1393:
40:
494:, Wittiza's reign initially showed great promise. "He redressed grievances, moderated the tributes of his subjects, and conducted himself with mingled mildness and energy in the administration of the laws." However, the honeymoon lasted only a short while. Soon Wittiza "showed himself in his true nature, cruel and luxurious."
528:
As the story goes, it was in an attempt to save
Hispania from such divine punishment that the exiled Roderic returned from Italy with an army. Wittiza was soon defeated in the field and taken captive. Roderic was then crowned king at Toledo, after which he avenged his father by having Wittiza blinded
520:
At last feeling safe, the king "gave reins to his licentious passions, and soon, by his tyranny and sensuality, acquired the appellation of Witiza the Wicked." Specifically, using secret orders he demolished castles that he feared could be used by future internal enemies, oblivious to the possibility
377:
accuses
Wittiza of relieving the oppression of the Jews and being eager for their support in an attempt to smear him as a "Jew-lover." The accuracy of Lucas' statement, despite the lateness of it, has been bolstered by the fact that Lucas was from Tui, the Galician city whereat Wittiza probably ruled
414:
in the north. Agila may have been a son of
Wittiza's and a co-monarch (from about 708), but this would require that he be either a child king or that Wittiza not be the son of Cixilo. Others say Wittiza left two sons not yet of age. At the time of his death, "he was beloved in the highest degree by
207:
Early in his reign, Egica made it clear that his intention was to secure his family in a position of power from which they could not be removed. Based on a charter dated to Egica's seventh year (November 693 to
November 694) which mentions Wittiza as co-king, it is probable that Wittiza was made
524:
In later times such stories were told of
Wittiza because, in opposition to the policies of the Church hierarchy, he had been lenient toward the Jews and had encouraged the clergy to marry. Therefore, when the kingdom met sudden ruin in the first year of his successor Roderic (a favorite of the
229:, a Visigothic regnal list. The delay between his appointment as co-regent and his unction, to which much importance was ascribed, is most probably explained by his coming of age, likely fourteen, in that year. Wittiza was Egica's son by Cixilo, daughter of the previous king
451:, a shadowy but historical figure, is reputed to have been either a brother, half-brother, or a son of Wittiza, though the latter is impossible based simply on Wittiza's youthfulness and Oppa's reputed age in 711. According to the
339:
Of
Wittiza's early acts after his father's demise was the rescission of the exile of several noblemen. He returned their slaves and confiscated property, and reinstated them in their palatine offices. Wittiza also had the
521:
that he was weakening the kingdom's defenses against foreign invaders. And at court, inspired by the custom of Muslim rulers, he "indulged in a plurality of wives and concubines, encouraging his subjects to do the same."
320:. The acts of the council are lost to us, but may have been highly controversial, leading to their suppression. Wittiza may have forced the council to force marriage upon the Catholic clergy. There is a reference in the
324:
to
Wittiza commanding Sindered to exert pressure on the established clergy, but what exactly this means is unknown. It may mean that he pressured the Eighteenth Council to ratify the decision of the
348:
were probably pledges, cessions, or confessions the exiles had been forced to sign; or statements of debt to the treasury. Wittiza also returned land which his family was holding to the royal
913:
Bachrach, 31. Among the German historians who reject Lucas' account are Graetz, Katz, and Dahn, while
Scherer and Ziegler affirm it. The Spanish historian Altamira also believes Lucas' story.
622:
373:
Though he himself passed no legislation further oppressing the Jews, Wittiza also probably did not repeal the legislation of his father in that regard. A thirteenth-century chronicle by
1432:
370:. This reissue, too, may be related to the political situation following Egica's death and Wittiza's need to consolidate his authority and the support of the nobility and the clergy.
1041:
895:
Thompson, 249. Wittiza's reputation for mercy and mildness is accepted by historians today. Bachrach, 31, quotes
Ziegler saying "in general 'he ruled more mildly than his father.'"
395:
The date of
Wittiza's death and the end of his reign are unknown. The several surviving regnal lists imply a death year of 710 (sometimes with a death month of February) while the
934:
Thompson, 249, according to whom it represents the "nadir of Visigothic legislation." Collins, "Sicut", 504, explains that manuscripts differ in attribution to Egica or Wittiza.
