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1021:
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From this blank he or she removes large flakes, to be used as cores. Standing a core on edge on an anvil stone, he or she hits the exposed edge with centripetal blows of a hard hammer to roughly shape the implement. Then the piece must be worked over again, or retouched, with a soft hammer of wood or bone to produce a tool finely knapped all over consisting of two convex surfaces intersecting in a sharp edge. Such a tool is used for slicing; concussion would destroy the edge and cut the hand.
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1239:, the "Leilira blade", a rectangular stone flake shaped by striking quartzite or silcrete stone, was used as a spear tip and also as a knife, sometimes 30 cm (12 in) long. Tasmania did not have spears or stone axes, but the peoples there used tools which were adapted to the climate and environment, such as the use of
1076:, which were manufactured using a labour-intensive, time-consuming method of repeated grinding against an abrasive stone, often using water as a lubricant. Because of their coarse surfaces, some ground stone tools were used for grinding plant foods and were polished not just by intentional shaping, but also by use.
636:
removing flakes from one surface, creating an edge and often a sharp tip. The blunt end is the proximal surface; the sharp, the distal. Oldowan is a percussion technology. Grasping the proximal surface, the hominid brought the distal surface down hard on an object he wished to detach or shatter, such
1548:
Harmand, Sonia; Lewis, Jason E.; Feibel, Craig S.; Lepre, Christopher J.; Prat, Sandrine; Lenoble, Arnaud; Boës, Xavier; Quinn, Rhonda L.; Brenet, Michel; Arroyo, Adrian; Taylor, Nicholas; Clément, Sophie; Daver, Guillaume; Brugal, Jean-Philip; Leakey, Louise; Mortlock, Richard A.; Wright, James D.;
813:
In contrast to an
Oldowan tool, which is the result of a fortuitous and probably unplanned operation to obtain one sharp edge on a stone, an Acheulean tool is a planned result of a manufacturing process. The manufacturer begins with a blank, either a larger stone or a slab knocked off a larger rock.
491:
Clark's scheme was adopted enthusiastically by the archaeological community. One of its advantages was the simplicity of terminology; for example, the Mode 1 / Mode 2 Transition. The transitions are currently of greatest interest. Consequently, in the literature the stone tools used in the period of
1179:
peoples, dependent on geographical regions and the type and structure of the tools varied among the different cultural and linguistic groups. The locations of the various artefacts, as well as whole geologic features, demarcated territorial and cultural boundaries of various linguistic and cultural
1108:
by knapping a rough shape, a so-called "rough-out". Such products were traded across a wide area. The rough-outs were then polished to give the surface a fine finish to create the axe head. Polishing increased the strength and durability of the product. There were many sources of supply, including
1088:
of the axe. Polished stone axes were important for the widespread clearance of woods and forest during the
Neolithic period, when crop and livestock farming developed on a large scale. They are distributed very widely and were traded over great distances since the best rock types were often very
817:
Some Mode 2 tools are disk-shaped, others ovoid, others leaf-shaped and pointed, and others elongated and pointed at the distal end, with a blunt surface at the proximal end, obviously used for drilling. Mode 2 tools are used for butchering; not being composite (having no haft) they are not very
987:
culture. Such a technology makes much more efficient use of available materials like flint, although required greater skill in manufacturing the small flakes. Mounting sharp flint edges in a wood or bone handle is the key innovation in microliths, essentially because the handle gives the user
818:
effective killing instruments. The killing must have been done some other way. Mode 2 tools are larger than
Oldowan. The blank was ported to serve as an ongoing source of flakes until it was finally retouched as a finished tool itself. Edges were often sharpened by further retouching.
441:
1778:
McPherron, Shannon P.; Alemseged, Zeresenay; Marean, Curtis W.; Wynn, Jonathan G.; Reed, Denné; Geraads, Denis; Bobe, René; Béarat, Hamdallah A. (August 2010). "Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia".
1198:
Flaked stone tools were made by extracting a sharp fragment of stone from a larger piece, called a core, by hitting it with a "hammerstone". Both the flakes and the hammerstones could be used as tools. The best types of stone for these tools are hard, brittle stones, rich in
1180:
groups' lands. They developed trade networks, and showed sophistication in working many different types of stone for many different uses, including as tools, food utensils and weapons, and modified their stone tools over the millennia to adapt to changing environments.
888:
culture seems to have been the first to rely largely on blades. The use of blades exponentially increases the efficiency of core usage compared to the
Levallois flake technique, which had a similar advantage over Acheulean technology which was worked from cores.
637:
as a bone or tuber. Experiments with modern humans found that all four
Oldowan knapping techniques can be invented by knapping-naive participants, and that the resulting Oldowan tools were used by the experiment participants to access a money-baited box.
549:
hominin fossil discovered in 1999). Dating of the tools was done by dating volcanic ash layers in which the tools were found and dating the magnetic signature (pointing north or south due to reversal of the magnetic poles) of the rock at the site.
1231:
or collected as pebbles from watercourses and beaches, and often carried for long distances. The flake could be used immediately for cutting or scraping, but were sometimes modified in a process called reduction to sharpen or resharpen the flake.
856:
to produce smaller and sharper knife-like tools as well as scrapers. Also known as the "prepared core technique", flakes are struck from worked cores and then subsequently retouched. The
Mousterian Industry was developed and used primarily by the
1902:
Semaw, S.; M. J. Rogers; J. Quade; P. R. Renne; R. F. Butler; M. DomĂnguez-Rodrigo; D. Stout; W. S. Hart; T. Pickering; S. W. Simpson (2003). "2.6-Million-year-old stone tools and associated bones from OGS-6 and OGS-7, Gona, Afar, Ethiopia".
