33:
382:
427:. Each of these plates has several parallel electrodes running across it. The electrodes on the two plates are at right angles to each other. A voltage applied between the two electrodes one on each plate causes a small segment of gas at the two electrodes to glow. The glow of gas segments is maintained by a lower voltage that is continuously applied to all electrodes. By 2010, consumer plasma displays had been discontinued by numerous manufacturers.
491:
620:
390:
films are placed at each side of the LCD. By generating a controlled electric field between electrodes, various segments or pixels of the liquid crystal can be activated, causing changes in their polarizing properties. These polarizing properties depend on the alignment of the liquid-crystal layer and the specific field-effect used, being either
636:. This means that the image they hold requires no energy to maintain, but instead requires energy to change. This results in a much more energy-efficient display, but with a tendency toward slow refresh rates which are undesirable in an interactive display. Bistable flat-panel displays are beginning deployment in limited applications (
389:
Field-effect LCDs are lightweight, compact, portable, cheap, more reliable, and easier on the eyes than CRT screens. LCD screens use a thin layer of liquid crystal, a liquid that exhibits crystalline properties. It is sandwiched between two glass plates carrying transparent electrodes. Two polarizing
481:
devices such as smartphones are still equipped with OLED displays manufactured by
Samsung as well. Samsung explains on their website that the QLED TV they produce can determine what part of the display needs more or less contrast. Samsung also announced a partnership with Microsoft that will promote
476:
of LCD panels, where the image is still generated by the LCD. In the view of
Samsung, quantum dot displays for large-screen TVs are expected to become more popular than the OLED displays in the coming years; Firms like Nanoco and Nanosys compete to provide the QD materials. In the meantime,
137:
in 1954 as a result of its work on radar monitors. The publication of their findings gave all the basics of future flat-panel TVs and monitors. But GE did not continue with the R&D required and never built a working flat panel at that time. The first production flat-panel display was the
455:
is situated between two electrodes; typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent. OLEDs are used to create digital displays in devices such as television screens, computer monitors, portable systems such as mobile phones, handheld game consoles and PDAs.
410:
Most earlier large LCD screens were back-lit using a number of CCFL (cold-cathode fluorescent lamps). However, small pocket size devices almost always used LEDs as their illumination source. With the improvement of LEDs, almost all new displays are now equipped with
63:
Flat-panel displays are thin, lightweight, provide better linearity and are capable of higher resolution than typical consumer-grade TVs from earlier eras. They are usually less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) thick. While the highest resolution for consumer-grade
86:
In the 2010s, portable consumer electronics such as laptops, mobile phones, and portable cameras have used flat-panel displays since they consume less power and are lightweight. As of 2016, flat-panel displays have almost completely replaced CRT displays.
402:(VA). Color is produced by applying appropriate color filters (red, green and blue) to the individual subpixels. LC displays are used in various electronics like watches, calculators, mobile phones, TVs, computer monitors and laptops screens etc.
1089:
146:
and as an oscilloscope monitor, but conventional technologies overtook its development. Attempts to commercialize the system for home television use ran into continued problems and the system was never released commercially.
627:
e-reader displaying a page of an e-book. The Kindle's image of the book's text will remain onscreen even if the battery runs out, as it is a static screen technology. Without power, however, the user cannot change to a new
451:(organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) in which the emissive electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound which emits light in response to an electric current. This layer of
330:
for numeric displays and becoming the basis for later LED displays. In 1977, James P Mitchell prototyped and later demonstrated what was perhaps the earliest monochromatic flat-panel LED television display.
117:
Flat-panel displays can be divided into two display device categories: volatile and static. The former requires that pixels be periodically electronically refreshed to retain their state (e.g.
172:
featured a relatively flat (for its day) cathode ray tube setup and would be the first commercially released "flat panel" upon its launch in 1958; the
Predicta was a commercial failure. The
161:. By the time the lawsuits were complete, with Aiken's patent applying in the US and Gabor's in the UK, the commercial aspects had long lapsed, and the two became friends. Around this time,
828:
121:(LCD)), and can only show an image when it has power. On the other hand, static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are bistable, such as displays that make use of
1313:
Nagayasu, T.; Oketani, T.; Hirobe, T.; Kato, H.; Mizushima, S.; Take, H.; Yano, K.; Hijikigawa, M.; Washizuka, I. (October 1988). "A 14-in.-diagonal full-color a-Si TFT LCD".