352:
in accordance with the law. All this activity was probably a response to complaints made about his father's rule and which he considered politically wise to correct. The
296:
The death of Egica can be dated to 702 (traditionally) or 703 (based on the fact that Egica promulgated a law in his sixteenth year, which began on 24 November 702).
505:, who lived in retirement at court. Wittiza had Favila killed and Theodofred blinded then imprisoned in the CĂłrdoba dungeon. The son of Favila, who we are told was
378:
as sub-king under his father at one point. Perhaps the people of Tui preserved an oral tradition or perhaps the canons of XVIII Toledo were available to Lucas.
1056:"SOCIAL AND ETHNIC TENSIONS IN AL-ANDALUS: CASES OF ISHBÄȘLIYAH (SEVILLA) 276/889â302/914 AND ILBÄȘRAH (ELVIRA) 276/889â284/897â THE ROLE OF 'UMAR IBN កAFáčąĆȘN"
1184:
1427:
1412:
218:
analysis of coinage types also supports the thesis that Wittiza ruled from 694. The raising of Wittiza to the kingship coincided with the revolt of
529:
and imprisoned at CĂłrdoba. There the former king "passed the brief remnant of his days in perpetual darkness, a prey to wretchedness and remorse."
264:
in 698 and it spread westward across the Mediterranean reaching Hispania in 701. It was severe enough to force the two kings from their capital of
336:(757â68) reversed this ruling. The collective sense is that Wittiza made an effort to reform corruptions in the Visigothic Catholic church.
309:
356:
calls Wittiza "merciful", and only criticizes the method of his succession, probably in reference to these events and to the hated Egica.
474:, and her brothers had their lands appropriated in the succession crisis, by their uncle Ardabast. She travelled to Damascus to petition
418:
Whatever the actual circumstances surrounding the end of Wittiza's reign, memory of him was not positive a century and a half later. The
509:, happened to be elsewhere at the time and was thus spared for the major role he would later play in history. The son of Theodofred was
525:
Church), this was readily explained by alleging that the sins of Wittiza "had drawn down the wrath of Heaven upon the unhappy nation."
407:
with the support of a faction of nobles. Others believe he died a natural death. At the time, the king was still only in his twenties.
233:, who was dismissed by her husband in late 687 after a short marriage and thus puts a limit on the possible date of birth of Wittiza.
573:
545:
428:: "Wittiza left a poor example to his clergy and his people by his unchaste life, thus provoking the fury of the Lord." The
557:
410:
After his death, natural or forced, or deposition, Hispania was divided between rival claimants: Roderic in the south and
387:(ordeal of boiling water) for those accused of theft no matter how small the sum has been attributed to Wittiza by some.
305:
288:. Although often dismissed by scholars, there is numismatic evidence that suggests Wittiza's subkingdom was a reality.
1177:
1170:
436:, written less than a half century after his death, records that he brought "joy and prosperity" to the kingdom.
586:
GarcĂa Moreno, Luis A. "Prosopography, Nomenclature, and Royal Succession in the Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo."
636:
497:
Coming to doubt the security of his throne, he ended the careers of two relatives regarded as rivals: Favila,
284:
475:
426:
Witicha deditus in feminis exemplo suo sacerdote ac populum luxuriose vivere docuit, irritans furorem Domini
253:
652:
364:
During his years of sole government, Wittiza promulgated two new laws and issued a revised version of the
313:
502:
467:. Olmund is a Gothic name, Romulus is Roman, and Ardabast (Artavasdes) is Persian (through Armenian).
1422:
1417:
506:
420:
333:
241:
1196:
1075:
554:"'Sicut lex Gothorum continet': Law and Charters in Ninth- and Tenth-Century LeĂłn and Catalonia."
278:
189:
130:
118:
60:
1067:
631:
King, P. D. "King Chindasvind and the First Territorial Law-code of the Visiogothic Kingdom."
