512:, the German authorities in many areas forbade leaving one's place of residence without a permit and an officially valid reason. Millions of Germans were left in these areas until combat conditions overwhelmed them, as a direct result of both the draconian measures taken by the Nazis towards the end of the war against anyone even suspected of 'defeatist' attitudes (such as suggesting evacuation) and the fanaticism of many Nazi functionaries in their mindless support of useless 'no retreat' orders. When the German authorities finally gave people the order to leave their homes, the available means of transport (such as trains and ships) were inadequate, and this forced many to leave most of their belongings behind. The first mass movement of German civilians in the
808:
345:
650:
540:
35:
1236:(this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- Warsaw 1994 p. 55; (these figures are included in the 473,013 confirmed deaths listed by the search service and do not include missing persons whose death was not confirmed. These figures were kept secret by the West German government until 1986).
1372:, p. 661: According to authors, in the five years after the end of World War II, the total transfer was 11.6 million by 1950. At the end of 1945 4.5 million civilians were in Germany. From 1946 to 1950 4.5 million German-speaking civilians were expelled and 2.6 million Nazi German POW were released.
1069:
In March 1944, Greiser sent a telegram to Hitler reporting that the Gau now had one million
Germans: "full of pride and joy I may report to you, My FĂŒhrer; as the first success of this real Germanization process, that today the number of one million has been reached". Greiser raised the proportion of
758:
According to West German figures out of a pre-war German speaking population (deutschsprachige
Bewohner) in East-Prussia of 2,473,000; 511,000 were killed or missing (including 210,000 military personnel). Some 301,000 civilians died due to the wartime flight and post-war expulsions. In total, some
484:
at the end of the war 4.4 million remained on Polish territory. More recent research in Poland puts the
Germans in the fall of 1944 on the current Polish territory at 12,339,400 including 8,885,400 on pre-war German territory and Danzig; 670,000 in occupied Polish territory; 900,000 re-settlers from
462:
in the preceding years. Before the end of war the number of
Germans who evacuated from Czechoslovakia is estimated at 150,000 to 370,000; from Hungary 50,000â60,000; from Romania 100,000; from Yugoslavia 200,000â300,000 and from the USSR 324,000. According to sources, the total number ranged from 10
433:
Nazi officials estimated that in
February 1945 ten million refugees were on the move to escape the Russian advance. According to historians Hahn and Hahn humanitarian considerations did not play a role in Nazi evacuation planning, the Nazis considered the evacuation of the entire population as not
279:
Polish historians put the number of "Germans" in early 1945 on the annexed territory of postwar Poland at 12,339,400 (8,885,400 in prewar German territory, 670,000 from prewar Poland; 900,000 ethnic
Germans resettled in Poland; 750,000 administrative staff and 1,134,000 bombing raid evacuees). Along
1471:
report estimated that about 1 percent of the total population of eastern
Germany within its prewar borders lost their lives due to military activity in the 1944â45 campaign. Per 1937 census: there were 9,600,000 residents living in German Silesia, Brandenburg, Pomerania and East Prussia; both, east
475:
was 11,924,000 at the end of 1944. Including 9,758,000 in pre-war German territory; 134,000 in Memel 404,000 in Danzig and 1,602,000 on occupied Polish territory. According to
Schieders calculations included in the total civilian population are 825,000 persons evacuated eastwards to avoid Allied
1292:
Note 167: trial of Ludwig Fisher. Evacuation of Warsaw alone encompassed 1,502.5 tons of goods, including 15 tons of medicine, 25 tons of soap, 352 tons of paper, 342 tons of steel goods, 62 tons of steel machine parts, 208 tons of agricultural machinery, 24.5 tons of leather goods, 265 tons of
249:
Until March 1945, the Nazi authorities had evacuated from the eastern territories (prewar
Germany, Poland, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia) an estimated 10 to 15 million persons, Germans as well as citizens of other nations. In the territory of Germany, which
1348:, p. 264-65; ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010 The authors noted that German wartime documents that stated "daĂ im allseitigen Interesse notfalls eine ZurĂŒklassung der Bevolkerung in vom feind zu besetzenden Geibiet in Kauf genommen werden mĂŒsse" .
872:
to be held at all costs. Hanke finally lifted a ban on the evacuation of women and children when it was almost too late. During his poorly organised evacuation in early March 1945, 18,000 people froze to death in icy snowstorms and â20 °C weather.