747:
The
Leakeys, excavators at Olduvai, defined a "Developed Oldowan" Period in which they believed they saw evidence of an overlap in Oldowan and Acheulean. In their species-specific view of the two industries, Oldowan equated to
1496:
Kadowaki, Seiji (2013). "Issues of
Chronological and Geographical Distributions of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic Cultural Variability in the Levant and Implications for the Learning Behavior of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens".
467:
proposed an evolutionary progression of flint-knapping in which the "dominant lithic technologies" occurred in a fixed sequence from Mode 1 through Mode 5. He assigned to them relative dates: Modes 1 and 2 to the Lower
1345:. Surgical knives made from obsidian are still used in some delicate surgeries, as they cause less damage to tissues than surgical knives and the resulting wounds heal more quickly. In 1975, American archaeologist
1341:. Freshly cut blades are always used since the sharpness of the edge is very great. These knives are made from high-quality manufactured glass, however, not from natural raw materials such as chert or
1681:
488:
outside these Modes. Each region had its own timeline for the succession of the Modes: for example, Mode 1 was in use in Europe long after it had been replaced by Mode 2 in Africa.
698:
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of the tools, so increasing their life and effectiveness. Many other tools were developed using the same techniques. Such products were traded across the country and abroad.
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2578:
4336:
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1741:
1295:
with lithic flakes are used in agriculture from
Neolithic, and are still used today in the regions where agriculture has not been mechanized and industrialized.
674:
inherited them. The
Industry flourished in southern and eastern Africa between 2.6 and 1.7 million years ago, but was also spread out of Africa and into
4292:
3801:
1549:
Lokorodi, Sammy; Kirwa, Christopher; Kent, Dennis V.; Roche, Hélène (20 May 2015). "3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya".
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were exploited, and knapped where the stone was extracted. The sites exhibit piles of waste flakes, as well as rejected rough-outs. Polishing improved the
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2180:
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in Ethiopia. After this date, the Oldowan Industry subsequently spread throughout much of Africa, although archaeologists are currently unsure which
2503:
2483:
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the edges. More complex forms of reduction may produce highly standardized blades, which can then be fashioned into a variety of tools such as
119:
1951:
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2413:
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1689:
2153:
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may be discarded once too little remains. In some strategies, however, a flintknapper makes a tool from the core by reducing to a rough
279:
2376:
1024:
Axe heads found at a 2700 BC Neolithic manufacture site in Switzerland, arranged in the various stages of production from left to right
1175:
from 35,000 years ago are the earliest known use of a stone tool in Australia. Other stone tools varied in type and use among various
624:, where they were discovered in large quantities. Oldowan tools were characterised by their simple construction, predominantly using
3702:
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2055:
2017:
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1723:
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fossil is about 2.4–2.3 million years old compared to the 3.3 million year old stone tools. The stone tools may have been made by
861:, a native European and Middle Eastern hominin species, but a broadly similar industry is contemporaneously widespread in Africa.
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are divided into four "modes", each of which designates a different form of complexity, and which in most cases followed a rough
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1318:. That was the most common method of producing fire in pre-industrial societies. Stones were later superseded by use of steel,
84:
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1020:
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1406:
1285:. The gunflint industry survived until the middle of the twentieth century in some places, including in the English town of
1036:
period beginning about 10,000 BC. These ground or polished implements are manufactured from larger-grained materials such as
2343:
2069:"A functional study of ground stone tools from the Bronze Age site of Dingjiacun in South China: Based on use-wear evidence"
1760:
319:. Stone has been used to make a wide variety of tools throughout history, including arrowheads, spearheads, hand axes, and
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3934:
3464:
2724:
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between 50,000 and 10,000 years ago, although blades were produced in small quantities much earlier by Neanderthals. The
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2942:
539:, which inhabited East Africa at the same time as the date of the oldest stone tools, a yet unidentified species, or by
2207:
1745:
2895:
2792:
780:. Opponents of the view divide Developed Oldowan between Oldowan and Acheulean. There is no question, however, that
456:(also known as complexes or technocomplexes) that share distinctive technological or morphological characteristics.
4197:
3998:
2185:
1825:"Oldest evidence of stone tool use and meat-eating among human ancestors discovered: Lucy's species butchered meat"
1032:
period, that lasted from around 40,000 BC to 14,000 BC. Elsewhere, ground stone tools became important during the
966:
Trapezoid microliths and arrow with a trapeze used to strengthen the tip, found in a peat bog at Tværmose (Denmark)
572:
531:
323:. Knapped stone tools are nearly ubiquitous in pre-metal-using societies because they are easily manufactured, the
144:
3909:
3818:
2215:
2050:"Prehistoric Japan, New perspectives on insular East Asia", Keiji Imamura, University of Hawaii Press, Honolulu,
1436:
Sillitoe, Paul; Hardy, Karen (2 January 2015). "Living Lithics: ethnoarchaeology in Highland Papua New Guinea".
4192:
3284:
2829:
1157:
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954:
The most widely accepted hypothesis is that geometric microliths were used on projectiles such as this harpoon.
918:
567:
710:
A typical Acheulean handaxe (from the Duero valley in Spain). The small flakes on the edge are from reworking.
933:
is the most widespread example of Late Pleistocene points in the Americas, dating to about 13,000 years ago.
668:
was the hominin who used the tools for most of the Oldowan in Africa, but at about 1.9-1.8 million years ago
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4219:
3391:
3158:
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1371:
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developed Mode 2. In any case a wave of Mode 2 then spread across Eurasia, resulting in use of both there.
772:
must have initially used Mode 1. There was no reason to think, therefore, that Developed Oldowan had to be
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in France, where examples were first uncovered in the 1860s. Evolving from the Acheulean, it adopted the
736:. The Acheulean first appears in the archaeological record as early as 1.7 million years ago in the
4136:
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2146:"Gunditjmara stone tools found in University collection sparks art exhibition and hopes of repatriation"
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forms. These cores were river pebbles, or rocks similar to them, that had been struck by a spherical
222:
135:
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1243:. In north-western Australia, "Kimberley point", a small triangular stone point, was created using
1192:
1161:
1085:
853:
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831:
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may not have been the only hominin to leave Africa; European fossils are sometimes associated with
702:
A biface (trihedral) from Amar Merdeg, Zagros foothills, Lower Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran
633:
473:
203:
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is used to further the understanding and cultural implications of stone tool use and manufacture.
