757:'s Jane Goodall Institute Center for Primate Studies, Wilkie attained his position primarily by becoming popular by obsessively grooming other males. Unlike most males, Wilkie also groomed females. Wilkie also made effective use of charging displays. Wilkie was overthrown in 1992 by his childhood playmate Freud, who was in turn deposed by his brother Frodo in 1997 while Freud was ill. Freud, at 44.8 kg (99 lb), was larger than Wilkie and relied on a mixture of moderate force and grooming to become alpha and maintain his status. Frodo, at 51.2 kg (113 lb), was one of the largest males ever seen in the group, relied primarily on brute force to attain and maintain alpha status. After Frodo became ill in 2002, he was brutally beaten by a coalition of males led by Sheldon and spent two years travelling away from the rest of the community. No chimpanzee was able to establish himself as an alpha male until 2004. Sheldon briefly held the top-ranking male position in 2004; however, by 2005, Kris had defeated all competitors, including Frodo, and established himself as the unambiguous alpha male. In 2008, Kris was supplanted as alpha male by Ferdinand, the youngest surviving brother of Freud and Frodo. Unlike most deposed alpha males, who tend to stay away from the group for a while in order to avoid further injury while the new alpha is consolidating his position, Kris stayed with the group after being deposed and eventually died of his injuries.
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other community females. Although males are perceived as the more aggressive sex in chimpanzees, studies at Gombe have revealed that there is substantial aggression among females with each other. One of two contexts for female-female aggressive encounters in Gombe was the presence of newborn infants. Fifi and Fanni were a formidable force and they carried out infanticidal attacks on other, lower-ranking females in her community. Such attacks were observed on fellow
Kasekela female, Gremlin, on three different occasions; the first being in 1993 following the birth of her daughter Gaia, and then five years later following the birth of her twins. This was followed by another attack on Gremlin six years later following the birth of her next baby. Researchers could only speculate that the attacks on infants of other females had to do with food competition, as each female strives to secure resources for her own group of offspring and thus the expansion of another female's family unit could deplete resources. The attacks by Fifi and Fanni mirror those of previous perpetrators Passion and Pom in the 1970s, which proved that cannibalism, although deemed rare, though deemed rare, does occur among both male and female chimpanzees.
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Kasekela community territory, and the simultaneous advancement of the neighbouring
Mitumba community further south nearing the Kasekela territory border suggests that Fifi and her youngster may have been fatally attacked by the Mitumba territorial males. A female chimpanzee leaving the safety of her community territory poses risks, particularly if she has a vulnerable youngster. Studies on chimpanzee intercommunity relations revealed that chimpanzees are likely to be attacked by the territorial males of a rival community, and the intensity of the attacks depends on the gender of the intruder, and if the stranger is female, it depends on whether or not they are of any reproductive benefit to the males. Young, cycling females are often spared an attack because they are deemed to be potential new mates, but a lactating mother with a young infant is considered of very little use for the males, which results in lethal aggression and fatality. The bodies of Fifi and Furaha were never found, but the confirmed death of fellow Kasekela female, Patti, in 2005, by neighbouring Mitumba community males provides a near definitive conclusion of the fate that befell Fifi and her youngster.
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Observers in Gombe discovered that the linear hierarchy among females becomes apparent in aggressive interactions involving infanticide. One of two contexts for female-female aggressive encounters in Gombe was the presence of newborn infants. Matriarch Fifi was known to be a feisty female who, although a very successful mother herself, was observed to have carried out ferocious and infanticidal attacks on other, lower-ranking females in her community. Such attacks were observed of Fifi and her adult daughter, Fanni, aggressively harassing lower-ranking
Kasekela female, Gremlin, on three different occasions, with the goal of killing her newborn infants Researchers could only speculate that the attacks on infants of other females had to do with food competition, as each female strives to secure resources for her own group of offspring and thus the expansion of another female's family unit could deplete resources. The attacks by Fifi and Fanni mirror those of previous perpetrators Passion and Pom, a dominant pair who only attacked subordinate females, in the 1970s, which proved that cannibalism, though deemed rare, does occur among both male and female chimpanzees.
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and researchers believed he would eventually become the third of Fifi's sons to become alpha male. In 2008, he succeeded in supplanting Kris as alpha male, after wounding Kris badly in a fight. Ferdinand maintained his alpha male position primarily through intimidation and threats and even surprising attacking males. He would bite rivals on the back to leave a scar. By the last two years of his reign
Ferdinand's aggressiveness had made him so unpopular with other group males that he spent most of his time apart from them, returning to assert his dominance every so often. During that time a coalition of rival males formed that included his nephews Fudge and Fundi, and their father and uncle Sheldon and Sampson, and another nephew Zeus. In October 2016 the coalition attacked Ferdinand when he made one of his occasional appearances to try to assert his continuing dominance. Fudge and Fundi led the attack, with some support from their mother (and Ferdinand's sister) Fanni. Ferdinand was badly wounded in the attack and had to leave the group to recover. In his absence, Fudge was able to assert his dominance and attain the alpha position.
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defeating the prior alpha
Humphrey and an older competitor Evered. At this time, Goodall described him as the most powerful alpha male in Gombeβs recorded history. After Faben's death in 1975, Figan lost his unquestioned alpha status, in that he could be dominated by a coalition of males, but remained the top-ranked male. By 1977, he had regained his alpha status by forging alliances with other males, including his predecessor Humphrey. In 1979, he was toppled from his alpha status by 15-year-old Goblin, whom he had previously supported, but regained his alpha status once again by forging alliances with other males. Although a powerful male, Figan's ability to make alliances with other males was instrumental to allow him to hold on to his alpha status. In 1982, Goblin unseated him again, and Figan disappeared and presumably died a few months later, although when last seen he appeared to be in good health. Although Figan was the alpha male for several years, he is not known for certain to have sired any infants, although he is likely the father of a few.
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become the top-ranking male. He was defeated and brutally beaten by a coalition of older males later in the year, giving up his top ranking. Goblin regained the top-ranked position in 1982, and was the unambiguous alpha male, able to control even coalitions of rival males, by 1984. Goblin maintained his alpha status until 1989, when he was badly beaten and injured by a coalition of males led by Wilkie. He was sterilized by a bite to his testicles in the process. He spent time away from the rest of the community recovering from his injuries, during which time
Goodall administered medication to help him return to health. He later became Freud's key ally in becoming and retaining his position as alpha male, apparently going so far as to encourage Freud to challenge Wilkie for the role. While Freud was alpha Goblin was able to be a wedge between Freud and Frodo, who had previously been close companions, but when Frodo overtook Freud, Goblin switched his allegiance to Frodo. Goblin died of disease in August 2004.
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formidable female who, although a very successful mother herself, was observed to have carried out ferocious and infanticidal attacks on other, lower-ranking females in her community. Such attacks were observed of Fifi and her adult daughter, Fanni, aggressively harassing fellow
Kasekela female, Gremlin, on three different occasions; the first being in 1993 following the birth of her daughter Gaia, and then five years later following the birth of her twins. This was followed by another attack on Gremlin six years later following the birth of her next baby. Researchers could only speculate that the attacks on infants of other females had to do with food competition, as each female strives to secure resources for her own group of offspring and thus the expansion of another female's family unit could deplete resources. The attacks by Fifi and Fanni mirror those of previous perpetrators Passion and Pom in the 1970s, which proved that cannibalism, though deemed rare, does occur among both male and female chimpanzees.
733:. The alpha male is the highest-ranking, most dominant chimpanzee in the entire community, and can control most situations, including situations in which he is opposed by a coalition of other males. Nonetheless, an alpha male typically cannot monopolize breeding opportunities, and in some cases lower-ranking males have been more successful at mating than alpha males, since the alpha male has to spend much energy maintaining his rank. Faben (Figan's older brother with a paralyzed arm), Evered (defeated by Figan in his bid for alpha status who became Ferdinand's father) and Sherry (lower-ranking male who became Frodo's father) are examples of males who successfully devoted their energy to breeding success despite not attaining alpha status. However, a very secure alpha male, such as Frodo, can use his status to increase his access to females in
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among the top big males, she grew up with enormous confidence. As a mother of nine, Fifi was fiercely defensive of her offspring and her authority was rarely questioned. This was also possible because of her ability to fearlessly navigate a male-dominant society, helped in part from the fact that her adult sons Freud and Frodo grew to become the alpha males in the community. Having produced the most offspring out of any female during her time, Fifi was regarded as Gombe's most fertile female and her ability to have reproduced as frequently as she did, and have enough resources and social standing to ensure the survival of seven of her nine children validates the studies of how the social rank of a chimpanzee mother directly correlates to infant survival, fast maturing of daughters and faster production of offspring.
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the community. As of 2012, researchers believed that he may have been ready to challenge
Ferdinand for alpha status, as he spent a lot of time near Ferdinand and sometimes helped Ferdinand maintain control. However, over the following year, Titan slipped in rank. Researchers suspect that he may be afraid to challenge for the alpha spot, and also that his reluctance to groom other chimps may inhibit him from forming the alliances needed to attain alpha status. As of early 2014, Titan had occasionally been able to ally himself with Ferdinand's older brother Faustino in attempts to challenge Ferdinand, but he has not been able to maintain that alliance reliably, and at times Faustino would also join with Ferdinand to attack Titan. Titan fathered a daughter, Baseke, by Bahati in 2010.
1097:." Figan, Faben, Humphrey, Frodo's father Sherry, and Sherry's brother Jomeo were often among the ringleaders of the attacks. Researchers described these attacks as being of the nature of raids, as opposed to simply defending their territory. The Kasekela chimpanzees did not collect food during these "raids," although at least three Kahama females were brought back to the Kasekela community. Kahama chimpanzees were brutally attacked during these raids and often were killed. Former Kasekela alpha male Goliath, who had joined Kahama and was then very old, was killed in one such attack in 1975. Kahama's alpha male Charley was killed in 1977. By 1977 the Kahama community had been completely wiped out, and the Kasekela community absorbed its territory.
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the first being in 1993 following the birth of her daughter Gaia, and then five years later following the birth of her twins. This was followed by another attack on
Gremlin six years later following the birth of her next baby. Researchers could only speculate that the attacks on infants of other females had to do with food competition, as each female strives to secure resources for her own group of offspring and thus the expansion of another female's family unit could deplete resources. The attacks by Fifi and Fanni mirror those of previous perpetrators Passion and Pom in the 1970s, which proved that cannibalism, though deemed rare, does occur among both male and female chimpanzees.
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making his status as alpha male ambiguous. Within a few months, Figan reestablished himself as the unambiguous alpha by forging alliances with other high-ranking males, such as
Humphrey. In 1979, 15-year-old Goblin, who had previously been protected by Figan challenged him for the alpha position. Goblin temporarily held the top-ranking position in 1979, although could not control coalitions of other males, before the more senior males brutally beat him and restored Figan to the alpha position. By 1982, Goblin had reestablished himself as the top-ranking male; by 1984, he was unambiguously the alpha male, able to control situations even against coalitions of other males.
