33:
378:
423:. Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers.
487:
616:
386:
films are placed at each side of the LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either
632:. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (
385:
Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing
477:
devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by
Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that the QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote
472:
of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of
Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime,
133:
in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with the R&D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. The first production flat-panel display was the
451:
is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.
406:
Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With the improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with
63:
Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade
82:
In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays.
398:(VA). Color is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc.
1085:
142:
and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and the system was never released commercially.
623:
e-reader displaying a page of an e-book. The Kindle's image of the book's text will remain onscreen even if the battery runs out, as it is a static screen technology. Without power, however, the user cannot change to a new
447:(organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of
326:
for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display.
113:
Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g.
168:
featured a relatively flat (for its day) cathode ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the
Predicta was a commercial failure. The
157:. By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time,
824:
117:(LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On the other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of
1309:
Nagayasu, T.; Oketani, T.; Hirobe, T.; Kato, H.; Mizushima, S.; Take, H.; Yano, K.; Hijikigawa, M.; Washizuka, I. (October 1988). "A 14-in.-diagonal full-color a-Si TFT LCD".
502:
Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from
464:
have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter
510:) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a
523:
778:
1277:
603:
248:
567:
697:
460:
QLED or quantum dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by
Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as
318:. In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in
831:
1168:
252:
1378:
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877:
682:
102:
technology, which allows the user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use
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244:
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1614:
212:(TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by
1624:
1619:
580:
Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been ultimately abandoned:
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1524:
387:
1604:
1287:
60:
visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.
32:
1609:
692:
633:
585:
432:
232:
138:, developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a
1548:
287:
153:, patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long
53:
542:
377:
303:
1564:
1166:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel".
1411:
885:
637:
107:
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687:
597:
395:
173:
114:
37:
1112:
448:
435:(ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make the phosphor glow.
1211:
Morozumi, Shinji; Oguchi, Kouichi (12 October 1982). "Current Status of LCD-TV Development in Japan".
220:
in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a
161:
came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it.
1578:
1460:
1253:
1177:
1127:
1019:
1010:
Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The
Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".
717:
275:
274:
research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the
209:
169:
91:
310:
technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and
743:
722:
662:
573:
514:, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.
1322:
958:
391:
279:
221:
213:
1519:
419:
A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as
98:
with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with
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1351:
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551:
334:
217:
139:
130:
65:
781:, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 31 Issue 11 (November 1984), pp. 1605–1608.
1552:
538:
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319:
299:
283:
165:
791:
1464:
1181:
1131:
1023:
1163:
928:
906:
707:
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236:
201:
188:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by
158:
57:
805:
486:
1593:
727:
620:
495:
353:
338:
330:
228:
154:
1496:
1326:
962:
528:
The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s:
511:
491:
146:
99:
1087:
Liquid gold: the story of liquid crystal displays and the creation of an industry
1056:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid
Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
979:
Physics and
Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
1403:
910:
738:
732:
629:
507:
349:
produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the
342:
193:
946:
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361:
323:
150:
135:
68:
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259:
197:
95:
40:
railway station: an orange LED display (top right) and a LCD screen (bottom)
1451:
Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. (1987). "Organic electroluminescent diodes".
17:
1491:
702:
672:
1311:
Conference Record of the 1988 International
Display Research Conference
1140:
559:
315:
1545:
262:
LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch
1343:
Introduction to Thin Film
Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
641:
411:
backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer.
185:
76:
1472:
628:
Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are
1282:
614:
555:
485:
469:
346:
278:
that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television
263:
118:
72:
31:
913:(1960). "Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices".
75:, many flat-panel displays in the 2020s are capable of 1080p and
878:"1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
712:
546:
461:
444:
420:
350:
270:
was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a
103:
1246:
Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (2018).
251:(TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat
408:
307:
205:
87:
94:(LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are
1090:( ed.). New Jersey : World Scientific. pp. 176–7.
1113:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
468:
such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour
381:
An LCD screen used as an information display for travellers
636:
displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising;
129:
The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by
121:, and as such retain content even when power is removed.
1569:
IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017
792:"Flat Screen TV in 1958 – Popular Mechanics (Jan, 1958)"
243:
in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at
200:
in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work,
1402:
Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P. (February 1969).
