
784:
755:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
742:
737:
732:
725:
722:
671:
670:In engineering
668:
629:
626:
624:
621:
501:(B.D.S.), and
480:
479:United Kingdom
477:
476:
475:
469:
463:
457:
451:
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
397:
394:
370:
369:
363:
357:
351:
345:
339:
333:
327:
321:
315:
295:
292:
290:
287:
213:
210:
80:
79:United Kingdom
77:
60:
57:
55:
52:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3097:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Diplom degree
2852:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2748:Undergraduate
2745:
2741:
2733:
2728:
2726:
2721:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2677:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2613:
2607:
2604:
2600:
2595:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2551:
2545:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2520:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2319:. 17 Apr 2012
2318:
2314:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2240:. Target Jobs
2239:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2069:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1905:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1871:
1864:
1854:on 2013-11-06
1850:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:9780231503556
1572:
1568:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1522:. MedlinePlus
1521:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1334:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1284:
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