506:
Volatile displays require that pixels be periodically refreshed to retain their state, even for a static image. As such, a volatile screen needs electrical power, either from
468:
have used the same technology to enhance the backlighting of LCD TVs already in 2013. Quantum dots create their own unique light when illuminated by a light source of shorter
514:) or a battery to maintain an image on the display or change the image. This refresh typically occurs many times a second. If this is not done, for example, if there is a
527:
782:
1281:
607:
252:
571:
701:
464:
QLED or quantum dot LED is a flat panel display technology introduced by
Samsung under this trademark. Other television set manufacturers such as
322:. In February 1969, they introduced the HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first alphanumeric LED display, and was a revolution in
835:
1172:
256:
1382:
1351:
881:
686:
106:
technology, which allows the user to interact with the display in a natural manner. For example, modern smartphone displays often use
1390:
1359:
1265:
1099:
1072:
991:
766:
649:
595:
248:
244:
869:
1490:
1618:
216:(TFT) in 1962. It was a type of MOSFET distinct from the standard bulk MOSFET. The idea of a TFT-based LCD was conceived by
1628:
1623:
584:
Technologies that were extensively researched, but their commercialization was limited or has been ultimately abandoned:
1603:
1528:
391:
1608:
1291:
60:
visual content such as text or images. It is present in consumer, medical, transportation, and industrial equipment.
32:
1613:
696:
637:
589:
436:
236:
142:, developed in the early 1950s and produced in limited numbers in 1958. This saw some use in military systems as a
1552:
291:
157:, patented a flat-screen CRT in 1958. This was substantially similar to Aiken's concept, and led to a years-long
53:
546:
381:
307:
1568:
1170:; Asars, J. A.; Dixon, G. D. (November 1973). "A 6 × 6 inch 20 lines-per-inch liquid-crystal display panel".
1415:
889:
641:
111:
937:
691:
601:
399:
177:
118:
37:
1116:
452:
439:(ELD), the image is created by applying electrical signals to the plates which make the phosphor glow.
1215:
Morozumi, Shinji; Oguchi, Kouichi (12 October 1982). "Current Status of LCD-TV Development in Japan".
224:
in 1968. B.J. Lechner, F.J. Marlowe, E.O. Nester and J. Tults demonstrated the concept in 1968 with a
165:
came across Gabor's work and began an ultimately unsuccessful decade-long effort to commercialize it.
1582:
1464:
1257:
1181:
1131:
1023:
1014:
Kawamoto, H. (2012). "The
Inventors of TFT Active-Matrix LCD Receive the 2011 IEEE Nishizawa Medal".
721:
279:
278:
research team led by engineer T. Nagayasu demonstrated a 14-inch full-color LCD, which convinced the
213:
173:
95:
314:
technology between 1962 and 1968, by a research team under Howard C. Borden, Gerald P. Pighini, and
747:
726:
666:
577:
518:, the pixels will gradually lose their coherent state, and the image will "fade" from the screen.
1326:
962:
395:
283:
225:
217:
1523:
423:
A plasma display consists of two glass plates separated by a thin gap filled with a gas such as
102:
with color filters used to display colors. In many cases, flat-panel displays are combined with
1386:
1355:
1261:
1232:
1197:
1149:
1095:
1068:
1039:
987:
981:
954:
853:
507:
315:
275:
193:
1430:
1376:
1345:
1058:
1472:
1318:
1251:
1224:
1189:
1139:
1064:
1031:
946:
681:
671:
661:
555:
338:
221:
143:
134:
65:
785:, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Volume 31 Issue 11 (November 1984), pp. 1605–1608.
