336:
public employments, both in Church and State: And whereas the encouragement of Arts and
Sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor of God, the advantage of the christian religion, and the great benefit of this, and the other United States of America--It is declared, That the PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD-COLLEGE, in their corporate capacity, and their successors in that capacity, their officers and servants, shall have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy, all the powers, authorities, rights, liberties, privileges, immunities and franchises, which they now have, or are entitled to have, hold, use, exercise and enjoy: And the same are hereby ratified and confirmed unto them, the said President and Fellows of Harvard-College, and to their successors, and to their officers and servants, respectively, forever.
390:, and the existing board of trustees of loyalist sympathies. They therefore created a new board for the university, taking over the old college and academy. Following protests by Smith and the trustees of the college, the legislature reinstated the college's 1753 and 1755 charters in 1789 and the college regained possession of its buildings, with the university moving to the Philosophical Society Hall. This arrangement lasted two years before, following the adoption of a new constitution by the state, a new charter in 1791 merged the College of Philadelphia and the University of the State of Pennsylvania, forming the University of Pennsylvania.
204:, which makes a disputed claim to have been established in 1740, considers itself to be America's first university, a title it claims on its website and in other published materials, due to its (1) medical school being established separate from college in 1765 and (2) receiving a revised charter in 1779 naming it a "University in Philadelphia". The university has published a book about being the first university in America, and its website contains numerous instances of the phrase "America's First University".
278:. With respect to the title of first university in America, it makes the claim on its website that "in 1781, by uniting the faculties of law, medicine, and the arts, William & Mary became America's first true university." Elsewhere on the website, it also claims to be the "First institution of higher education to have a law school, which made us the first college in the country to become a university (1779)".
19:
258:
arts'), but may also be one of the professions: law, medicine, theology, etc. A university, by contrast, is the co-existence, under a single institutional umbrella, of more than one faculty. With the founding of the first medical school in
America (in 1765; Columbia was second), Penn became America's first university."
185:, founded in 1636, claims to be "the oldest institution of higher education in the United States". The claim of being "the first university" has been made on its behalf by others. An early official mention of Harvard as "the University" is found in the Massachusetts Constitution, first submitted on October 28, 1779, by
1134:(d) On November 27, 1779, the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania passed an act for the establishment of a University incorporating the rights and powers of the College, Academy, and Charitable School. This was the first designation of an institution in the United States as a University;
608:
notes: "In 1899, UPenn's
Trustees adopted a resolution that established 1740 as the founding date, but good cases may be made for 1749, when Franklin first convened the Trustees, or 1751, when the first classes were taught at the affiliated secondary school for boys, Academy of Philadelphia, or 1755,
464:
degrees, then there are a number of contenders for the title of oldest United States university based on that criterion. Among the conflicting interpretations is whether the date the first doctoral degree is awarded should be the determining factor, or the date a doctoral program was first attempted
416:
Under the leadership of Thomas
Jefferson, then governor of Virginia and a member of the Board of Visitors, William and Mary became a university. The grammar and divinity schools were discontinued, and a professorship of anatomy and medicine, and the first American chairs of law and police and modern
335:
Art. I.--Whereas our wise and pious ancestors, so early as the year one thousand six hundred and thirty six, laid the foundation of
Harvard-College, in which University many persons of great eminence have, by the blessing of GOD, been initiated in those arts and sciences, which qualified them for
265:
calls itself "the second-oldest institution of higher learning in the country", acknowledging
Harvard's claim but adding that: "Harvard may have opened first, but William & Mary was already planned. Original 1619 plans for W&M called for a campus at Henrico." This refers to the College of
257:
claims to be the first university in
America, drawing a distinction between this and the first college: "In the Anglo-American model, a college, by definition, is a faculty whose subject specialization is in a single academic field. This is usually arts and sciences (often referred to as 'liberal
451:
to suggest possible growth into a full-fledged university". Edward
Eggleston in 1900 noted that: " is printed with Harwell, Blair and Clinton's account of Virginia, and the copy of the latter in the Library of Congress is annotated by some critic, who notes slight variations on the sense of the
153:
The issue is further confused by the fact that at time of founding of many of the institutions in question, the United States did not exist as a sovereign nation. Questions of institutional continuity sometimes make it difficult to determine the true age of any institution. The status of first
344:
The word "university" is used a total of five times in reference to
Harvard in the Massachusetts Constitution. It is not clear from context, either above or in the paragraphs that follow, that the constitution meant to draw any semantic distinction between "college" and "university."