610:
569:
498:
487:
464:
325:
643:
46:
772:
538:
460:
366:
257:
210:
471:
17:
1392:
432:
mentions his many wives and mistresses and how he brought "ruin to Hispania", while the
268:
and it might be that this was the period when Wittiza was sent by his father to rule in
597:
261:
237:
225:
On 15 or 24 November 700, Wittiza was anointed king; this forms the last entry in the
1406:
265:
1352:
1342:
1237:
374:
269:
39:
1347:
1317:
1267:
1227:
1292:
1277:
1232:
713:
709:
215:
186:
1071:
1377:
1287:
1247:
1193:
1154:
1139:
411:
273:
219:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1257:
1207:
996:
Hodgkin, 233, quoting Dahn. A similar sentiment is expressed by Bradley,
708:
Numismatic evidence of Wittiza's coinage also indicates that the city of
680:
383:
317:
249:
245:
192:
1079:
1055:
244:. The dating of this event is disputed: it may have occurred as part of
1372:
1312:
1282:
1272:
1262:
1252:
1217:
1212:
1149:
541:
514:
510:
404:
88:
716:
was still in use as a mint in the early eighth century (Thompson, 64).
601:
553:
439:
The "sons of Wittiza", who are otherwise unknown, are made out by the
1222:
676:
150:
1162:
256:) perhaps later, around 702, or perhaps late in Wittiza's reign. A
1362:
1357:
1337:
1242:
1132:
444:
230:
196:
140:
98:
78:
51:
1382:
644:"La moneda del reino visigodo en Toledo: ¿Por qué? ¿Para quién?"
448:
349:
1166:
835:
reports that he tried to make the bishops of the realm marry.
240:
raided the coasts of southern Hispania and was driven off by
403:
strongly implies that he was assassinated in a coup led by
54:
during the reign of Wittiza and bearing his (rough) effigy
381:
A law sometimes attributed to Egica which prescribes the
328:
that clerical marriage was permissible: according to the
236:
Sometime during the joint reign of Egica and Wittiza, a
542:"A Reassessment of Visigothic Jewish Policy, 589â711."
675:
Gotho-spanish name probably derived from Gothic name
195:
from 694 until his death, co-ruling with his father,
146:
136:
124:
109:
105:
94:
84:
74:
66:
59:
32:
443:to be traitors who helped deliver Hispania to the
308:was held under the supervision of Wittiza and the
921:
919:
463:, Romulus, and Ardabast (Artabasdus), who became
415:the people and equally hated by the priesthood."
628:Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott and Company, 1871.
1433:7th-century people from the Visigothic Kingdom
561:, Vol. 100, No. 396. (Jul., 1985), pp 489â512.
222:and may have been either its cause or effect.
1178:
944:
942:
940:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
856:
854:
810:
808:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
8:
785:
783:
781:
746:
744:
742:
740:
691:
689:
1112:, "The Legend of Don Roderick," Chapter II.
1091:
1089:
639:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. pp 131â57.
486:According to American writer and historian
27:Visigoth King of Hispania from 694 to c.710
1185:
1171:
1163:
1121:
1099:, "The Legend of Don Roderick," Chapter I.
1042:ARTAVASDES. Old Iranian male personal name
763:Also spelled Cixila, Cixillo, or Cixilona.
344:written against them burned publicly. The
38:
29:
607:, Vol. 2, No. 6. (Apr., 1887), pp 209â34.
549:, Vol. 78, No. 1. (Feb., 1973), pp 11â34.
478:for their return, which he then ordered.
621:, Volume 3 (1835); in Irving, Pierre M.
668:
568:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 1989.
7:
399:implies 711. Whatever the case, the
391:Death, succession crisis and legacy
566:The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710â97
465:Count of the Christians of Coimbra
25:
208:co-ruler in 694, even though the
1391:
658:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1969.
633:Visigothic Spain: New Approaches
615:Legends of the Conquest of Spain
492:Legends of the Conquest of Spain
490:, in the first part of his 1835
1428:7th-century Visigothic monarchs
1413:8th-century Visigothic monarchs
1054:MARĂN-GUZMĂN, ROBERTO (1993).
546:The American Historical Review
1:
802:LĂłpez SĂĄnchez, "Moneda", 177.
605:The English Historical Review
583:. Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
558:The English Historical Review
182:
113:
649:, Vol. 31 (2009), pp 175â86.
306:Eighteenth Council of Toledo
185:687 â probably 710) was the
300:Concessions upon succession
282:, an event recorded by the
227:Chronica Regum Visigothorum
128:710 (aged 22–23)
1449:
1044:. accessed September 2014.
501:, and Theodofred, duke of
459:, Wittiza had three sons:
304:Soon after his death, the
18:FlĂĄvio Sisebuto de Coimbra
1389:
1203:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1124:
642:LĂłpez SĂĄnchez, Fernando.