58:'s pioneering study that began in 1960, and studies have continued ever since, becoming the longest continuous study of any animals in their natural habitat. As a result, the community has been instrumental in the study of chimpanzees and has been popularized in several books and documentaries. The community's popularity was enhanced by Goodall's practice of giving names to the chimpanzees she was observing, in contrast to the typical scientific practice of identifying the subjects by number. Goodall generally used a naming convention in which infants were given names starting with the same letter as their mother, allowing the recognition of matrilineal lines.
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emigrate to avoid mating attempts from her brother Frodo. Before emigrating from the Kasekela community, Flossi may have innovated the practice of fishing for ants to eat using a stick, which had not been observed before within the Kasekela community (although fishing for termites had been) but soon after the practice spread throughout the community. Flossi has given birth to four offspring, the males Forest (1997β ) and Fansi (2001β ) and the females Flower (2005β ), and Falida (2009β ). Flossi became a high ranking female within the Mitumba community; more typically immigrating females remain at a low rank.
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Gremlin took the infant from her daughter, presumably in fear of it being attacked. Although Gremlin's instincts were justified from her own experiences of other community females attacking her newborns, the infant died just five months later. Gaia's second infant was stillborn, but her third pregnancy resulted in twins. However, once again her mother took over the babies, and one of the twins died at a few days old. She finally gave birth to a son named Google in 2010, fathered by Faustino. She gave birth to a son named Gabo in 2015.
254:, Frodo attacked and defeated Freud, thus attaining the alpha male position. Researchers speculated that Frodo was unaffected by the mange because he interacted less with the other apes, giving the parasite less opportunity to infect him. After taking over the alpha male position, Frodo demonstrated his new power by protecting his vanquished brother from the other males; typically the former alpha is attacked by the other males and forced to leave the community for a period of time.
198:, and became distraught and angry when the birth of his sister Flame displaced him as Flo's baby. After Flame disappeared, possibly by the hand of Flint, he regained his enthusiasm, but resumed his needy, infantlike behaviour. After his nephew Freud was born, Flint became fascinated with the new infant and became an important influence of Freud's first year of life. Following the death of his mother Flo in 1972, Flint became depressed and ill; he died about three weeks after her.
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predecessor Wilkie and his larger successor Frodo. At 99 pounds (45 kg), Freud was larger than the 81-pound (37-kilogram) Wilkie and smaller than the 113-pound (51-kilogram) Frodo. Freud was less aggressive than and groomed other males to help maintain alliances more often than Frodo, but engaged in more contact aggression and less grooming than Wilkie. While alpha male he was able to intimidate even the larger Frodo with his displays.
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personality. Glitter is shy and cautious, while Golden is more adventurous and willing to engage in rough and tumble activities. In 2011, Glitter gave birth to daughter named Gossamer, who was fathered by Sheldon. She gave birth to a son named Ghurubu in 2016. In 2012, Golden gave birth to a daughter named Glamour. Golden also gave birth to a son named Gombe in 2017. Golden and Glitter have remained extremely close through adulthood.
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Sheldon, his uncle Sampson and his cousin Zeus in opposition to Ferdinand. In October 2016 Fudge led an attack by the rival males on Ferdinand. Fundi was his primary supporter in the attack and they received some support from their mother Fanni, who is Ferdinand's sister. After seriously wounding Ferdinand in the attack, Fudge was able to assert his dominance over the remaining group males to attain alpha male status.
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formed by former Kasekela members) that occurred between 1973 and 1975, and was a leader in the killing of several Kahama males, including former Kasekela alpha male Goliath. Faben himself died in 1975, possibly as a result of further conflicts with the Kahama community. Following Faben's death, Figan had difficulty maintaining his alpha male position for several months and eventually lost his alpha status to Goblin.
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slowly climbed his way back up the hierarchy, but it appears he will never become alpha male. However, he did help his younger brother Ferdinand attain alpha status in 2008, and continued to provide important support for Ferdinand in his brother's role as alpha, although as of early 2014 he would sometimes ally himself with Ferdinand's potential rival Titan. He is the father of Gaia's son Google, born in 2010.
426:. She would regain use of her arms, although she never fully regained movement of her neck. She gave birth to two sets of twins, one set in 1976 of which neither survived the year, and another set in 1977, of which only one, Gimble, survived to adulthood. Her other offspring who survived to adulthood was daughter Gremlin. Her daughter Gremlin and her granddaughter Gaia have also given birth to twins.
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position to another male, Kris, in 2005. He was part of a coalition that helped his son Fudge attain the alpha male position in 2016. He fathered Fanni's first three offspring, Fudge, Fundi and Familia. He was a low ranking male when he fathered Fudge and Fundi, but had become the alpha male by the time he fathered Familia. He also fathered Tita's son Tofiki in 2000 while a mid-ranking male.
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the famous 'F' family of Gombe, to be the most dominant of the females in the Kasekela community at the time that the study began (in the 1960s) and this was evident in her interaction with other females, where she was never hesitant about asserting herself towards new females. She was a successful mother and fierce defender of her offspring, one of whom would succeed her.
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intruder, and if the stranger is female, it depends on whether or not they are of any reproductive benefit to the males. Young, oestrus females are often spared an attack because they are deemed to be potential new mates, but an anestrus female (non-cycling or lactating) is considered of very little use for the males, which results in lethal aggression and fatality.
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male, as did another son, Ferdinand. One of her other sons, Faustino, also attained high rank. Her three surviving daughters were Fanni, Flossi and Flirt. She also had one son, Fred (1996β1997) and one daughter, Furaha (2002β2004) who died in infancy. Fred was fathered by one of Fifi's other sons, Frodo. Five-year-old Fifi was the focal point of the documentary
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termites. She has raised twins, Golden and Glitter, who are the oldest known wild twin chimpanzees. She had male offspring in Getty (1982β1986), Galahad (1988β2000), Gimli (2004β ), Gizmo (2010β2016) and a female offspring in Gaia (1993β ). In 2015, she gave birth to Grendel and in 2019, at the age of almost 50, she gave birth to a son, Goodali.
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and her high-ranking brothers Faustino and Ferdidand (Fudge's predecessor). Fanni shifted her range to the southern part of the Kasekela territory, further away from the other community females, particularly Gremlin's growing 'G' family, which now makes up a large portion of the Kasekela community and who occupy the top of the hierarchy.
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Fundi (2000β ), Fifty (2010β ) and Ficma (2015β) and females Familia (2004β ) and Fadhila (2007β ). Fudge, Fundi and Familia were fathered by Sheldon, who would later become alpha male. Familia disappeared in 2012. Fadhila was fathered by Wilkie, another former alpha male. Fifty was also sired by Wilkie. As of 2021, Fudge is the
78:," charging, calling, slapping the ground and trees and dragging branches in the rain. In the early 1970s the chimpanzees of the community were observed to engage in ongoing coordinated attacks against the chimpanzees of the neighbouring Kahama Chimpanzee Community, ultimately wiping it out. According to historian
353:, the infant Faustino is shown with mother Fifi and sister Flossi trying out facial expressions. Fifi became pregnant less than three years after Faustino was born, an unusually short time for a chimpanzee. As a result, Faustino had to be weaned at an unusually young age, leading to a particularly difficult
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groups became hostile towards each other, and had less and less to do with each other, and eventually the southern community became totally separate, and was referred to by researchers as the Kahama community. By 1974, the Kasekela males began to attack the Kahama chimpanzees in what was referred to as the "
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Schweini (b. April 1991) is Sparrow's third oldest daughter. Her father is Wilkie. She gave birth to her first infant in September 2007 but she died in infancy. She gave birth to the female Safi on October 16, 2008, but she died in August 2011. She also gave birth to a son Schall in November 2012.
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Patti (c.1961β2005) was not born in the Kasekela community but joined the community in 1973. She was an assertive female who spent much time on her own. Her first two infants died before reaching adulthood, but she has successfully raised several chimps since. Besides Tapit, Tita, Tanga, Titan and
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Pom (1965β1983) was Passion's oldest known offspring to survive to adulthood. Pom was instrumental in helping her mother capture and kill community infants. Pom gave birth herself to Pan in 1978, and was very cautious with the infant around her mother. Pan died of injuries from an accident in 1981.
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Glitter and Golden (b. July 1998) are the twin daughters of Gremlin, fathered by Frodo. Gaia contributed to the raising of Gremlinβs twins, helping them to become the only known pair of wild chimpanzee twins known that have survived to the age of sexual maturity. Each of the pair exhibits a different
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Fifi (c.1958 β 2004) was Flo's oldest daughter. Fifi benefited from her high-ranking family, and ascended to the top of the female hierarchy in her community. Fifi had nine infants, seven of whom survived to independence. Her two oldest sons, Freud and Frodo, both have become the community's alpha
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Figan (c.1953 β 1982) was Flo's second son. Goodall considered him to be Gombe's most intelligent chimpanzee. Although younger than Faben, he was able to dominate his older brother after Faben's arm was paralyzed from polio in 1966. With Faben's support, Figan was able to become alpha male in 1972 by
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charging displays, which allowed him to regain a high rank within the community. His support was critical to Humphrey's ascension to alpha male rank in 1969, and to his brother Figan's ascension to alpha male in 1972. Faben also participated in the conflicts with the rival Kahama community (which was
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The Kahama community came about from a split within the Kasekela community. In the early 1970s several of the Kasekela chimpanzees, including 8 adult males, kept to the northern portion of the Kasekela range, while others, including 7 adult males, kept to the southern portion of the range. The two
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Sandi (b. October 1973) is Sparrow's oldest daughter and first offspring. Sandi is one of the shyer females of the Gombe chimpanzees. She grew up within the community but her mother was not social and as a result, she still has a timid nature. Sandi is still close to her mother, Sparrow, and the two
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Goblin (September 1964 β August 2004) was Melissa's oldest son. He was discovered by Goodall when he was just a few hours old, with a twisted face that led her to name him Goblin. Goblin was protected by Figan as an adolescent, but at the young age of 15 in 1979 he challenged and defeated Figan to
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Melissa (c.1950β1986) was a high-ranking female and mother of long-term alpha male Goblin. Researchers also suspected that she was related to alpha male Humphrey and another male, Mr McGregor. She was afflicted by polio in the 1966 epidemic, and for a while was paralyzed in her neck and shoulders,
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Flirt (b. July 1998) is Fifi's youngest surviving daughter. Her father was Kris, who would later become alpha male of the troop. She was a large baby and grew rapidly. This probably allowed her to survive when her mother died before she was seven years old. Although she spent a few lonely months
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Ferdinand (b. August 19, 1992) is Fifi's fourth oldest son. His father was his uncle Figan's rival Evered, who was 41 years old when Ferdinand was conceived. He became the first wild great ape to have his birth recorded. By 2007, he had grown into a large enough male to wound the alpha male Kris,
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As alpha male, Frodo maintained his position largely through intimidation. He rarely groomed other males, and often demanded that other males groom him. Frodo remained alpha male until becoming ill himself in 2002; he was then defeated by a coalition of several males and spent most of the next two
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Annexing the Kahama territory brought the Kasekela community in contact with the Kalande Chimpanzee Community. The Kalande community may have been attacking Kahama chimpanzees during the Four Year War, and after Kahama was wiped out they began to attack Kasekela chimpanzees. At least one Kasekela
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Sparrow (b. 1958) is the oldest female and matriarch of the family. She has had seven offspring, including four sons (Sheldon, Steve, Spud and Sinbad) and three daughters (Sandi, Barbet and Schweini). Four of the seven are alive: Sandi, Sheldon, Sinbad and Schweini. Her son Sheldon became the alpha
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in 2005. A female chimpanzee leaving the safety of her community territory poses risks, and studies on chimpanzee intercommunity relations revealed that chimpanzees are likely to be attacked by the territorial males of a rival community, and the intensity of the attacks depends on the gender of the
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Pax (b. December 16, 1977) was Passion's last offspring. He was only four years old when he was orphaned. He had the support of an elder brother and sister, and had very few behavioural issues following his mother's death. When Pax was very young, his mother was wounded in some type of conflict.