237:
calls itself "the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States", and this claim is rarely challenged. It is possible to disagree what year should be taken as
Harvard's real founding date. Harvard uses the earliest possible one, 1636, the year in which the
87:
has been applied to institutions of the most diverse character, and it is only since 1880 or thereabouts that an effort has been seriously made to distinguish between collegiate and university instruction; nor has that effort yet completely succeeded.
447:, which was the technical term used for a university in the middle ages, William and Mary was granted the status of a university in its 1693 charter. The same phrase was noted by Jurgen Herbst in 1982, who said: "The charter used the Latin term
132:
was naturally applied to a group of schools associated more or less closely with a central school or college. Harvard, for example, most comprehensive of all, has seventeen distinct departments, and Yale has almost as many.
1437:
432:
In 2020, William and Mary law professor Thomas McSweeney along with two undergraduate students published an article in the William and Mary Law Review pointing out that the Latin text of the university's 1693
378:
and passing of a 1785 law naming the "University of the State of Pennsylvania" allows Penn to assert that "No other American institution of higher learning was named "University " before Penn was so named."
68:
There is no consensus national definition of what entitles an institution to be considered a university versus a college. Differing definitions are used at the state level, and the common understanding of
598:
The university officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by
452:
English version of the charter from the Latin original. The phrase 'studium generale' has a sense hardly appreciated by those who copied it from the ancient charter for William and Mary."
899:
523:
602:, (1705/1706–1790). When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built on November 14, 1740, for another school, which never came to practical fruition
574:
522:) organized a medical faculty in 1767, and in 1769 became the first institution in the North American Colonies to confer the degree of Doctor of Medicine, according to the
684:
386:
and chartered in 1755 alongside an academy chartered in 1753. However, the Pennsylvania legislature in 1779 suspected the provost of the College of Philadelphia,
579:
155:
727:
159:
1250:
247:
128:.... Around or near these nuclei, during the course of the 19th century, one or more professional schools were frequently attached, and so the word
26:
966:
405:
1093:
1078:
443:, translated in the English text by the relatively insignificant "place of universal study". They argue that by creating the institution as a
1298:
1234:
1207:
1320:
910:
789:
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This institution received a royal charter in 1618 and operated a school for several years before being destroyed with the town during the
934:
Edward Potts Cheyney, "History of the University of Pennsylvania: 1740-1940", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940. 45-52
610:
830:
667:
417:
languages were established. The elective system of studies was introduced at this time, the first such program in the United States.
1421:
609:
when Penn obtained its collegiate charter to add a post-secondary institution, the College of Philadelphia." Princeton's library
504:
founded the first medical school in the nation, according to Penn's archivist, although this did not initially award doctorates.
207:
387:
606:
543:'s established its Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1847, which awarded the first PhD in the United States in 1861.
1383:
1147:
298:
409:
399:
262:
167:
93:
54:
242:
resolved to establish a fund in a year's time for a "School or College" to be started, which occurred in 1637 when the
881:
239:
1175:"A University in 1693: New Light on William & Mary's Claim to the Title "Oldest University in the United States""
356:
degree, conferred by Harvard on April 30, 1776, the text of the degree refers to Harvard twice as "our University".
855:
501:
371:
365:
254:
201:
138:
75:
108:. Graduates of Harvard and Yale carried these British traditions to other places, and similar colleges grew up in
859:
481:
58:
49:, founded in 1636, is the oldest operating university in the United States. From 1898 to 1946, however, when the
1254:
906:
469:, which awarded its first doctoral degree in 1692, was the first university in the nation to offer doctorates.
243:
213:
1197:
1079:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060428155156/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html
822:
Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania
622:
105:
1357:
210:'s website states, "The College of William and Mary was the first college to become a university (1779)."