1556:
542:
361:
323:
303:
287:
169:
795:
1468:
1185:
1135:
1027:
1167:
932:
910:
711:
478:
240:
205:
192:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by
162:
57:
809:
490:
1597:
731:
624:
499:
357:
342:
334:
232:
158:
1500:
1330:
966:
532:
The following flat-display technologies have been commercialized in 1990s to 2010s:
515:
495:
150:
103:
1091:
Liquid gold: the story of liquid crystal displays and the creation of an industry
1060:
Liquid Gold: The Story of Liquid
Crystal Displays and the Creation of an Industry
983:
Physics and
Technology of Crystalline Oxide Semiconductor CAAC-IGZO: Fundamentals
1407:
914:
742:
736:
633:
511:
353:
produced an organic EL driver capable of lighting in 4,096 colors. In 2004, the
346:
197:
950:
1228:
619:
469:
365:
327:
154:
139:
68:
1322:
1236:
1201:
1153:
1043:
1035:
958:
17:
1193:
263:
201:
99:
40:
railway station: an orange LED display (top right) and a LCD screen (bottom)
1455:
Tang, C. W.; Vanslyke, S. A. (1987). "Organic electroluminescent diodes".
1495:
706:
676:
1315:
Conference Record of the 1988 International
Display Research Conference
1144:
563:
319:
1549:
266:
LCD TVs based on LCD technology were developed in Japan. The 2.1-inch
1347:
Introduction to Thin Film
Transistors: Physics and Technology of TFTs
645:
415:
backlight technology. The image is still generated by the LCD layer.
189:
80:
1476:
632:
Static flat-panel displays rely on materials whose color states are
1286:
618:
559:
489:
473:
350:
282:
that LCD would eventually replace CRTs as the standard television
267:
122:
72:
31:
917:(1960). "Silicon-silicon dioxide field induced surface devices".
882:"1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
716:
550:
465:
448:
424:
354:
274:
was the first color LCD pocket TV, released in 1984. In 1988, a
107:
1250:
Souk, Jun; Morozumi, Shinji; Luo, Fang-Chen; Bita, Ion (2018).
255:(TFT LCD). Brody and Fang-Chen Luo demonstrated the first flat
412:
311:
209:
91:
98:(LED) technologies, sometimes combined. Most LCD screens are
1094:( ed.). New Jersey : World Scientific. pp. 176–7.
76:
1117:"Thin Film Transistor Technology—Past, Present, and Future"
472:
such as blue LEDs. This type of LED TV enhances the colour
385:
An LCD screen used as an information display for travellers
640:
displays, manufactured by Magink, in outdoor advertising;
133:
The first engineering proposal for a flat-panel TV was by
125:, and as such retain content even when power is removed.
1573:
IEEE Spectrum, 7 January 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2017
796:"Flat Screen TV in 1958 – Popular Mechanics (Jan, 1958)"
247:
in 1968. In 1973, Brody, J. A. Asars and G. D. Dixon at
204:
in 1959, and presented in 1960. Building on their work,
1406:
Borden, Howard C.; Pighini, Gerald P. (February 1969).
767:"Proposed Television Sets Would Feature Thin Screens."
36:
Information on two types of flat-panel display at the
180:, according to The History of Plasma Display Panels.
783:"History of the Kaiser-Aiken, thin cathode ray tube"
935:(June 1962). "The TFT A New Thin-Film Transistor".
368:, released in 2007, was the first OLED television.
306:(HP) and introduced in 1968. It was the result of
1587:CNET, 16 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2017
834:(Interview). IEEE History Center'. Archived from
528:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
919:IRE-AIEE Solid State Device Research Conference
302:The first usable LED display was developed by
294:devices use TFT-based active-matrix displays.
184:Liquid-crystal displays (LC displays, or LCDs)
1570:CES 2015 placing bets on new TV technologies.
648:reader devices from Sony and iRex; anlabels;
8:
980:Kimizuka, Noboru; Yamazaki, Shunpei (2016).
539:Active-matrix liquid-crystal display (AMLCD)
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
608:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
253:thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display
572:Active-matrix organic light-emitting diode
1143:
228:LCD that used standard discrete MOSFETs.
1584:LG leaps quantum dot rivals with new TV.
739:3D displays requiring no special glasses
702:List of flat panel display manufacturers
380:
852:Adamson, Ian; Kennedy, Richard (1986).
759:
90:Most 2010s-era flat-panel displays use
1217:Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals
986:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
827:Cobleigh, Jaimeson (30 October 1996).