704:. Most civilians left their homes just hours before Red Army units overran them, and were often directly involved in combat. At the same time Nazi representatives, like Gauleiter Koch who had prepared two steamboats in the harbour of
579:, agencies of the civil government, the government of the country, and the able-bodied population. Because of the provisions of the Yalta Agreement, all Soviet citizens in Germany at war's end had to be repatriated. About 200,000
296:
in the preceding years. Meanwhile, the number of returning Reich
Germans who had fled eastward temporarily in fear of the British and American bombings in the centre of Germany is also estimated between 825,000 and 1,134,000.
638:. The evacuation was planned to be conducted in three waves: the first two of them in July and October 1944, when about 25% of the 2.6 million population, mostly elderly, women and children, were supposed to be evacuated to
122:
1860:(The German expulsion losses. Documentation) - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : UniversitĂ€t Tel Aviv, FakultĂ€t fĂŒr Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum fĂŒr Geschichte ; Gerlingen : Bleicher Verlag
688:
partially conceded the requests of the Wehrmacht and gave permission to evacuate a small strip of 30 km directly behind the front line. Civilians from that area were sent to the northern parts of East Prussia.
323:
period, when various governments manipulated them to fit ideological narratives. According to a recent estimate in Germany, up to six million Germans may have fled or had been evacuated from the areas east of the
262:, and 6.3 million ethnic Germans), in addition on German territory to be evacuated were 2.5 million transients consisting of 1.5 million bombing raid evacuees from the heartland of Nazi Germany and of 1 million
463:
to 15 million persons. Many of those who were evacuated during the war returned to their homes in the east after May 1945; only to be transferred back to Germany in the following years. The West German
603:
of October 1944, in an attempt to strengthen German morale. The Soviet propaganda machine encouraged a harsh and vengeful attitude toward the Germans. While advancing toward the West, soldiers of the
783:. At the end of February 1945, the authorities ordered the evacuation to be suspended. This delay resulted in the land evacuation routes soon being blocked by the advancing Soviet and Polish forces.
716:
on January 23, 1945, cutting off the overland route between East Prussia and the western territories, the only way to leave was to cross the frozen Vistula Lagoon and to try to reach the harbours of
489:
the West German search service was able to confirm the deaths of 93,283 civilians due to the wartime flight and evacuations including 86,860 from the territory of present-day Poland and the Russian
246:
only when the defeat was inevitable, which resulted in utter chaos. The evacuation in most of the Nazi-occupied areas began in January 1945, when the Red Army was already rapidly advancing westward.
55:
580:
759:
1,200,000 people managed to escape to Germany, while about 800,000 pre-war inhabitants remained in East Prussia as of the summer of 1945. The number of fatalities is disputed by historian
634:
were ready in the second half of 1944. They consisted of both general plans and specific instructions for each individual town. The plans encompassed not only people but also industry and
151:
665:
was evacuated to the western parts of East Prussia in late summer 1944. On October 7, 1944, that area was the only part of East Prussia completely evacuated. On October 16, 1944, the
336:
took hold of the entire territory of postwar Poland. The West German search service confirmed the deaths of 86,860 civilians from the wartime flight and evacuations from those areas.
591:
70,000â120,000 Germans were evacuated at the end of 1944 and the beginning of 1945. Hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans panicked and fled to the west in 1945, particularly from
135:
434:
feasible and that it was better that the population remain in territory occupied by the Soviets. By most current accounts drawing on research carried out in Poland, up until the
1944:
Die deutschen âșVertreibungsverlusteâč â Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, UrsprĂŒnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
1871:
Die deutschen âșVertreibungsverlusteâč â Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, UrsprĂŒnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich"
156:
1585:
Ulrich Merten, Voices from the Gulag: the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union, (American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2015)
263:
767:, Haar pointed out that the West German search service was able to confirm 123,360 civilian fatalities in East Prussia due to the wartime flight and post-war expulsions
523:
camp were evacuated starting on April 1, 1944. However most of the evacuation efforts commenced in January 1945, when Soviet forces were already at the eastern border of
316:
starting in March and April 1945. Some of those marches to the geographical centres of Germany and Austria lasted for weeks, causing thousands of deaths along the road.
2299:
1796:
Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen fĂŒr die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart:
1480:
1419:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Band I/1. Die Verteibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. pp.5-7
1247:
1098:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Band I/1. Die Verteibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. pp.5-8
1942:
Ingo Haar, "UrsprĂŒnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".
