601:
464:
753:
1839:
717:, protested that the fleet would be left vulnerable to air attack, as evidenced by years of successful air attacks simulated in the Fleet Problems. After months of objection, Admiral Richardson was eventually dismissed. The fleet stayed in Hawaii throughout the rising crisis with Japan, where it was attacked by Japanese air forces on
533:
Held 10–17 February 1933, Fleet
Problem XIV was the first naval exercise to test simulated aircraft carrier attacks against the west coast of the United States. Pacific cities had for decades vied for permanent stationing of U.S. military assets, and vulnerabilities exposed through the exercises were
512:
After-action critiques stressed the growing importance of naval aviation, and an increased need for the construction of aircraft carriers in the event of a war in the
Pacific. Submarines operating at or near the surface were seen to be critically vulnerable to air observation and attack. The exercise
38:
The first twenty-one Fleet
Problems — labeled with roman numerals as Fleet Problem I through Fleet Problem XXI — were conducted between 1923 and 1940. They were usually once-a-year exercises in which U.S. naval forces would engage in mock battles. One or more of the forces would play the part of a
537:
Fleet
Problem XIV occurred the month before Franklin D. Roosevelt, a former Assistant Secretary of the Navy, took the office of the presidency. The results of the exercise between the U.S. Navy's Black and Blue fleets, were mixed. The simulated attacks had certainly been mitigated by the defensive
504:
Fleet
Problem XIII began in March 1932, one month after Army/Navy Grand Joint Exercise 4. Blue, based in Hawaii, was to sail east and invade three "enemy" ports on the North American Pacific coastline to try to gain a foothold for future operations. Blue had nine battleships, one aircraft carrier,
140:
Fleet
Problem II, which ran from January 2 to 15, followed the movement of the Battle Fleet, designated as the "Blue Force", from its base on the West Coast to Panama. This was designed to simulate the first leg of an advance from Hawaii towards Asia, especially how well the ships could handle the
677:
Fleet
Problem XXI was preceded in March with a mobilization exercise, where a simulated period of rising tension allowed the US Navy to practice distribution of secret orders, personnel recall, contingency planning, and other aspects of pre-war crisis. By April 3, the various participating fleet
629:
This operation in April and May 1938 gave the navy added experience in search tactics; in the use of submarines, destroyers, and aircraft in scouting and attack; in the dispositions of the fleet; and in the conduct of a major fleet battle. In addition, the exercise again dealt with the matter of
558:
and in waters surrounding the
Hawaiian Islands, this operation was divided into five distinct phases, modeled on proposals for a US offensive in the Pacific. The largest of these interwar exercises, Fleet Problem XVI was seen as a provocation by Japan, which conducted its own major exercise in
508:
Blue's advance was quickly located by Black's picket line of submarines which then took heavy losses from air attack. Both sides put a priority on destroying the enemy aircraft carrier, launching air attacks almost simultaneously after a few days of probing. Significant damage was laid on both
242:
The 1924 series culminated with Fleet
Problem IV, running from January 23 to February 1. Designed to simulate offensive amphibious operations against Japan, the Blue Fleet was based in Panama—simulating US forces based in the Philippines—while the Black Fleet, made up of the
214:, the next ship in line, disguised as an enlisted sailor. After hiding overnight, he emerged early on the morning of the 17th, bluffed his way into the magazine of the No. 3 turret, and simulated blowing up a suicide bomb - just as the battleship was passing through the
534:
used by metropolitan navy boosters to leverage their cases. In spite of early Navy plans for San
Francisco to be home port for the main west coast fleet, these plans had failed to materialize with San Diego incrementally gaining the majority of navy investments.
255:, and combat logistics techniques. Fleet Problem IV met with serious criticism for having high levels of notional units - units that existed on paper, not in real life. Nearly 10% of Blue's ships and almost 70% of Black's forces were simulated. Vice Admiral
247:, was tasked with defending Puerto Rico—simulating Japanese defenders of Okinawa. Over the week of gameplay, Black aircraft attacked Blue forces consistently, but failed to prevent an amphibious landing - which allowed the US Marine Corps to test their new
1558:
411:
and local army defense forces. These forces represented a significant commitment of the total US Navy: 72% of the fleet's battleships, 68% of the destroyers, and 52% of modern combat aircraft were involved in the scenario. In a daring move,
729:
There were four proposals for the Fleet Problem scheduled for 1941, with hypothetical exercise areas in the Marshall Islands, Panama, the coast of Mexico, and the Northeastern Pacific. By December 3, 1940, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral
571:
in the spring of 1936. It was a five-phase exercise devoted to preparing the fleet for anti-submarine operations, testing communications systems, and training of aircraft patrol squadrons for extended fleet operations, and pitted the
484:
Held in 1931 in waters west of Central America and Panama. Black, attacking from the west, was to land forces and establish bases in Central America and destroy the Panama Canal, while Blue defended with an aviation-heavy fleet.