79:in the 2020s are capable of 1080p and
1522:Wilkinson, Scott (19 November 2008).
1383:Springer Science & Business Media
1352:Springer Science & Business Media
1173:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
1124:The Electrochemical Society Interface
855:Sinclair and the 'sunrise' Technology
7:
1550:Sony XEL-1:The world's first OLED TV
870:The History of Plasma Display Panels
257:active-matrix liquid-crystal display
1559:, OLED-Info.com (17 November 2008).
829:"Interview with William Ross Aiken"
243:'s Thin-Film Devices department at
1435:The Vintage Technology Association
687:Large-screen television technology
650:interferometric modulator displays
568:Light-emitting diode display (LED)
249:Westinghouse Research Laboratories
153:, better known as the inventor of
25:
596:Interferometric modulator display
245:Westinghouse Electric Corporation
1253:Flat Panel Display Manufacturing
460:Quantum-dot light-emitting diode
349:(OLED) device in 1987. In 2003,
1378:Advances in Solid State Physics
1088:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
1057:Castellano, Joseph A. (2005).
1:
1016:Journal of Display Technology
810:"Geer Experimental Color CRT"
259:(AM LCD) using TFTs in 1974.
239:(ELD) was made using TFTs by
29:Electronic display technology
443:Organic light-emitting diode
377:Liquid-crystal display (LCD)
176:was invented in 1964 at the
1431:"Hewlett-Packard 5082–7000"
1115:Kuo, Yue (1 January 2013).
494:A large LED display at the
1645:
1344:Brotherton, S. D. (2013).
951:10.1109/JRPROC.1962.288190
697:LED-backlit LCD television
638:cholesteric liquid-crystal
590:electroluminescent display
536:Plasma display panel (PDP)
525:
437:electroluminescent display
345:built the first practical
326:technology, replacing the
237:electroluminescent display
1375:Kramer, Bernhard (2003).
1229:10.1080/00268948308084246
498:displays commercials and
482:the new Samsung QLED TV.
292:electronic visual display
286:. As of 2013, all modern
1524:"Sony KDL-55XBR8 LCD TV"
1323:10.1109/DISPL.1988.11274
1036:10.1109/JDT.2011.2177740
868:Plasma TV Science.org –
772:, November 1954, p. 111.
642:electrophoretic displays
547:Digital Light Processing
431:Electroluminescent panel
308:research and development
112:capacitive touch screens
1555:5 February 2016 at the
1457:Applied Physics Letters
1416:Hewlett-Packard Journal
1194:10.1109/T-ED.1973.17780
890:Computer History Museum
814:www.earlytelevision.org
318:, at HP Associates and
310:(R&D) on practical
251:demonstrated the first
119:liquid-crystal displays
77:interactive flat panels
1408:"Solid-State Displays"
938:Proceedings of the IRE
629:
602:Field-emission display
510:(being plugged into a
503:
386:
178:University of Illinois
41:
1619:Television technology
1258:John Wiley & Sons
622:
526:Further information:
493:
453:organic semiconductor
384:
35:
1629:Industrial equipment
1624:Consumer electronics
781:William Ross Aiken,
722:Plasma display panel
392:Twisted Nematic (TN)
280:electronics industry
214:thin-film transistor
174:plasma display panel
96:light-emitting diode
1604:American inventions
1469:1987ApPhL..51..913T
1186:1973ITED...20..995B
1136:2013ECSIn..22a..55K
1028:2012JDisT...8....3K
841:on 14 January 2007.
748:Transparent display
727:Quantum dot display
667:Display motion blur
578:Quantum dot display
38:Zürich Hauptbahnhof
1609:Display technology
1529:Sound & Vision
1317:. pp. 56–58.
1294:on 4 February 2020
1145:10.1149/2.F06131if
886:The Silicon Engine
652:in a smartwatch).
630:
504:
400:Vertical Alignment
396:In-Plane Switching
387:
360:005 was the first
284:display technology
226:dynamic scattering
218:Bernard J. Lechner
54:electronic display
46:flat-panel display
42:
1614:Computer hardware
1067:. pp. 41–2.
