1268:
represented) had passed from
Philadelphia to Cambridge among principals of the American war effort". It was a stage in the American Revolution amid escalating British violence "with ships and stores seized, forts captured, and cities burned". DeLear argues that "notions of nationhood were clearly maturing in this exact time and space" and notes the earliest surviving documentary evidence of the term "United States of America" was written at Washington's headquarters just after the New Year's Day flag raising ceremony. DeLear notes that the latest example provided by Ansoff of the American revolutionaries still identifying with the British Union Flag is the diary entry of the British officer based in Boston dated 1 May 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, but "before the bloody escalation at Bunker Hill". Along with Washington being commissioned as the army commander in chief, these were "two developments that necessitated heightened levels of military discipline, seriousness, and formality". DeLear compares the "relatively
1455:, 24 October 1774 edition, it was reported that intelligence had been received from Taunton "that on Friday last a Liberty Pole 112 Feet long was raised there, on which is a Vane, and a Union Flag flying, with the Words LIBERTY and UNION thereon..." Ansoff disputes the traditional rendering of the Taunton flag as a defaced British red ensign. He notes that the newspaper description simply refers to it as a "union flag" and that the word "and" not being capitalised suggests it was not featured on the original Taunton flag. Ansoff states that it "seems reasonable" the Taunton flag followed a similar pattern to the British Union Flag in a well-known engraving of the battle of Lexington where the horizontal arm of the Saint George's cross bears the word "Liberty".
1048:(1776) says the Americans, so great was their rage and indignation, burnt the speech and "charged their colors from a plain red ground, which they had hitherto used, to a flag with thirteen stripes, as a symbol of the number and union of the colonies". Lieut. Carter, however, is still a better authority for the device on the union flag. He was on Charlestown Heights, and says, January 26: "The king's speech was sent by a flag to them on the 1st instant. In a short time after they received it, they hoisted a union flag (above a continental with thirteen stripes) at Mount Pisgah; their citadel fired thirteen guns, and gave the like number of cheers." This union flag also was hoisted at Philadelphia in February, when the American fleet sailed under Admiral
46:
974:
if there was a flag hoisted beneath the
British Union Flag, it may have been "one of the signal flags that were commonly flown on Prospect Hill". Amid the salutes and cheers, Carter may have assumed it was designed to represent the colonies. Washington may have "failed to mention it as it was not pertinent to the point he was making to Reed". Ansoff concedes that Carter may have been "giving a muddled description of a single flag with both the union crosses and thirteen stripes". However, if so, he considers it "extremely unlikely" that Washington and the anonymous ship captain would have referred to it as the Union Flag without any further qualification.
1085:
design of the combined
English and Scottish crosses, rather than to a particular flag". The reference in the newspaper report to the "great union" flag is probably a description rather than the name of the flag and "supports the idea that it was a union flag with the combined English and Scottish crosses overall". Hamilton's statement that the flag raised on Prospect Hill "must have been a peculiarly marked Union flag, to be called the Great Union Flag" is unsubstantiated yet his "use of the term as a proper name has been perpetuated by later historians, and is often used to refer to the Continental Colors".
20:
1133:
1343:, he refutes his own denial. "There are as you well know," Lear states, "among the several letters and papers, many which every public and private consideration should withhold from further inspection". Lear asks Hamilton if there are any documents of military significance that he would like removed. DeLear speculates that among "the twelve missing Reed letters from November to December 1775" and other items from Washington's archives that "may have been suppressed" there could "very plausibly" have been more information about the origin and proclamation of the Continental Colours.
1210:. He argues that it was suitable for Washington and others to have referred to the Continental Colours in this way, given that "At the time of the introduction of the new striped union flag was the best abbreviated way to describe it". The three contemporary accounts cited by Ansoff might have been prompted by "the most prominent feature of the flag, the British Union Jack or by the thirteen stripes intimating the union of the colonies-or both". It is possible that Washington chose to employ the term "union" for a different reason than the other two, British eyewitnesses.
899:
1500:"raised a red flag at the Champ de Mars (Field of Mars) in 1791 in Paris to indicate a state of martial law". According to DeLear, it was because the red flag was established as a signal for "enemy on our shores" and "as a general signal for emergency, duress, or rebellion" that Putnam's predominantly red regimental flag "would have added import and be entirely appropriate" to be flown on Prospect Hill while the Continental Army was reforming and the rebellious colonists faced the "enemy on our shores" amid the ongoing siege of Boston.
1440:
almost certain, that these flags were the familiar flags of the
English and Scotch union ... and long known as union flags, inscribed with various popular and patriotic mottoes". Ansoff notes that he had not been able to verify Preble's sources. The diary of a British officer in Boston dated 1 May 1775 states: "The Congress that's sitting at Concord has resolved to have an Army of 13000 Men β¦ The Rebels have erected the Standard at Cambridge; they call themselves the King's Troops and us the Parliaments. Pretty Burlesque!"
1356:. Ansoff acknowledges that "Carter's description is undeniably ambiguous" and that, taken on its own, there "would be a stronger case that the flag might actually have been the Continental Colors". However, Ansoff argues that "the cumulative evidence provided by all three accounts would appear to make this unlikely". Carter did not publish his letter until 1784 when the war was over and Ansoff thinks "It is conceivable that he edited them retroactively to include information that was common knowledge by then".
761:
1322:) This is the Flag of our floating Batteries". This reveals that Washington and Reed did concern themselves with deciding what flags the Continental forces were flying. When Washington relayed the news of the Prospect Hill flag-raising ceremony to his aide-de-camp, "it can be safely assumed that Reed knew to what Washington was referring to" and that "Their close working relationship on these matters may have obviated the need for additional clarifying detail". In his
846:... now openly avow their revolt, hostility, and rebellion. They have raised troops, are collecting a naval force; they have seized public revenue, and assumed to themselves legislative, executive, and judicial powers. .. The authors and promoters of this deliberate conspiracy ... meant only to amuse by vague expressions of attachment to the Parent State, and the strongest protestations of loyalty to me, while they were preparing for a general revolt.