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brought with them related stone tools, which evolved separately from Old World technologies. The
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The earliest known Oldowan tools yet found date from 2.6 million years ago, during the
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152:
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Grooved, cut and fractured animal bone fossils, made by using stone tools, were found in
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1653:
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1008:
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because they are essentially indestructible and therefore a ubiquitous component of the
4438:
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2181:"Australian archaeologists dropped the term 'Stone Age' decades ago, and so should you"
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983:, which were used in composite tools, mainly fastened to a shaft. Examples include the
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Chen, Hong; Xue, Liping; Chen, Ran; Si, Hongwei; Jin, Yao; Tang, Yixue (2021-12-01).
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Eventually, the Acheulean in Europe was replaced by a lithic technology known as the
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which are not suitable for flaking. The greenstone industry was important in the
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or similar hard hammer fabricator. If the goal is to produce flakes, the remnant
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A typical Oldowan simple chopping-tool. This example is from the Duero Valley,
327:
raw material is usually plentiful, and they are easy to transport and sharpen.
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gun mechanism in the sixteenth century produced a demand for specially shaped
1274:
Stone tools are still one of the most successful technologies used by humans.
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324:
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30:
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2267:
Clarke, Rainbird (2 January 2015). "The Flint-Knapping Industry at Brandon".
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manufactured obsidian scalpels which were used for surgery on his own body.
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40:
17:
2486:. Stone Age Reference Collection (SARC), University of Oslo. Archived from
2416:. Stone Age Reference Collection (SARC), University of Oslo. Archived from
1993:
Pettitt, Paul (2009), "The Rise of Modern Humans", in Scarre, Chris (ed.),
1924:
1888:
1870:
1808:
1635:
1617:
1578:
1475:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Columbia University Press. pp. 372–373.
590:
4040:
3976:
3781:
3521:
3516:
3424:
3299:
3121:
3084:
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1944:
The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies
1401:
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local. They also became venerated objects, and were frequently buried in
1053:
922:
733:
621:
563:
546:
370:
188:
55:
1800:
1570:
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artifacts, including bracelets, axe heads, chisels, and polishing tools.
720:
Eventually, more complex Mode 2 tools began to be developed through the
4102:
4008:
3894:
3852:
3828:
3608:
3414:
3324:
3178:
3079:
3037:
2900:
2819:
2772:
2760:
1995:
The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies
1263:
1228:
1153:
1045:
988:
protection against the flint and also improves leverage of the device.
792:
fossils are found as late as 1.4 million years ago. Meanwhile, African
728:
in France. The Acheulean was characterised not by the core, but by the
675:
649:
609:
585:
521:
in Kenya, are dated to be 3.3 million years old, and predate the genus
514:
398:
243:
1606:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
4170:
3847:
3707:
3685:
3538:
3474:
3419:
2809:
2787:
2755:
2729:
1543:
1541:
1299:
1216:
1200:
1149:
1081:
1037:
729:
559:
425:
402:
374:
1855:"Early knapping techniques do not necessitate cultural transmission"
1136:
Many other rocks were used to make axes from stones, including the
4236:
3956:
3840:
3690:
3644:
3506:
3361:
3309:
3255:
2885:
2851:
2523:
1381:
1303:
1282:
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1208:
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until relatively recently. Many examples are now held in museums.
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705:
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589:
439:
421:
358:
354:
181:
113:
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bone which had been shaped with stone into an awl, to make small
768:
pushed the fossils back to well before Acheulean tools; that is,
4182:
4143:
3823:
3623:
3479:
3409:
3329:
3201:
2714:
1534:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 31.
1065:
1041:
683:
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species first developed them, with some speculating that it was
604:
78:
3750:
3389:
2655:
2560:
1499:
Dynamics of Learning in Neanderthals and Modern Humans Volume 1
616:, named after the type of site (many sites, actually) found in
3786:
3494:
3260:
3218:
2379:. University of Hawaii Anthropology Department. Archived from
1705:"The Oldest Stone Tools Yet Discovered Are Unearthed in Kenya"
1084:
for grinding corn or grain. Polishing increased the intrinsic
1073:
1742:"Oldest Known Stone Tools Discovered: 3.3 Million Years Old"
1361:
is a type of stone that is used to manufacture stone tools.
1254:
Apart from being used as weapons and for cutting, grinding (
2541:"Globalising archaeology: producing tools in the Neolithic"
2452:. Texas Beyond History, University of Texas at Austin. 2001
1997:(2nd ed.), London: Thames and Hudson, pp. 149–151
1853:
Snyder, William; Reeves, Jonathan; Tennie, Claudio (2022).
1761:"How a disparate team found the world's oldest stone tools"
1028:
In prehistoric Japan, ground stone tools appear during the
1133:
areas where flint was removed for local use, for example.
2467:"Common Stone Types and Northeastern Lithic Technologies"
2041:
Clarke's "microlithic components of composite artifacts."
1329:
are still made and used today, particularly for cutting
834:. This example is from La Parrilla (Valladolid, Spain).
2117:"Written in stone: Understand Aboriginal Stone Tools"
1682:"Wrong Turn Leads to Discovery of Oldest Stone Tools"
4280:
4093:
3920:
3767:
3632:
3596:
3445:
3402:
3192:
3023:
2996:
2921:
2838:
2743:
2668:
2321:Michaels, George H.; Fagan, Brian M. (1990–1998).
2032:Clarke's "punch-struck blades with steep retouch."
2012:(2 ed.). UK: Blackwell Science. p. 311.
