307:
160:
108:
30:
998:
75:
344:
According to German archivist Rolf Nagel, the "I" and "M" of the monogram stand for "IOHANNES MAURITIUS", and make indication to the name of the flag holder; while and "C" and "D" are his personal qualities "COMES" and "DOMINUS", and the monogram should be read as "COMES IOHANNES MAURITIUS DOMINUS".
297:
While the flag of the Dutch West India
Company is relatively well documented, one finds no records of the tricolor flag with the IM or CIMD monogram in flag books or flag diagrams published between before the 19th century. Nevertheless, Clovis Ribeiro's work popularized such a design as the flag of
235:
In the pictorial representations associated with Dutch Brazil, such as maps, engravings, paintings of battles, one rarely finds elements in the images that refer specifically to the West India
Company (such as the monogram of the company), with the flags being represented just by the tricolor
306:
243:). The flags on the masts and sterns of ships also were used identify the vessels in combat, the admirals and vice admirals and even the tactical orientation of an attack.
696:"Slavery at the Court of the 'Humanist Prince' Reexamining Johan Maurits van Nassau-Siegen and his Role in Slavery, Slave Trade and Slave-smuggling in Dutch Brazil"
445:
236:
stripes. In a few engravings, one finds the reference to the company or its commanders, by means of coats of arms or monograms as ornament of the illustrations.
1006:
1140:
1039:
345:
Another plausible hypothesis is that the monogram means "Iohannes
Mauritius Comitis Dillenburgum", i.e. "John Maurice, Count of (Nassau-)Dillenburg",
274:
above it, on the upper stripe, both gold-coloured. This illustration, however, is not found in the references cited by
Ribeiro: in the German almanac
260:
425:
Wapens, vlaggen en zegels van
Nederland: geschiedkundige bijdragen omtrent wapens van Nederland en zijne provinciën, van het Koninklijk Huis, enz.
962:
319:
209:
The variation of orange or red on the flag is due to the fact that between 1588 and 1630 the Dutch navy always displayed the Prince's flag (
1259:
588:
Rerum per octennium in
Brasilia et alibi gestarum, sub præfectura illustrissimi Comitis I. Mauritii Nassaviæ &c. comitis, historia
232:, private Ambrose Richshoffer records the use of the Prince's flag, as well as mentioning the use of its colors in the ensign costume
151:
from 1630 until 1654. In this period, Brazil was not granted its own flag, and only the flags of its colonizers or rulers were used.
1300:
159:
1285:
1224:
1216:
1198:
971:
239:
These flags were flown on the tops of forts, on the masts and sterns of ships, as well as wielded on battlefields by the ensign (
206:
flag – horizontally striped in red (or orange), white and blue – with the inclusion of the company monogram (GWC) in the center.
987:
562:
1264:
1072:
932:
838:
1067:
997:
318:
The CIMD monogram with the crown of count is displayed in the frontispiece of Barleu's work, and it is associated with
286:
the Dutch flags are represented in the engravings without any inscription, with the exception of plate #45 (entitled
1097:
955:
187:
869:
O pincel de Marte: as representações pictóricas da guerra entre neerlandeses e ibéricos no Atlântico (1621-1669)
1290:
144:
42:
1024:
979:
814:
362:
256:
1239:
1130:
849:
217:), striped in red, white, blue, with both variants of the flag being used during the period of 1630–1662.