614:
1352:
two separate flags, DeLear gives contemporary examples where such terms were used as a "positioning convention" where the field of a flag is seen as below the canton or upper hoist quarter to argue that it refers to a single flag being the
Continental Colours. In any case Ansoff says that Carter's description is "the earliest known reference to a striped Continental flag in the Boston area" a month after the flag raising ceremony on the
1237:
1545:
Flag 13 Stripes Broad Buntg and 33 feet fly" and may have been flown in
Edenton, North Carolina. The Continental Colours were then featured on a North Carolina seven-and-a-half dollar note dated 2 April 1776. The earliest surviving artwork featuring the Continental Colours is a powderhorn belonging to Major Samuel Selden labelled "SHIP.AMARACA" that seems to bear "a coarse rendering" of the design. There is also a watercolour of
1486:'s regimental flag as flown on Prospect Hill on 18 July 1775. It features the arms of Connecticut and an abbreviation for the words "Qui Trastulit Susinet" on one side and "An Appeal To Heaven" on the other. DeLear says that from a distance, it might have appeared to be "entirely red" and "functioned as such by both armies". It may have also been just a plain red flag which in ancient Rome served "as a military signal for the
995:
to the United
Colonies.-this happening soon after the Speeches were delivered at Roxbury, but before they were received at Cambridge, the Boston gentry supposed it to be a token of the deep impression the Speech had made, and a signal of submission-That they were much disappointed at finding several days elapse without some formal measure leading to a surrender, with which they had begun to flatter themselves.
1580:
the forces to keep them all from going home". He sees the flying of the
Continental Colours as a sign "of differentiation and change in this context". Allison says that "Washington, probably more than any of his contemporaries, knew the importance of symbols". It was "During the siege of Boston, the rebels made the mental transition from angry Brits to independent Americans".
821:
2831:
1593:, July 1776 edition, were told of a letter, possibly from the same source in New Providence, Bahamas, after the raid by Hopkins, where it is stated, "The colors of the American fleet were striped under the Union, with thirteen strokes called the United Colonies, and their standard, a rattlesnake; mottoβDon't Tread on Me!"
1072:
the national banner of the United
Colonies β¦ they were British colonies: and, as we have shown, they used the British Union but now, they were to distinguish their flag by its color would naturally be suggested as being striking, as enabling them to show the number and union of the colonies β¦ Hence, probably the name
944:. At the time of the flag raising on Prospect Hill, it had never been formally adopted, and Washington may not have even been aware of the existence of the Continental Colors by then, which is not mentioned in any of his voluminous correspondence with the Continental Congress in the period July to December 1775.
1602:
Ansoff notes that despite DeLear stating that his paper would introduce "additional primary and secondary sources" he fails to cite any primary sources for the
Prospect Hill raising other than those discussed in Ansoff's original 2006 paper. Ansoff acknowledges there is still more research to be done
1439:
in 1773", "on sleds carrying wood for the inhabitants of Boston in January 1775", "in New York in March 1775", and "on a Liberty Pole in Savannah on 19 June 1775". Preble comments that "No description of the union flags of these times has been preserved ... nevertheless, it is more than probable, and
1351:
DeLear finds Lieutenant Carter's eyewitness account illuminating as it is the only primary source that mentions a flag with thirteen stripes. Carter said that "they hoisted an union flag (above the continental with the thirteen stripes)" at Prospect Hill. As opposed to Ansoff who takes it to refer to
1338:
then took possession of these documents from Lear after volunteering to write a biography of Washington. Marshall eventually discovered that "swaths of Washington's diary were missing, especially sections during the war and presidency, and that a handful of key letters has also vanished". In a letter
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prior to the flag-raising ceremony on Prospect Hill "its promulgation throughout the colonies is self-evident". The earliest known British reference to the Continental Colours is a letter by a British informer to Lord Dartmouth dated 20 December 1775. British spy James Brattle makes a detailed report
1227:
a normal British union flag, or possibly a British red ensign" noting it was a "common practice in the eighteenth century for warships to carry flags of potential opponents for deceptive purposes". Ansoff asserts that DeLear's implication the term "union flag" is "strictly modern" is questionable. He
1218:
referring to a normal British union flag, but to an 'American' or 'Continental' version and/or one that contained stripes". In relation to the Wharton account book entry of 12 December 1775 that refers to a "Union Flag" without any further qualification, Ansoff cites a later invoice dated 23 December
956:
Ansoff notes that his correspondents in London would have no knowledge of the Continental Colours and that if the flag raised on Prospect Hill differed from the British Union Flag, "it seems likely the captain would have further described it". The anonymous author makes the same assumption Washington
1579:
who understood that "strict adherence to ritual and ceremony as not only being a question of virtue, but one of honor". Historian Robert Allison takes issue with Ansoff's revisionism arguing that "Enlistments for the all-volunteer army expired Dec. 31, 1775; Washington was issuing a call to arms for
1495:
mentions the flying of a red flag from a "Liberty-Tree" in connection with a meeting of the Sons of Liberty. There is also a British report during the American Revolution stating "Pearson spied through the morning haze a red flag flying over the old Scarborough Castle on the Yorkshire coastline. The
1084:
Ansoff notes that it is "somewhat misleading" for Hamilton to say that "Great Union Flag" was the "name given to the national banner of Great Britain". The term "great union" is found in a 1768 royal warrant concerning the colours carried by British infantry regiments and applies "generically to the
1071:
We observe β¦ in the extract from the newspaper account of this, that the flag was displayed on Prospect Hill, and that it must have been a peculiarly marked Union flag, to be called the Great Union Flag. As this was the name given to the national banner of Great Britain, this indicates this flag as
1544:
In a letter dated 10 February 1776 the North Carolina Council of Safety mentions the shipment "by the wagon" of "Drums, Colours, Fifes, Pamphlets and a quantity of powder". The colors referred to were purchased by Joseph Hewes from ship chandler James Wharton with the itemised bill stating "1 Union
1253:
Concerning Ansoff's assertion that Washington "was probably not aware" of the Continental Colours that were unofficial at the time he wrote to Reed and were solely for "use by the embryonic Continental Navy", DeLear asserts that given the lack of direct evidence of its origins, the original purpose
1013:
The arrival of a copy of the King's speech, with an account of the fate of the petition from the continental congress, is said to have excited the greatest degree of rage and indignation among them; as a proof of which, the former was publicly burnt in the camp; and they are said upon this occasion
994:
Our advices conclude with the following anecdote:-That upon the King's Speech arriving in Boston, a great number of them were reprinted and sent out to our lines on the 2nd of January, which being also the day of forming the new army, the great Union Flag was hoisted on Prospect Hill, in compliment
973:
Unlike the other eyewitness accounts, Carter refers to "thirteen stripes" although he does not specify whether they are horizontal or vertical. According to Ansoff, "it seems fairly clear from his phrasing that he is talking about a Union Flag flying above another, striped flag". He speculates that
808:... Zeal for the Preservation of Their Rights as Men and American Englishmen ... Resentment of The Wrongs and Injuries offered to the English colonies in general, and This Province in particular ... Through unjust Claims of A British Parliament and the Machiaveilan Policy of a British Ministry ...