124:, ending the Fleet Problem. The exercise was widely regarded as a success, including by members of Congress and reporters who had observed the fleets in action, setting the stage for a repeated experimentation in future years.
693:
decided to hold the exercise (April 8–23, 1940) in the vicinity of Hawaii on the premise of an enemy advancing toward Hawaii with an invasion force after having taken the Philippines. The American fleet, under the command of
630:
seizing advanced fleet bases and defending them against minor opposition. Fleet Problem XIX also tested the capabilities of the Hawaiian Defense Force, augmenting it with fleet units to help to defend the islands against the
734:
had cancelled the exercise based on the worsening global situation. In the eighteen years since Fleet Problem I, the series of exercises had become high-profile enough that the cancellation made the front page of the
46:. Following the outbreak of war, Fleet Problems underwent a prolonged hiatus, with other names being used to describe large American naval exercises. However, the term was revived in the 21st century under Admiral
600:
63:
Fleet Problem I was held in February and March 1923, off the coast of Panama. 165 ships and nearly 40,000 men, sailing from both coasts of the United States, participated in the exercise. The newly formed US
1775:
678:
units had traveled to their starting positions, forming two teams: White, playing the US, operated out of Hawaii and Guam, while Black, playing Japan, operated out of major ports on the West Coast.
709:
On May 7, just days after the conclusion of Fleet Problem XXI, the fleet received orders to stay in Hawaii as a deterrent against Japan's growing aggressiveness. This decision was controversial;
546:
Held in May 1934 in Hawaii, this was a three-phase exercise which encompassed an attack upon and defense of the Panama Canal, the capture of advanced bases, and a major fleet engagement.
226:, and blocked the Canal, leading the exercise arbiters to rule a defeat of the Blue Force and end that year's Grand Joint Army-Navy Exercise. Fleet Problem III was also the first which
168:
and the Army's Panama Division in a larger joint exercise. The Blue force defended the canal from an attack from the Caribbean by the Black force, operating from an advance base in the
2271:
787:
Details on these Fleet Problems are not widely public, although the US Navy did publicize that one Fleet Problem in 2021 did include a large number of unmanned vehicles led from a
187:, control station, and fuel depot, along with simulating sabotaging power lines and communications cables throughout the 16th and 17th, before escaping to his fleet on a sailboat.
505:
and many lesser ships. Black defended with one modern aircraft carrier and some fictional battleships, as well as a number of actual cruisers, submarines, and many other ships.
416:
was detached from the fleet with only a single cruiser as escort to make a wide sweep to the south and "attack" the Panama Canal, which was defended by the Scouting Fleet and
387:
This scenario in January 1929 studied the effects of an attack upon the Panama Canal and conducted the operations necessary to carry out such an eventuality, and pitted the
463:
259:
argued that "In all exercises, constructive forces or features should be reduced to a minimum," and no later Fleet Problem used the same high level of simulated forces.
427:. She successfully launched her strike on 26 January and, despite being "sunk" three times later in the day, proved the versatility of a carrier-based fast task force.
1445:
141:
long transoceanic voyage. During Fleet Problem II, the Navy refined at sea refueling techniques, including refueling side-by-side for the first time between the oiler
2286:
2266:
513:
showed that one carrier was insufficient for either fleet attack or area defense, so the practice of two or more carriers operating together became policy. Admiral
294:. The two fleets made only limited contact on March 10, when several Blue force submarines spotted and attacked the Black fleet, before being sunk by Blue escorts.
172:. This portion of the exercise also aimed to practice amphibious landing techniques and transiting a fleet rapidly through the Panama Canal from the Pacific side.