1869:
Ingo Haar, "UrsprĂŒnge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts 'Bevölkerung' vor, im und nach dem 'Dritten Reich': Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissenschaft".
1384:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Band I/1. Die Verteibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. p.78
198:
1410:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Band I/1. Die Verteibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. p.7
1396:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Band I/1. Die Verteibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der Oder-Neisse. p.5
899:
807:
2294:
70:
42:
344:
376:
were prepared by various Nazi authorities towards the end of the war. According to postwar affidavit submitted in 1947 by the Nazi governor of Warsaw,
2040:
2289:
117:
485:
other European nations; 750,000 German occupation administrators and 1,134,000 persons evacuated eastwards to avoid Allied air raids According to
401:
directed a huge column of trains and other transportation means filled with goods, furniture, textiles, and medical supplies from Warsaw to Posen (
1523:
75:
1139:
945:
649:
539:
584:
34:
2304:
319:
Statistics dealing with the evacuations are incomplete, and there is uncertainty that estimates are accurate because of the atmosphere of the
2121:
2095:
1951:
1901:
1878:
1730:
1702:
1590:
894:
799:, or in Denmark, where internment camps were set up by the Danes after the war. In total almost 2.2 million people were evacuated this way,.
513:
369:
239:
508:
had already advanced into the areas to be evacuated, or it was prohibited entirely by the Nazi apparatus. Despite the rapid advances of the
2273:
1306:
1449:
Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945â1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewĂ€hlte Erlebnisberichte
1892:
Ingo Haar, "Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens ĂŒber die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich".
976:, p. 685; ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010 The authors noted German wartime documents as the source of the figure of 10-15 million.
459:
405:). During the whole time that fighting was ongoing Greiser evacuated not only gasoline, but everything that he could." In late 1944 the
293:
17:
543:
German street posters in Danzig as the Red Army approaches, warning soldiers that escaping with civilians will be treated as desertion.
516:
included both spontaneous flight and organized evacuation starting in the summer of 1944 and continuing through to the spring of 1945.
308:
controlled enterprises, who were forced to walk to the Austrian and German borders as the Soviets approached from the east. The German
1285:
1197:
1122:
1062:
305:
259:
191:
2260:
2163:
2144:
2074:
1894:"Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung
1781:
1629:
1573:
1556:
1433:
418:
prepared his own evacuation plan called "Fall Eva" to evacuate cultural and strategic goods from the region in accordance with the '
1275:
480:
and re-settlers from other European nations. Schieder estimated that out of the 11.9 million population in late 1944 east of the
904:
869:
422:' policy. From late 1944 until May 1945 682,536 refugees, 109,337 soldiers and 292,794 wounded passed through the seaports of
2215:
1841:
1477:
1457:
1012:
435:
1603:
1187:
1052:
1919:
1568:
J. Otto Pohl-The Stalinist Penal System: A Statistical History of Soviet Repression and Terror, 1930-1953 McFarland, 1997
254:
gave to Poland after the war, there were 10 million residents in 1944â1945, including 7.3 million permanent residents, or
184:
2268:
Douglas, R.M.: Orderly and Humane. The Expulsion of the Germans after the Second World War. Yale University Press, 2012.
1253:
273:
748:
2207:
2066:
1004:
913:
619:
243:
235:
101:
740:
port. About 450,000 Germans fled East Prussia over the frozen Vistula Lagoon and were then evacuated by ship from
438:
7,494,000 persons were evacuated from post-war Polish territory to the centre of Germany including 3,218,000 from
528:
497:
100,000 to 120,000 civilians were killed during the wartime flight and evacuation from the territory east of the
313:
2193:
990:
1830:
Documentation of the expulsion of German-speaking people from the territories east of the Oder-Neisse. Part Two
467:
estimated based on German ration card data from February/March 1944 that the total civilian German population (
693:
494:
301:
505:
454:. Among them, were 2,000,000 Germans who had been evacuated to, or had been resettled during the war into
1447:
2057:
708:
for his personal use, were the first to escape to the west. After the Red Army reached the coast of the
333:
130:
1527:
669:
reached German territory for the first time in World War II in the southern part of East Prussia near
1145:
674:
600:
565:
1322:
942:
2007:
1833:
1428:
Bernadetta Nitschke, Vertreibung und Aussiedlung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus Polen 1945 bis 1949
464:
412:
2056:
Eberhardt, Piotr (2011). "Evacuation and flight of the German population to the postwar Germany".