1297:
Ansoff says that DeLear's analysis of the primary sources ignores key contextual factors firstly being the official stance of the United Colonies with regards to the King and the parliamentary executive and secondly Washington's propensity to follow the lead of the Congress in regards to political
906:
All three known eyewitness accounts of the flag raising on Prospect Hill state that it was the "Union Flag". Peter Ansoff posits that the terms "Grand Union" and "Great Union" were not in use during the American Revolution "but were retrospectively applied to the striped union flag by 19th century
1018:
Although this account refers to a "flag with thirteen stripes", Ansoff points out that "it is not an original account". It was not published until 25 September 1777 which was "long after the striped Continental Flag had become known to the British" and by which time it "had been superseded by the
1472:
and key principals of the East India Company who "were in business together before and after the revolution" that "would at least seem to indicate the possibility of shared interest". The symbolism of the British East India Company "may have been seen as a desirable and transitional step" in the
1267:
dated 10 January 1776 a British spy in Philadelphia Gilbert Barkly, refers to the Continental Colours as being "what they call the Ammerican flag". DeLear states that at the very least "it is not too far of a stretch to presume-at the very least-that knowledge of that flag (and what it evidently
1047:
Another flag alluded to in 1775 , called "The Union Flag" β¦ Washington (Jan. 4) states β¦ that it was raised in compliment to the United Colonies. Also, that without knowing or intending it, it gave great joy to the enemy, as it was regarded as a response to the king's speech. The Annual Register
935:
There appears to be no reason arising from Washington's words or the context to doubt that he was referring to anything other than the British Union Flag and that what he was conveying to Reed "was the irony of the Army's hoisting a symbol of the Crown just before receiving the King's message of
999:
Ansoff thinks it "very likely" the author has Washington's letter to Reed available to them given the similarity in phrasing. It appears that it was not uncommon for private correspondence to form the basis of newspaper articles and Washington complained about this in a previous letter to Reed.
931:; but behold! it was received in Boston as a token of the deep impression the Speech had made upon us, and as a signal of submission, so we learn by a person out of Boston last night. By the time, I presume, they begin to think it strange that we have not made a formal surrender of our lines.
1276:
or the flag-raising on Prospect Hill. Coming soon after the inauguration of the Continental Navy, DeLear maintains it would have been "wholly uncharacteristic" for Washington to hoist the British Union Flag to mark the establishment of the Continental Army. In what became later known as the
957:
believed the British had made being "that raising the King's colours was a reaction to the King's speech". However, whereas Washington had suggested to Reed in jest that it was interpreted as a sign of submission, the captain saw it as signalling colonial unity instead.
968:
The King's speech was sent by a flag to them on the 1st instant. In a short time after they received it, they hoisted a union flag (above the continental with the thirteen stripes) at Mount Pisga; their citadel fired thirteen guns, and gave the like number of cheers.
1359:
DeLear concludes that in addition to all modern accounts of the event on Prospect Hill that have the Continental Colours flying there, all secondary sources "report the same conventional history, and, if erroneous, nowhere were they later corrected until Ansoff".
951:
I can see the Rebels' camp very plain, whose colours, a little while ago, were entirely red; but, on the receipt of the King's speech, (which they burnt,) they have hoisted the Union Flag, which is here supposed to intimate the union of the Provinces.
1213:
Ansoff has subsequently replied that DeLear has misrepresented the evidence of 18th-century use of the term "union flag". He notes that in seven of the eight examples given by DeLear, "the writer qualified his description to make it clear that he was
812:
The reference to "the English colonies in General" points to the way the British Union Flag was seen as a protest symbol in that "its very name hinted at the idea of a union among the colonies" being "a concept that was not viewed favorably in
1333:
V, who served Washington from 1784-1799 and was there to record his famous last words, "tis well". Lear has been accused of mishandling Washington's papers, for which he had custody for a year after Washington's death. Supreme Court Justice
1603:
and claims that his hypothesis is still viable as "DeLear did not fully address the arguments presented in my original paper, and that the evidence he presented fails to support his conclusions and in some cases actually contradicts them".
858:
of the Continental Army on 15 June 1775 and dispatched him to Boston, where the British were under siege, to assume command of what he called "the Troops of the United Provinces of North America". He arrived at his post shortly after the
1149:
In his 2014 paper "Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British", DeLear lists a number of additional primary sources where the Continental Colours are contemporaneously referred to using the descriptor "union".
1281:
concurs, stating "You wouldn't want a flag that was the same flag as the people ". That it had achieved customary use as the national flag of the thirteen American colonies was amply demonstrated in October and November 1776 when
1416:
The Prospect Hill Monument has a plaque that reads: "From this aminence on January 1, 1776 The flag of the United Colonies Bearing thirteen stripes and the crosses of Saint George and Saint Andrew First waved defiance to a foe".
1277:"Revolutionary Year" the New Year's Day ceremony was the "perfect opportunity" to unveil the Continental Colours. DeLear says "it seems unimaginable that he would fly the enemy's colors on this historic occasion". Historian
1107:
However, in his response to Byron DeLear in 2015, Ansoff makes a correction that the first recorded use of the term "Grand Union" is actually by historian Thompson Westcott in 1852. Responding to a query Westcott states:
1052:. A letter says that it sailed 'amidst the acclamations of thousands assembled on the joyful occasion, under the display of a union flag, with thirteen stripes in the field, emblematical of the thirteen united colonies".
817:". Its use by the American revolutionaries was "in a sense a challenge to authority" as the concept of a national flag that represents both the government and the people is modern and did not prevail in the 18th century.
544:
680:". The standard account has been questioned by modern researchers most notably Peter Ansoff, who in 2006 published a paper entitled "The Flag on Prospect Hill" where he advances the argument that Washington flew the
1063:... we may expect inaccuracies in the description of a flag newly presented to , and which, even to an offer on Charlestown Heights, who, appears, was at some pains to describe it, appeared to be two flags β¦
1430:
met One of Clock & drank the King's Health ..." Then on 22 August 1767, he says, "Spent the Afternoon at the Ware-house & at Clarks Wharf. Mr. Hancocks Union Flagg was hoisted for the first time..."