1724:"Stone Tools From Kenya Are Oldest Yet Discovered"
385:. One simple form of reduction is to strike stone
2362:. Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
1600:Foley, R. A.; MirazĂłn Lahr, M. (12 April 2011).
913:Projectile point § History in North America
2139:
2137:
1258:), piercing and pounding, some stones, notably
315:, the latter fashioned by a craftsman called a
612:tools, and come from what has been termed the
2572:
1654:"Oldest stone tools pre-date earliest humans"
979:Mode 5 stone tools involve the production of
602:The earliest stone tools in the era of genus
525:by about one million years. The oldest known
273:
8:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
1602:"The evolution of the diversity of cultures"
576:girl who lived about 3.3 million years ago.
2208:"Fact sheet: Aboriginal flaked stone tools"
2174:
2172:
2170:
1983:Clarke's "flake tools from prepared cores."
658:, and others believing that it was in fact
535:, the species whose best fossil example is
513:Stone tools found from 2011 to 2014 at the
3764:
3747:
3399:
3386:
2844:
2665:
2652:
2579:
2565:
2557:
2504:"How to recognize prehistoric stone tools"
2484:"Interpreting the Function of Stone Tools"
2325:. University of California. Archived from
2073:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
1184:carried the skills down through the ages.
744:and contemporaneously in southern Africa.
389:from a nucleus (core) of material using a
280:
266:
35:
1878:
1625:
1235:Across northern Australia, especially in
1080:are hand stones used in conjunction with
732:, the most notable form of which was the
452:Archaeologists classify stone tools into
2524:"The World Museum of Man and Prehistory"
1140:as well as numerous other sites such as
1129:, there were numerous small quarries in
1104:period, large axes were made from flint
303:cultures and in particular those of the
1974:Clarke's "bifacially flaked hand axes."
1946:. Thames & Hudson. pp. 46–83.
1428:
38:
2342:Michaels, George H.; Smith, Stuart T.
1938:Toth, Nicholas; Schick, Kathy (2005).
880:Mode 4 industries appeared during the
120:Recent African origin of modern humans
1187:Complex stone tools were used by the
299:but are most closely associated with
7:
2506:. newarchaeology.com. Archived from
2434:"The Stone Age Reference Collection"
1843:Clarke's "chopper tools and flakes."
1125:in Belgium to mention but a few. In
904:from the Rummells-Maske Cache Site,
848:, which was named after the site of
756:. Developed Oldowan was assigned to
307:. Stone tools may be made of either
2154:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2144:Bissland, Emily (23 January 2022).
1722:Wilford, John Noble (20 May 2015).
1064:. Ground stone implements included
644:period, and have been uncovered at
937:Mode V: The Microlithic Industries
686:by 1.8 million years ago and
349:Knapped stone tools are made from
25:
3703:Megalithic architectural elements
2344:"Principles of Lithic Technology"
2323:"Principles of Lithic Technology"
1831:(Press release). August 11, 2010.
868:Mode IV: The Aurignacian Industry
822:Mode III: The Mousterian Industry
408:, which is further reduced using
381:via a splitting process known as
2526:. World Museum of Man. 2004–2011
2179:Gorman, Alice (27 August 2018).
2008:Lewin, R.; Foley, R. A. (2004).
1942:. In Scarre, Christopher (ed.).
1703:Thompson, Helen (May 20, 2015).
1219:(the latter particularly in the
959:
947:
566:near (200 yards) the remains of
4322:Evolutionary origin of religion
2115:Poll, Matt (20 February 2017).
1532:World Prehistory: a New Outline
1016:axe from the Museum of Toulouse
694:Mode II: The Acheulean Industry
690:by 1.6 million years ago.
545:(a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old
2450:"Stone Tools of Texas Indians"
2398:"Flaked Stone Tool Technology"
2239:. Government. 13 November 2017
1759:Zastrow, Mark (1 April 2016).
1744:. May 20, 2015. Archived from
1407:Mount William stone axe quarry
1306:) were used with a variety of
1298:Glassy stones (flint, quartz,
459:In 1969 in the 2nd edition of
1:
4444:Archaeological artefact types
3935:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3465:British megalith architecture
2010:Principles of Human Evolution
1917:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00093-9
1377:Eccentric flint (archaeology)
1316:percussion fire starter tools
682:, who took it as far east as
3930:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3470:Nordic megalith architecture
2237:"Aboriginal Stone Artefacts"
2085:10.1016/j.jasrep.2021.103215
1227:). These were quarried from
876:(rather than flakes) of the
580:Mode I: The Oldowan Industry
2543:. Google Arts & Culture
2465:Prindle, Tara (1994–2011).
2396:Prindle, Tara (1994–2011).
2377:"Lithic Technologies Notes"
1507:10.1007/978-4-431-54511-8_4
872:The widespread use of long
4470:
4078:British Isles and Brittany
3999:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2346:. University of California
1905:Journal of Human Evolution
1152:. In Langdale, there many
1097:with their former owners.
972:
910:
893:Expansion to the New World
837:
724:, named after the site of
713:
583:
573:Australopithecus afarensis
532:Australopithecus afarensis
484:, though there were other
295:have been used throughout
145:Origin of the domestic dog
28:
3763:
3746:
3398:
3385:
2847:
2664:
2651:
2594:
2375:Gunness, Jo Lynn (1998).
2281:10.1017/S0003598X00009959
2216:Victoria State Government
1450:10.1017/S0003598X00092619
1168:Aboriginal Australian use
925:in the Late Pleistocene,
1686:National Geographic News
1530:Clarke, Grahame (1969).