763:"Proposed Television Sets Would Feature Thin Screens."
36:
Information on two types of flat-panel display at the
176:, according to The History of Plasma Display Panels.
779:"History of the Kaiser-Aiken, thin cathode ray tube"
931:(June 1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor".
364:, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.
302:(HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of
1583:CNET, 16 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2017
830:(Interview). IEEE History Center'. Archived from
524:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
915:IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference
298:The first usable LED display was developed by
290:devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays.
180:Liquid-crystal displays (LC displays, or LCDs)
1566:CES 2015 placing bets on new TV technologies.
644:reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels;
8:
976:Kimizuka, Noboru; Yamazaki, Shunpei (2016).
535:Active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD)
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
604:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
249:thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
568:Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode
1139:
224:LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.
1580:LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV.
735:3D displays requiring no special glasses
698:List of flat panel display manufacturers
376:
848:Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986).
755:
86:Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use
1213:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
982:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
823:Cobleigh, Jaimeson (30 October 1996).
1518:Wilkinson, Scott (19 November 2008).
1379:Springer Science & Business Media
1348:Springer Science & Business Media
1169:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1120:The Electrochemical Society Interface
851:Sinclair and the 'sunrise' Technology
7:
1546:Sony XEL-1:The world's first OLED TV
866:The History of Plasma Display Panels
253:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
1555:, OLED-Info.com (17 November 2008).
825:"Interview with William Ross Aiken"
239:'s Thin-Film Devices department at
1431:The Vintage Technology Association
683:Large-screen television technology
646:interferometric modulator displays
564:Light-emitting diode display (LED)
245:Westinghouse Research Laboratories
149:, better known as the inventor of
25:
592:Interferometric modulator display
241:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
1249:Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
456:Quantum-dot light-emitting diode
345:(OLED) device in 1987. In 2003,
1374:Advances in Solid State Physics
1084:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
1053:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
1:
1012:Journal of Display Technology
806:"Geer Experimental Color CRT"
255:(AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974.
235:(ELD) was made using TFTs by
29:Electronic display technology
439:Organic light-emitting diode
373:Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
172:was invented in 1964 at the
1427:"Hewlett-Packard 5082–7000"
1111:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013).
490:A large LED display at the
1641:
1340:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
947:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
693:LED-backlit LCD television
634:cholesteric liquid-crystal
586:electroluminescent display
532:Plasma display panel (PDP)
521:
433:electroluminescent display
341:built the first practical
322:technology, replacing the
233:electroluminescent display
1371:Kramer, Bernhard (2003).
1225:10.1080/00268948308084246
494:displays commercials and
478:the new Samsung QLED TV.
288:electronic visual display
282:. As of 2013, all modern
1520:"Sony KDL-55XBR8 LCD TV"
1319:10.1109/DISPL.1988.11274
1032:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740
864:Plasma TV Science.org –
768:, November 1954, p. 111.
638:electrophoretic displays
543:Digital Light Processing
427:Electroluminescent panel
304:research and development
108:capacitive touch screens
1551:5 February 2016 at the
1453:Applied Physics Letters
1412:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1190:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780
886:Computer History Museum
810:www.earlytelevision.org
314:, at HP Associates and
306:(R&D) on practical
247:demonstrated the first
115:liquid-crystal displays
1404:"Solid-State Displays"
934:Proceedings of the IRE
625:
598:Field emission display
506:(being plugged into a
499:
382:
174:University of Illinois
41:
1615:Television technology
1254:John Wiley & Sons
618:
522:Further information:
489:
449:organic semiconductor
380:
35:
1625:Industrial equipment
1620:Consumer electronics
777:William Ross Aiken,
718:Plasma display panel
388:Twisted Nematic (TN)
276:electronics industry
210:thin-film transistor
170:plasma display panel
92:light-emitting diode
1600:American inventions
1465:1987ApPhL..51..913T
1182:1973ITED...20..995B
1132:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
1024:2012JDisT...8....3K
837:on 14 January 2007.
744:Transparent display
723:Quantum dot display
663:Display motion blur
574:Quantum dot display
38:Zürich Hauptbahnhof
1605:Display technology
1525:Sound & Vision
1313:. pp. 56–58.
1290:on 4 February 2020
1141:10.1149/2.F06131if
882:The Silicon Engine
648:in a smartwatch).