1490:
to assemble on the Field of Mars" and as the enemy approached, "the flag would be struck as a signal to prepare for battle". There are examples of this practice in the American colonies. A 1768 letter by
1140:
Byron DeLear has argued in favour of the conventional history based on a review of "eighteenth-century linguistic standards, contextual historical trends, and additional primary and secondary sources".
3044:
1535:
DeLear states that "as Ansoff mentions, there is evidence to suggest that this letter was written in December 1775, perhaps as early as 2 December, the day before the Grand Union's unveiling".
947:
The second account comes from an anonymous captain of a British merchant ship that arrived in Boston on 1 January 1776. In a lengthy letter to the ship owners dated 17 January 1776, he states:
1589:
DeLear cites a description dated 3 March 1776 that the colours of the American fleet "were striped under the Union with 13 strokes, called the Thirteen United Colonies". Also, the readers of
82:
1027:
to the American Continental colors". Absent is any reference to the Union Flag and Ansoff concludes that the editors "probably conflated this with accounts of the event at Prospect Hill".
1326:, flag historian Edward W. Richardson states that Washington does not describe the flag to Reed and "He speaks of it only as 'the union flag' which indicates that Reed knew the design".
420:
1104:
on 17 January 1776 and given his work is accepted as the seminal history of the American flag "his mistake has been perpetrated in vexillological and general literature ever since".
643:
1124:, with the word "grand" accidentally used in place of "great". Preble then cites Westcott as a source "and probably copied the quote without checking it against the original".
741:. It was flown at sea as a maritime flag and from forts and royal castles. It formed the basis of the "King's colours" bestowed on army regiments. In 1801, the red cross of
1223:
of "1 Ensign 18 feet by 30" that "was presumably the Continental Colors for that vessel". Ansoff believes "It is quite likely that the flag mentioned in DeLear's citation
305:
3054:
1014:
to have changed their colours, from a plain ground, which they had hitherto used, to a flag with thirteen stripes, as a symbol of the number and union of the colonies".
345:
1184:"union flag with thirteen stripes in the field emblematical of the thirteen United Colonies" (Account of sailing of the first American fleet, Newborn , 9 February 1776)
684:("British Union Flag") and not the Continental Colours that bears 13 stripes. Others, such as Byron DeLear, have argued in favour of the traditional version of events.
1088:
According to Ansoff's 2006 paper, the first reference to the Continental Colours as the "Grand Union" comes from page 218 of the 1872 first edition of George Preble's
1426:
The diary of Boston merchant John Rowe has an entry dated 14 August 1767 that states: "This day the Colours were displayed on the Tree of Liberty abt. Sixty Peopls
335:
2727:
961:
1318:
be used so that "our vessels may know one another" describing the "particular colour" as being a flag "with a white ground, a Tree in the Middle, the motto (
1000:
Ansoff believes that this account is the source of the term "Great Union" that historians subsequently used as the name for the striped Continental Colours.
1517:
Peninsula. As with Moses who ascended the summit so referred to in the Bible, the Americans could also see the inaccessible "promised land" of Charlestown.
330:
1329:
Washington, in his surviving letters to Reed, mentions additional prior correspondence, the whereabouts of which are unknown. His personal secretary was
1181:"1 Union Flag 13 Stripes Broad Buntg and 33 feet fly" (Bill for purchase of Continental Colours as itemised in James Wharton's day book, 8 February 1776)
380:
325:
87:
1059:
reinforces the idea that a singular flag was flown on Prospect Hill in his 1853 history of the American flag. Quoting Carter's letter Hamilton remarks:
676:. There was a 76-foot liberty pole situated on Prospect Hill on 22 August 1775 that "was visible from most parts of the American lines, as well as from
1080:, before quoted β¦ indicated, as respecting the Colonies, precisely what the Great Union Flag of Great Britain indicated respecting the mother country.
3064:
636:
527:
405:
58:
320:
315:
1497:
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on the Continental Navy dated 4 January 1776. He described the new Continental Colours as "English Colours But More Striped". In a message to Sir
768:
was first flown on 21 October 1774 during the American Revolution. Peter Ansoff claims that it was actually a defaced British Union Flag instead.
310:
45:
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2780:
2758:
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direction of "economic independence that made up a large portion of colonial grievances against parliament, and eventually, King George".
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3049:
3024:
2999:
1254:
of the Continental Colours should not be narrowly confined to a maritime role. The Continental Colours was used as the garrison flag at
1096:
A letter from Boston, in the 'Pennsylvania Gazette,' says "The grand union was raised on the 2d, in compliment to the United Colonies".
77:
1435:
mentions that British Union Flags were raised over a tent in Boston where a company had "assembled to celebrate the anniversary of the
3029:
165:
154:
3034:
3014:
512:
2913:
1688:
1035:
Ansoff asserts the idea that the Continental Colours was raised on Prospect Hill had originated in a footnote in a history of the
3019:
1492:
375:
1194:"striped under the union with thirteen strokes" (Taken from several publications in different forms between March and July 1776)
838:
In a speech given on 27 October 1775 at the opening of parliament, copies of which reached Boston by the end of December 1775,
159:
1067:
Hamilton also refers to a Philadelphia newspaper account dated 15 January 1776 that used the term "Great Union Flag" stating:
867:
789:
765:
365:
800:, which was viewed as the cause of their grievances. This sentiment finds expression in a verse affixed to the flag pole in
19:
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1375:
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says it was more prevalent in the 18th century than it is in modern times where the term "Union Jack" is frequently used.
665:
464:
370:
2994:
1258:
in February 1776 and was hoisted by American forces at New York in July 1776. Whilst there is no direct evidence it was
1116:
for January 1776, says: 'The grand union flag was raised on the 2nd (of January) in compliment to the united colonies.'
866:
It is not known for certain when the Continental Colours was designed or by whom. The design is nearly identical to the
549:
254:
1464:
DeLear makes a circumstantial case the two flags are related based on the "business interests and connections" between
1100:
He stated that Preble evidently substitutes the word "grand" for "great" which appeared in the letter published in the
3059:
1132:
522:
492:
385:
62:
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3004:
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who referred to it as the "Flag of Freedom" and the "Flag of America". Construction of the specimen flown from the
831:
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continued to associate the British Union Flag with their cause before and after hostilities between the UK and the
692:
593:
282:
259:
1272:
manner" of such displays, as cited by Ansoff, with the ceremonies when the Continental Colours debuted aboard the
3074:
1465:
1136:
The Grand Union Flag, also known as the Continental Colours, Congress Flag, Cambridge Flag, and First Navy Ensign
1020:
669:
598:
452:
1526:
In fact the Continental fleet under the command of Hopkins actually departed from Philadelphia in January 1776.