1070:
Germans in the Warthegau from 6.6 percent of the population in 1939 to 22.9 percent by April 1944.
583:, resettled during the war in Poland by the Nazis, were deported by the Soviet forces and sent to
1249:
Germans displaced from the East: Crossing actual and imagined Central European borders, 1944-1955
1173:
1112:
725:
490:
451:
292:
before March 1944. They took up farms and homes of Poles forcibly removed or executed during the
2105:
312:
evacuated camp after camp as the war drew to a close, sending at least 250,000 men and women on
2269:
2256:
2221:
2211:
2180:
2159:
2140:
2117:
2091:
2070:
1947:
1897:
1874:
1837:
1797:
1777:
1726:
1718:
1698:
1625:
1586:
1569:
1552:
1453:
1429:
1281:
1193:
1118:
1058:
1018:
1008:
909:
795:. Germans who were evacuated on ships were landed either in German seaport cities west of the
792:
625:
607:
552:
284:
from the east (i.e. the German-speakers) were evacuated or fled as well. Most of the affected
80:
2241:
2174:
1979:
1473:
918:
498:
486:
481:
472:
447:
325:
223:
1923:
1484:
949:
851:
596:
455:
289:
2043:
Urban Operations. An Historical Casebook, at GlobalSecurity.org via the Internet Archive.
823:
began on January 19, 1945. The first orders concerned the elderly, women and children of
779:
was also delayed. It was further complicated by the influx of the Germans evacuated from
2233:, Band 1, MĂŒnchen 1984 (B. Nitschke, 2000, table 1); and Jan Misztal, PWN 1990, page 83.
728:. This phase of the evacuation followed two major routes: westwards, towards Danzig and
1858:
Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste âZur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung"
1144:. Los Angeles, California: Simon Wiesenthal Center, Multimedia Learning. Archived from
1108:
709:
575:
560:
477:
419:
415:
398:
394:
380:
365:
361:
255:
2014:(Documentation of the German expulsions from East Central Europe), Bonn 1954, Band 1,
2283:
1617:
831:
824:
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733:
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and became the center for sea-based evacuation of both civilians and military from
780:
631:
592:
524:
443:
373:
353:
268:
231:
216:
2246:
Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der OderâNeiĂe
2231:
Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung aus den Gebieten östlich der OderâNeiĂe
2085:
1823:
952:
The Holocaust Martyrs and Heroes Remembrance Authority 2015. PDF direct download.
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In most cases, however, the implementation of the plans was either delayed until
1916:
662:
360:
The plans to evacuate the German speaking population westwards from part of the
763:
who maintains that they were inflated by the West German government during the
865:
858:
835:
796:
741:
685:
349:
2184:
2225:
2090:. Paderborn: Schöningh GmbH. p. 264; ill., maps; 24 cm. D820.P72 G475 2010.
1022:
862:
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and their Polish provenance would spare them the horrors feared by Germans.
847:
776:
760:
729:
701:
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was already in progress. While Nazi authorities propagated the faith in the
682:
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670:
658:
639:
635:
570:
556:
407:
389:
1234:
Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung.
1189:"For Their Own Good": Civilian Evacuations in Germany and France, 1939-1945
717:
713:
423:
402:
2176:
Hitlerowskie przesiedlenia ludnoĆci niemieckiej w dobie II wojny Ćwiatowej
764:
752:
747:
In January 1945 about 3,000 inmates of the East Prussian subcamps of the
666:
604:
588:
520:
509:
329:
320:
219:
1695:
Namen die keiner mehr nennt : Ostpreussen - Menschen und Geschichte
18:
Flight and evacuation of German civilians during the end of World War II
843:
820:
788:
784:
697:
439:
227:
595:, attempting to seek safety within parts of Germany not yet occupied.
882:
839:
737:
721:
705:
681:
managed to reconquer large parts of the territory, the East Prussian
643:
559:. They were resettled and/or evacuated already in 1942â43, partly to
251:
2012:
Die Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
1926:(Human losses associated with expulsions), translation from German,
599:
widely publicized the details of the Soviet atrocities, such as the
2087:
Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte
1452:. Bonn: Kulturstiftung der deutschen Vertriebenen. pp. 38â41.