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After recovering from his injuries, Goblin maintained a high-ranking status within the community by forming alliances with the alpha males, especially Freud and Frodo. While he was establishing himself as a contender for the alpha position, he would occasionally beat up Goodall. In 1983, when his
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monkeys, and was also able to intimidate other chimpanzees into sharing their kills with him if he was unsuccessful. From 1990 to 1995, Frodo killed 10% of the red colobus monkeys within his home range. His large size and aggressive nature allowed him to attain high status in the group, while his
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Frodo (June 30, 1976 β November 10, 2013) was Fifi's second-oldest son. His father was the relatively low-ranking male Sherry. Even from a young age, Frodo was unusually large and aggressive. He learned to throw rocks as a juvenile and became very accurate with his aim; he sometimes threw them at
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The loss of her mother Fifi in 2004 greatly reduced the dominance of Fanni, now the oldest surviving female of the once mighty 'F' group, towards the other females, and this is despite having high-ranking male relatives in the community, including her son Fudge who has been the top male since 2016
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Just as her mother's high status rubbed off on her, Fifi's high standing in the community benefited her daughters. Although second daughter Flossi emigrated to dominate another chimp community her eldest daughter Fanni remained with her mother, and together they became a formidable force in Gombe.
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The dominance of a female to other community females depends largely on family ties. Fifi was a popular female in Gombe, not only from her high-ranking family but also from her close ties with the males. She inherited her mother's superior status and because her older brothers Faben and Figan were
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has priority access to food, mates and sleeping sites. Studies in Gombe have discovered that the rank of a mother directly correlates to infant survival, fast maturing of daughters and faster production of offspring. Jane Goodall considered elderly female Flo, the original matriarch of what is now
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Sheldon (b. May 1983) is Sparrow's oldest son. Sheldon grew up within the community as a subordinate male but within 2004 following the vacancy of the alpha position after former alpha Frodo's departure, when he became the alpha male. Sheldon held on to dominance for only a year and lost the alpha
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Titan (b. August 1994) is Patti's third oldest son, fathered by Frodo. Titan displays aggressive behaviour resembling his father Frodo's violent tendencies. Like Frodo, as a youngster he would throw rocks at researchers. Also like his father, Titan is large, and as of 2013 was the largest male in
451:
Although males are perceived as the more aggressive sex in chimpanzees, studies at Gombe have revealed that aggression between females does occur. Such attacks were observed of Fifi and her adult daughter, Fanni, aggressively harassing fellow Kasekela female, Gremlin, on three different occasions;
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Gremlin (b. 1970) is Melissa's only daughter to survive to adulthood. Her father was Evered, who, more than 20 years later, also fathered the alpha male Ferdinand. Goodall has described Gremlin as one of her favourite chimpanzes, due to Gremlinβs patience as a mother and expertise in fishing for
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Whilst most female chimpanzees leave their natal communities upon reaching sexual maturity, Fanni has remained in her natal Kasekela community alongside her mother (in contrast to her younger sister Flossi). Fanni remained close to her mother Fifi, with whom she formed a close alliance against the
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Freud (May 1971 β March 2014) was Fifi's oldest son. His father was a male from outside the Kasekela community. As a juvenile, he benefited from a high-ranking mother and an uncle, Figan, who was the alpha male. In 1993, Freud became the alpha male by unseating his childhood playmate Wilkie.
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Flo was a high-ranking female who had at least five known offspring, three sons (Faben, Figan and Flint) and two daughters (Fifi and Flame). Flo was 28 years old when she gave birth to Faben. Most female chimpanzees have their first infant when 12β14 years of age, so it is possible that Flo had at
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From 1972 through 1989, two males, Figan and Goblin, held the alpha position. Figan was able to defeat Humphrey when Faben became his ally. For a period after Faben's death in 1975, Figan remained the top-ranking male, but was unable to control coalitions of other males when they joined together,
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Tanga (b. April 1989) is Patti's second oldest daughter. Her father was Goblin. She still lives in the community and gave birth to her first infant, Tom, in 2001. In 2006, she gave birth to a daughter named Tabora. In October 2012, she gave birth to a daughter named Tarime who died in 2013. In
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Goliath was the first chimpanzee Goodall recognized as the alpha male. In 1964, Mike, who was previously a low-ranking male, deposed him. Goliath remained a high-ranking male for several more years, but fell in rank as he aged. Eventually, Goliath was one of the chimpanzees who left the Kasekela
487:
Gaia (b. February 1993) is Gremlin's oldest daughter. Her father was Wilkie. As a juvenile, she helped her mother raise the twins Glitter and Golden, and this is shown in a number of documentaries about the community. Gaia gave birth to her first baby in April 2006, but the baby's grandmother
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1998 Galahad was depicted being supportive of his mother Gremlin, staying near by even though he could not intervene during her attack by other community females trying to take her newborn twins. He was developing into a favourite character for the human observers in Gombe, but was unfortunately
464:
Gimble (b. October 1977) is one of two of Melissa's sons to survive to adulthood. He was one of a set of twins; however, his twin brother Gyre died in 1978. As a twin, he grew into a healthy but small adult. He reached a relatively high rank in the late 1990s but fell to a low-ranking male by
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Clever females like Gremlin, who bore the brunt of infanticidal females, employed two counter strategies to avoid attacks on them and newborns. One strategy is being in close proximity to adult males for protection, as Gremlin initially did by sticking close to Frodo (the father of her twins) in
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Fanni (b. March 19, 1981) is Fifi's oldest daughter. Her father was Goblin. She had her first infant, Fax, at just 11 years old, making her one of the youngest mothers seen in the community, although Fax did not survive to adulthood. She has also had five other children, males Fudge (1996β ),
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from the researchers, which likely helped his recovery. In 2004, he once again began travelling with the rest of the community, but was unable to re-establish his alpha status. In his later years, Frodo mellowed. He became less aggressive and spent much time by himself, although he could still
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ends with a scene of the orphaned young female Flirt finding solace after several lonely months by getting groomed by her older brother Freud. He fathered at least one infant, the female Cocoa to Candy, born in 2004 Freud's approach to maintaining his alpha status was different from his smaller
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from a termite hill. Later, she observed David Greybeard and another chimpanzee named Goliath stripping leaves off twigs to create termite fishing tools. Previously, tool use in chimpanzees was only rarely observed, and tool creation by non-human animals had never been observed. Until then, tool
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Faustino grew into a large but mellow adult who reminded observers of Freud. He had worked his way up to become the beta, or second highest-ranking, male in the community until struck by a near fatal disease in 2005. Although Faustino survived, he lost his high rank. After recovering, Faustino
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Flo (c.1919 β 1972) was the matriarch of the F-family, so named because she and all her matrilineal descendants were given names beginning with the letter "F". In 1962, Flo was one of the first chimpanzees to approach Goodall's camp, along with her infant daughter Fifi. Video of Flo approaching
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Passion (c.1951β1982) was a central female of the Kasekela community. She, along with her daughter Pom, captured, killed, and ate about ten newborns at Gombe. Passion possessed a rather domineering and aggressive personality; according to Goodall, Passion was an indifferent mother to her three
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Fudge (b. 1996) is Fanni's oldest surviving son. His father is Sheldon, a former alpha male. He is the fifth male of the F-family to reach alpha male status, overthrowing his own maternal uncle Ferdinand in October 2016. Fudge had joined a coalition that included his brother Fundi, his father
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in 1996, although her younger sister Flirt (who was born after Flossi emigrated) later joined her. Although it is typical for female chimpanzees to emigrate from their natal group upon reaching maturity, within the Kasekela community only about half the females do so. Flossi may have chosen to
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Flame (1968β1969) was Flo's daughter. Flo's son Flint, at age four, threw violent fits in order to suckle his mother's breast while newborn Flame was in Flo's arms. Flame disappeared shortly after she was born; there has been speculation she may have been killed by her jealous brother Flint.
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Kasekela has had interactions with the Mitumba Chimpanzee Community as well. Some of these interactions have been hostile, and some Mitumba chimpanzees are known to have been killed by Kasekela chimpanzees. At least two Kasekela females, Fifi's daughters Flossi and Flirt, have emigrated from
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In 2004, Fifi, who was by then 46 years old which made her the oldest living chimpanzee in the Kasekela community at that point in time, disappeared in September with her youngest and ninth offspring, two year old daughter Furaha. During that year she shifted her range to the far north of the
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for the community, and the matriarch, Flo, played a particularly important role in acknowledging Goodall's acceptance as a human observer by the community. The G-family has produced at least one alpha male, and also the birth of several twins, which are rare among chimpanzees. There are other
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Mike figured out that incorporating cans and other objects left by the human researchers into his displays would make them more effective. These displays indeed allowed him to take over the alpha male rank in 1964. By 1969, a group of younger males including Humphrey, Faben, Figan and Evered
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Although males are perceived as the more aggressive sex in chimpanzees, studies at Gombe have revealed that aggression among females with each other does indeed occur. One of two contexts for female-female aggressive encounters in Gombe was the presence of newborn infants. Fifi grew to be a
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Fundi (b. 2000) is Fanni's second oldest surviving son. His father is the former alpha male Sheldon; Fudge, the alpha male as of 2016, is his full brother. In 2016 Fundi helped Fudge attack their uncle Ferdinand, the previous alpha male, which allowed Fudge to attain his alpha status.
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1998. The second strategy used by Gremlin was taking a newborn baby from her daughter, Gaia, in 2006, presumably in fear of it being attacked. Although Gremlin's instincts were justified from her own experiences, the latter case ended with the infant dying just five months later.
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prefer each other's company rather than anyone else's. Sandi was very nervous of large groups of chimpanzees within the community and often prevented her offspring from playing with the others. However, she has become much more confident and her offspring have thrived.
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making was considered one of the defining characteristics of being human. Another important observation occurred a few days earlier, on October 30, 1960. On that day Goodall observed the community's chimpanzees eating meat, dispelling the notion that chimpanzees are
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Sampson (b. April 1996) is Sandi's oldest son. His father is Apollo. He is a low-ranking male. Sampson was part of a coalition that included his uncle Sheldon and his cousin Fundi that helped Sampson's cousin Fudge supplant Ferdinand as alpha male in 2016.
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surviving offspring, but she became a very high-ranking female. She became more solitary later in life and died of some type of wasting disease in 1982. In addition to Pom, Prof and Pax, she gave birth to a baby in 1962 which died in infancy. She also had a
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Freud died in March 2014, at more than 42 years old, which made him the oldest male whose age was known in the history of the community. Freud was one of the first wild chimpanzees whose entire life from birth to old age was documented by researchers.