1337:in a technique known as
1325:For specialist purposes
29:Not to be confused with
4310:Evolutionary musicology
3713:Oldest extant buildings
3640:Archaeological features
3159:Prepared-core technique
1417:Thunderstone (folklore)
678:by travelling bands of
336:prehistoric archaeology
4272:Unchambered long cairn
4120:Mound Builders culture
3453:Neolithic architecture
2588:Prehistoric technology
1871:10.1126/sciadv.abo2894
1618:10.1098/rstb.2010.0370
1473:Analytical Archaeology
1471:Clarke, David (1978).
1060:, and is known as the
1025:
1017:
1005:
908:
835:
764:. Subsequent dates on
711:
703:
655:Australopithecus garhi
599:
542:Kenyanthropus platyops
449:
3947:List of Stone Age art
3149:Microblade technology
3097:Langdale axe industry
2695:Ard / plough
1392:Langdale axe industry
1277:The invention of the
1177:Aboriginal Australian
1138:Langdale axe industry
1062:Langdale axe industry
1058:English Lake District
1023:
1011:
999:
900:
829:
776:; it could have been
709:
701:
593:
517:archeology site near
443:
340:archaeological record
209:Pre-Pottery Neolithic
107:Homo neanderthalensis
4449:Primitive technology
4354:Prehistoric medicine
4349:Prehistoric counting
4332:Prehistoric religion
4327:Paleolithic religion
4305:Behavioral modernity
3662:Causewayed enclosure
3554:Abri de la Madeleine
2678:Neolithic Revolution
2436:. University of Oslo
2329:on 28 September 2011
2304:"Glass Knife Making"
1709:Smithsonian Magazine
1030:Japanese Paleolithic
992:Neolithic industries
806:, a contemporary of
634:conchoidal fractures
334:is a cornerstone of
332:study of stone tools
223:Neolithic Revolution
136:Behavioral modernity
4393:Prehistoric warfare
3139:Magdalenian culture
3102:Levallois technique
3033:Earliest toolmaking
2510:on 6 September 2006
2302:Harris, Kristen M.
1801:10.1038/nature09248
1793:2010Natur.466..857M
1612:(1567): 1080–1089.
1571:10.1038/nature14464
1563:2015Natur.521..310H
1335:electron microscopy
1162:mechanical strength
1086:mechanical strength
1012:Polished Neolithic
854:Levallois technique
846:Mousterian Industry
832:Levallois technique
830:A tool made by the
486:lithic technologies
474:Middle Palaeolithic
204:Trihedral Neolithic
4344:Origin of language
4337:Spiritual drug use
4247:Rectangular dolmen
4149:Dartmoor kistvaens
3962:Carved stone balls
3674:Circular enclosure
3633:Other architecture
3576:Alp pile dwellings
3164:Solutrean industry
3075:Gravettian culture
2725:Secondary products
2539:English Heritage.
2420:on 5 February 2006
1728:The New York Times
1692:on August 7, 2020.
1501:. pp. 59–91.
1357:In archaeology, a
1052:and some forms of
1026:
1018:
1006:
909:
882:Upper Palaeolithic
878:Upper Palaeolithic
836:
722:Acheulean Industry
716:Acheulean Industry
712:
704:
642:Lower Palaeolithic
600:
450:
353:materials such as
199:Shepherd Neolithic
97:Middle Paleolithic
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4366:Prehistoric music
4315:music archaeology
3972:Cup and ring mark
3797:Clothing/textiles
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3381:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3184:Yubetsu technique
3169:Striking platform
3134:Lithic technology
3019:
3018:
3004:Game drive system
2923:Projectile points
2815:Mortar and pestle
1953:978-0-500-28531-2
1940:"African Origins"
1787:(7308): 857–860.
1748:on March 1, 2020.
1557:(7552): 310–315.
1516:978-4-431-54510-1
1397:Lithic technology
1372:Chaîne opératoire
1225:Western Australia
760:and Acheulean to
752:and Acheulean to
478:Upper Paleolithic
351:cryptocrystalline
290:
289:
239:Pottery Neolithic
127:Upper Paleolithic
71:Lower Paleolithic
16:(Redirected from
4461:
4381:Divje Babe flute
4288:Archaeoastronomy
4031:Petrosomatoglyph
3765:
3748:
3597:Water management
3400:
3387:
3290:Denticulate tool
3112:Lithic reduction
2845:
2666:
2653:
2581:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2469:. Nativetech.org
2461:
2459:
2457:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2400:. Nativetech.org
2392:
2390:
2388:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2308:
2307:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2264:
2258:
2257:Flayderman, 1998
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2186:The Conversation
2176:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2141:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2112:
2097:
2096:
2064:
2058:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1882:
1865:(27): eabo2894.
1859:Science Advances
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1820:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1688:. Archived from
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1650:Morelle, Rebecca
1646:
1640:
1639:
1629:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1545:
1536:
1535:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1444:(297): 555–566.
1433:
1293:Threshing boards
963:
951:
614:Oldowan Industry
461:World Prehistory
414:pressure flaking
383:lithic reduction
344:Ethnoarchaeology
282:
275:
268:
234:Khiamian culture
101:Middle Stone Age
74:Early Stone Age
36:
21:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4409:
4276:
4262:Stone box grave
4232:Megalithic tomb
4137:Cotswold-Severn
4089:
3994:Guardian stones
3922:Prehistoric art
3916:
3759:
3734:
3723:Timber trackway
3628:
3592:
3588:Wattle and daub
3441:
3420:Standing stones
3394:
3373:
3188:
3015:
2992:
2917:
2834:
2744:Food processing
2739:
2688:New World crops
2660:
2647:
2590:
2585:
2555:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2513:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2491:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2383:on 13 June 2001
2374:
2365:
2363:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2242:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2220:
2218:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2189:
2178:
2177:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2100:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2049:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1823:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1680:(20 May 2015).
1676:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1660:
1652:(20 May 2015).