300:
Apart from the evacuation of civilians, the Germans also evacuated
2114:
Damals in Ostpreussen : der Untergang einer deutschen Provinz
1082:
1080:
700:, any individual initiatives involving evacuation was labelled as
1917:
Straty zwiazane z wypedzeniami: stan badañ, problemy, perspektywy
850:
ignored the evacuation orders, believing that their knowledge of
787:, the main seaport within the German-held pocket, was declared a
1825:
Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa
692:
The third wave of evacuation happened in January 1945, when the
2156:
WypÄdzenie NiemcĂłw z terenĂłw na wschĂłd od Odry i Nysy ĆuĆŒyckiej
1277:
Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland
1054:
Model Nazi: Arthur Greiser and the Occupation of Western Poland
857:
February 1945 the Red Army approached the city of Breslau (now
226:
was delayed until the last moment. Plans to evacuate people to
1808:
1806:
1723:
Die Stunde der Frauen : Bericht aus Pommern 1944 bis 1947
569:) and partly to Germany proper. In December 1943 the city of
2041:"Knock 'em All Down:" The Reduction of Aachen, October 1944.
2228:– via direct download, PDF file 38.5 MB (627 pages).
309:
1604:
Evacuation out of Slovakia at the end of the World War II.
1213:
1211:
1209:
1025:– via direct download, PDF file 38.5 MB, 627 pages.
1141:
Majdanek: Cornerstone of Himmler's SS Empire in the East
653:
Civilians escaping from Danzig, February 20 or 21, 1945
2158:(in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Polsko-Niemieckie.
2059:
Political migrations on Polish territories (1939-1950)
242:
as well as occupied territories, were prepared by the
1747:
Königsberg : Geschichte einer WeltbĂŒrgerrepublik
610:, most notably rape, mutilation, murder and looting.
1776:(in German). Heidelberg: UniversitÀtsverlag Winter.
1725:(in German). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
1697:(in German). Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
1380:
1378:
834:population was evacuated in 1945, first across the
673:, encountering German civilians and committing the
2253:Weryfikacja narodowoĆciowa na Ziemiach Odzyskanych
1406:
1404:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1138:Elizabeth B. White (1997). "Annual 7: Chapter 1".
266:of many nationalities making products for the SS
213:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
819:The evacuation of the 4.7 million population of
2116:(in German). Munich: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt.
1822:Schieder, Theodor; Diestelkamp, Adolf (1984) .
1309:[GdaĆsk from Germanness to Polishness]
1174:The largest death marches, winter of 1944-1945.
573:was evacuated by the Reich Germans, the German
1990:
1988:
1665:
1663:
1613:
1611:
458:, and who took up homes of Poles subjected to
446:, 1,081,000 from East Pomerania, 330,000 from
1982:, Manfred Ertel, Spiegel Online, May 16, 2005
1930:, 2007, nr 5 (39); accessed 6 December 2014.
1832:] (in German). Vol. (Band) 1. Bonn:
1228:
1226:
192:
8:
27:Population transfer from Nazi-occupied areas
1836:, Deutscher Taschenbuch. pp. 5â7, 78.
1263:– via PDF direct download, 460 pages.
1252:. The Ohio State University. Archived from
937:
935:
933:
2139:] (in Polish). ToruĆ: Adam MarszaĆek.
1688:
1686:
1684:
1524:"Nazi Conspriracy and Aggression Volume 4"
724:, to be evacuated by ships taking part in
199:
185:
29:
1896:, Verlag fĂŒr Sozialwissenschaften, 2007;
1357:
1086:
1038:
961:
900:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944â50)
2200:The People of Poland in the 20th Century
2179:(in Polish). PoznaĆ: Instytut Zachodni.
1495:
1369:
1345:
1321:(67â68). 57 / 152 in PDF. Archived from
1315:Biuletyn Instytutu PamiÄci Narodowej IPN
1217:
1176:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
997:The People of Poland in the 20th Century
973:
806:
648:
538:
343:
2187:– via Google Books, snippet view.
1549:Ethnic Cleansing in the Ussr, 1937-1949
1507:
1307:"GdaĆsk â od niemieckoĆci do polskoĆci"
984:
982:
929:
368:including from cities and towns in the
164:
143:
109:
88:
71:1944â50 flight and expulsion of Germans
62:
41:
2137:Population transfers versus Expulsions
2084:Hahn, Hans Henning; Hahn, Eva (2010).
1027:'; and Jan Misztal, PWN 1990, page 83.