770:Popular Mechanics
508:mains electricity
316:Mohamed M. Atalla
290:and high-quality
194:Mohamed M. Atalla
16:(Redirected from
1636:
1588:
1580:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1503:on 6 August 2020
1499:. Archived from
1491:"History: 2000s"
1487:
1481:
1480:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1412:
1403:
1397:
1396:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1290:. Archived from
1278:
1272:
1271:
1260:. pp. 2–3.
1247:
1241:
1240:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1180:(11): 995–1001.
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1065:World Scientific
1054:
1048:
1047:
1011:
998:
997:
977:
971:
970:
945:(6): 1462–1469.
929:
923:
922:
907:
901:
900:
898:
896:
878:
872:
866:
860:
859:
849:
843:
842:
840:
833:
824:
818:
817:
806:
800:
799:
792:
786:
779:
773:
764:
682:Flexible display
672:Electronic paper
662:Computer monitor
556:Electronic paper
339:Steven Van Slyke
222:RCA Laboratories
144:heads up display
135:General Electric
123:e-ink technology
21:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1563:
1557:Wayback Machine
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1477:10.1063/1.98799
1454:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1297:
1295:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1168:Brody, T. Peter
1166:
1165:
1161:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1013:
1012:
1001:
994:
979:
978:
974:
933:Weimer, Paul K.
931:
930:
926:
909:
908:
904:
894:
892:
880:
879:
875:
867:
863:
851:
850:
846:
838:
831:
826:
825:
821:
808:
807:
803:
794:
793:
789:
780:
776:
765:
761:
756:
658:
625:Kindle Keyboard
617:
543:Rear projection
530:
524:
488:
462:
445:
433:
421:
408:
379:
374:
362:LED-backlit LCD
324:digital display
304:Hewlett-Packard
300:
288:high-resolution
186:
170:Philco Predicta
131:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1642:
1640:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1575:
1561:
1542:
1514:
1482:
1447:
1422:
1398:
1391:
1385:. p. 40.
1367:
1360:
1354:. p. 74.
1336:
1305:
1273:
1266:
1242:
1223:(1–2): 43–59.
1207:
1159:
1107:
1100:
1080:
1073:
1049:
999:
992:
972:
924:
902:
873:
861:
844:
819:
801:
787:
774:
758:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
745:
740:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
712:Mobile display
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
657:
654:
616:
613:
612:
611:
605:
599:
593:
588:Active-matrix
582:
581:
575:
569:
566:
553:
540:
537:
523:
520:
500:movie trailers
487:
484:
479:Samsung Galaxy
461:
458:
444:
441:
432:
429:
420:
417:
407:
404:
378:
375:
373:
370:
299:
296:
241:T. Peter Brody
212:developed the
206:Paul K. Weimer
185:
182:
163:Clive Sinclair
130:
127:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1641:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1546:
1543:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1515:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1409:
1402:
1399:
1394:
1392:9783540401506
1388:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1368:
1363:
1361:9783319000022
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1306:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1267:9781119161356
1263:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1108:
1103:
1101:981-238-956-3
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1074:9789812389565
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
995:
993:9781119247401
989:
985:
984:
976:
973:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
939:
934:
928:
925:
920:
916:
912:
906:
903:
891:
887:
883:
877:
874:
871:
865:
862:
857:
856:
848:
845:
837:
830:
823:
820:
815:
811:
805:
802:
797:
791:
788:
784:
778:
775:
771:
768:
763:
760:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
738:
735:
733:
732:Sony Watchman
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
621:
614:
610:(SED, SED-TV)
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
585:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
565:
561:
557:
554:
552:
548:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
533:
529:
521:
519:
517:
513:
509:
501:
497:
492:
485:
483:
480:
475:
471:
467:
459:
457:
454:
450:
442:
440:
438:
430:
428:
426:
418:
416:
414:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
383:
376:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
344:
343:Eastman Kodak
340:
336:
335:Ching W. Tang
332:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
233:active-matrix
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
183:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
159:patent battle
156:
152:
148:
145:
141:
136:
128:
126:
124:
120:
115:
113:
110:panels, with
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:
61:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
34:
27:
19:
18:Flat-panel TV
1583:
1578:
1569:
1564:
1545:
1533:. Retrieved
1527:
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1501:the original
1494:
1485:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1434:
1425:
1414:
1401:
1377:
1370:
1346:
1339:
1314:
1308:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1285:
1276:
1252:
1245:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1177:
1171:
1162:
1130:(1): 55–61.