1023:". The plain ground changing to a field of thirteen stripes faithfully "recalls the transition from the British
898:
3079:
3009:
1241:
920:
1550:
1404:
1198:
DeLear cites further primary sources that show the term "union flag" also being applied to the British red,
1040:
588:
264:
1380:
801:
797:
688:
539:
390:
340:
244:
149:
1307:
860:
712:
533:
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126:
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There is a third eyewitness account contained in a letter by British Lieutenant William Carter of the
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1510:
851:
618:
583:
578:
442:
224:
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2737:
1514:
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1005:
781:
708:
497:
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469:
99:
35:
1174:"Continental Union Flag" (Resolution of the Convention of Virginia, 11 May 1776, published in the
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at the beginning of the American Revolution. It was raised for the first recorded time aboard the
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2798:
1340:
1003:
There was another secondary account that appeared in the 1776 edition of the British publication
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209:
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785:
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661:
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116:
54:
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in 1849. The relevant extract which relies on several previous primary sources states that:
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871:
842:"made it clear that he had no sympathy for the distinctions made by the colonists" stating:
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673:
657:
502:
295:
290:
249:
239:
121:
1167:"Union flag, and striped red and white in the field" (Letter to Delegates to Congress from
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1157:"Union Flag" (Account book of Philadelphia ship chandler, James Wharton, 12 December 1775)
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457:
234:
214:
204:
194:
1306:
Reed is the author of one of the few known flag directives of the period in a message to
3089:
1436:
1315:
1311:
1287:
1246:
983:
887:
746:
730:
400:
219:
199:
2988:
2768:
1483:
1399:
The flag pole on Prospect Hill was previously a mast taken from the British schooner
1339:
to Marshall, Lear denied culling any of Washington's papers. However, in a letter to
1335:
1278:
1207:
750:
742:
573:
1562:
The first time the words "United States of America" appeared in a newspaper was the
2903:
2545:
1259:
1255:
1203:
1049:
937:
916:
726:
722:
189:
66:
2918:
1330:
1264:
1199:
2901:
Dreilinger, Danielle (31 December 2009). "Unfurling History of Prospect Hill".
2543:
Dreilinger, Danielle (31 December 2009). "Unfurling History of Prospect Hill".
1553:
by royal marine lieutenant John Calderwood that dates from the summer of 1776.
1291:
1024:
826:
793:
681:
131:
2858:
2822:
1482:
Ansoff and others believe that this "entirely red" flag was possibly General
1576:
1496:
red flag signalled, 'Enemy on our Shores'". Hero of the American Revolution
300:
184:
2886:
2850:
2814:
754:
738:
672:, on 1 January 1776, in an attempt to raise the morale of the men of the
1513:" by the British as it commanded a view of their defensive lines on the
820:
1283:
870:
that was chartered in England in 1600 and played a pivotal role in the
734:
229:
936:
hostility toward the colonies". The Continental Colors was devised in
691:
that was erected in 1903 and annual flag-raising ceremonies involving
814:
749:. Beginning in the 19th century, it achieved customary use as the UK
677:
2868:"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?"
2706:
The First American Flag: Revisiting the Grand Union at Prospect Hill
986:
literature. The first appeared on 15 January 1776 in Philadelphia's
824:
A painting of the Continental Colours flying from the jack staff of
1235:
1131:
982:
There are two secondary accounts that are frequently cited in the
897:
819:
759:
18:
1120:
Ansoff says this "almost certainly" refers to the account in the
788:. Colonial propaganda generally made the distinction between the
656:
According to tradition, the first flag of the United States, the
902:
The first Union Flag, known as the "King's colours" (1606β1801)
753:
when it was "inscribed with slogans as a protest flag of the
2729:
History of the National Flag of the United States of America
44:
1294:
upon a ship wearing the Continental Colours entering port.
1871:
1869:
1290:
became the first respective foreign nations to perform a
792:, to which most colonists still remained loyal, and the
2914:"Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story"
2832:"The Flag on Prospect Hill: A Response to Byron DeLear"
2594:
2592:
2523:
2521:
2508:
2506:
2409:
2407:
2370:
2368:
2319:
2317:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1884:
1856:
1854:
1769:
1767:
1689:"Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story"
1232:
When did Washington know about the Continental Colours?
890:. The Continental Colours were in use until late 1777.
729:
was introduced in 1606 to symbolise the dual status of
2744:(second revised ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Co.
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1711:
1709:
1622:
1620:
1372:, debate over flag arrangements at the Eureka Stockade
988:
Dunlap's Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser
927:...we had hoisted the Union Flag in compliment to the
3045:
Buildings and structures in Somerville, Massachusetts
1153:
Dated between December 1775 and March 1776 they are:
1206:
ensigns that all bear the British Union Flag in the
16:
Debate over the flag raised on Prospect Hill in 1776
2742:
History of the Flag of the United States of America
1090:
History of the Flag of the United States of America
1031:
Origin of the terms "Great Union" and "Grand Union"
721:The British Union Flag featuring the crosses of
2751:Standards and Colors of the American Revolution
1324:Standards and Colors of the American Revolution
1110:
1094:
1069:
1061:
1045:
1011:
992:
966:
949:
925:
844:
806:
660:("Continental Colours"), was raised by General
1575:DeLear notes that Washington was a well-known
1302:Joseph Reed authored an earlier flag directive
1245:receives a gun salute from the Dutch fort at
915:George Washington's letter to his friend and
745:was added to herald Ireland's entry into the
637:
8:
2732:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co.
2773:Flags Through the Ages and Across the World
2956:Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution
2610:
1112:A letter from Boston ... published in the
780:erupted in April 1775 with the battles of
644:
630:
438:
104:
26:
1160:"UNION FLAG of the American States" (The
3055:Mountains of Dukes County, Massachusetts
2958:(1st ed.). New York: Viking Books.
2538:
2536:
878:on 3 December 1775 by Senior Lieutenant
695:reenactors are held at Prospect Hill on
1616:
1392:
1314:dated 20 October 1775. He suggests the
511:
478:
441:
175:
140:
107:
34:
2682:
2670:
2658:
2646:
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2622:
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2152:
2140:
2123:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2072:
2055:
2043:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1986:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1845:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1773:
1746:
1734:
1715:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
868:Flag of the British East India Company
49:Declaration of Independence (painting)
1758:
1509:Prospect Hill was derisively dubbed "
1145:Continental Colours as a "Union Flag"
1128:Arguments for the Continental Colours
964:dated 26 January 1776, which states:
923:, dated 4 January 1776, states that:
7:
2753:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
894:Arguments for the British Union Flag
2912:Orchard, Chris (30 December 2013).