971:
876:
175:
Black Fleet's intelligence officers simulated a number of sabotage operations during the course of Fleet Problem III. On January 14, Lieutenant Hamilton Bryan,
650:
and Latin America by the Black team from the invading White team. Participating in the maneuvers were 134 ships, 600 planes, and over 52,000 officers and men.
592:, practicing the tactics of seizing advanced base sites—a technique later to be polished to a high degree into close support and amphibious warfare doctrines.
2234:
1684:
702:, between the enemy and the anticipated landing site in the expectation of engaging the enemy fleet in a decisive sea battle. However, the enemy commander,
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1849:
1809:
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1532:
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993:
910:
698:, was ordered to prevent the seizure of an advanced base in the Hawaiian islands by the enemy force. Adm. Andrews decided to concentrate his fleet near
1310:
267:
Fleet Problem V ran from February 23 to March 12, 1925, forming the first third of a multi-month sequence of deployments that lasted until October.
2190:
1716:
947:
852:
1902:
674:, were engaged in these Atlantic patrols at the time of Fleet Problem XXI, which ran from April 1 to May 17, 1940, shrinking the wargame.
132:
Fleet Problems II, III, and IV all represented different phases of the same scenario, and took place within the same two months of 1924.
706:, divided his forces, resulting in an inconclusive battleship engagement and the enemy's expeditionary force reaching its destination.
1906:
1463:
1922:
1583:
1473:
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647:
42:
Fleet Problem XXII, scheduled for 1941, was canceled because of the rising tensions with Japan that led to the US's entry into
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1860:
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The Black force, the aggressor, was formed from the United States Battle Fleet, including the US' first aircraft carrier,
517:
said that six to eight carriers would be required for a Pacific campaign, but no orders were placed for new carriers, as
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77:
765:
703:
538:
Blue fleet, however the Black fleet had scored key victories with strikes on San Pedro and San Francisco, California.
203:
179:'s Intelligence Officer, personally landed in Panama with a small boat. Posing as a journalist, he entered the Panama
32:
349:
This fleet problem was held March 1927 and involved defense of the Panama Canal. The highlight of the exercise was
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While returning to San Francisco and transiting to Hawaii, the fleet was followed closely by the Japanese tanker
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244:
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from the Caribbean side. Once in the Caribbean, the naval forces involved in Fleet Problem III joined with the
156:
During Fleet Problem III, the Scouting Force, designated the "Black Force," transited from its homeport in the
284:, half of which were fictional. Even these were limited, since the floatplanes aboard Blue forces' battleship
760:
Fleet Problem XXIII was the first to take place in the 21st century after the concept was revived by Admiral
1888:
1465:
To Train the Fleet for War: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923–1940: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923–1940
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634:
as a whole. The last phase of the exercise exercised the fleet in operations against a defended coastline.
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731:
718:
682:
467:
376:
195:
1623:
A Day of Infamy: Mock Attack On Pearl Harbor, Circa 1938, And The Attack On Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941
658:
Problem XXI was the first since Problem IX in 1928 that did not involve almost all of the active fleet.
194:. He learned the Blue Fleet's schedule of passage through the Canal from locals, and prepared to board
496:, attacked the invasion fleets but failed to stop the landings and got too close to the Black fleets.
610:
588:
This exercise was held in May 1937 in Alaskan waters and in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands and
304:
207:
93:
85:
752:
714:
710:
690:
686:
631:
616:
408:
310:
285:
165:
142:
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685:
that the 1940 fleet problem focus on the southwest Pacific. Owing to logistical concerns, CINCUS (
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1537:
1499:
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1227:
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998:
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350:
271:
252:
227:
105:
24:
2235:"Guest Post: THE U.S. NAVY'S FLEET PROBLEMS OF THE THIRTIES — A Dive Bomber Pilot's Perspective"
642:
Took place in February 1939 in the Caribbean and Atlantic, and observed in person by President
116:—representing a 15-plane squadron—dropped 10 miniature bombs and theoretically "destroyed" the
2196:
2186:
1469:
953:
943:
858:
848:
667:
663:
604:
568:
474:
322:, leading the fleet to tighten its communication security in an attempt to prevent espionage.