557:
552:
163:
1035:
374:
claims that the 1779 charter from the Pennsylvania state legislature, establishing the university in
461:
382:
The newly–designated university was intended to continue the College of Philadelphia, established by
142:
101:
100:. . . were organized . . . on the plans of the English colleges which constitute the universities of
1122:
1097:
246:
issued Harvard a charter. However, Harvard has operated since 1650 under the same corporation, the "
603:
519:
513:
149:, in recognition of their enlargement, formally changed their titles from colleges to universities.
134:
1306:
900:"Johns Hopkins Fact Book: Everything you wanted to know about America's first research university"
313:
to the full Convention on October 28, 1779 and ratified on June 15, 1780, contains this language:
1324:
797:
712:
630:
560:
founded its graduate school in 1820, with the first doctoral program being established in 1897.
477:
466:
292:
275:
250:"; as such, it has an unbroken institutional history dating back to the mid seventeenth century.
234:
182:
89:
46:
22:
1384:"Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences :Tradition, Excellence, Innovation"
1230:
1224:
1203:
826:
663:
599:
569:
422:
383:
349:
717:
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271:
146:
109:
1345:
1174:
540:
535:
485:
97:
988:
626:
426:
353:
1057:
65:, established in 1611, was considered the oldest university under the American flag.
1431:
722:
434:
302:
186:
121:
42:
29:
since 1650, making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.
634:
375:
306:
190:
125:
117:
18:
1010:"Chapter V: The University at Cambridge, and encouragement of literature, etc.".
820:
744:
761:
429:, has continued to use "college" rather than "university" in its official name.
50:
1391:
1151:
480:
has awarded honorary "doctorates" since the 17th century. In 1692, it issued a
154:
university, which includes private universities, is distinct from the claim of
1226:
The Transit of Civilization from England to America in the Seventeenth Century
310:
194:
113:
38:
317:
Chapter V. The University at Cambridge, and Encouragement of Literature, etc.
141:
have a similar scope. In the latter part of the 19th century Yale, Columbia,
1321:"America's First University, University of Pennsylvania University Archives"
489:
178:
Several universities claim to be the first university in the United States:
885:
884:. College of William and Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law. Archived from
267:
1424:
has an in-depth discussion of the "first" American university on pp 1-8.
1276:
731:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 776.
1011:
847:
625:, but it never offered college-level instruction. The following year,
762:"A Brief History of the Constitution of 1780 and a Narrated Timeline"
62:
716:
1346:
About the College of Physicians and Surgeons. Accessed 06/10/2009.
17:
79:
describes the gradual emergence of U.S. universities as follows:
1148:"William & Mary – Historical Chronology of William and Mary"
421:
For historical reasons, the College of William & Mary, like
404:
On December 4, 1779, just seven days after the founding of the "
1418:
The creation of the future: The role of the American university
1361:
1094:"Penn in the 18th Century, University of Pennsylvania Archives"
685:"SANTO TOMAS DE MANILA The First University of the Philippines"
1199:
From Crisis to Crisis: American College Government, 1636-1819
1173:
Thomas J. McSweeney; Katharine Ello; Elsbeth O'Brien (2020).
944:
790:"The University of Pennsylvania: America's First University"
637:. William and Mary was founded under a new charter in 1693.
1438:
History of universities and colleges in the United States
460:
If a university is defined as an institution that awards
1303:
University of Pennsylvania Archives & Records Center
794:
University of Pennsylvania Archives & Records Center
1299:"SCHOOL OF MEDICINE: Historical development, 1765-1800"
1016:. The General Court of Massachusetts. September 1, 1779
1253:. Harvard University Archives. 2014. Archived from
1058:"THE NEW-ENGLAND CHRONICLE, Boston, April 25, 1776"
1036:"Fundamental Documents: Massachusetts Constitution"
575:
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
1013:Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
216:opened in 1876 and claims to be "America's first
1117:
1115:
629:dissolved the Virginia Company, converting the
414:
225:Claims of first university in the United States
81:
1088:
1086:
612:presents another, diplomatically phrased view.
580:Oldest public university in the United States
156:oldest public university in the United States
8:
1096:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from
819:George E. Thomas; David B. Brownlee (2000).
160:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
662:. University of Georgia Press. p. 3.
1202:. Harvard University Press. p. 32.
248:President and Fellows of Harvard College
650:
591:
406:University of the State of Pennsylvania
783:
781:
779:
746:Harvard, the First American University
37:is a status asserted by more than one
749:. Cupples, Upham and Company, Boston.