585:Forced settlements in the Soviet Union
280:with the native German civilians, the
43:Flight and expulsion of Germans during
2104:Dennis M. Weidner (August 18, 2002),
895:World War II evacuation and expulsion
551:to exit Russian territories were the
240:former eastern territories of Germany
7:
2108:HBC/CIH. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
2106:German World War II KLV Evacuations.
2079:– via direct download 7.78 MB.
2300:PostâWorld War II forced migrations
1172:The Holocaust Encyclopedia (2015),
230:from the territories controlled by
2069:PAN, IGiPZ. pp. 64, 108â110.
1980:"A Legacy of Dead German Children"
1117:. Simon and Schuster. p. 67.
348:German refugees and soldiers near
258:(including 1 million ethnic Poles
76:GermanâSoviet population transfers
25:
2248:, Band 1, MĂŒnchen 1984 (Table 1).
1749:, dtv Verlag MĂŒnchen 2006, p. 669
608:committed a variety of atrocities
587:in Siberia and Central Asia From
469:des deutschen Bevölkerungsstandes
125:(incl. former German territories)
1721:; Libussa Fritz-Krockow (1994).
1305:Grzegorz Berendt (August 2006).
1057:. OUP Oxford. pp. 191â192.
905:Nazi-Soviet population transfers
33:
2290:Evacuations during World War II
1192:. Berghahn Books. p. 181.
1114:Germany 1945: From War to Peace
885:were evacuated in Summer 1944.
2295:GermanyâSoviet Union relations
2192:Gawryszewski, Andrzej (2005).
1774:Todesmarsch zur BernsteinkĂŒste
519:The guards and inmates of the
152:Refugees in Schleswig-Holstein
1:
2131:Nitschke, Bernadetta (2001).
2039:Christopher R. Gabel, Ph.D.,
989:Andrzej Gawryszewski (2005).
110:Post-war flight and expulsion
89:Wartime flight and evacuation
1293:textiles; among other items.
1812:Kossert, Damals ..., p. 168
1678:Kossert, Damals ..., p. 145
1669:Kossert, Damals ..., p. 143
1446:Silke Spieler, ed. (1989).
1280:. OUP Oxford. p. 295.
749:Stutthof concentration camp
460:ethnic cleansing operations
294:ethnic cleansing operations
2321:
2208:Polish Academy of Sciences
2133:Wysiedlenie czy wypÄdzenie
2067:Polish Academy of Sciences
2065:. Monografie: 12. Warsaw:
1946:, Berlin: Springer, 2009;
1873:, Berlin: Springer, 2009;
1512:Hitlerowskie przesiedlenia
1274:Catherine Epstein (2012).
1051:Catherine Epstein (2012).
1005:Polish Academy of Sciences
914:Reichskommissariat Ukraine
732:, and northwards, towards
657:In fact the population of
623:
620:Evacuation of East Prussia
617:
426:, Gdynia, and through the
383:: "in roughly mid-August
332:and the Soviet-controlled
236:Central and Eastern Europe
2195:LudnoĆÄ Polski w XX wieku
2112:Kossert, Andreas (2008).
1622:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
1127:– via Google Books.
992:LudnoĆÄ Polski w XX wieku
630:The evacuation plans for
2305:GermanyâPoland relations
2173:Sobczak, Janusz (1966).
2154:Podlasek, Maria (1995).
1928:Polish Diplomatic Review
1693:Dönhoff, Marion (1995).
1510:, p. 333 (in)
1186:Julia S. Torrie (2010).
527:, including the largest
476:air raids and 1,174,000
260:spared by the expulsions
1772:Bergau, Martin (2006).
1624:, Penguin Books, 2002,
1089:, pp. 64, 108â110.
846:. However, many of the
694:East Prussian Offensive
495:German Federal Archives
302:Nazi concentration camp
1719:von Krockow, Christian
1551:Greenwood Press, 1999
1246:Amy A. Alrich (2003).
816:
753:massacre of Palmnicken
654:
555:and those from around
544:
357:
157:Emigration from Poland
2255:, PWN 1990, page 83.
1478:(Paikert 1962, p. 2.)
810:
751:were murdered in the
652:
542:
347:
238:, including from the
56:demographic estimates
2251:Jan Misztal (1990),
2240:B. Nitschke (2000),
1496:Hahn & Hahn 2010
1370:Hahn & Hahn 2010
1346:Hahn & Hahn 2010
1218:Hahn & Hahn 2010
974:Hahn & Hahn 2010
868:declared the city a
675:Nemmersdorf massacre
601:Nemmersdorf massacre
566:Reichsgau Wartheland
493:. According to the
334:Polish People's Army
2008:Schieder commission
1834:Schieder commission
1498:, pp. 260â296.