1648:
1647:
1643:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1517:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1470:
1469:
1465:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1412:Prismatic blade
1367:
1355:
1272:
1262:, were used as
1182:Oral traditions
1170:
994:
977:
971:
970:
969:
968:
967:
964:
956:
955:
952:
939:
915:
895:
870:
864:
842:
824:
718:
696:
588:
582:
506:
480:, and 5 to the
444:A selection of
438:
286:
225:
194:Heavy Neolithic
155:
153:Epipalaeolithic
143:
131:Later Stone Age
129:
99:
85:Control of fire
73:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4371:Alligator drum
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4298:lunar calendar
4295:
4284:
4282:
4281:Other cultural
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4195:
4185:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4085:Venus figurine
4082:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Megalithic art
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3974:
3969:
3967:Cave paintings
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3769:Material goods
3761:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3503:
3502:
3492:
3487:
3485:Cliff dwelling
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Fire hardening
3067:
3062:
3060:Clovis culture
3057:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3021:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2983:Manis Mastodon
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2883:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2862:throwing stick
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2758:
2753:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2674:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2561:
2554:
2553:
2536:
2520:
2500:
2490:on 29 May 2010
2482:Grace, Roger.
2479:
2462:
2446:
2430:
2410:
2393:
2372:
2356:
2339:
2317:
2315:
2314:External links
2312:
2310:
2309:
2294:
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2250:
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2199:
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2098:
2059:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2018:
2000:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1952:
1930:
1911:(2): 169–177.
1894:
1845:
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1833:
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1368:
1366:
1363:
1354:
1351:
1271:
1268:
1266:for painting.
1251:in the blade.
1169:
1166:
1148:in Co Antrim,
1117:in Sussex and
993:
990:
973:Main article:
965:
958:
957:
953:
946:
945:
944:
943:
942:
938:
935:
911:Main article:
894:
891:
869:
866:
838:Main article:
823:
820:
788:coexisted, as
714:Main article:
695:
692:
688:Northern China
584:Main article:
581:
578:
556:
555:
511:
510:
505:
502:
437:
434:
412:flaking or by
288:
287:
285:
284:
277:
270:
262:
259:
258:
251:
250:
249:
248:
247:
246:
236:
231:
230:
229:
212:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
185:
184:
178:Bow and Arrows
163:
162:
150:
149:
148:
147:
124:
123:
122:
117:
110:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
60:
59:
44:
43:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4466:
4455:
4454:Stone objects
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4257:Simple dolmen
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4242:Passage grave
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4188:Gallery grave
4186:
4184:
4181:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4104:
4103:Burial mounds
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4063:Statue menhir
4061:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4051:Stone carving
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3919:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3890:Sewing needle
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Timber circle
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3667:Tor enclosure
3665:
3664:
3663:
3660:
3656:
3655:fulacht fiadh
3653:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3631:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3384:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3275:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:spear-thrower
2889:
2888:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2869:Bow and arrow
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2778:Grinding slab
2776:
2774:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2710:Domestication
2708:
2706:
2705:Digging stick
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Founder crops
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:New Stone Age
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2542:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2468:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2399:
2394:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2361:
2360:"Stone Tools"
2357:
2345:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2275:(33): 38–56.
2274:
2270:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2217:
2213:
2212:First Peoples
2209:
2203:
2200:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:0-8248-1853-9
2053:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2021:
2019:0-632-04704-6
2015:
2011:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1518:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1331:thin sections
1328:
1323:
1322:and matches.
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:Tievebulliagh
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Grimes Graves
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1095:round barrows
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
989:
986:
982:
976:
962:
950:
941:
936:
934:
932:
928:
927:Paleo-Indians
924:
920:
914:
907:
903:
902:Clovis points
899:
892:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
867:
865:
862:
860:
855:
851:
847:
841:
833:
828:
821:
819:
815:
811:
809:
805:
804:
803:Homo ergaster
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
708:
700:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:
667:
663:
662:
657:
656:
651:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Olduvai Gorge
615:
611:
607:
606:
597:
592:
587:
579:
577:
575:
574:
569:
565:
561:
553:
552:
551:
548:
544:
543:
538:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
507:
503:
501:
499:
498:chronological
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
465:Grahame Clark
462:
457:
455:
447:
442:
435:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
313:knapped stone
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:human history
294:
283:
278:
276:
271:
269:
264:
263:
261:
260:
257:
253:
252:
245:
242:
241:
240:
237:
235:
232:
228:
227:Domestication
224:
221:
220:
219:
218:
217:
216:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
183:
179:
175:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
161:
158:
157:
156:
154:
146:
141:
137:
134:
133:
132:
128:
125:
121:
118:
116:
115:
111:
109:
108:
104:
103:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
69:
68:
67:
66:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
46:
45:
42:
37:
32:
27:
19:
4198:wedge-shaped
4183:Funeral pyre
4176:Great dolmen
4132:Chamber tomb
4113:Round barrow
4068:Stone circle
3940:Blombos Cave
3868:Grooved ware
3792:Chalcolithic
3696:Thornborough
3614:Flush toilet
3549:Blombos Cave
3544:Rock shelter
3500:Quiggly hole
3392:Architecture
3367:illustration
3346:
3009:Buffalo jump
2830:Storage pits
2793:Aşıklı Höyük
2783:Ground stone
2619:Subdivisions
2545:. Retrieved
2528:. Retrieved
2512:. Retrieved
2508:the original
2492:. Retrieved
2488:the original
2471:. Retrieved
2454:. Retrieved
2438:. Retrieved
2422:. Retrieved
2418:the original
2402:. Retrieved
2385:. Retrieved
2381:the original
2364:. Retrieved
2348:. Retrieved
2331:. Retrieved
2327:the original
2297:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2253:
2241:. Retrieved
2231:
2219:. Retrieved
2211:
2202:
2190:. Retrieved
2184:
2157:. Retrieved
2149:
2124:. Retrieved
2120:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2046:
2037:
2028:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1943:
1933:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1829:ScienceDaily
1828:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1765:Nature Index
1764:
1754:
1746:the original
1736:
1727:
1717:
1708:
1698:
1690:the original
1685:
1678:Drake, Nadia
1672:
1661:. Retrieved
1657:
1644:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1554:
1550:
1531:
1525:
1498:
1491:
1472:
1466:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1356:
1347:Don Crabtree
1327:glass knives
1324:
1297:
1291:
1276:
1273:
1253:
1234:
1197:
1186:
1171:
1135:
1113:in Suffolk,
1099:
1091:long barrows
1027:
1000:An array of
978:
940:
931:Clovis point
916:
871:
863:
859:Neanderthals
843:
816:
812:
807:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
746:
738:West Turkana
726:Saint-Acheul
719:
679:
671:Homo erectus
669:
666:Homo habilis
665:
661:Homo habilis
659:
653:
639:
603:
601:
571:
557:
541:
530:
526:
522:
519:Lake Turkana
512:
494:Palaeolithic
490:
470:Palaeolithic
460:
458:
451:
348:
329:
317:flintknapper
309:ground stone
292:
291:
256:Chalcolithic
213:
164:
151:
114:Homo sapiens
112:
105:
89:
77:
63:
50:
26:
18:Flint (tool)
4220:unchambered
4215:Long barrow
4205:Grave goods
4161:Court cairn
4156:Clava cairn
4108:Bowl barrow
4046:Rock cupule
3989:Golden hats
3982:Hill figure
3883:Unstan ware
3863:Cord-marked
3728:Sweet Track
3650:Burnt mound
3571:Stilt house
3559:Sibudu Cave
3352:Tally stick
3320:Quern-stone
3305:Hammerstone
3295:Fire plough
3266:Pesse canoe
3224:Bannerstone
3194:Other tools
3107:Lithic core
3055:Aurignacian
2943:Bare Island
2825:Quern-stone
1320:ferrocerium
1308:iron pyrite
1270:Modern uses
1256:grindstones
1237:Arnhem Land
1191:of western
1189:Gunditjmara
1142:Penmaenmawr
1100:During the
985:Magdalenian
886:Aurignacian
850:Le Moustier
810:in Africa.
630:hammerstone
476:, 4 to the
472:, 3 to the
448:stone tools
446:prehistoric
410:soft hammer
395:lithic core
391:hammerstone
363:radiolarite
301:prehistoric
293:Stone tools
90:Stone tools
65:Paleolithic
4428:Categories
4359:trepanning
4252:Ring cairn
4210:Jar burial
4193:transepted
4125:U.S. sites
4026:Petroglyph
3952:Bird stone
3910:wine press
3583:Stone roof
3566:Roundhouse
3458:long house
3435:Stonehenge
3403:Ceremonial
3347:Stone tool
3174:Tool stone
3144:Metallurgy
3048:Mousterian
3025:Toolmaking
2963:Cumberland
2936:Transverse
2906:Schöningen
2798:Qesem cave
2766:Earth oven
2720:Irrigation
2631:Technology
2599:Prehistory
2530:18 January
2514:18 January
2494:18 January
2473:18 January
2456:18 January
2424:22 January
2414:"Typology"
2404:22 January
2387:22 January
2333:22 January
2243:24 January
2221:24 January
2192:24 January
2159:24 January
2126:24 January
2079:: 103215.
1962:1091012125
1663:2016-01-03
1482:0231046308
1424:References
1359:tool stone
1353:Tool stone
1314:stones as
1249:serrations
1241:spongolite
1221:Kimberleys
1203:, such as
1173:Stone axes
1158:greenstone
1050:greenstone
981:microliths
917:As humans
840:Mousterian
808:H. erectus
798:H. erectus
794:H. erectus
770:H. erectus
766:H. erectus
754:H. erectus
750:H. habilis
680:H. erectus
596:Valladolid
570:, a young
504:Pre-Mode I
482:Mesolithic
454:industries
430:microliths
367:chalcedony
325:tool stone
174:Microliths
166:Mesolithic
31:Tool stone
4403:symbolism
4267:Tor cairn
4225:Grønsalen
4166:Cremation
4058:Sculpture
4036:Pictogram
4021:Petroform
3841:amber use
3809:Cosmetics
3619:Reservoir
3604:Check dam
3534:Pueblitos
3529:Pit-house
3512:Longhouse
3446:Dwellings
3315:Microlith
3246:Bow drill
3241:Bone tool
3234:prismatic
3043:Acheulean
2958:Cresswell
2931:Arrowhead
2857:Boomerang
2773:Granaries
2735:Terracing
2614:Stone Age
2547:19 August
2440:7 October
2366:7 October
2350:6 October
2289:162918829
2269:Antiquity
2093:2352-409X
1458:159524906
1438:Antiquity
1339:microtomy
1312:marcasite
1283:gunflints
1279:flintlock
1211:, flint,
1205:quartzite
1102:Neolithic
1034:Neolithic
1014:jadeitite
1002:Neolithic
975:Microlith
632:to cause
436:Evolution
399:unifacial
379:quartzite
305:Stone Age
215:Neolithic
41:Stone Age
4041:Rock art
4004:painting
3977:Geoglyph
3802:timeline
3782:Beadwork
3522:Mehrgarh
3517:Mudbrick
3425:megalith
3300:Fire-saw
3122:debitage
3117:analysis
3085:Hand axe
3065:Cupstone
2643:Glossary
2604:Timeline
2150:ABC News
1925:14529651
1889:35857472
1809:20703305
1658:BBC News
1636:21357230
1579:25993961
1402:Manuport
1387:Knapping
1365:See also
1343:obsidian
1245:kangaroo
1213:silcrete
1193:Victoria
1154:outcrops
1131:downland
1119:Spiennes
1115:Cissbury
1054:rhyolite
923:Americas
740:area of
734:hand axe
622:Tanzania
564:Ethiopia
554:Ethiopia
547:Pliocene
418:scrapers
403:bifacial
371:obsidian
189:Tahunian
160:Natufian
56:Pliocene
4434:Lithics
4398:Symbols
4009:pigment
3895:Weaving
3858:Cardium
3853:Pottery
3848:Mirrors
3836:Jewelry
3777:Baskets
3757:culture
3609:Cistern
3415:Pyramid
3357:Weapons
3335:Scraper
3325:Racloir
3285:Cleaver
3273:Chopper
3179:Uniface
3090:Grooves
3080:Hafting
3038:Oldowan
2997:Systems
2948:Cascade
2911:woomera
2901:harpoon
2874:history
2840:Hunting
2820:Pottery
2761:Cooking
2670:Farming
2636:history
2609:Outline
1880:9258951
1817:4356816
1789:Bibcode
1627:3049104
1587:1207285
1559:Bibcode
1287:Brandon
1264:pigment
1229:bedrock
1156:of the
1127:Britain
1106:nodules
1082:metates
1046:jadeite
921:to the
790:habilis
786:erectus
782:habilis
778:erectus
774:habilis
762:erectus
758:habilis
676:Eurasia
650:Hominan
586:Oldowan
515:Lomekwi
500:order.