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Pax lost his testicles as a result of the conflict, which has affected his personality greatly. He is small for a male, doesn't compete in the male hierarchy, and is unable to reproduce. He also has been chosen by a couple of orphans as a companion.
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Flint (1964β1972) was Flo's third son, and her first infant born after Goodall began observing the community. Goodall had intended that Flint become the first wild chimpanzee to have his life documented from birth to death. Flint had difficulty
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Tita (b. January 1984) is Patti's oldest daughter. She gave birth to her first child, Tibi, in 1995; he died in infancy. Another son, Tofiki (fathered by Sheldon), was born in 2000, and killed in 2004 when Freud attacked him while grooming Tita.
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his human observers, often hitting and bruising them. As an adult, he was one of the largest chimpanzees ever observed in the community, at about 113 pounds (51 kg) and remained quite aggressive. He also became an excellent hunter of
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In October 2016, Ferdinand was attacked by a coalition of males led by his nephews Fudge and Fundi and also included the former alpha male Sheldon. Ferdinand was badly injured in the attack and Fudge asserted himself as the new alpha male.
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least one infant prior to Faben that either died or, if it was a female, would have transferred to one of the other communities prior to Goodall's arrival to Gombe in 1960. When Flo died in 1972, she was given an obituary in Britain's
86:" represented the first time scientists had observed chimpanzees "deliberately seek out, attack and leave for dead" chimps from another community, and it has been described as "the first record of lasting 'warfare' among primates."
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Flossi (b. February 8, 1985) is Fifi's second-oldest daughter. Her father was Goblin. Unlike most other female chimpanzees in the F-family, upon reaching adulthood she emigrated from the Kasekela community to join the neighbouring
281:, leaving him bruised and scratched. Frodo had a history of attacking the researchers observing him; Goodall was attacked by Frodo on multiple occasions and, in 1989, the ape beat her head so violently her neck was nearly broken.
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female was badly injured in an attack by Kalande chimpanzees, and at least two infants were killed in such attacks. Former Kasekela alpha male Humphrey died in 1981, possibly from injuries from an attack by Kalande chimpanzees.
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Galahad (1988-2000) was Gremlin's third son. His father was a low-ranking male, Atlas. Galahad was described by researchers at Gombe as mischievous and playful, often observed terrorizing baboons. In the BBC television program
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Frodo's aggression was not limited to colobus monkeys and other chimpanzees. In May 2002, he killed a 14-month-old human child that the niece of a member of the research team had carried into his territory. As a result, the
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Prof (October 27, 1971 β 198?) was a male that survived to adulthood. He and Pom offered their little brother comfort following Passion's death. Prof and Pax associated closely for a number of years. Prof is deceased.
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In 1989, Wilkie defeated Goblin and attained the alpha position. Wilkie attained this position despite being one of the smallest males in the community, at 37 kilograms (82 lb). According to researchers at the
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positions in the community. Grandson Fudge (by Fanni) also attained alpha male status. Late in Frodo's reign as alpha male, Fifi helped defend him against attacks and she suffered some injuries in the process.
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Kasekela to join the Mitumba community. Based on circumstantial evidence researchers believed that it is possible that Fifi herself may have died as a result of an attack by Mitumba chimpanzees.
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Ferdinand has been successful in siring offspring. Infants he fathered included Diaz by Dilly fathered at very young age of 12 in 2005, Tabora (2006β ) by Tanga, and Gizmo (2010β2016) by Gremlin.
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One of the most important discoveries that was learned by observing the Kasekela chimpanzee community was the use of tools. On November 4, 1960, Goodall observed a chimpanzee that she had named
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The loss of her mother in 2004 greatly reduced Fanni's dominance and she shifted her range to the southern part of the Kasekela territory, further away from the other community females.
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ends with Flirt finding solace after months of loneliness by being groomed by eldest brother Freud. She followed in the footsteps of her sister Flossi in eventually emigrating to the
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In 1979, Goblin was able to oust Figan and become the top-ranked male, although he was not able to establish himself as an unambiguous alpha male before Figan regained his status.
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Chimpanzees live in large mixed-sexed communities, in a society that is male dominant and the male chimpanzee who rules above all others (males and females) is referred to as the
227:, killing a Kasekela infant named Tofiki in 2004. In his old age, his younger brothers sometimes provided him support, such as sharing meat and honey with him. The documentary
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live other chimpanzee communities other than the Kasekela, which also inhabit certain home ranges. The two other communities currently bordering the Kasekela community include:
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After Humphrey was deposed as alpha in 1971, no chimpanzee clearly held the highest rank until Figan established himself as alpha male over Humphrey and Evered in 1972.
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Sherehe (January 1991 β May 11, 2006) was Sandi's oldest daughter and first offspring. Her father was Beethoven. She gave birth to her first infant, Shangaa in 2004.
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mother Melissa was in estrus, he forced himself upon her despite her efforts to resist. Fanni and Flossi, by Fifi, and Tanga (1989β ), by Patti, are his daughters.
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community to form the Kahama community. However, in 1975 he was brutally attacked by a group of Kasekela males led by Faben, and died as a result of his injuries.
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Tarzan, she had two offspring who died in infancy, including her first born Pibi (1978) and a baby of unknown sex in 1988. She was killed by males from the rival
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Pan (October 17, 1978 β 1981) was the only known offspring of Pom. He was injured after being blown from a palm tree by a strong wind and died four days later.
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Even though chimpanzees live in a male-dominant society, the female chimpanzees in the Kasekela community have evolved their own pecking order, in which the
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While the alpha male, his younger but larger brother Frodo became the second highest-ranking male in the community. In 1997, while Freud was afflicted by
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Several families within the Kasekela chimpanzee community have been particularly prominent in books and documentaries. The F-family has produced five
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2004. He fathered at least two children, Mambo by Malaika, born in 2004, and Zinda (2006 β October 2012) by Trezia. He disappeared in early 2007.
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After Frodo was ousted as alpha male during his illness in 2002, no male established himself as unambiguously the highest-ranking male until 2004.
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Pom eventually disappeared about a year after her mother's death. She may have transferred to another community, but she was never seen again.
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Wilson, M.L. (2012). "Long-term Studies of the Chimpanzees of Gombe National Park, Tanzania". In Kappeler, Peter M.; Watts, David P. (eds.).
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116:. Later she brought her sons Figan and Faben, who would later become prominent members of the community to the camp, and when she came into
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Faustino (b. May 8, 1989) is Fifi's third oldest son. His father was brother Freud's rival Wilkie. At the beginning of the documentary
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Sandi has five offspring which include two daughters, Sherehe and Samwise and two sons, Sampson and Siri who are both sired by Apollo.
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Although Goblin established himself as the highest-ranking male during 1982, he did not become the unambiguous alpha male until 1984.
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For a nine-month period in 1975 and 1976, while Figan was clearly the highest-ranking male, he was not an unambiguous alpha male.
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Goodall and allowing Fifi to reach out to touch Goodall's forehead, letting Goodall know she had been accepted, is shown in the
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Tapit (1979β1983) was Patti's second-oldest son. He had a rough life, being sickly as an infant, and he died as a juvenile.
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Frodo fathered at least eight infants, second only to group male Wilkie, who fathered ten. Infants he fathered included:
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Golden and Glitter (1998β ), female twins and the oldest chimpanzee twins known to have survived in the wild, by Gremlin
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Zeus (1993β ), by Trezia. Zeus was part of a coalition that helped topple his uncle Ferdinand from alpha male status.
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Pusey, Anne; Murray, Carson; Wallauer, William; Wilson, Michael; Wroblewski, Emily; Goodall, Jane (June 7, 2007).
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Brent, L.; et al. (December 1997). "The Influence of Siblings on Wild Infant Chimpanzee Social Interaction".
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Faben (c.1947 β 1975) was Flo's oldest known offspring. He was a powerful male, but lost the use of one arm in a
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Tarzan (b. October 1999) is Patti's fourth oldest son. His father was Frodo, making him Titan's full brother.
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brother Freud was alpha male. On October 2, 1997, while Freud and other community members were suffering from
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challenged and defeated him, making Humphrey the alpha male and returning Mike to his low-ranking position.
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Although less aggressive than his brother Frodo, Freud is known to have engaged in at least one instance of
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Feldblum JT, Wroblewski EE, Rudicell RS, Hahn BH, Paiva T, Cetinkaya-Rundel M, Pusey AE, Gilby IC (2014).
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Feldblum JT, Wroblewski EE, Rudicell RS, Hahn BH, Paiva T, Cetinkaya-Rundel M, Pusey AE, Gilby IC (2014).
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War! What Is It Good For?: The Role of Conflict and the Progress of Civilisation from Primates to Robots
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male of the Kasekela community in 2004. Steve (born 1989) and Spud (born 1996) both died in infancy.
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5803:"Food Competition and Linear Dominance Hierarchy among Female Chimpanzees of the Ta¨ı National Park"
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Nephew of Freud, Frodo and Ferdinand, grandnephew of Figan, son of Sheldon, and grandson of Goblin.
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5324:"Severe Aggression Among Female Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Gombe National Park, Tanzania"
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Severe Aggression Among Female Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii at Gombe National Park, Tanzania
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families as well which include the T-family and S-family (which has produced one alpha male).
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3329:"Male dominance rank and reproductive success in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii"
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357:. This may account for Faustino being more skittish as a juvenile than his younger brother.
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that ravaged the community in 1966. Despite his disability, he learned to create spectacular
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War! What Is It Good For?: Conflict and the Progress of Civilization from Primates to Robots
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Youngest brother of Freud and Frodo; nephew of Figan; displaced by his sister's son Fudge.
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74:. A third observation by Goodall in the early 1960s was that male chimpanzees perform a "
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1522:"Research and conservation in the greater Gombe ecosystem: challenges and opportunities"
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5662:"New Cases of Intergroup Violence Among Chimpanzees at Gombe National Park, Tanzania"
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3465:"Sexually coercive male chimpanzees sire more offspring. Dryad Digital Repository"
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after Fifi's death, she would begin to travel with her brothers. The documentary
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Samwise (b. June 2001) is Sandi's second-oldest daughter. Her father was Frodo.
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Barbet (ca. 1978 β 1992) was Sparrow's second-oldest daughter. She died in 1992.
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They Made Their Mark: An Illustrated History of the Society of Woman Geographers
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35:
5369:"The efficacy of female choice in chimpanzees of the TaΓ― Forest, CΓ΄te d'Ivoire"
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4196:"Dynamics of intergroup competition in two neighboring chimpanzee communities"
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Was part of a coalition that helped his son Fudge become alpha male in 2016
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struck down by the flu epidemic in 2000 and died in February of that year
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5748:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
5127:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
5035:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
4888:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
4809:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
4665:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
4333:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
4060:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
3982:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
3662:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
3252:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
2833:
Pusey, A; Murray, C; Wallauer, W; Wilson, M; Wroblewski, E; Goodall, J.
2704:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
2511:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
1978:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
1886:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies. Archived from
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Sinbad (b. June 2001) is Sparrow's youngest son. His father was Frodo.
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The New Chimpanzee: A Twenty-First-Century Portrait of Our Closest Kin
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1835:(2014). "Red in Tooth and Claw: Why the Chimps of Gombe Went to War".
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while associating with males of that community in both 2004 and 2005.