514:eastern territories
465:Schieder commission
450:, and 812,000 from
413:Danzig-West Prussia
304:prisoners from the
228:present-day Germany
222:advance during the
2210:PAN. p. 452.
1922:2011-03-02 at the
1602:Internet Archive,
1483:2016-03-04 at the
1232:RƱdiger Overmans,
1007:PAN. p. 452.
948:2019-08-05 at the
817:
775:The evacuation of
726:Operation Hannibal
655:
545:
491:Kaliningrad region
452:General Government
358:
244:German authorities
2123:978-3-421-04366-5
2097:978-3-506-77044-8
1952:978-3-531-16152-5
1902:978-3-531-15556-2
1879:978-3-531-16152-5
1798:Kohlhammer Verlag
1732:978-3-423-30014-8
1704:978-3-423-30079-7
1591:978-0-692-60337-6
910:Hegewald (colony)
830:About 85% of the
793:Farther Pomerania
626:Soviet war crimes
553:Black Sea Germans
442:, 2,053,000 from
288:had settled into
209:
208:
97:German evacuation
81:Potsdam Agreement
16:(Redirected from
2312:
2274:978-0-30016-6606
2242:Theodor Schieder
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919:The March (1945)
499:Oder Neisse line
487:Rudiger Overmans
482:Oder-Neisse line
473:Oder-Neisse line
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722:Gdingen(Gdynia)
628:
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597:Nazi propaganda
537:
525:Greater Germany
456:occupied Poland
356:, February 1945
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290:occupied Poland
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2028:WypÄdzenie ...
2019:
2000:
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1360:, p. 117.
1358:Eberhardt 2011
1350:
1338:
1297:
1287:978-0199646531
1286:
1266:
1238:
1222:
1220:, p. 685.
1205:
1199:978-1845457259
1198:
1178:
1158:
1130:
1124:978-1849832014
1123:
1109:Richard Bessel
1100:
1091:
1087:Eberhardt 2011
1076:
1064:978-0199646531
1063:
1043:
1041:, p. 110.
1039:Eberhardt 2011
1031:
1013:
978:
966:
962:Eberhardt 2011
954:
943:Death Marches.
928:
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832:Lower Silesian
815:, January 1945
804:
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769:
710:Vistula Lagoon
618:Main article:
615:
612:
581:Soviet Germans
576:Volksdeutschen
561:Greater Poland
536:
535:Implementation
533:
478:Reichsdeutsche
471:) east of the
436:end of the war
420:scorched earth
416:Albert Forster
395:Greater Poland
381:Ludwig Fischer
366:Central Europe
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338:
256:Reichsdeutsche
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1557:0-313-30921-3
1554:
1550:
1547:J. Otto Pohl
1544:
1541:
1530:on 2007-07-09
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1339:
1328:on 2018-09-17
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1256:on 2020-02-20
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881:Civilians of
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828:
826:
825:Upper Silesia
822:
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813:Upper Silesia
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768:
766:
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744:port cities.
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
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703:
699:
698:Final victory
695:
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549:Volksdeutsche
541:
534:
532:
530:
529:death marches
526:
522:
517:
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511:
507:
506:Allied forces
502:
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410:
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397:) district â
396:
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379:
378:GruppenfĂŒhrer
375:
371:
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322:
317:
315:
314:death marches
311:
307:
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298:
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286:Volksdeutsche
283:
282:Volksdeutsche
277:
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264:slave workers
261:
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215:ahead of the
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173:Wolf children
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2086:
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2027:
2022:
2016:pp. 5-7, 78.