426:sickles
406:preform
377:, and
244:Pottery
49:before
4376:flutes
4171:Dolmen
4095:Burial
3905:winery
3878:Linear
3708:Midden
3686:Cursus
3679:Goseck
3539:Pueblo
3490:Dugout
3475:Burdei
3154:Mining
2978:Lamoka
2973:Folsom
2953:Clovis
2810:Metate
2788:Hearth
2756:Basket
2730:Sickle
2287:
2121:Medium
2091:
2054:
2016:
1960:
1950:
1923:
1887:
1877:
1815:
1807:
1781:Nature
1634:
1624:
1585:
1577:
1551:Nature
1513:
1479:
1456:
1300:jasper
1260:ochres
1217:quartz
1201:silica
1150:Ulster
1072:, and
1038:basalt
919:spread
874:blades
730:biface
610:Mode 1
560:Dikika
428:, and
422:knives
387:flakes
375:basalt
321:querns
182:Canoes
140:Atlatl
4439:Tools
4293:sites
4237:Mummy
3957:Cairn
3873:JĹŤmon
3824:shoes
3819:Hides
3691:Henge
3645:Broch
3507:Jacal
3362:Wheel
3310:Knife
3256:Canoe
3251:Burin
3229:Blade
3127:flake
2988:Plano
2896:baton
2886:Spear
2852:Arrow
2805:Manos
2658:Tools
2285:S2CID
1813:S2CID
1583:S2CID
1454:S2CID
1382:Flint
1304:agate
1209:chert
1121:near
1078:Manos
1070:celts
1066:adzes
742:Kenya
568:Selam
509:Kenya
359:flint
355:chert
4386:gudi
4144:Cist
4073:list
3900:Wine
3829:Ă–tzi
3814:Glue
3787:Beds
3755:and
3753:Arts
3624:Well
3480:Cave
3410:Kiva
3340:side
3330:Rope
3278:tool
3212:bone
3202:Adze
2968:Eden
2881:Nets
2751:Fire
2715:Goad
2700:Celt
2549:2018
2532:2011
2516:2011
2496:2011
2475:2011
2458:2011
2442:2021
2426:2011
2406:2011
2389:2011
2368:2021
2352:2021
2335:2011
2245:2022
2223:2022
2194:2022
2161:2022
2128:2022
2089:ISSN
2052:ISBN
2014:ISBN
1958:OCLC
1948:ISBN
1921:PMID
1885:PMID
1805:PMID
1632:PMID
1575:PMID
1511:ISBN
1477:ISBN
1333:for
1215:and
1144:and
1123:Mons
1074:axes
1044:and
1042:jade
906:Iowa
784:and
684:Java
646:Gona
626:core
608:are
605:Homo
537:Lucy
527:Homo
523:Homo
492:the
330:The
79:Homo
51:Homo
39:The
3495:Hut
3430:row
3261:Oar
3219:Axe
3207:Awl
2277:doi
2081:doi
1913:doi
1875:PMC
1867:doi
1797:doi
1785:466
1622:PMC
1614:doi
1610:366
1567:doi
1555:521
1503:doi
1446:doi
1310:or
1223:of
1093:or
432:.
401:or
311:or
4430::
2283:.
2271:.
2214:.
2210:.
2183:.
2169:^
2152:.
2148:.
2136:^
2119:.
2101:^
2087:.
2077:40
2075:.
2071:.
1956:.
1919:.
1909:45
1907:.
1883:.
1873:.
1861:.
1857:.
1827:.
1811:.
1803:.
1795:.
1783:.
1763:.
1726:.
1707:.
1684:.
1656:.
1630:.
1620:.
1608:.
1604:.
1581:.
1573:.
1565:.
1553:.
1540:^
1509:.
1452:.
1442:77
1440:.
1302:,
1289:.
1207:,
1068:,
1048:,
1040:,
664:.
620:,
562:,
463:,
424:,
420:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
342:.
254:↓
180:,
176:,
142:,
138:,
47:↑
2580:e
2573:t
2566:v
2551:.
2534:.
2518:.
2498:.
2477:.
2460:.
2444:.
2428:.
2408:.
2391:.
2370:.
2354:.
2337:.
2306:.
2291:.
2279::
2273:9
2247:.
2225:.
2196:.
2163:.
2130:.
2095:.
2083::
2022:.
1964:.
1927:.
1915::
1891:.
1869::
1863:8
1819:.
1799::
1791::
1767:.
1730:.
1711:.
1666:.
1638:.
1616::
1589:.
1569::
1561::
1519:.
1505::
1485:.
1460:.
1448::
598:.
281:e
274:t
267:v
58:)
54:(
33:.
20:)
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