1687:Orchard, Chris (30 December 2013).
1347:Other primary and secondary sources
1076:, given to it by the writer in the
854:appointed George Washington as the
166:No taxation without representation
14:
1219:1775 that "lists delivery to the
3065:Flags of the American Revolution
1187:"a Continental Union Flag" (The
612:
2875:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
2839:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
2803:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology
2749:Richardson, Edward W. (1982).
2251:, pp. 42, 62β63, note 45.
766:Flag of Taunton, Massachusetts
1:
1376:Prospect Hill (Massachusetts)
465:Congress of the Confederation
255:Committees of Correspondence
57:presents their draft of the
23:Prospect Hill Monument, 2012
2946:. US National Park Service.
2799:"The Flag on Prospect Hill"
2775:. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.
2586:, pp. 39, 64, note 56.
2299:, pp. 42, 63, note 49.
2287:, pp. 42, 63, note 48.
2275:, pp. 42, 63, note 47.
2263:, pp. 42, 63, note 46.
2227:, pp. 42, 63, note 44.
2215:, pp. 42, 62, note 43.
2203:, pp. 42, 61, note 42.
2155:, pp. 19, 26, note 60.
493:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
406:Declaration of Independence
386:Second Continental Congress
63:Second Continental Congress
59:Declaration of Independence
3111:
3070:Flags of the United States
3050:Mountains of Massachusetts
3025:1770s in the United States
3000:American Revolutionary War
832:William Nowland Van Powell
778:Thirteen American colonies
706:
693:American Revolutionary War
260:First Continental Congress
3030:1776 in the United States
2362:, pp. 5, 20, note 5.
670:Somerville, Massachusetts
599:Prospect Hill Flag Debate
453:Articles of Confederation
381:Role of African Americans
3035:1776 in military history
3015:18th-century revolutions
1566:, 6 April 1776 edition.
1493:Governor Francis Bernard
774:American revolutionaries
619:United States portal
3020:18th-century rebellions
1405:Battle of Chelsea Creek
940:for use by the nascent
798:parliamentary executive
589:American civil religion
528:Philadelphia Convention
265:Continental Association
30:Part of a series on the
2866:DeLear, Byron (2014).
2830:Ansoff, Peter (2015).
2797:Ansoff, Peter (2006).
2704:DeLear, Byron (2018).
2649:, p. 22, note 19.
2428:, p. 98, note 18.
2013:, p. 42, note 61.
2001:, p. 98, note 16.
1641:, p. 61, note 39.
1591:London Ladies Magazine
1381:Prospect Hill Monument
1250:
1178:, 18 May 1776 edition)
1137:
1118:
1098:
1082:
1065:
1054:
1016:
997:
971:
954:
933:
903:
848:
835:
810:
802:Taunton, Massachusetts
769:
689:Prospect Hill Monument
540:Anti-Federalist Papers
479:Dissent and rebellions
391:27 colonial grievances
359:Political developments
245:Philadelphia Tea Party
176:Conflict over taxation
150:American Enlightenment
50:
24:
2708:. Talbot Publishers.
1836:, p. 96, note 3.
1239:
1135:
962:40th Regiment of Foot
901:
886:has been credited to
861:Battle of Bunker Hill
823:
763:
713:Flag of Great Britain
534:The Federalist Papers
396:Olive Branch Petition
127:French and Indian War
48:
22:
3085:Special events flags
2952:Philbrick, Nathaniel
2887:10.5840/raven2014213
2851:10.5840/raven2015221
2815:10.5840/raven2006134
2738:Preble, George Henry
1498:Marquis De Lafayette
1122:Pennsylvania Gazette
1102:Pennsylvania Gazette
1078:Philadelphia Gazette
1074:The Great Union Flag
852:Continental Congress
584:American nationalism
579:Atlantic Revolutions
523:Annapolis Convention
443:Confederation period
225:Virginia Association
2995:American Revolution
2980:Prospect Hill Tower
2944:The Siege of Boston
2942:Bell, John (2012).
1452:Boston Evening Post
1407:on 27β28 May 1775.
1370:Eureka Jack Mystery
1308:Colonel John Glover
1249:, 16 November 1776.
1041:Richard Frothingham
1006:The Annual Register
919:Lieutenant Colonel
709:American Revolution
488:Newburgh Conspiracy
470:Northwest Ordinance
37:American Revolution
3060:Flag controversies
2724:Hamilton, Schuyler
1488:Comitia Centuriata
1341:Alexander Hamilton
1288:United Netherlands
1260:officially adopted
1251:
1138:
904:
856:commander-in-chief
836:
770:
435:Forming a republic
311:British Royal Navy
210:Stamp Act Congress
51:
25:
3040:George Washington
3005:American folklore
2965:978-0-67-002544-2
2895:Newspaper reports
2782:978-0-07-059093-9
2760:978-0-81-227839-2
2715:978-1-94-683102-6
2625:, pp. 57β58.
2574:, pp. 10β11.
2500:, pp. 50β51.
2464:, pp. 54β55.
2401:, pp. 24β27.
2114:, pp. 89β90.
2102:, pp. 88β89.
2058:, pp. 86β87.
2025:, pp. 84β85.
1960:, pp. 57β58.
1878:, pp. 79β80.
1788:, pp. 78β80.
1470:Benjamin Franklin
1171:, 5 January 1776)
1169:Richard Henry Lee
1057:Schuyler Hamilton
1021:stars and stripes
978:Secondary sources
662:George Washington
654:
653:
558:
557:
283:Revolutionary War
273:
272:
117:Thirteen Colonies
55:Committee of Five
3102:
3075:Historical flags
2969:
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2929:
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2192:
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2180:
2174:
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2150:
2144:
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2127:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2076:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1894:
1888:
1879:
1873:
1864:
1858:
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1843:
1837:
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1573:
1567:
1564:Virginia Gazette
1560:
1554:
1542:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1518:
1507:
1501:
1480:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1447:
1441:
1424:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1320:Appeal to Heaven
1191:, 20 April 1776)
1189:Virginia Gazette
1176:Virginia Gazette
1162:Virginia Gazette
1092:, which states:
942:Continental Navy
872:Boston Tea Party
717:Grand Union Flag
674:Continental Army
658:Grand Union Flag
646:
639:
632:
621:
617:
616:
615:
503:Paper Money Riot
498:Shays' Rebellion
439:
296:Continental Navy
291:Continental Army
250:Intolerable Acts
240:Boston Tea Party
122:Salutary neglect
105:
83:Military leaders
38:
27:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3080:Liberty symbols
3010:1770s conflicts
2985:
2984:
2976:
2966:
2950:
2941:
2938:
2936:Further reading
2925:
2923:
2911:
2900:
2897:
2870:
2865:
2834:
2829:
2796:
2793:
2783:
2767:
2761:
2748:
2736:
2722:
2716:
2703:
2700:
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2689:
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2677:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2611:Richardson 1982
2609:
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2405:
2397:
2393:
2385:
2381:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:, pp. 3β4.