291:
256:
190:
On the 15th, one of Bryan's junior officers, Ensign Thomas Hederman, also snuck ashore to the
180:
1433:
Fleet Problem XIII & Grand Joint Exercise No. 4: Reconsidering Aircraft Carrier Doctrine
695:
681:
Despite the war in Europe, President Roosevelt suggested to CNO (Chief of Naval Operations)
518:
514:
326:
191:
101:
2183:
All The Factors of Victory: Admiral Joseph Mason Reeves and the Origins of Carrier Airpower
39:
European or Asian navy. They were the culmination of the Navy's annual training maneuvers.
1810:"Zumwalt Destroyer Will Control Unmanned Ships, Aircraft in Upcoming Fleet Battle Problem"
1721:
1689:
773:
699:
330:
277:
28:
2119:
1174:
234:
took part in, replacing some of the simulated aircraft carriers used in Fleet Problem I.
2077:
1765:
Felker, Testing American Sea Power: U.S. Navy Strategic Exercises, 1923-1940, p. 131-133
1527:
2215:
1930:
1892:
1597:
1419:"United States Navy Fleet Problems and the Development of Carrier Aviation, 1929–1933,"
1248:
761:
577:
522:
400:
176:
157:
73:
47:
2161:
905:
2260:
2140:
1845:
988:
248:
2060:
2010:
1217:
50:, with Fleet Problem XXIII through XXVIII taking place in the Pacific from 2014 on.
2031:
1989:
1369:
1338:
1058:
659:
589:
573:
509:
carriers, with Blue's carrier eventually "sunk" by torpedo from a Black destroyer.
388:
372:
368:
219:
161:
69:
65:
43:
1489:
567:
This problem took place off the west coast of the U.S., Central America, and the
2098:
1968:
1947:
1650:
1279:
1143:
215:
184:
1869:
662:
had already begun in Europe, and the US Navy had been called upon to provide "
281:
206:- who would have recognized and questioned him - on deck. Instead, he boarded
81:
957:
862:
68:, which constituted the attacking Black force, was tasked with attacking the
2200:
1620:
392:
121:
447:, showing how quickly air power could swing the balance in a naval action.
80:
the canal into the Pacific, Black Force launched a simulated air raid. Two
937:
842:
756:
USS Carl Vinson in 2012, several years before leading Fleet Problem XXIII.
666:" in the Atlantic Ocean. Over 60 warships, including the aircraft carrier
280:. The Blue force, formed out of the Scouting Force, enjoyed only about 30
622:
117:
303:
s positive performance helped speed the completion of aircraft carriers
2059:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from
1929:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command. Archived from
364:
942:. Naval War College. Press. U.S. Navy fleet problems. pp. 52–53.
363:
Held in April 1928 between California and Hawaii and pitted Orange, a
555:
333:
and involved attacking a lightly held position and refueling at sea.
169:
2227:
Testing American Sea Power: U.S. Navy Strategic Exercises, 1923–1940
1559:"Commemorating the Cruise of "Problem 16" of the United States Navy"
2220:
To Train the Fleet For War: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923–1940
1401:
To Train the Fleet For War: The U.S. Navy Fleet Problems, 1923–1940
1862:
Wotan's Workshop: Military Experiments Before the Second World War
847:. Naval War College. Press. U.S. Navy fleet problems. p. 51.
751:
599:
462:
1868:. Alexandria, Virginia: Center for Naval Analyses. Archived from
939:
To train the fleet for war : the U.S. Navy fleet problems
844:
To train the fleet for war : the U.S. Navy fleet problems
1446:"Evolution of Aircraft Carriers: Last of the Fleet Problems,"
480:, along with other ships off Panama during Fleet Problem XII.
1631:. Annapolis, Maryland: U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association
816:"Fleet Problems Offer Opportunities | U.S. Naval Institute"
183:. There, he "detonated" a series of simulated bombs in the
554:
Held in May 1935 in the northern Pacific off the coast of
341:
Held off the west coast of Central America in early 1926.
152:
Fleet Problem III and Grand Joint Army-Navy Exercise No. 2
76:—which, playing the Blue Force, was tasked to defend the
263:
Fleet Problem V and Grand Joint Army-Navy Exercise No. 3
2168:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2147:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2126:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2105:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2084:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2038:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
2017:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
1996:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
1975:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
1954:. Navy Department, Naval History & Heritage Command
435:
Held in 1930 in Caribbean waters. This time, however,
202:, but turned back when he spotted classmates from the
1421:
pp. 78–95. Texas A&M University. Masters thesis.