29:
1295:
1112:
1092:
1082:
1077:
183:
37:
107:
1173:
1029:
948:
808:
131:
213:), striped in orange, white and blue, and from 1663 on, always the flag of the General States flag (
460:
1163:
1087:
1062:
338:
1019:
1229:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1057:
1052:
940:
855:
818:
788:
727:
595:
439:
255:
written by the journalist ClĂłvis
Ribeiro in 1933, the flag of Dutch Brazil was illustrated by
167:
695:
60:
Three horizontal stripes in red (o orange), white and blue, with the cypher GWC in the center
1244:
915:
872:
826:
796:
717:
707:
625:
603:
428:
271:
1206:
1183:
1120:
1102:
1047:
877:
583:
278:(Hamburg, 1702) there is only the tricolor flag of the United Provinces while in the book
118:
Horizontal stripes in red, white and blue, with a crown and a gold monogram in the center
93:
Horizontal stripes in red, white and blue, with a crown and a gold monogram in the center
283:
203:
191:
171:
1279:
1254:
1188:
1014:
784:
La connoissance des pavillons ou bannieres que la plûpart des nations arborent en mer
480:, p. 179 "Seeing this the others promptly hoisted the Prince's flag.... "
1125:
752:
179:
74:
914:(in Portuguese), translated by Alfredo de Carvalho, Recife: Tipografia Universal,
900:
563:"Der meisten Nationen und Regenten Schiff-Flaggen und einige andere See-zeichen"
230:
Ambrosij
Richszhoffers, braszilianisch- und west indianische Reisze Beschreibung
353:
is dedicated to the city of
Dillenburg and adorned with Nassau's coat of arms.
1249:
782:
712:
591:
346:
322:, who ruled New Holland during 1637–1644 on behalf of the West India Company.
859:
731:
259:
and it consists of three horizontal stripes in the colors of the flag of the
919:
871:(Mestrado em HistĂłria Social thesis). SĂŁo Paulo: Universidade de SĂŁo Paulo.
830:
800:
792:
599:
432:
822:
333:
i.e., John
Maurice of Nassau, as they are also represented in the painting
629:
607:
341:, and on other objects, such as a marble chair given as a gift by Nassau.
264:
298:
Dutch Brazil, and it has been reproduced by several authors since then.
722:
148:
912:
Diario de um soldado da Companhia das Indias Occidentaes (1629-1632)
325:
Its exact meaning is not known, but it is certain that the initials
305:
158:
569:(in German). Hamburg: Schiller. 1702. pp. 20–21 and flag 53.
140:
944:
620:"Quartum prælium Coniovian inter et fluvium Rio Grande".
204:
Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands
848:
Nagel, Rolf (1979). "A Bandeira de MaurĂcio de Nassau".
694:
Monteiro, Carolina; Odegard, Erik (11 September 2020).
665:
663:
349:
being Maurice of Nassau's hometown. The last plate of
406:
404:
402:
312:
Quartum prælium Coniovian inter et fluvium Rio Grande
288:
Quartum prælium Coniovian inter et fluvium Rio Grande
854:. Rio de Janeiro: Arquivo Nacional. pp. 26–28.
1215:
1197:
1139:
1111:
1038:
1005:
978:
147:for the territories that were under its control in
114:
89:
81:
56:
48:
36:
787:(in French), The Hague: Jacques van den Kieboom,
840:A bandeira do Brasil: raĂzes histĂłrico-culturais
290:), where there is Dutch flag with the monogram
888:De Gids: Nieuwe Vaderlandsche Letteroefeningen
314:(Plate 45 of Rerum per octennium in Brasilia).
956:
817:, SĂŁo Paulo: SĂŁo Paulo Editora, p. 387,
8:
228:themselves were used in Brazil: in the book
18:
972:Flags within the Kingdom of the Netherlands
489:
477:
963:
949:
941:
886:Kalff, S. (1899). "'t "Verzuimd Brasil"".
444:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
263:(red, white and blue) and it displays the
876:
721:
711:
578:
576:
905:. BrasĂlia: Senado Federal. p. 210.
537:
525:
513:
501:
270:in the center of the white stripe and a
261:Republic of the Seven United Netherlands
681:
642:
549:
381:
374:
590:(in Latin) (1st ed.), Amsterdam:
437:
294:in the cartouche of the illustration.
17:
878:10.11606/D.8.2020.tde-03032020-171934
781:Aubin, Nicolas (1737), "Planche 21",
669:
410:
393:
320:John Maurice, Prince of Nassau-Siegen
196:Geoctrooieerde Westindische Compagnie
7:
867:Ferreira, Victor Bertocchi (2019).
843:(3 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: IBGE.
654:
14:
902:A HistĂłria dos SĂmbolos Nacionais
700:Journal of Early American History
164:Dutch ships in the cove of Recife
996:
837:Coimbra, Raimundo Olavo (2000).