2334:
2330:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2295:
2291:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
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2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
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1944:
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1932:
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1920:
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1867:
1859:
1852:
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1796:
1792:
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1757:
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1707:
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1645:
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1633:
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1618:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1588:
1584:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1547:Captain Wynkoop
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1508:
1504:
1481:
1477:
1463:
1459:
1448:
1444:
1428:Sons of Liberty
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1389:
1366:
1349:
1304:
1234:
1147:
1130:
1037:Siege of Boston
1033:
980:
929:United Colonies
913:
911:Primary sources
896:
880:John Paul Jones
840:King George III
804:that mentions:
719:
707:Main articles:
705:
650:
613:
611:
610:
605:
604:
603:
568:
560:
559:
554:
507:
474:
458:Perpetual Union
436:
428:
427:
426:
410:
360:
352:
351:
350:
346:Financial costs
341:Treaty of Paris
285:
275:
274:
269:
235:Boston Massacre
215:Declaratory Act
205:Sons of Liberty
195:Quartering Acts
171:
136:
102:
92:
69:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3097:
3092:
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3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2974:External links
2972:
2971:
2970:
2964:
2948:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2909:
2896:
2893:
2892:
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2769:Smith, Whitney
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2696:
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2675:
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2615:
2613:, p. 267.
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2003:
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1938:
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1914:
1895:
1880:
1865:
1850:
1838:
1826:
1824:, p. 201.
1814:
1812:, p. 197.
1802:
1800:, p. 196.
1790:
1778:
1763:
1761:, p. 188.
1751:
1739:
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1705:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
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1528:
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1475:
1457:
1442:
1419:
1409:
1403:following the
1391:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1362:
1348:
1345:
1316:Pine Tree Flag
1312:Stephen Moylan
1303:
1300:
1247:Sint Eustatius
1233:
1230:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1164:, 17 May 1776)
1158:
1146:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1032:
1029:
990:which states:
984:vexillological
979:
976:
912:
909:
895:
892:
888:Margaret Manny
747:United Kingdom
704:
701:
697:New Year's Day
652:
651:
649:
648:
641:
634:
626:
623:
622:
607:
606:
602:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
566:
565:
562:
561:
556:
555:
553:
552:
550:Bill of Rights
547:
542:
537:
530:
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519:
516:
515:
509:
508:
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484:
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449:
446:
445:
437:
434:
433:
430:
429:
425:
424:
418:
411:
409:
408:
403:
401:Lee Resolution
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
343:
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328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
287:
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
271:
270:
268:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
220:Townshend Acts
217:
212:
207:
202:
200:Stamp Act 1765
197:
192:
187:
181:
178:
177:
173:
172:
170:
169:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
135:
134:
129:
124:
119:
113:
110:
109:
103:
98:
97:
94:
93:
91:
90:
85:
80:
74:
71:
70:
52:
41:
40:
32:
31:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3107:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2676:
2673:, p. 21.
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2637:, p. 48.
2636:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2601:, p. 39.
2600:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2565:
2562:, p. 61.
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2547:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2530:, p. 52.
2529:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2515:, p. 53.
2514:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2491:
2488:, p. 60.
2487:
2482:
2479:
2476:, p. 51.
2475:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2452:, p. 19.
2451:
2446:
2443:
2440:, p. 17.
2439:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2416:, p. 22.
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2392:
2389:, p. 21.
2388:
2383:
2380:
2377:, p. 54.
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2329:
2326:, p. 11.
2325:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:, p. 36.
2310:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2242:
2239:, p. 62.
2238:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2221:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2194:
2191:, p. 35.
2190:
2185:
2182:
2179:, p. 19.
2178:
2173:
2170:
2167:, p. 19.
2166:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2143:, p. 91.
2142:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2126:, p. 90.
2125:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2093:
2090:, p. 89.
2089:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:, p. 87.
2074:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2049:
2046:, p. 85.
2045:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1989:, p. 84.
1988:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1948:, p. 13.
1947:
1942:
1939:
1936:, p. 76.
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:, p. 63.
1923:
1918:
1915:
1912:, p. 37.
1911:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:, p. 83.
1892:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1863:, p. 79.
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1848:, p. 80.
1847:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:, p. 96.
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1737:, p. 78.
1736:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1718:, p. 77.
1717:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1629:, p. 81.
1628:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1485:
1484:Israel Putnam
1479:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1466:Robert Morris
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1433:George Preble
1429:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1336:John Marshall
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1279:Pauline Maier
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1183:
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1177:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1114:Penna Gazette
1109:
1105:
1103:
1097:
1093:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1039:published by
1038:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1009:that states:
1008:
1007:
1001:
996:
991:
989:
985:
977:
975:
970:
965:
963:
958:
953:
948:
945:
943:
939:
932:
930:
924:
922:
918:
910:
908:
907:historians".
900:
893:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
857:
853:
847:
843:
841:
833:
829:
828:
822:
818:
816:
809:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
767:
762:
758:
756:
752:
751:national flag
748:
744:
743:Saint Patrick
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
718:
714:
710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
690:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:Prospect Hill
663:
659:
647:
642:
640:
635:
633:
628:
627:
625:
624:
620:
609:
608:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:United States
572:
571:
564:
563:
551:
548:
546:
545:Raftification
543:
541:
538:
536:
535:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
517:
514:
510:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
482:
477:
471:
468:
466:
463:
459:
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454:
451:
450:
448:
447:
444:
440:
432:
431:
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419:
417:
413:
412:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
376:Role of women
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
356:
355:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
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266:
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208:
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193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
180:
179:
174:
167:
163:
161:
158:
156:
155:Republicanism
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
114:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
95:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
75:
73:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
47:
43:
42:
39:
33:
29:
28:
21:
2955:
2943:
2924:. Retrieved
2917:
2904:Boston Globe
2902:
2878:
2874:
2842:
2838:
2806:
2802:
2772:
2750:
2741:
2728:
2705:
2693:Bibliography
2685:, p. 1.