72:. Shortly after the ships of the East Coast-based
325:One aspect of Fleet Problem V was conducted near
625:, Hawaii, 8 April 1938 during Fleet Problem XIX.
399:) against a combination of forces including the
2272:Military exercises involving the United States
2222:(Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, 2010)
1679:
1677:
1403:(Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, 2010)
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1203:
1201:
407:), the Control Forces, Train Squadron 1, and
8:
2229:(College Station: Texas A&M Press, 2007)
1413:
1411:
1409:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
646:. The exercise simulated the defense of the
355:’s successful air raid on the Panama Canal.
290:could not be launched for lack of a working
2166:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2145:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2124:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2103:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2082:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2057:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2036:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
2015:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1994:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1973:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1952:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1927:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1898:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1850:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1656:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1589:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1533:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1495:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1375:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1344:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1285:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1254:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1223:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1180:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
1149:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
994:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
911:Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships
970:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
875:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
443:were "disabled" by a surprise attack from
1333:
1331:
1844:This article incorporates text from the
1776:"80-G-411117 Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii"
1053:
1051:
983:
981:
521:financial difficulties caused President
16:Series of interbellum US naval exercises
802:
488:Blue's two carrier groups, centered on
375:. It also involved a convoy search and
23:are a series of naval exercises of the
2287:United States Navy in the 21st century
2267:United States Navy in the 20th century
963:
868:
455:Held in April 1930 in the Caribbean.
104:modeled after the under-construction
7:
810:
808:
806:
1619:Merrill, Grayson; Lester J. Stone.
1462:Nofi, Albert A. (2 December 2010).
1907:Naval History and Heritage Command
1780:Naval History and Heritage Command
1563:Naval History and Heritage Command
1444:MacDonald, Scot (September 1962).
14:
1693:. 2 February 1939. Archived from
1417:Wadle, Ryan David (August 2005).
2233:Steeljaw Scribe (20 July 2011).
1837:
1725:. 9 January 1939. Archived from
621:, background, lie at anchor off
576:against the submarine-augmented
2185:. Washington, D.C.: Brassey's.
648:East Coast of the United States
218:, the narrowest portion of the
112:. A single plane launched from
1468:. Government Printing Office.
772:, led by the aircraft carrier
713:, who was Commander in Chief,
1:
2243:United States Naval Institute
687:Commander-in-chief, US Fleet
2181:Wildenberg, Thomas (2003).
743:21st Century Fleet Problems
204:United States Naval Academy
31:, and later resurrected by
2303:
783:Fleet Problems XXIV–XXVIII
128:Fleet Problems II, III, IV
2160:Naval Historical Center.
2139:Naval Historical Center.
2118:Naval Historical Center.
2097:Naval Historical Center.
2076:Naval Historical Center.
2051:Naval Historical Center.
2030:Naval Historical Center.
2009:Naval Historical Center.
1988:Naval Historical Center.
1967:Naval Historical Center.
1946:Naval Historical Center.
1921:Naval Historical Center.
704:Admiral Charles P. Snyder
525:to limit naval expenses.
1311:"Fleet Problem IX, 1929"
936:Nofi, Albert A. (2010).
841:Nofi, Albert A. (2010).
770:Carrier Strike Group One
711:Admiral James Richardson
696:Admiral Adolphus Andrews
691:Admiral James Richardson
253:Christie amphibious tank
245:Special Service Squadron
2241:. Annapolis, Maryland:
1889:Naval Historical Center
615:, middle distance; and
148:and three other ships.
54:Interwar Fleet Problems
2277:Attack on Pearl Harbor
1207:Wildenberg, pp. 144–48
757:
626:
481:
78:Panama Canal—transited
1859:McCue, Brian (2002).