632:
Tabora (b. 2007) is Tanga's first daughter. Her father is Ferdinand.
6405:
6272:
6227:
6152:
6086:
5496:"Mike's story: Did smarts play a role in his sudden rise to the top?"
5222:"Alpha Male Chimpanzee Grooming Patterns: Implications for Dominance
734:
599:
2014, she gave birth to Tukuyu, whose father is mostly likely Fudge.
117:
4630:"Paternity and father-offspring relationships in wild chimpanzees,
6445:
6390:
6335:
6094:
3533:"Gombe study: chimpanzees can get to the top by being "nice guys""
2486:
258:
years alone, recovering from his wounds and illness. He received
139:
4037:"Farewell to Goblin, courageous and politically savvy chimpanzee"
5922:
Wilson, M. L; Kamenya, S; Collins, D. A; Wallauer, W. R (2004).
2934:
Wilson, M. L; Collins, D. A; Wallauer, W. R; Kamenya, S (2005).
2853:
Wilson, M. L; Kamenya, S; Collins, D. A; Wallauer, W. R (2004).
1920:
1312:
195:
109:
6608:
6604:
6020:
4975:
Constable, J. L; Ashley, M. V; Goodall, J; Pusey, A. E (2001).
4246:
Through a Window: My Thirty Years with the Chimpanzees of Gombe
4117:
Constable, J. L; Ashley, M. V; Goodall, J; Pusey, A. E (2001).
3810:"Frodo: A Glimpse Into the Retirement of an Demonic Alpha Male"
263:
intimidate other chimpanzees on occasion. Frodo died in 2013.
120:
in 1963 she attracted the community's males to Goodall's camp.
6048:
5840:
5838:
4285:
3306:
1342:
1275:
1059:
Other communities of chimpanzees at Gombe Stream National Park
737:, especially during the period when she is at peak fertility.
4457:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2007. p. 7. Archived from
2887:"Male aggression against women - An evolutionary perspective"
5776:. The Jane Goodall Institute. April 13, 2005. Archived from
624:
Tom (b. March 2001) is Tanga's first son, fathered by Kris.
291:
Titan (1994β ), a large, aggressive adolescent male by Patti
5463:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
5422:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
4703:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
3894:
Quammen, D. (October 2010). "Jane: Fifty years at Gombe".
3621:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
2289:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
2224:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
2177:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
2083:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
1943:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
1586:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. pp.
4778:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.
2764:. National Geographic Wild. June 13, 2014. Archived from
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2325:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.
2018:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.
1477:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p.
271:
considered killing Frodo. In 1988, he attacked visiting
5637:. University of Minnesota JGI Center for Primate Studies
3393:"Sexually coercive male chimpanzees sire more offspring"
4977:"Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees"
4119:"Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees"
3107:"Noninvasive paternity assignment in Gombe chimpanzees"
5928:. Kigoma, Tanzania: Jane Goodall Institute. p. 11
2943:. Kigoma, Tanzania: Jane Goodall Institute. p. 20
2859:. Kigoma, Tanzania: Jane Goodall Institute. p. 16
4940:
4938:
4936:
3186:"Mzee Freud: Aging Gracefully in Chimpanzee Society"
6865:
6778:
6732:
6696:
6675:
6642:
6509:
6321:
6113:
6085:
5898:"Changing of the Chimp Matriarchal Guard in Gombe"
5060:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2008. Archived from
4170:"Changing of the Chimp Matriarchal Guard in Gombe"
4097:"Changing of the Chimp Matriarchal Guard in Gombe"
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2318:
6832:Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire
2654:"Gombe Stream Research Centre 2004 Annual Report"
1148:. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
6802:William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement
5949:"Gombe Gets a New Alpha β The Fall of Ferdinand"
4506:"Gombe Gets a New Alpha β The Fall of Ferdinand"
3956:"Gombe Gets a New Alpha β The Fall of Ferdinand"
5083:"A repeat drama: Gremlin takes Gaia's newborns"
4534:. Women in the Wild. 2010-03-28. Archived from
2937:Gombe Stream Research Centre 2005 Annual Report
303:Samwise (2001β ), an aggressive female by Sandi
5925:Gombe Stream Research Centre2004 Annual Report
5460:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
5419:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
4775:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
4700:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
3974:
3972:
3618:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2856:Gombe Stream Research Centre2004 Annual Report
2762:"Kingdom of the Apes: Brother Against Brother"
2321:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2286:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2221:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2174:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2080:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
2015:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
1940:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
1694:"Scientist Makes Unique Record of Chimpanzees"
1583:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
1474:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
1145:The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
6808:Community of Christ International Peace Award
6620:
6032:
4039:. The Jane Goodall Institute. August 26, 2004
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
1878:
1876:
294:Fred (1996β1997), by Fifi, Frodo's own mother
8:
5660:Wilson, M.; Wallauer, W.; Pusey, A. (2003).
5655:
5653:
5651:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5207:
5205:
5171:
5169:
4801:
4799:
3590:. The Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from
3526:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3078:
3060:. The Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2672:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1671:. The Jane Goodall Institute. Archived from
947:Replaced his brother Freud; nephew of Figan
684:She was brutally attacked by females of the
5974:
5972:
5970:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5125:"The Twins' (Golden and Glitter) Biography"
4829:
4827:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4588:. Stewart, Tabori & Chang. p. 41.
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4031:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4021:
3654:
3652:
3650:
3648:
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3294:
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2454:
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2069:
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2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
1790:
1788:
1663:
1661:
6782:
6627:
6613:
6605:
6039:
6025:
6017:
5878:. London, UK: Orion Books Ltd. p. 123
5714:
5712:
5563:
5561:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5553:
4838:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 682.
4628:Wroblewski, Emily Elizabeth (March 2010).
4554:
4552:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4351:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3554:"What it Takes β Honoring Clara and Freud"
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3235:. June 13, 2014. National Geographic Wild.
2756:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
1786:
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1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1463:
1461:
1259:Jane Goodall: My Life with the Chimpanzees
763:
5518:
5516:
5514:
5512:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5317:
5315:
5147:
5145:
4836:Jane Goodall: The Woman Who Redefined Man
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4223:. Harvard University Press. p. 168.
3847:"Frodo (30 June 1976 β 10 November 2013)"
3771:
3769:
3767:
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3763:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3731:
3729:
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3696:
3694:
3692:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3680:
3496:
3424:
3352:
2735:People of the Forest: The Chimps of Gombe
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
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2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
1827:
1825:
1553:
1292:People of the Forest: The Chimps of Gombe
300:Tarzan (1999β ), Titan's brother by Patti
170:People of the Forest: The Chimps of Gombe
65:using a grass stalk as a tool to extract
6688:Jane Goodall Environmental Middle School
5490:
5488:
5486:
5484:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4394:
4392:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4078:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3711:Subramanian, Sushma (19 November 2021).
3582:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3052:
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3046:
3044:
3042:
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2958:
2567:
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2346:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1520:Wilson, Michael L.; et al. (2020).
5768:
5766:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2166:
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2162:
2160:
2158:
1906:
1904:
1742:
1740:
1500:
1498:
1421:
778:
306:Sinbad (2001β ), Sparrow's youngest son
6850:Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
4861:"Stunning photos of Gombe chimpanzees"
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4605:
4452:"Jane Goodall Institute Annual Report"
3958:. The Jane Goodall Institute of Canada
3954:Sullivan, Ashley (November 10, 2016).
3386:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3327:Wroblewski, E.E.; et al. (2009).
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1427:
1425:
5723:. National Geographic. Archived from
4504:Sullivan, Ashley (November 2, 2016).
2258:. National Geographic. Archived from
27:Community of wild eastern chimpanzees
7:
5810:International Journal of Primatology
5669:International Journal of Primatology
4280:Goodman, K. & Simon, K. (1990).
1718:Harriman, Jane (September 2, 1963).
1270:Goodman, K. & Simon, K. (1990).
1082:One extinct community of Gombe was:
5376:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
4863:. Discover Wildlife. Archived from
1436:Long-term Field Studies of Primates
269:Tanzanian National Parks Department
54:. The community was the subject of
6838:Global Environmental Citizen Award
6662:Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)
5681:10.1023/b:ijop.0000023574.38219.92
5220:Foster, M.W.; et al. (2009).
5106:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2008
5085:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2008
4508:. Jane Goodall's Good for All News
4007:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2008
3869:. The Jane Goodall Institute. 2007
3184:Feldblum, J. (November 10, 2014).
1751:. Globe Pequot. pp. 218β220.
25:
6826:United Nations Messenger of Peace
5845:Freymann, E (29 September 2015).
4482:Wroblewski, E. (April 13, 2008).
4399:Walker, K.S. (January 25, 2014).
4366:Feldblum, J. (October 19, 2013).
34:(formerly spelled Kasakela) is a
6683:USC Jane Goodall Research Center
6000:Lawrence, M.L. (June 26, 2014).
5979:Lawrence, M.L. (July 10, 2014).
5902:Jane Goodall's Good for All News
5851:Jane Goodall's Good for All News
5801:Wittig, R. M; Boesch, C (2003).
5152:Lawrence, M.L. (July 22, 2014).
5004:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01262.x
4429:Wallawer, B. (August 19, 2011).
4174:Jane Goodall's Good for All News
4168:Wallauer, W. R (19 April 2019).
4146:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2001.01262.x
4095:Wallauer, Bill (19 April 2019).
3867:"Freud and Frodo: a Closer Look"
3136:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01262.x
5953:Jane Godall's Good for All News
5947:Sullivan, A (2 November 2016).
5367:Stumpf, R.M; Boesch, C (2006).
5234:American Journal of Primatology
4586:Jane Goodall: 50 Years at Gombe
3531:Foster, M. (January 22, 2009).
3101:Constable, J.L.; Ashley, M.V.;
1917:Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees
1720:"Wild Chimp is a Friendly Chap"
1309:Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees
114:Jane Goodall's Wild Chimpanzees
6909:National University of CΓ³rdoba
6769:Jane Goodall: Reasons for Hope
5632:"Gombe Chimpanzee Biographies"
5570:"Grooming your way to the top"
5568:Kaplan, M. (January 9, 2009).
4632:Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii
3845:Wilson, M. (19 January 2014).
3808:O'Brien, L. (April 15, 2013).
3036:, 1984; in Goodall's own words
2573:"Gombe Chimpanzee Biographies"
2254:Quammen, David (August 2014).
1:
6927:National Tsing Hua University
6714:Kasakela chimpanzee community
6208:Kasakela chimpanzee community
5532:. Houghton Mifflin. pp.
5058:"Once again, twins at Gombe!"
4859:Shah, A.; Rogers, F. (2015).
4737:. Houghton Mifflin. pp.
4248:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
4194:Mjungu, Deus Cyprian (2010).
3345:10.1016/j.anbehav.2008.12.014
3008:. Houghton-Mifflin. pp.
2974:. Houghton Mifflin. pp.
2609:Subramanian, S (4 May 2022).
2429:. Firefly. pp. 318β320.
2425:Shah, A.; Rogers, F. (2014).
2117:. Houghton-Mifflin. pp.
1839:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
1620:. Houghton Mifflin. pp.
1211:Shah, A.; Rogers, F. (2014).