2678:
2666:
2661:, p. 8.
2654:
2642:
2630:
2618:
2606:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2546:Boston Globe
2544:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2394:
2382:
2355:
2350:, p. 4.
2343:
2331:
2304:
2292:
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2051:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1972:, p. 3.
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1805:
1793:
1781:
1754:
1749:, p. 2.
1742:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1646:
1634:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1571:
1563:
1558:
1551:Royal Savage
1540:
1531:
1522:
1511:Mount Pisgah
1505:
1487:
1478:
1460:
1451:
1445:
1422:
1412:
1395:
1358:
1353:
1350:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1305:
1296:
1273:
1269:
1256:Fort Mifflin
1252:
1242:Andrew Doria
1240:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1197:
1188:
1175:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1139:
1121:
1119:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1046:
1034:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
981:
972:
967:
959:
955:
950:
946:
938:Philadelphia
934:
926:
917:aide-de-camp
914:
905:
883:
875:
865:
849:
845:
837:
825:
811:
807:
771:
733:as ruler of
731:King James I
727:Saint Andrew
723:Saint George
720:
686:
655:
594:Bicentennial
532:
513:Constitution
336:Intelligence
306:British Army
190:Currency Act
67:Philadelphia
3095:Vexillology
2919:Patch Media
2683:Ansoff 2015
2671:Ansoff 2015
2659:Ansoff 2015
2647:Ansoff 2015
2635:DeLear 2018
2623:DeLear 2018
2599:DeLear 2014
2584:DeLear 2014
2572:Ansoff 2015
2560:DeLear 2018
2528:DeLear 2018
2513:DeLear 2018
2498:DeLear 2018
2486:DeLear 2018
2474:DeLear 2018
2462:DeLear 2018
2450:DeLear 2018
2438:DeLear 2018
2426:Ansoff 2006
2414:DeLear 2018
2399:DeLear 2018
2387:DeLear 2018
2375:DeLear 2018
2360:Ansoff 2015
2348:Ansoff 2015
2336:Ansoff 2015
2324:Ansoff 2015
2309:DeLear 2014
2297:DeLear 2014
2285:DeLear 2014
2273:DeLear 2014
2261:DeLear 2014
2249:DeLear 2014
2237:DeLear 2014
2225:DeLear 2014
2213:DeLear 2014
2201:DeLear 2014
2189:DeLear 2014
2177:DeLear 2014
2165:Ansoff 2015
2153:Ansoff 2015
2141:Ansoff 2006
2124:Ansoff 2006
2112:Ansoff 2006
2100:Ansoff 2006
2088:Ansoff 2006
2073:Ansoff 2006
2056:Ansoff 2006
2044:Ansoff 2006
2023:Ansoff 2006
2011:DeLear 2018
1999:Ansoff 2006
1987:Ansoff 2006
1970:DeLear 2018
1958:DeLear 2014
1946:DeLear 2018
1934:DeLear 2018
1922:DeLear 2018
1910:DeLear 2014
1891:Ansoff 2006
1876:Ansoff 2006
1861:Ansoff 2006
1846:Ansoff 2006
1834:Ansoff 2006
1822:Preble 1880
1810:Preble 1880
1798:Preble 1880
1786:Ansoff 2006
1774:Ansoff 2006
1747:DeLear 2018
1735:Ansoff 2006
1716:Ansoff 2006
1675:DeLear 2018
1663:DeLear 2014
1651:Ansoff 2006
1639:DeLear 2014
1627:Ansoff 2006
1515:Charlestown
1331:Tobias Lear
1265:Grey Cooper
921:Joseph Reed
757:movement".
687:There is a
2989:Categories
2922:. New York
2809:: 77β100.
1759:Smith 1975
1611:References
1292:gun salute
1025:red ensign
876:USS Alfred
827:USS Alfred
794:parliament
703:Background
682:Union Jack
160:Liberalism
132:George III
2907:. Boston.
2881:: 19β70.
2859:1071-0043
2823:1071-0043
2549:. Boston.
1577:Freemason
1437:Stamp Act
1401:HMS Diana
1298:matters.
782:Lexington
366:Loyalists
331:Diplomacy
301:Minutemen
185:Sugar Act
2954:(2013).
2845:: 1β26.
2791:Journals
2771:(1975).
2740:(1880).
2726:(1853).
1364:See also
1286:and the
1221:Columbus
796:and the
755:Chartist
739:Scotland
416:Drafting
371:Patriots
78:Timeline
1449:In the
1284:Denmark
1050:Hopkins
786:Concord
735:England
421:Signing
326:Battles
230:Tea Act
108:Context
100:Origins
88:Battles
61:to the
2962:
2926:26 May
2857:
2821:
2779:
2757:
2712:
1698:3 July
1354:Alfred
1274:Alfred
1270:ad hoc
1208:canton
884:Alfred
815:London
715:, and
678:Boston
567:Legacy
316:France
3090:Flags
2871:(PDF)
2835:(PDF)
2698:Books
1693:Patch
1387:Notes
1204:white
790:Crown
321:Spain
141:Ideas
2960:ISBN
2928:2024
2855:ISSN
2819:ISSN
2777:ISBN
2755:ISBN
2710:ISBN
1700:2020
1310:and
1202:and
1200:blue
850:The
784:and
772:The
764:The
737:and
725:and
53:The
2883:doi
2847:doi
2811:doi
1549:'s
1225:was
1216:not
830:by
699:.
668:in
664:at
65:in
2991::
2916:.
2879:21
2877:.
2873:.
2853:.
2843:22
2841:.
2837:.
2817:.
2807:13
2805:.
2801:.
2591:^
2535:^
2520:^
2505:^
2406:^
2367:^
2316:^
2131:^
2080:^
2063:^
2030:^
1977:^
1898:^
1883:^
1868:^
1853:^
1766:^
1723:^
1708:^
1691:.
1619:^
1468:,
863:.
711:,
2968:.
2930:.
2889:.
2885::
2861:.
2849::
2825:.
2813::
2785:.
2763:.
2718:.
1702:.
1677:.
1665:.
1653:.
834:.
645:e
638:t
631:v
423:)
414:(
168:"
164:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.