1061:. Strategy Page. 2008
768:. It centered around
755:
603:
466:
2239:Naval Institute Blog
1729:on 16 November 2007
1450:Naval Aviation News
1059:"From the Archives"
748:Fleet Problem XXIII
715:United States Fleet
632:United States Fleet
584:Fleet Problem XVIII
409:15th Naval District
371:, versus Blue, the
166:15th Naval District
2063:on 8 December 2010
1875:on 24 October 2008
1717:"Fleet Problem XX"
1661:United States Navy
1594:United States Navy
1538:United States Navy
1500:United States Navy
1380:United States Navy
1349:United States Navy
1290:United States Navy
1259:United States Navy
1228:United States Navy
1185:United States Navy
1154:United States Navy
999:United States Navy
916:United States Navy
758:
725:Fleet Problem XXII
719:December 7th, 1941
664:Neutrality Patrols
644:Franklin Roosevelt
627:
563:Fleet Problem XVII
500:Fleet Problem XIII
482:
359:Fleet Problem VIII
25:United States Navy
2225:Craig C. Felker,
2192:978-1-57488-375-6
949:978-1-935352-25-9
854:978-1-935352-25-9
654:Fleet Problem XXI
596:Fleet Problem XIX
569:Panama Canal Zone
550:Fleet Problem XVI
529:Fleet Problem XIV
459:Fleet Problem XII
345:Fleet Problem VII
102:aircraft carriers
27:conducted in the
2294:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2204:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1933:on 14 March 2004
1917:
1915:
1913:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1874:
1867:
1841:
1840:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1800:
1799:Nofi, p. 265-267
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1756:Nofi, p. 254-255
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1697:on 22 April 2008
1681:
1672:
1671:
1669:
1667:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:on 14 March 2004
1596:. Archived from
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1404:
1399:Albert A. Nofi,
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1276:
1270:
1269:
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1265:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1196:
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1191:
1171:
1165:
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1162:
1160:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
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927:
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924:
922:
902:
881:
880:
874:
866:
838:
832:
831:
829:
827:
812:
766:US Pacific Fleet
638:Fleet Problem XX
542:Fleet Problem XV
515:Harry E. Yarnell
451:Fleet Problem XI
422:
383:Fleet Problem IX
337:Fleet Problem VI
327:Guadalupe Island
302:
278:seaplane tenders
238:Fleet Problem IV
192:Miraflores Locks
136:Fleet Problem II
2302:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2282:Naval exercises
2257:
2256:
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2212:
2210:Further reading
2207:
2193:
2180:
2171:
2169:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2138:
2129:
2127:
2120:"William Jones"
2117:
2108:
2106:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2075:
2066:
2064:
2050:
2041:
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2029:
2020:
2018:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1966:
1957:
1955:
1945:
1936:
1934:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1903:Navy Department
1887:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1816:. 22 March 2021
1808:
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1216:
1215:
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1199:
1189:
1187:
1175:"William Jones"
1173:
1172:
1168:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1123:
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884:
867:
855:
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813:
804:
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785:
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745:
727:
656:
640:
598:
586:
565:
552:
544:
531:
502:
461:
453:
433:
431:Fleet Problem X
423:s sister ship,
420:
385:
361:
347:
339:
331:Baja California
300:
276:along with two
265:
240:
154:
138:
130:
61:
59:Fleet Problem I
56:
29:interwar period
17:
12:
11:
5:
2300:
2298:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2230:
2223:
2216:Albert A. Nofi
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2191:
2178:
2157:
2136:
2115:
2094:
2073:
2048:
2027:
2006:
1985:
1964:
1943:
1918:
1885:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1792:
1767:
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1749:
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1611:
1575:
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1423:
1405:
1392:
1361:
1327:
1302:
1271:
1240:
1209:
1197:
1166:
1135:
1126:
1117:
1115:Nofi, p. 76-77
1108:
1106:Nofi, p. 74-75
1099:
1097:Nofi, p. 64-68
1090:
1081:
1072:
1047:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
977:
948:
928:
882:
853:
833:
801:
799:
796:
784:
781:
749:
746:
744:
741:
737:New York Times
726:
723:
655:
652:
639:
636:
609:, foreground;
597:
594:
585:
582:
578:Scouting Force
564:
561:
551:
548:
543:
540:
530:
527:
523:Herbert Hoover
519:Depression-era
501:
498:
460:
457:
452:
449:
432:
429:
403:(augmented by
401:Scouting Force
384:
381:
377:anti-submarine
360:
357:
346:
343:
338:
335:
264:
261:
257:Newton McCully
239:
236:
222:. This "sank"
177:Scouting Force
158:Chesapeake Bay
153:
150:
137:
134:
129:
126:
74:Scouting Fleet
60:
57:
55:
52:
48:Scott H. Swift
21:Fleet Problems
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2299:
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2100:
2095:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2016:
2012:
2007:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1953:
1949:
1944:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1894:
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1886:
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1864:
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1848:
1847:
1846:public domain
1831:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1747:Nofi, p. 253.