32:Kasekela chimpanzee community
6921:American University of Paris
6248:Mitumba chimpanzee community
5847:"The Famous Chimps of Gombe"
5498:. The Jane Goodall Institute
4559:Johnson, S. (May 23, 2010).
4486:. The Jane Goodall Institute
4312:. The Jane Goodall Institute
3556:. The Jane Goodall Institute
1700:. March 19, 1964. p. 34
1546:10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108853
1509:(film). National Geographic.
1077:Kalande Chimpanzee Community
1072:Mitumba Chimpanzee Community
1027:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1005:
1002:
995:
990:
987:
980:
974:
971:
964:
959:
956:
949:
943:
940:
933:
927:
924:
917:
912:
909:
902:
896:
893:
886:
881:
878:
871:
865:
862:
855:
849:
846:
839:
834:
831:
824:
819:
816:
809:
804:
801:
794:
789:
786:
686:Mitumba chimpanzee community
570:Mitumba Chimpanzee Community
388:Mitumba Chimpanzee Community
338:Mitumba Chimpanzee Community
6915:Pablo de Olavide University
5576:. Nature Publishing Group.
4431:"Happy Birthday Ferdinand!"
3231:"Brother Against Brother".
3034:Living with the Chimpanzees
1733:– via newspapers.com.
1707:– via newspapers.com.
1087:Kahama Chimpanzee Community
7007:
6709:Gombe Stream National Park
6076:List of fictional primates
6066:List of individual monkeys
5295:The Jane Goodall Institute
4405:The Jane Goodall Institute
4372:The Jane Goodall Institute
3303:Chimpanzee Family Fortunes
1339:Chimpanzee Family Fortunes
1242:Among the Wild Chimpanzees
1193:The Chimpanzee Family Book
1065:Gombe Stream National Park
384:Chimpanzee Family Fortunes
229:Chimpanzee Family Fortunes
6785:
6071:Monkeys and apes in space
6055:
5388:10.1007/s00265-006-0219-8
5343:10.1007/s10764-008-9281-6
5181:"Life and Death at Gombe"
4639:. University of Minnesota
4310:"Chimp Profile: Faustino"
4201:. University of Minnesota
3489:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.039
3417:10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.039
3032:National Geographic film
1231:Films about the community
1109:Books about the community
5955:. Jane Goodall Institute
5853:. Jane Goodall Institute
4219:Stanford, Craig (2018).
4099:. Jane Goodall Institute
4005:"A closer look at Titan"
3713:"The Queens of Kasekela"
3535:. Jane Goodall Institute
2611:"The Queens of Kasekela"
6991:Individual wild animals
6933:Simon Fraser University
6897:University of Liverpool
6061:List of individual apes
5822:10.1023/A:1024632923180
5746:"Sparrow's Family Tree"
5721:"Frodo: The Alpha Male"
4911:"Melissa's Family Tree"
3778:"Frodo, the Alpha Male"
3301:D'Auvergne, L. (2006).
2702:"Melissa's Family Tree"
2490:(subscription required)
2473:10.1163/156853997x00124
1526:Biological Conservation
1411:List of individual apes
1337:D'Auvergne, L. (2006).
755:University of Minnesota
422:and was forced to walk
6650:Jane Goodall Institute
4561:"Me Stanley, you Jane"
4433:. Jane Goodall Society
3190:Jane Goodall Institute
3105:; Pusey, A.E. (2001).
2485: β via
1911:Lickley, D., Low, S.,
1505:Morgen, Brett (2018).
1303:Lickley, D., Low, S.,
6903:University of Toronto
6820:Huxley Memorial Medal
6667:Tchimpounga Sanctuary
5774:"A New Alpha Emerges"
4834:Peterson, D. (2014).
4308:Wallauer, B. (2007).
3980:"Patti's Family Tree"
2578:. wildchimpanzees.org
1698:Greeley Daily Tribune
1440:. Springer. pp.
1240:, Jampel, B. (1984).
1196:. North-South Books.
5875:In the Shadow of Man
5727:on December 28, 2007
5582:10.1038/news.2009.12
5529:In the Shadow of Man
4950:Discover Chimpanzees
4915:Discover Chimpanzees
4734:In the Shadow of Man
4538:on September 2, 2011
4331:"Faustino biography"
4244:Goodall, J. (2010).
2971:In the Shadow of Man
2768:on December 14, 2017
2467:(15/16): 1189β1210.
2256:"Gombe Family Album"
2171:Goodall, J. (1986).
1747:Eppinga, J. (2009).
1617:In the Shadow of Man
1406:Gombe Chimpanzee War
1172:. Houghton-Mifflin.
1124:. Houghton Mifflin.
1121:In the Shadow of Man
515:baby, or possibly a
6879:Syracuse University
6356:Charles the Gorilla
5872:Goodall, J (1971).
5719:Fallow, A. (2003).
5191:on January 12, 2015
5185:National Geographic
5154:"Twins and Cousins"
4996:2001MolEc..10.1279C
4946:"Galahad Biography"
4886:"Gremlin biography"
4411:on January 11, 2015
4378:on January 11, 2015
4368:"A Titanic Mystery"
4138:2001MolEc..10.1279C
3896:National Geographic
3814:National Geographic
3790:on 27 December 2011
3783:National Geographic
3776:Fallow, A. (2003).
3594:on January 26, 2009
3481:2014CBio...24.2855F
3409:2014CBio...24.2855F
3250:"Freud's Biography"
3233:Kingdom of the Apes
3196:on January 11, 2015
3128:2001MolEc..10.1279C
3064:on January 26, 2009
2262:on December 5, 2017
1884:"Flo's Family Tree"
1809:The Washington Post
1675:on December 7, 2008
1538:2020BCons.25208853W
1361:National Geographic
1263:National Geographic
1246:National Geographic
44:Gombe National Park
40:eastern chimpanzees
6945:Hasselt University
6891:Uppsala University
6885:Rutgers University
6755:Chimps: So Like Us
6331:Alfred the Gorilla
6047:Notable non-human
4807:"Goblin Biography"
4563:. The Sunday Times
4484:"Onto New Targets"
4282:Chimps: So Like Us
2906:10.1007/BF02692265
1272:Chimps: So Like Us
1040:top-ranking female
492:Glitter and Golden
351:Chimps: So Like Us
320:of the community.
38:community of wild
18:Flirt (chimpanzee)
6986:Lists of primates
6958:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6939:McGill University
6873:Haverford College
6814:GandhiβKing Award
6724:Great Ape Project
6676:Education centers
6602:
6601:
5543:978-0-395-33145-3
5474:978-0-674-11649-8
5433:978-0-674-11649-8
5291:"The Chimpanzees"
5247:10.1002/ajp.20632
5104:"A twin succumbs"
4984:Molecular Ecology
4845:978-0-547-52579-2
4789:978-0-674-11649-8
4748:978-0-395-33145-3
4714:978-0-674-11649-8
4663:"Flirt biography"
4595:978-1-58479-878-1
4532:"Good To Be King"
4464:on March 18, 2009
4255:978-0-547-48838-7
4126:Molecular Ecology
4058:"Fanni Biography"
3820:on April 15, 2013
3660:"Frodo biography"
3632:978-0-674-11649-8
3475:(23): 2855β2860.
3403:(23): 2855β2860.
3115:Molecular Ecology
3019:978-0-395-59925-9
2985:978-0-395-33145-3
2885:Smuts, B (1992).
2739:Discovery Channel
2436:978-1-77085-468-0
2336:978-0-674-11649-8
2300:978-0-674-11649-8
2235:978-0-674-11649-8
2188:978-0-674-11649-8
2128:978-0-395-59925-9
2094:978-0-674-11649-8
2029:978-0-674-11649-8
1976:"Flo Family Tree"
1954:978-0-674-11649-8
1846:978-0-374-28600-2
1758:978-0-7627-4597-5
1631:978-0-395-33145-3
1597:978-0-674-11649-8
1488:978-0-674-11649-8
1391:978-1-84765-454-0
1330:Discovery Channel
1296:Discovery Channel
1222:978-1-77085-468-0
1203:978-1-55858-803-5
1179:978-0-395-59925-9
1155:978-0-674-11649-8
1131:978-0-395-33145-3
1031:
1030:
16:(Redirected from
6998:
6866:Honorary degrees
6844:LΓ©gion d'honneur
6783:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6606:
6579:Nonja (Malaysia)
6041:
6034:
6027:
6018:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
5997:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5987:
5976:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5944:
5938:
5937:
5935:
5933:
5919:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5894:
5888:
5887:
5885:
5883:
5869:
5863:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5842:
5833:
5832:
5830:
5828:
5807:
5798:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5770:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5742:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5716:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5697:
5691:. Archived from
5666:
5657:
5646:
5645:
5643:
5642:
5636:
5628:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5604:. Archived from
5598:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5565:
5548:
5547:
5520:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5503:
5492:
5479:
5478:
5451:
5438:
5437:
5410:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5373:
5364:
5355:
5354:
5328:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5297:. Archived from
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5271:
5265:. Archived from
5230:
5217:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5196:
5187:. Archived from
5173:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5149:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5121:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5069:
5054:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5033:"Gaia biography"
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4981:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4952:. Archived from
4942:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4917:. Archived from
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4856:
4850:
4849:
4831:
4822:
4821:
4819:
4818:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4766:
4753:
4752:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4691:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4659:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4644:
4638:
4625:
4600:
4599:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4528:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4479:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4463:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4407:. Archived from
4396:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4374:. Archived from
4363:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4305:
4290:
4289:
4277:
4260:
4259:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4165:
4150:
4149:
4123:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4092:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4054:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4033:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4001:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3951:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3842:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3816:. Archived from
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3795:
3786:. Archived from
3773:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3708:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3656:
3637:
3636:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3584:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3460:
3439:
3438:
3428:
3388:
3367:
3366:
3356:
3333:Animal Behaviour
3324:
3311:
3310:
3298:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3246:
3237:
3236:
3228:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3192:. Archived from
3181:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3122:(5): 1279β1300.