626:
500:
396:Vertical Alignment
392:In-Plane Switching
383:
356:005 was the first
280:display technology
222:dynamic scattering
214:Bernard J. Lechner
54:electronic display
46:flat-panel display
42:
1610:Computer hardware
1063:. pp. 41–2.
766:Popular Mechanics
504:mains electricity
312:Mohamed M. Atalla
286:and high-quality
190:Mohamed M. Atalla
16:(Redirected from
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1584:
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1556:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1499:on 6 August 2020
1495:. Archived from
1487:"History: 2000s"
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1330:
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1300:
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1295:
1286:. Archived from
1274:
1268:
1267:
1256:. pp. 2–3.
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1237:
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1208:
1202:
1201:
1176:(11): 995–1001.
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1154:
1153:
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1101:
1081:
1075:
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1061:World Scientific
1050:
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1007:
994:
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967:
966:
941:(6): 1462–1469.
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678:Flexible display
668:Electronic paper
658:Computer monitor
552:Electronic paper
335:Steven Van Slyke
218:RCA Laboratories
140:heads up display
131:General Electric
119:e-ink technology
21:
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1553:Wayback Machine
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1473:10.1063/1.98799
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1164:Brody, T. Peter
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929:Weimer, Paul K.
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621:Kindle Keyboard
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539:Rear projection
526:
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375:
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358:LED-backlit LCD
320:digital display
300:Hewlett-Packard
296:
284:high-resolution
182:
166:Philco Predicta
127:
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1381:. p. 40.
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1350:. p. 74.
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1219:(1–2): 43–59.
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584:Active-matrix
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496:movie trailers
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475:Samsung Galaxy
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237:T. Peter Brody
208:developed the
202:Paul K. Weimer
181:
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159:Clive Sinclair
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1497:the original
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1288:the original
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100:touch screen
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79:resolution.
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1459:(12): 913.
739:Touch panel
733:Stereoscopy
508:wall socket
343:organic LED
194:Dawon Kahng
69:televisions
1594:Categories
1018:(1): 3–4.
907:Atalla, M.
854:. Penguin.
750:References
466:wavelength
362:Sony XEL-1
324:Nixie tube
231:addressed
227:The first
151:holography
136:Aiken tube
18:Flat-panel
1531:3 October
1436:15 August
1233:0026-8941
1198:0018-9383
1150:1064-8208
1040:1551-319X
955:0096-8390
911:Kahng, D.
619:Amazon's
394:(IPS) or
268:Epson Elf
258:By 1982,
198:Bell Labs
1549:Archived
1492:SK Hynix
1327:20817375
963:51650159
703:MicroLED
673:FPD-Link
652:See also
630:bistable
570:(AMOLED)
518:Examples
482:Volatile
96:back-lit
56:used to
52:) is an
1461:Bibcode
1415:: 2–12.
1294:29 July
1278:"ET-10"
1178:Bibcode
1128:Bibcode
1020:Bibcode
891:29 July
560:Gyricon
402:LED-LCD
316:HP Labs
125:History
58:display
1503:8 July
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611:Static
594:(IMOD)
576:(QLED)
431:In an
360:. The
354:Qualia
266:ET-10
260:pocket
186:MOSFET
1407:(PDF)
1323:S2CID
1283:Epson
1116:(PDF)
959:S2CID
835:(PDF)
828:(PDF)
624:page.
600:(FED)
588:(ELD)
556:E Ink
470:gamut
347:Hynix
272:Sharp
264:Epson
73:1080i
1533:2019
1505:2019
1438:2019
1383:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1296:2019
1258:ISBN
1229:ISSN
1194:ISSN
1146:ISSN
1092:ISBN
1065:ISBN
1036:ISSN
984:ISBN
951:ISSN
893:2019
713:OLED
547:LCOS
462:Sony
445:OLED
421:neon
351:Sony
333:and
192:and
184:The
164:The
104:OLED
71:was
1469:doi
1315:doi
1221:doi
1186:doi
1136:doi
1028:doi
943:doi
688:LCD
640:in
443:An
409:LED
337:at
308:LED
216:of
206:RCA
204:at
196:at
90:or
88:LCD
66:CRT
50:FPD
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