1744:
1741:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1696:
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1475:9781884733871
1471:
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1427:
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1145:
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1136:
1130:
1127:
1124:McCue, p. 14.
1121:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1100:
1094:
1091:
1085:
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1073:
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1021:
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984:
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864:
860:
856:
850:
846:
845:
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821:
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811:
809:
807:
803:
797:
795:
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782:
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771:
767:
763:
754:
747:
742:
740:
738:
733:
724:
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707:
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697:
692:
688:
684:
679:
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583:
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268:
262:
260:
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254:
250:
249:landing craft
246:
237:
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233:
231:
225:
221:
217:
213:
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205:
201:
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193:
188:
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99:
97:
91:
89:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
58:
53:
51:
49:
45:
40:
36:
35:around 2014.
34:
33:Pacific Fleet
30:
26:
22:
2246:. Retrieved
2238:
2226:
2219:
2182:
2170:. Retrieved
2165:
2162:"Yarborough"
2149:. Retrieved
2144:
2128:. Retrieved
2123:
2107:. Retrieved
2102:
2086:. Retrieved
2081:
2078:"Tuscaloosa"
2065:. Retrieved
2061:the original
2056:
2040:. Retrieved
2035:
2019:. Retrieved
2014:
1998:. Retrieved
1993:
1977:. Retrieved
1972:
1956:. Retrieved
1951:
1935:. Retrieved
1931:the original
1926:
1910:. Retrieved
1896:
1877:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1861:
1852:
1843:
1836:
1818:. Retrieved
1813:
1804:
1795:
1783:. Retrieved
1779:
1770:
1761:
1752:
1743:
1731:. Retrieved
1727:the original
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1695:the original
1688:
1685:"Strong Arm"
1664:. Retrieved
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1628:
1622:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1598:the original
1587:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1531:
1528:"Tuscaloosa"
1503:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1440:
1432:
1426:
1400:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1342:
1318:. Retrieved
1314:
1305:
1293:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1221:
1212:
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1169:
1157:. Retrieved
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1088:Nofi, p. 64.
1084:
1079:Nofi, p. 63.
1075:
1063:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1023:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
992:
938:
931:
919:. Retrieved
909:
906:"Yarborough"
843:
836:
824:. Retrieved
822:. March 2018
819:
789:
786:
775:
759:
736:
732:Harold Stark
728:
708:
683:Harold Stark
680:
676:
669:
660:World War II
657:
641:
628:
617:
611:
605:
587:
574:Battle Force
566:
553:
545:
536:
532:
511:
507:
503:
493:
489:
487:
483:
476:
469:
454:
444:
440:
436:
434:
424:
417:
413:
404:
396:
389:Battle Fleet
386:
379:operations.
373:Battle Force
369:Pearl Harbor
362:
351:
348:
340:
324:
320:Hyatoma Maru
319:
317:
311:
305:
297:
296:
286:
272:
269:
266:
241:
229:
223:
220:Panama Canal
209:
197:
189:
174:
162:Panama Canal
160:towards the
155:
143:
139:
131:
113:
107:
95:
87:
70:Panama Canal
66:Battle Fleet
62:
44:World War II
41:
37:
20:
18:
2172:28 February
2151:28 February
2130:28 February
2109:28 February
2088:28 February
2067:28 February
2042:28 February
2000:28 February
1979:28 February
1958:28 February
1912:28 February
1879:28 February
1733:29 February
1701:29 February
1666:28 February
1629:Sea Stories
1543:28 February
1505:28 February
1448:pp. 34–38.
1385:28 February
1354:28 February
1295:28 February
1264:28 February
1233:28 February
1190:28 February
1159:28 February
1133:Nofi, p. 76
1065:28 February
1045:Nofi, p. 62
1036:Nofi, p. 61
1027:Nofi, p. 59
1018:Nofi, p. 55
1004:28 February
921:28 February
794:destroyer.
776:Carl Vinson
762:Scott Swift
470:Los Angeles
367:force from
282:floatplanes
216:Culebra Cut
185:Gatun Locks
82:battleships
2261:Categories
1832:References
559:response.