588:Journal of Late Antiquity
581:Visigothic Spain, 409â711
214:places the event in 698.
37:
1040:Encyclopaedia Iranica:
833:Chronicle of Alfonso III
679:(related to Gothic hero
517:, who escaped to Italy.
457:Chronicle of Alfonso III
441:Chronicle of Alfonso III
430:Chronicle of Alfonso III
424:, circa 818, wrote that
330:Chronicle of Alfonso III
285:Chronicle of Alfonso III
248:' expedition to relieve
476:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
254:better citation needed
1140:King of the Visigoths
619:The Crayon Miscellany
199:, until 702 or 703.
61:King of the Visigoths
539:Bachrach, Bernard S.
421:Chronicle of Moissac
334:Fruela I of Asturias
310:archbishop of Toledo
1031:GarcĂa Moreno, 153.
602:"Visigothic Spain."
470:Olmund's daughter,
656:The Goths in Spain
617:, originally from
611:Irving, Washington
131:Visigothic Kingdom
119:Visigothic Kingdom
1400:
1399:
1161:
1160:
1147:Succeeded by
1009:Hodgkin, 233 n34.
594:(1:2008), 142â56.
499:Duke of Cantabria
488:Washington Irving
326:Quinisext Council
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
1440:
1395:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1130:Preceded by
1122:
1113:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1051:
1045:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1016:
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1001:
994:
988:
981:
975:
972:
966:
959:
953:
946:
935:
932:
926:
925:Bachrach, 31â32.
923:
914:
911:
905:
902:
896:
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880:
865:
858:
849:
842:
836:
825:
819:
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803:
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770:
764:
761:
755:
748:
735:
732:
717:
706:
700:
693:
684:
673:
579:Collins, Roger.
564:Collins, Roger.
552:Collins, Roger.
434:Chronicle of 754
397:Chronicle of 754
367:Liber Iudiciorum
354:Chronicle of 754
322:Chronicle of 754
211:Chronicle of 754
184:
115:
42:
30:
21:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1441:
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1437:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1199:
1191:
1157:
1152:
1143:
1135:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1107:
1103:
1094:
1087:
1060:Islamic Studies
1053:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1013:
1008:
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982:
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938:
933:
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917:
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868:
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839:
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779:
771:
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762:
758:
749:
738:
733:
720:
707:
703:
694:
687:
674:
670:
665:
653:Thompson, E. A.
598:Hodgkin, Thomas
535:
484:
472:Sara al-Qutiyya
455:version of the
393:
362:
302:
294:
279:regnum Suevorum
238:Byzantine fleet
205:
129:
117:
101:(694 â 702/703)
55:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
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1360:
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1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
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1265:
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1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
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1190:
1189:
1182:
1175:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1125:Regnal titles
1115:
1114:
1101:
1085:
1066:(3): 279â318.
1046:
1033:
1024:
1011:
1002:
989:
976:
967:
954:
936:
927:
915:
906:
897:
888:
866:
850:
837:
820:
804:
795:
777:
765:
756:
736:
734:Thompson, 249.
718:
701:
685:
667:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
650:
640:
629:
624:Spanish Papers
608:
595:
584:
577:
562:
550:
534:
531:
483:
480:
392:
389:
361:
358:
301:
298:
293:
290:
262:Constantinople
204:
201:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
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111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1445:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
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1331:
1329:
1326:
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1309:
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1269:
1266:
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1256:
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1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1098:
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1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
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1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
999:
993:
990:
986:
980:
977:
974:Hodgkin, 234.