106:
73:
28:
622:Rerum per Octennivm in Brasilia
351:Rerum per octennium in Brasilia
280:Rerum per octennium in Brasilia
910:Richshoffer, AmbrĂłsio (1897),
813:(in Portuguese), Illustrator:
220:It is quite possible that the
170:, 1640, with ships flying the
1:
810:Brazões e Bandeiras do Brasil
624:(in Latin). Amsterdam. 1647.
253:Brazões e Bandeiras do Brasil
202:). This flag consists of the
851:Mensário do Arquivo Nacional
423:Titus van der Laars (1913),
1317:
994:
713:10.1163/18770703-01001004
188:Dutch West Indies Company
122:
105:
101:
97:
72:
68:
64:
27:
23:
1301:Flags of the Netherlands
1260:Dutch East India Company
301:
276:Der Geöfnete Ritter-Plaz
145:Dutch West India Company
43:Dutch West India Company
1286:Obsolete national flags
807:ClĂłvis Ribeiro (1933),
552:, p. 36, Plante 4.
461:"De Nederlandsche vlag"
427:(in Dutch), Amsterdam,
363:Flag of the Netherlands
1230:Netherlands New Guinea
567:Der geöfnete See-Hafen
315:
175:
459:Waard, C. de (1900).
309:
282:(Amsterdam, 1647) by
186:used the flag of the
182:in Brazil during the
180:conquered captaincies
162:
1225:Netherlands Antilles
899:Luz, Milton (2005).
815:José Wasth Rodrigues
757:www.hubert-herald.nl
753:"Nieuw Holland arms"
257:José Wasth Rodrigues
137:flag of Dutch Brazil
135:, also known as the
331:Ionannes Mauritius,
20:
19:Flag of New Holland
339:Zacharias Wagenaer
316:
176:
1273:
1272:
1265:Dutch East Indies
302:Nassau's Monogram
168:Abraham Willaerts
126:
125:
1308:
1000:
965:
958:
951:
942:
937:
922:
906:
895:
882:
880:
863:
844:
833:
803:
768:
767:
765:
763:
749:
743:
742:
740:
738:
725:
715:
691:
685:
679:
673:
667:
658:
652:
646:
640:
634:
633:
617:
611:
610:
580:
571:
570:
559:
553:
547:
541:
535:
529:
523:
517:
511:
505:
499:
493:
490:Richshoffer 1897
487:
481:
478:Richshoffer 1897
475:
469:
468:
456:
450:
449:
443:
435:
420:
414:
408:
397:
391:
385:
379:
110:
77:
32:
21:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1291:Flags of Brazil
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1211:
1193:
1135:
1107:
1034:
1001:
992:
974:
969:
936:(in Portuguese)
935:
933:Flags of Brazil
929:
909:
898:
885:
866:
847:
836:
806:
780:
777:
772:
771:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
736:
734:
693:
692:
688:
680:
676:
668:
661:
653:
649:
641:
637:
619:
618:
614:
584:Caspar Barlaeus
582:
581:
574:
561:
560:
556:
548:
544:
536:
532:
524:
520:
512:
508:
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458:
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436:
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388:
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376:
371:
359:
304:
249:
157:
12:
11:
5:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Dutch Suriname
1237:
1232:
1227:
1221:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1141:Municipalities
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1131:Sint Eustatius
1128:
1123:
1117:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1009:
1003:
1002:
995:
993:
991:
990:
984:
982:
976:
975:
970:
968:
967:
960:
953:
945:
939:
938:
928:
927:External links
925:
924:
923:
907:
896:
883:
864:
845:
834:
804:
776:
773:
770:
769:
744:
686:
684:, p. 223.
674:
659:
647:
645:, p. 219.
635:
612:
572:
554:
542:
530:
518:
516:, p. 103.
506:
504:, p. 160.
494:
482:
470:
451:
415:
398:
396:, p. 232.
386:
373:
372:
370:
367:
366:
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358:
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303:
300:
284:Gaspar Barleus
248:
245:
172:Dutch Republic
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1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1255:Batavian flag
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Prince's Flag
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
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1116:
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1113:Public bodies
1110:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:South Holland
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:North Holland
1081:
1079:
1078:North Brabant
1076:
1074:
1071:
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926:
921:
917:
913:
908:
904:
903:
897:
893:
889:
884:
879:
874:
870:
865:
861:
857:
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852:
846:
842:
841:
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
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811:
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802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
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758:
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733:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
687:
683:
678:
675:
672:, p. 27.