3111:
3098:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3054:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3005:Through a Window
2996:
2990:
2989:
2962:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2948:
2942:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2891:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2830:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2758:
2743:
2742:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2698:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2649:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2509:"Fifi biography"
2505:
2492:
2491:
2484:
2456:
2441:
2440:
2427:Tales from Gombe
2422:
2341:
2340:
2324:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2251:
2240:
2239:
2212:
2193:
2192:
2168:
2133:
2132:
2114:Through a Window
2105:
2099:
2098:
2071:
2034:
2033:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1972:
1959:
1958:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1880:
1851:
1850:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1792:
1763:
1762:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1669:"Gombe Timeline"
1665:
1636:
1635:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1493:
1492:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1439:
1429:
1395:
1364:
1346:
1333:
1316:
1299:
1279:
1266:
1249:
1226:
1213:Tales from Gombe
1207:
1183:
1169:Through a Window
1159:
1135:
1034:Female dominance
931:Nephew of Figan
764:
476:Chimpanzee Diary
355:weaning conflict
21:
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6950:
6861:
6856:Templeton Prize
6774:
6728:
6692:
6671:
6638:
6633:
6603:
6598:
6574:Nonja (Austria)
6505:
6376:Guy the Gorilla
6317:
6109:
6081:
6080:
6051:
6045:
6015:
6006:
6004:
5999:
5998:
5994:
5985:
5983:
5978:
5977:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5931:
5929:
5921:
5920:
5916:
5907:
5905:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5881:
5879:
5871:
5870:
5866:
5856:
5854:
5844:
5843:
5836:
5826:
5824:
5805:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5783:
5781:
5772:
5771:
5764:
5755:
5753:
5744:
5743:
5739:
5730:
5728:
5718:
5717:
5710:
5701:
5699:
5695:
5664:
5659:
5658:
5649:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5629:
5620:
5611:
5609:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5586:
5584:
5567:
5566:
5551:
5544:
5522:
5521:
5510:
5501:
5499:
5494:
5493:
5482:
5475:
5453:
5452:
5441:
5434:
5412:
5411:
5402:
5392:
5390:
5371:
5366:
5365:
5358:
5326:
5321:
5320:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5228:
5219:
5218:
5203:
5194:
5192:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5158:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5143:
5134:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5067:
5065:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5030:
5026:
5016:
5014:
4979:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4944:
4943:
4934:
4924:
4922:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4895:
4893:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4870:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4853:
4846:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4816:
4814:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4790:
4768:
4767:
4756:
4749:
4727:
4726:
4722:
4715:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4672:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4651:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4603:
4596:
4580:
4579:
4575:
4566:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4530:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4414:
4412:
4398:
4397:
4390:
4381:
4379:
4365:
4364:
4349:
4340:
4338:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4315:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4293:
4279:
4278:
4263:
4256:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4153:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4076:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4055:
4051:
4042:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4019:
4010:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3998:
3989:
3987:
3978:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3952:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3881:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3832:
3823:
3821:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3775:
3774:
3761:
3754:Return to Gombe
3747:
3746:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3678:
3669:
3667:
3658:
3657:
3640:
3633:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3597:
3595:
3586:
3585:
3568:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3514:
3469:Current Biology
3462:
3461:
3442:
3397:Current Biology
3390:
3389:
3370:
3326:
3325:
3314:
3300:
3299:
3268:
3259:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3230:
3229:
3208:
3199:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3165:
3156:
3154:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3076:
3067:
3065:
3056:
3055:
3040:
3031:
3027:
3020:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2964:
2963:
2956:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2918:
2916:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2872:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2839:
2832:
2831:
2780:
2771:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2746:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2711:
2709:
2700:
2699:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2651:
2650:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2590:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2527:
2518:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2489:
2458:
2457:
2444:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2344:
2337:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2265:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2243:
2236:
2214:
2213:
2196:
2189:
2170:
2169:
2136:
2129:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2073:
2072:
2037:
2030:
2008:
2007:
1994:
1985:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1955:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1882:
1881:
1854:
1847:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1804:"Demonic Males"
1794:
1793:
1766:
1759:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1729:
1727:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1703:
1701:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1639:
1632:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1467:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1402:
1392:
1374:
1371:
1369:Further reading
1349:
1336:
1326:Return to Gombe
1319:
1302:
1282:
1269:
1252:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1210:
1204:
1186:
1180:
1162:
1156:
1138:
1132:
1114:
1111:
1061:
1036:
727:
719:
710:
702:
694:
681:
672:
664:
652:
643:
638:
630:
622:
614:
605:
596:
587:
579:
565:
560:
552:
543:
534:
525:
508:
503:
494:
485:
471:
462:
445:
432:
419:
414:
405:
396:
379:
367:
347:
333:
313:
252:sarcoptic mange
242:
218:sarcoptic mange
213:
204:
191:
165:
156:
136:
105:
100:
63:David Greybeard
48:Lake Tanganyika
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7004:
7002:
6994:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6973:
6963:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6942:
6936:
6930:
6924:
6918:
6912:
6906:
6900:
6894:
6888:
6882:
6876:
6869:
6867:
6863:
6862:
6860:
6859:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6835:
6829:
6823:
6817:
6811:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6736:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6677:
6673:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6646:
6644:
6640:
6639:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6600:
6599:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6515:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6327:
6325:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6243:Marquis Chimps
6240:
6235:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6143:Pierre Brassau
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6091:
6089:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6046:
6044:
6043:
6036:
6029:
6021:
6014:
6013:
5992:
5966:
5939:
5914:
5889:
5864:
5834:
5790:
5762:
5737:
5708:
5647:
5618:
5593:
5549:
5542:
5508:
5480:
5473:
5439:
5432:
5400:
5356:
5337:(4): 949β973.
5311:
5282:
5241:(2): 136β144.
5201:
5165:
5141:
5116:
5095:
5074:
5049:
5024:
4967:
4932:
4902:
4877:
4851:
4844:
4823:
4795:
4788:
4754:
4747:
4720:
4713:
4679:
4649:
4601:
4594:
4573:
4548:
4518:
4496:
4474:
4443:
4421:
4388:
4347:
4322:
4291:
4261:
4254:
4236:
4230:978-0674977112
4229:
4211:
4186:
4151:
4109:
4074:
4049:
4017:
3996:
3968:
3901:
3879:
3858:
3830:
3800:
3759:
3725:
3676:
3638:
3631:
3604:
3566:
3545:
3512:
3440:
3368:
3339:(4): 873β885.
3312:
3266:
3238:
3206:
3163:
3074:
3038:
3025:
3018:
2991:
2984:
2954:
2926:
2870:
2845:
2778:
2744:
2731:Sutherland, D.
2727:van Lawick, H.
2718:
2668:
2627:
2588:
2525:
2493:
2442:
2435:
2342:
2335:
2306:
2299:
2272:
2241:
2234:
2194:
2187:
2134:
2127:
2100:
2093:
2035:
2028:
1992:
1960:
1953:
1926:
1900:
1852:
1845:
1821:
1764:
1757:
1736:
1710:
1685:
1637:
1630:
1603:
1596:
1569:
1512:
1494:
1487:
1457:
1450:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1347:
1334:
1317:
1300:
1288:Sutherland, D.
1284:van Lawick, H.
1280:
1267:
1250:
1238:van Lawick, H.
1232:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1208:
1202:
1184:
1178:
1160:
1154:
1136:
1130:
1110:
1107:
1090:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1060:
1057:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
994:
992:
989:
986:
982:
981:
979:
976:
973:
970:
966:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
951:
950:
948:
945:
942:
939:
935:
934:
932:
929:
926:
923:
919:
918:
916:
914:
911:
908:
904:
903:
901:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
885:
883:
880:
877:
873:
872:
870:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
854:
851:
848:
845:
841:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
826:
825:
823:
821:
820:ca. 1947β1980
818:
815:
811:
810:
808:
806:
803:
800:
796:
795:
793:
791:
788:
785:
781:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
726:
725:Male dominance
723:
718:
715:
709:
706:
701:
698:
693:
690:
680:
677:
671:
668:
663:
660:
651:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
629:
626:
621:
618:
613:
610:
604:
601:
595:
592:
586:
583:
578:
575:
564:
561:
559:
556:
551:
548:
542:
539:
533:
530:
524:
521:
507:
504:
502:
499:
493:
490:
484:
481:
470:
467:
461:
458:
444:
441:
431:
428:
418:
415:
413:
410:
404:
401:
395:
392:
378:
375:
366:
363:
346:
343:
332:
329:
312:
309:
308:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
241:
238:
212:
209:
203:
200:
190:
187:
164:
161:
155:
152:
135:
132:
104:
101:
99:
96:
42:that lives in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7003:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6946:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6880:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6864:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6845:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6796:Hubbard Medal
6794:
6791:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6764:
6763:
6759:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6738:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6674:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6647:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6618:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6607:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6508:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6314:
6311:
6309:
6306:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6258:J. Fred Muggs
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6199:
6196:
6194:
6191:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6088:
6084:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6042:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6028:
6023:
6022:
6019:
6003:
5996:
5993:
5982:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5967:
5954:
5950:
5943:
5940:
5927:
5926:
5918:
5915:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5877:
5876:
5868:
5865:
5852:
5848:
5841:
5839:
5835:
5823:
5819:
5815:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5795:
5791:
5780:on 2006-07-21
5779:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5763:
5752:on 2009-02-26
5751:
5747:
5741:
5738:
5726:
5722:
5715:
5713:
5709:
5698:on 2009-03-18
5694:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5663:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5648:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5623:
5619:
5608:on 2014-10-06
5607:
5603:
5602:"Lisa's Blog"
5597:
5594:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5564:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5545:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5497:
5491:
5489:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5461:
5456:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5440:
5435:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5415:
5409:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5318:
5316:
5312:
5301:on 2015-01-11
5300:
5296:
5292:
5286:
5283:
5272:on 2013-03-10
5268:
5264:
5260:
5256:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5214:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5206:
5202:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5172:
5170:
5166:
5155:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5131:on 2009-02-15
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5064:on 2012-08-03
5063:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5039:on 2009-02-15
5038:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4956:on 2009-02-15
4955:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4921:on 2009-02-26
4920:
4916:
4912:
4906:
4903:
4892:on 2009-03-29
4891:
4887:
4881:
4878:
4867:on 2014-12-27
4866:
4862:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4813:on 2009-03-29
4812:
4808:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4735:
4730:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4669:on 2009-03-28
4668:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4635:
4633:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4562:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4507:
4500:
4497:
4485:
4478:
4475:
4460:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4432:
4425:
4422:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4395:
4393:
4389:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4352:
4348:
4337:on 2009-02-25
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4197:
4190:
4187:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4110:
4098:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4064:on 2009-01-26
4063:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4000:
3997:
3986:on 2009-02-26
3985:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3957:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3910:
3908:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3848:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3801:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3748:Bristow, M.,
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3714:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3666:on 2009-03-16
3665:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3605:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3534:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3256:on 2009-02-25
3255:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2992:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2939:
2938:
2930:
2927:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2849:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2708:on 2009-02-26
2707:
2703:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2655:
2652:Wilson, M.L.
2648:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2515:on 2009-03-28
2514:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1982:on 2009-02-25
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1890:on 2009-02-25
1889:
1885:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1711:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:9783642225130
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1384:. MacMillan.