2011:
2003:
1995:
1975:
1967:
1962:
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1911:
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1581:
1564:
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1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1528:the original
1518:
1511:
1508:Sobczak 1966
1503:
1491:
1468:
1464:
1448:
1441:
1424:
1415:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1330:. Retrieved
1323:the original
1318:
1314:
1300:
1291:
1276:
1269:
1258:. Retrieved
1254:the original
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1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
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1103:
1094:
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1068:
1053:
1046:
1034:
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996:
991:
969:
957:
941:Yad Vashem,
880:
856:
838:and then to
829:
818:
781:East Prussia
774:
757:
746:
720:(GdaĆsk) or
691:
677:. After the
661:east of the
656:
632:East Prussia
629:
614:East Prussia
593:East Prussia
574:
564:
548:
546:
518:
503:
468:
444:East Prussia
432:
406:
388:
384:
377:
374:Nazi Germany
370:Eastern Gaue
359:
354:East Prussia
318:
299:
285:
281:
278:
269:Ostindustrie
267:
248:
232:Nazi Germany
212:
210:
165:Other themes
102:East Prussia
96:
47:World War II
1956:(in German)
1932:(in Polish)
1915:Ingo Haar,
1905:(in German)
1882:(in German)
1856:Ingo Haar,
1800:, 1958 p.38
663:Neman River
352:(Braniewo)
328:before the
131:Netherlands
2284:Categories
2217:8387954667
2206:. Warsaw:
2050:References
2026:Podlasek,
1994:Nitschke,
1966:Nitschke,
1843:3423032707
1758:Podlasek,
1653:Nitschke,
1640:Nitschke,
1593:, page 253
1534:2007-08-21
1459:388557067X
1332:2015-12-22
1260:2015-11-19
1152:2015-12-22
1014:8387954667
1003:. Warsaw:
866:Karl Hanke
836:Oder River
811:Refugees,
797:Oder River
734:Königsberg
686:Erich Koch
624:See also:
547:The first
350:Braunsberg
63:Background
45:and after
2185:245935103
1467:the 1974
863:Gauleiter
848:Silesians
777:Pomerania
771:Pomerania
761:Ingo Haar
730:Pomerania
702:defeatism
683:Gauleiter
679:Wehrmacht
671:Gumbinnen
640:Pomerania
636:livestock
571:Berdychiv
557:Leningrad
408:Gauleiter
390:Warthegau
387:â of the
385:Gauleiter
2226:66381296
1920:Archived
1481:Archived
1111:(2012).
1023:66381296
946:Archived
889:See also
765:Cold War
667:Red Army
605:Red Army
589:Slovakia
521:Majdanek
510:Red Army
340:Overview
330:Red Army
321:Cold War
220:Red Army
2030:, p. 90
1998:, p. 50
1970:, p. 48
1762:, p. 74
1657:, p. 46
1644:, p. 43
1576:Page 80
1559:page 54
870:Festung
859:WrocĆaw
844:Bohemia
821:Silesia
803:Silesia
789:Festung
785:Kolberg
440:Silesia
399:Greiser
362:Eastern
136:Romania
123:Poland
2272:
2259:
2224:
2214:
2202:]
2183:
2162:
2143:
2120:
2094:
2073:
1954:p. 369
1950:
1900:
1877:
1840:
1780:
1729:
1701:
1628:
1589:
1572:
1555:
1456:
1436:p. 274
1432:
1284:
1196:
1121:
1061:
1021:
1011:
999:]
883:Aachen
852:Polish
842:or to
840:Saxony
742:Baltic
738:Pillau
718:Danzig
714:Elbing
706:Pillau
644:Saxony
563:(then
424:Danzig
403:PoznaĆ
252:Stalin
217:Soviet
2204:(PDF)
2198:[
2135:[
2063:(PDF)
1828:[
1465:Note:
1326:(PDF)
1311:(PDF)
1001:(PDF)
995:[
925:Notes
712:near
659:Memel
2270:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2222:OCLC
2212:ISBN
2181:OCLC
2160:ISBN
2141:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2092:ISBN
2071:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1898:ISBN
1875:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1626:ISBN
1587:ISBN
1570:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1430:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1119:ISBN
1059:ISBN
1019:OCLC
1009:ISBN
736:and
642:and
364:and
306:WVHA
272:and
234:in
211:The
1319:8â9
912:in
861:).
411:of
372:of
276:).
274:DAW
2286::
2244:,
2220:.
2010:,
1987:^
1805:^
1683:^
1662:^
1620:.
1610:^
1476:.
1401:^
1389:^
1377:^
1317:.
1313:.
1290:.
1225:^
1208:^
1161:^
1079:^
1067:.
1017:.
981:^
932:^
827:.
755:.
646:.
531:.
501:.
430:.
310:SS
2276:.
2263:.
2168:.
2149:.
2126:.
2100:.
1846:.
1786:.
1735:.
1707:.
1537:.
1462:.
1335:.
1202:.
1155:.
964:.
393:(
200:e
193:t
186:v
58:)
54:(
20:)
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