671:
666:
664:
660:
657:, p. 55.
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
636:
631:
627:
623:
616:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
579:
577:
573:
568:
564:
558:
555:
551:
546:
543:
540:, p. 87.
539:
538:Ferreira 2019
534:
531:
528:, p. 99.
527:
526:Ferreira 2019
522:
519:
515:
514:Ferreira 2019
510:
507:
503:
502:Ferreira 2019
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
479:
474:
471:
466:
465:Het Vaderland
462:
455:
452:
447:
441:
434:
430:
426:
419:
416:
413:, p. 13.
412:
407:
405:
403:
399:
395:
390:
387:
384:, p. 32.
383:
378:
375:
368:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
313:
310:Cartouche of
308:
299:
295:
293:
289:
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281:
277:
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269:
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262:
258:
254:
246:
244:
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71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
44:
41:
39:
35:
31:
26:
22:
16:
1296:Dutch Brazil
1235:Dutch Brazil
1234:
1174:Scheveningen
1030:Sint Maarten
911:
901:
891:
887:
868:
850:
839:
809:
783:
775:Bibliography
760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
735:. Retrieved
703:
699:
689:
682:Coimbra 2000
677:
650:
643:Coimbra 2000
638:
621:
615:
587:
566:
557:
550:Ribeiro 1933
545:
533:
521:
509:
497:
492:, p. 2.
485:
473:
464:
454:
424:
418:
389:
382:Ribeiro 1933
377:
350:
343:
335:Black Molher
334:
330:
326:
324:
317:
311:
296:
291:
287:
279:
275:
267:
252:
251:In the book
250:
240:
238:
234:
229:
225:
221:
219:
214:
210:
208:
199:
195:
177:
163:
143:used by the
136:
129:
127:
15:
1025:Netherlands
988:Royal flags
723:1887/137436
706:(1): 3–32.
247:Description
222:Prinsenvlag
211:Prinsenvlag
132:New Holland
85:1637?-1644?
1280:Categories
1250:Statenvlag
1217:Historical
1164:Maastricht
1088:Overijssel
1063:Gelderland
920:Q106243329
894:: 191–233.
831:Q105417680
801:Q105745865
670:Nagel 1979
592:Joan Blaeu
433:Q106206589
411:Aubin 1737
394:Kalff 1899
369:References
347:Dillenburg
241:vaendrager
226:Statenvlag
215:Statenvlag
184:Dutch rule
139:, was the
1179:The Hague
1169:Rotterdam
1159:Groningen
1154:Eindhoven
1149:Amsterdam
1068:Groningen
1058:Friesland
1053:Flevoland
1040:Provinces
1007:Countries
860:0045-2726
732:1877-0223
630:Q59826162
608:Q59420426
329:refer to
52:1630-1654
916:Wikidata
827:Wikidata
797:Wikidata
793:65506395
762:29 March
737:27 March
655:Luz 2005
626:Wikidata
604:Wikidata
600:66882625
586:(1647),
440:citation
429:Wikidata
357:See also
265:monogram
130:Flag of
1199:Regions
1184:Utrecht
1121:Bonaire
1103:Zeeland
1098:Utrecht
1073:Limburg
1048:Drenthe
1020:Curaçao
980:Kingdom
823:1297560
155:History
82:Adopted
49:Adopted
1207:Frisia
918:
858:
829:
821:
799:
791:
730:
628:
606:
598:
431:
149:Brazil
115:Design
90:Design
57:Design
1189:Weert
1015:Aruba
272:crown
192:Dutch
174:flag.
1126:Saba
856:ISSN
819:OCLC
789:OCLC
764:2021
739:2021
728:ISSN
596:OCLC
446:link
268:CIMD
224:and
190:(in
178:The
141:flag
128:The
873:doi
718:hdl
708:doi
337:by
200:GWC
166:by
38:Use
1282::
892:63
890:.
825:,
795:,
755:.
726:.
716:.
704:10
702:.
698:.
662:^
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