1127:
1123:
1110:
1090:
1083:
1059:
1052:
1019:
1015:
982:
975:
942:
936:
927:
918:
905:
893:. Retrieved
885:
876:
864:
854:
847:
836:the original
822:
813:
804:
790:
777:
769:
762:
631:
583:
549:(DLP), LCD,
531:
516:power outage
505:
496:Taipei Arena
463:
446:
434:
422:
419:Plasma panel
409:
388:
372:Common types
333:
301:
298:LED displays
271:
261:
230:
187:
167:
151:Dennis Gabor
149:
132:
116:
104:touch screen
89:
85:
83:resolution.
62:
49:
45:
43:
26:
1463:(12): 913.
743:Touch panel
737:Stereoscopy
512:wall socket
347:organic LED
198:Dawon Kahng
69:televisions
1598:Categories
1022:(1): 3–4.
911:Atalla, M.
858:. Penguin.
754:References
470:wavelength
366:Sony XEL-1
328:Nixie tube
235:addressed
231:The first
155:holography
140:Aiken tube
1535:3 October
1440:15 August
1237:0026-8941
1202:0018-9383
1154:1064-8208
1044:1551-319X
959:0096-8390
915:Kahng, D.
623:Amazon's
398:(IPS) or
272:Epson Elf
262:By 1982,
202:Bell Labs
1553:Archived
1496:SK Hynix
1331:20817375
967:51650159
707:MicroLED
677:FPD-Link
656:See also
634:bistable
574:(AMOLED)
522:Examples
486:Volatile
100:back-lit
56:used to
52:) is an
1465:Bibcode
1419:: 2–12.
1298:29 July
1282:"ET-10"
1182:Bibcode
1132:Bibcode
1024:Bibcode
895:29 July
564:Gyricon
406:LED-LCD
320:HP Labs
129:History
75:, many
58:display
1507:8 July
1389:
1358:
1329:
1264:
1235:
1200:
1152:
1098:
1071:
1042:
990:
965:
957:
646:e-book
615:Static
598:(IMOD)
580:(QLED)
435:In an
364:. The
358:Qualia
270:ET-10
264:pocket
190:MOSFET
1411:(PDF)
1327:S2CID
1287:Epson
1120:(PDF)
963:S2CID
839:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
628:page.
604:(FED)
592:(ELD)
560:E Ink
474:gamut
351:Hynix
276:Sharp
268:Epson
73:1080i
1537:2019
1509:2019
1442:2019
1387:ISBN
1356:ISBN
1300:2019
1262:ISBN
1233:ISSN
1198:ISSN
1150:ISSN
1096:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1040:ISSN
988:ISBN
955:ISSN
897:2019
717:OLED
551:LCOS
466:Sony
449:OLED
425:neon
355:Sony
337:and
196:and
188:The
168:The
108:OLED
71:was
1473:doi
1319:doi
1225:doi
1190:doi
1140:doi
1032:doi
947:doi
692:LCD
644:in
447:An
413:LED
341:at
312:LED
220:of
210:RCA
208:at
200:at
94:or
92:LCD
66:CRT
50:FPD
1600::
1526:.
1493:.
1471:.
1461:51
1459:.
1433:.
1413:.
1381:.
1350:.
1325:.
1284:.
1256:.
1231:.
1221:94
1219:.
1196:.
1188:.
1178:20
1176:.
1148:.
1138:.
1128:22
1126:.
1122:.
1063:.
1038:.
1030:.
1018:.
1002:^
961:.
953:.
943:50
941:.
913:;
888:.
884:.
812:.
562:,
558::
545::
394:,
114:.
81:4K
44:A
1539:.
1511:.
1479:.
1475::
1467::
1444:.
1395:.
1364:.
1333:.
1321::
1302:.
1270:.
1239:.
1227::
1204:.
1192::
1184::
1156:.
1142::
1134::
1104:.
1077:.
1046:.
1034::
1026::
1020:8
996:.
969:.
949::
921:.
899:.
816:.
798:.
502:.
48:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