971:
968:
964:
958:
955:
951:
945:
943:
941:
937:
931:
928:
922:
920:
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877:
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871:
867:
863:
857:
855:
851:
847:
841:
838:
834:
831:, 15â19. The
830:
824:
821:
817:
811:
809:
805:
799:
796:
792:
786:
784:
782:
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702:
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574:0-631-15923-1
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540:
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281:
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271:
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263:
260:broke out at
259:
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172:
168:
164:
160:
152:
149:
145:
142:
139:
135:
132:
127:
123:
120:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:
58:
53:
49:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
1367:
1343:Chindasuinth
1238:Theodoric II
1138:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1096:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1036:
1027:
1019:
1014:
1005:
997:
992:
984:
979:
970:
962:
957:
949:
930:
909:
900:
891:
883:
861:
845:
840:
832:
828:
823:
815:
798:
790:
768:
759:
751:
704:
696:
671:
655:
646:
637:Edward James
632:
623:
618:
614:
604:
591:
587:
580:
565:
556:
544:
527:
523:
519:
496:
491:
485:
469:
456:
452:
440:
438:
433:
429:
425:
419:
417:
409:
400:
396:
394:
382:
380:
375:Lucas of Tuy
372:
365:
363:
353:
345:
341:
338:
329:
321:
303:
295:
283:
277:
235:
226:
224:
209:
206:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:
45:
1423:710s deaths
1418:680s births
1348:Recceswinth
1318:Reccared II
1268:Theudigisel
1228:Theodoric I
712:founded by
360:Legislation
75:Predecessor
1407:Categories
1293:Reccared I
1278:Athanagild
1233:Thorismund
1194:Visigothic
1020:Visigothic
985:Visigothic
963:Visigothic
904:King, 131.
884:Visigothic
816:Visigothic
791:Visigothic
752:Visigothic
714:Reccared I
710:Reccopolis
697:Visigothic
513:, duke of
216:Numismatic
203:Joint rule
187:Visigothic
50:minted at
1288:Liuvigild
1248:Alaric II
1155:Achila II
1072:0578-8072
1018:Collins,
998:The Goths
983:Collins,
961:Collins,
950:The Goths
948:Bradley,
882:Collins,
862:The Goths
860:Bradley,
844:Collins,
827:Collins,
814:Collins,
789:Collins,
750:Collins,
695:Collins,
412:Achila II
401:Chronicle
346:cautiones
342:cautiones
312:, either
292:Sole rule
276:over the
274:Gallaecia
252:in 697, (
242:Theudimer
220:Suniefred
85:Successor
70:694 â 710
44:A golden
1378:Agila II
1333:Chintila
1328:Sisenand
1323:Suintila
1308:Gundemar
1303:Witteric
1298:Liuva II
1258:Amalaric
1208:Alaric I
1144:694â710
1108:Irving,
1095:Irving,
1080:20840132
773:Bachrach
681:Vidigoia
453:Rotensis
384:caldaria
318:Sindered
314:Gunderic
250:Carthage
246:Leontios
193:Hispania
95:Co-ruler
1373:Roderic
1368:Wittiza
1313:Sisebut
1283:Liuva I
1273:Agila I
1263:Theudis
1253:Gesalec
1218:Sigeric
1213:Athaulf
1150:Roderic
1110:Legends
1097:Legends
677:Wittich
647:Mainake
533:Sources
515:Baetica
511:Roderic
503:CĂłrdoba
405:Roderic
190:King of
179:Witiges
171:Witicha
159:Wittiza
89:Roderic
47:triente
33:Wittiza
1223:Wallia
1078:
1070:
1022:, 136.
1000:, 357.
987:, 132.
965:, 113.
952:, 357.
886:, 112.
864:, 356.
818:, 111.
793:, 110.
754:, 109.
699:, 108.
635:. ed.
572:
507:Pelayo
482:Legend
461:Olmund
266:Toledo
258:plague
175:Vitiza
167:Witica
163:Witiza
151:Cixilo
147:Mother
137:Father
1363:Egica
1358:Erwig
1353:Wamba
1338:Tulga
1243:Euric
1197:kings
1133:Egica
1076:JSTOR
848:, 19.
775:, 31.
663:Notes
445:Moors
231:Erwig
197:Egica
177:, or
141:Egica
99:Egica
79:Egica
67:Reign
52:Braga
1383:Ardo
1153:and
1068:ISSN
846:Arab
829:Arab
570:ISBN
449:Oppa
350:fisc
125:Died
110:Born
316:or
272:in
270:Tui
116:687
1409::
1088:^
1074:.
1064:32
1062:.
1058:.
939:^
918:^
869:^
853:^
807:^
780:^
739:^
721:^
688:^
683:).
613:.
600:.
590:,
447:.
332:,
183:c.
181:;
173:,
169:,
165:,
114:c.
1186:e
1179:t
1172:v
1082:.
626:.
592:1
576:.
161:(
20:)
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