473:moored to
393:submarines
198:California
181:Canal Zone
100:simulated
2248:5 January
1893:"Argonne"
1814:USNI News
1635:5 January
1249:"Argonne"
966:cite book
958:891395230
871:cite book
863:891395230
612:Lexington
494:Lexington
445:Lexington
425:Lexington
405:Lexington
397:Lexington
306:Lexington
122:Gatun Dam
2201:49936032
2141:"Wright"
2032:"Sicard"
1990:"Schenk"
1923:"Aylwin"
1785:29 April
1584:"Aylwin"
1568:29 April
1490:"Waters"
1370:"Schenk"
1339:"Sicard"
1320:28 April
989:"Wright"
826:28 March
820:usni.org
764:and the
623:Honolulu
618:Saratoga
490:Saratoga
437:Saratoga
418:Saratoga
414:Saratoga
312:Saratoga
292:catapult
224:New York
210:New York
118:spillway
114:Oklahoma
96:Oklahoma
88:New York
2053:"Sloat"
2021:1 March
1937:1 March
1820:2 April
1604:1 March
1431:Herts,
1218:"Sloat"
790:Zumwalt
700:Lahaina
441:Langley
365:cruiser
352:Langley
298:Langley
287:Wyoming
273:Langley
230:Langley
212:(BB-34)
200:(BB-44)
120:of the
108:Langley
98:(BB-37)
90:(BB-34)
2199:
2189:
2099:"Utah"
2011:"Shaw"
1969:"S-45"
1948:"S-28"
1842:
1651:"Utah"
1472:
1280:"S-45"
1144:"S-28"
956:
946:
861:
851:
792:-class
672:(CV-4)
670:Ranger
606:Ranger
590:Midway
556:Alaska
477:Patoka
391:(less
251:, the
232:(CV-1)
170:Azores
146:(AO-3)
144:Cuyama
110:(CV-1)
1873:(PDF)
1866:(PDF)
798:Notes
421:'
301:'
2250:2012
2197:OCLC
2187:ISBN
2174:2008
2153:2008
2132:2008
2111:2008
2090:2008
2069:2008
2044:2008
2023:2008
2002:2008
1981:2008
1960:2008
1939:2008
1914:2008
1881:2008
1822:2021
1787:2021
1735:2008
1722:Time
1703:2008
1690:Time
1668:2008
1637:2012
1606:2008
1570:2021
1545:2008
1507:2008
1470:ISBN
1387:2008
1356:2008
1322:2021
1315:NHHC
1297:2008
1266:2008
1235:2008
1192:2008
1161:2008
1067:2008
1006:2008
972:link
954:OCLC
944:ISBN
923:2008
877:link
859:OCLC
849:ISBN
828:2018
774:USS
668:USS
492:and
475:USS
468:USS
439:and
395:and
329:off
309:and
228:USS
208:USS
196:USS
106:USS
94:USS
92:and
86:USS
19:The
2263::
2237:.
2218:,
2195:.
2164:.
2143:.
2122:.
2101:.
2080:.
2055:.
2034:.
2013:.
1992:.
1971:.
1950:.
1925:.
1905:,
1901:.
1895:.
1891:.
1812:.
1778:.
1719:.
1687:.
1676:^
1659:.
1653:.
1627:.
1592:.
1586:.
1561:.
1536:.
1530:.
1515:^
1498:.
1492:.
1408:^
1378:.
1372:.
1347:.
1341:.
1330:^
1313:.
1288:.
1282:.
1257:.
1251:.
1226:.
1220:.
1200:^
1183:.
1177:.
1152:.
1146:.
1050:^
997:.
991:.
980:^
968:}}
964:{{
952:.
914:.
908:.
885:^
873:}}
869:{{
857:.
818:.
805:^
779:.
739:.
721:.
689:)
580:.
315:.
84:,
2252:.
2203:.
2176:.
2155:.
2134:.
2113:.
2092:.
2071:.
2046:.
2025:.
2004:.
1983:.
1962:.
1941:.
1916:.
1883:.
1853:.
1824:.
1789:.
1737:.
1705:.
1670:.
1639:.
1625:"
1621:"
1608:.
1572:.
1547:.
1509:.
1478:.
1452:.
1389:.
1358:.
1324:.
1299:.
1268:.
1237:.
1194:.
1163:.
1069:.
1008:.
974:)
960:.
925:.
879:)
865:.
830:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.