35:first university in the United States
7:
1323:. Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from
862:from the original on August 14, 2022
788:Mark Frazier Lloyd (November 1999).
605:. Penn archivist Mark Frazier Lloyd
282:Official designation as a university
1277:"HONORARY DEGREES: A SHORT HISTORY"
1146:The College of William & Mary.
660:The American College and University
488:, the first honorary degree in the
1420:(Cornell University Press, 2001).
1179:William and Mary Law Review Online
524:College of Physicians and Surgeons
14:
825:. Pennsylvania University Press.
437:referred to the institution as a
174:Claimants and potential claimants
73:has evolved over time. The 1911
967:"History of William & Mary"
408:", an event occurred which the
208:The College of William and Mary
83:In the United States the word
1:
1416:Rhodes, Frank Harold Trevor.
1251:"Honorary Degrees at Harvard"
991:. College of William and Mary
969:. College of William and Mary
947:. College of William and Mary
410:College of William & Mary
400:College of William & Mary
299:Constitution of Massachusetts
263:College of William & Mary
220:university" (emphasis added).
168:College of William & Mary
1229:. D. Appleton. p. 272.
1358:"About: Yale and the World"
1279:. Brandeis University. 2014
658:Rudolph, Frederick (1961).
240:Massachusetts General Court
166:(first chartered), and the
1454:
1123:"Statutes of the Trustees"
856:University of Pennsylvania
764:. Social Law Library. 1999
743:Bush, George Gary (1886).
550:
533:
511:
502:University of Pennsylvania
496:University of Pennsylvania
397:
372:University of Pennsylvania
366:University of Pennsylvania
363:
360:University of Pennsylvania
324:Section I. The University.
290:
255:University of Pennsylvania
202:University of Pennsylvania
27:under the same corporation
1223:Edward Eggleston (1900).
1038:. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu
882:"Achievements and Firsts"
482:Doctor of Sacred Theology
158:, a title claimed by the
59:University of Santo Tomas
1150:. Wm.edu. Archived from
907:Johns Hopkins University
244:Massachusetts Bay Colony
214:Johns Hopkins University
728:Encyclopædia Britannica
623:Indian Massacre of 1622
76:Encyclopædia Britannica
1196:Jurgen Herbst (1982).
909:. 2013. Archived from
419:
151:
30:
1154:on September 10, 2006
888:on February 20, 2006.
558:Georgetown University
553:Georgetown University
551:Further information:
547:Georgetown University
534:Further information:
512:Further information:
398:Further information:
364:Further information:
291:Further information:
268:University of Henrico
170:(initially private).
164:University of Georgia
21:
1364:on November 24, 2007
718:"Universities"
683:McSweeney, Quentin.
518:King's College (now
465:is the determinant.
1388:grad.georgetown.edu
1309:on August 24, 2006.
916:on November 2, 2013
713:Gilman, Daniel Coit
520:Columbia University
514:Columbia University
508:Columbia University
270:established by the
162:(first operating),
1394:on August 14, 2007
1257:on October 8, 2013
692:Dominicana Journal
631:Colony of Virginia
478:Harvard University
473:Harvard University
467:Harvard University
293:Harvard University
287:Harvard University
276:Richmond, Virginia
235:Harvard University
183:Harvard University
47:Harvard University
31:
23:Harvard University
1236:978-1-4047-6008-0
1209:978-0-674-32345-2
1100:on April 28, 2006
600:Benjamin Franklin
570:Colonial colleges
456:Doctorate degrees
423:Dartmouth College
384:Benjamin Franklin
350:George Washington
230:Institutional age
1445:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1390:. Archived from
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1360:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:on July 11, 2006
1317:
1311:
1310:
1305:. Archived from
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867:
848:"Penn's History"
844:
838:
836:
816:
810:
809:
807:
805:
800:on July 11, 2006
796:. Archived from
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449:studium generale
445:studium generale
440:studium generale
412:describes thus:
394:William and Mary
272:Virginia Company
266:Henricopolis or
94:William and Mary
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1411:Further reading
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945:"About W&M"
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536:Yale University
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486:Increase Mather
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1060:. Samuel Hall
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852:www.upenn.edu
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