1383:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:Bristow, M.,
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1095:Four Year War
1088:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1033:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1008:
999:
998:
993:
984:
983:
977:
968:
967:
961:
953:
952:
946:
937:
936:
930:
921:
920:
915:
906:
905:
899:
890:
889:
884:
875:
874:
868:
859:
858:
852:
843:
842:
836:
828:
827:
822:
813:
812:
807:
798:
797:
792:
783:
782:
775:
772:
769:
766:
765:
762:
758:
756:
750:
746:
742:
738:
736:
732:
724:
722:
716:
714:
707:
705:
699:
697:
691:
689:
687:
678:
676:
669:
667:
661:
659:
656:
649:
647:
640:
635:
633:
627:
625:
619:
617:
611:
609:
602:
600:
593:
591:
584:
582:
576:
574:
571:
562:
557:
555:
549:
547:
540:
538:
531:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
505:
500:
498:
491:
489:
482:
480:
477:
468:
466:
459:
457:
453:
449:
442:
440:
436:
429:
427:
425:
416:
411:
409:
402:
400:
393:
391:
389:
385:
376:
374:
371:
364:
362:
358:
356:
352:
344:
342:
339:
330:
328:
325:
321:
319:
310:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
282:
280:
276:
275:
270:
264:
261:
255:
253:
248:
239:
237:
233:
230:
226:
221:
219:
210:
208:
201:
199:
197:
188:
186:
182:
178:
175:
171:
162:
160:
153:
151:
148:
144:
141:
133:
131:
129:
128:
121:
119:
115:
111:
102:
97:
95:
92:
87:
85:
84:Four Year War
81:
77:
73:
68:
64:
59:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6981:Jane Goodall
6767:
6760:
6753:
6746:
6739:
6719:The Trimates
6713:
6643:Institutions
6636:Jane Goodall
6263:Nim Chimpsky
6207:
6005:. Retrieved
5995:
5984:. Retrieved
5957:. Retrieved
5952:
5942:
5930:. Retrieved
5924:
5917:
5906:. Retrieved
5904:. 2019-04-19
5901:
5892:
5880:. Retrieved
5874:
5867:
5855:. Retrieved
5850:
5825:. Retrieved
5813:
5809:
5782:. Retrieved
5778:the original
5754:. Retrieved
5750:the original
5740:
5729:. Retrieved
5725:the original
5700:. Retrieved
5693:the original
5672:
5668:
5639:. Retrieved
5610:. Retrieved
5606:the original
5596:
5585:. Retrieved
5573:
5528:
5500:. Retrieved
5459:
5418:
5391:. Retrieved
5379:
5375:
5334:
5330:
5303:. Retrieved
5299:the original
5285:
5274:. Retrieved
5267:the original
5238:
5232:
5223:
5193:. Retrieved
5189:the original
5179:(May 1979).
5157:. Retrieved
5133:. Retrieved
5129:the original
5119:
5108:. Retrieved
5098:
5087:. Retrieved
5077:
5066:. Retrieved
5062:the original
5052:
5041:. Retrieved
5037:the original
5027:
5015:. Retrieved
4987:
4983:
4970:
4958:. Retrieved
4954:the original
4949:
4923:. Retrieved
4919:the original
4914:
4905:
4894:. Retrieved
4890:the original
4880:
4869:. Retrieved
4865:the original
4854:
4835:
4815:. Retrieved
4811:the original
4774:
4733:
4723:
4699:
4671:. Retrieved
4667:the original
4641:. Retrieved
4631:
4585:
4576:
4565:. Retrieved
4540:. Retrieved
4536:the original
4510:. Retrieved
4499:
4488:. Retrieved
4477:
4466:. Retrieved
4459:the original
4446:
4435:. Retrieved
4424:
4413:. Retrieved
4409:the original
4380:. Retrieved
4376:the original
4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4325:
4314:. Retrieved
4281:
4245:
4239:
4220:
4214:
4203:. Retrieved
4189:
4177:. Retrieved
4173:
4129:
4125:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4066:. Retrieved
4062:the original
4052:
4041:. Retrieved
4009:. Retrieved
3999:
3988:. Retrieved
3984:the original
3960:. Retrieved
3895:
3871:. Retrieved
3861:
3850:. Retrieved
3822:. Retrieved
3818:the original
3803:
3792:. Retrieved
3788:the original
3781:
3753:
3717:. Retrieved
3668:. Retrieved
3664:the original
3617:
3607:
3596:. Retrieved
3592:the original
3558:. Retrieved
3548:
3537:. Retrieved
3472:
3468:
3400:
3396:
3336:
3332:
3302:
3258:. Retrieved
3254:the original
3232:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3155:. Retrieved
3119:
3113:
3066:. Retrieved
3062:the original
3033:
3028:
3004:
2994:
2970:
2945:. Retrieved
2936:
2929:
2917:. Retrieved
2897:
2894:Human Nature
2893:
2861:. Retrieved
2855:
2848:
2835:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:the original
2734:
2721:
2710:. Retrieved
2706:the original
2660:. Retrieved
2618:. Retrieved
2614:
2580:. Retrieved
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2464:
2460:
2426:
2320:
2315:Jane Goodall
2309:
2285:
2275:
2264:. Retrieved
2260:the original
2220:
2173:
2113:
2103:
2079:
2014:
1984:. Retrieved
1980:the original
1939:
1929:
1916:
1892:. Retrieved
1888:the original
1836:
1813:. Retrieved
1807:
1800:Peterson, D.
1796:Wrangham, R.
1748:
1728:. Retrieved
1726:. p. 44
1724:Boston Globe
1723:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1688:
1677:. Retrieved
1673:the original
1616:
1606:
1582:
1572:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1473:
1435:
1380:
1354:
1351:Brett Morgen
1338:
1325:
1308:
1291:
1271:
1258:
1253:Hallet, D.,
1241:
1212:
1192:
1168:
1144:
1120:
1103:
1099:
1091:
1081:
1062:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1037:
759:
751:
747:
743:
739:
728:
720:
711:
703:
695:
682:
673:
665:
657:
653:
644:
631:
623:
615:
606:
597:
588:
580:
566:
553:
544:
535:
526:
509:
495:
486:
475:
472:
463:
454:
450:
446:
437:
433:
420:
406:
397:
383:
380:
372:
368:
359:
350:
348:
334:
326:
322:
314:
283:
272:
265:
256:
243:
234:
228:
222:
214:
205:
192:
183:
179:
169:
166:
157:
137:
127:Sunday Times
125:
122:
113:
106:
88:
62:
60:
56:Jane Goodall
31:
29:
6976:Primatology
6971:Chimpanzees
6790:Kyoto Prize
6704:Primatology
6401:John Daniel
6238:Macaco TiΓ£o
6223:Little Mama
6198:Jo Mendi II
6115:Chimpanzees
5524:Goodall, J.
5455:Goodall, J.
5414:Goodall, J.
5177:Goodall, J.
4990:(5): 1291.
4770:Goodall, J.
4729:Goodall, J.
4695:Goodall, J.
4582:Goodall, J.
4132:(5): 1290.
3750:Goodall, J.
3613:Goodall, J.
3103:Goodall, J.
3000:Goodall, J.
2966:Goodall, J.
2900:(1): 7, 8.
2281:Goodall, J.
2216:Goodall, J.
2109:Goodall, J.
2075:Goodall, J.
2010:Goodall, J.
1935:Goodall, J.
1913:Goodall, J.
1612:Goodall, J.
1578:Goodall, J.
1469:Goodall, J.
1376:Morris, Ian
1322:Goodall, J.
1305:Goodall, J.
1255:Goodall, J.
1215:. Firefly.
1188:Goodall, J.
1164:Goodall, J.
1140:Goodall, J.
1116:Goodall, J.
1063:Within the
517:miscarriage
279:Gary Larson
277:cartoonist
260:antibiotics
247:red colobus
225:infanticide
91:alpha males
72:vegetarians
6965:Categories
6748:Chimpanzee
6733:Other work
6655:Chimp Eden
6549:Joe Martin
6511:Orangutans
6213:Kokomo Jr.
6105:Panbanisha
6007:2015-01-16
5986:2015-01-16
5908:2019-11-14
5816:(4): 848.
5784:2009-02-28
5756:2009-03-04
5731:2009-02-28
5702:2008-02-28
5641:2009-02-28
5612:2012-09-02
5587:2013-02-06
5502:2009-02-28
5382:(6): 750.
5305:2015-01-11
5276:2015-02-03
5195:2015-01-11
5159:2015-01-15
5135:2009-03-04
5110:2009-03-04
5089:2009-03-04
5068:2009-03-04
5043:2009-03-04
4896:2009-03-04
4871:2015-05-13
4817:2009-02-28
4673:2009-03-04
4643:2016-12-20
4567:2010-10-13
4542:2010-10-13
4512:2017-12-04
4490:2009-03-05
4468:2009-03-04
4437:2015-05-13
4415:2015-01-11
4382:2015-01-11
4341:2009-03-04
4316:2009-03-04
4205:2021-03-17
4103:2023-01-09
4068:2009-03-04
4043:2009-03-04
4011:2009-03-04
3990:2009-03-04
3962:2016-11-27
3898:: 110β129.
3873:2009-03-04
3852:2014-09-18
3824:2014-09-18
3794:2009-03-04
3719:2023-01-09
3670:2009-03-04
3598:2009-02-28
3560:2015-02-03
3539:2009-03-03
3260:2009-03-03
3200:2014-01-11
3157:2015-01-29
3068:2009-02-28
2842:. VIVAMUS.
2772:2017-12-13
2712:2009-03-04
2662:2015-01-11
2582:2014-09-18
2519:2009-03-03
2266:2017-12-04
1986:2009-02-28
1894:2009-03-03
1833:Morris, I.
1815:2015-01-14
1730:2019-01-26
1704:2019-01-26
1679:2009-02-28
1532:: 108853.
1417:References
1003:2008β2016
1000:Ferdinand
991:1982β2010
988:2005β2008
972:2004β2005
957:2002β2004
944:1976β2013
941:1997β2002
928:1971β2014
925:1993β1997
913:1972β2012
910:1989β1993
897:1964β2004
894:1982β1989
882:1953β1982
879:1979β1982
866:1964β2004
850:1953β1982
847:1972β1979
832:1971β1972
817:1969β1971
802:1964β1969
787:1961β1964
779:Reference
731:alpha male
318:alpha male
80:Ian Morris
76:rain dance
36:habituated
6741:Evolution
6564:Ken Allen
6501:Willie B.
6476:Snowflake
6456:Pattycake
6371:Gargantua
6341:Binti Jua
6278:Panpanzee
6002:"Kalande"
5981:"Mitumba"
2461:Behaviour
814:Humphrey
773:Lifespan
519:in 1970.
513:stillborn
424:bipedally
390:in 2013.
365:Ferdinand
6697:Research
6323:Gorillas
6168:Gregoire
5675:(3): 6.
5526:(1971).
5457:(1986).
5416:(1986).
5351:24445379
5255:19025996
5012:11380884
4772:(1986).
4731:(1971).
4697:(1986).
4584:(2010).
3752:(2004).
3715:. Medium
3615:(1986).
3507:25454788
3435:25454788
3363:19498952
3152:46604532
3144:11380884
3002:(1990).
2968:(1971).
2914:24222394
2733:(1991).
2317:(1986).
2283:(1986).
2218:(1986).
2111:(1990).
2077:(1986).
2012:(1986).
1937:(1986).
1915:(2002).
1802:(1996).
1614:(1971).
1580:(1986).
1564:33343005
1471:(1986).
1400:See also
1378:(2014).
1353:(2017).
1324:(2004).
1307:(2002).
1290:(1991).
1257:(1990).
1190:(1997).
1166:(1990).
1142:(1986).
1118:(1971).
969:Sheldon
784:Goliath
679:Schweini
636:S-family
558:T-family
501:P-family
412:G-family
345:Faustino
274:Far Side
143:epidemic
98:F-family
82:, this "
67:termites
52:Tanzania
6539:Chantek
6524:Ah Meng
6471:Shabani
6436:Michael
6381:Harambe
6288:Santino
6148:Bubbles
6087:Bonobos
5959:19 July
5932:19 July
5882:19 July
5857:19 July
5827:19 July
5689:9354530
5534:112β114
5424:478β479
5393:19 July
5331:Vivamus
5263:8536293
5017:17 July
4992:Bibcode
4960:17 July
4925:17 July
4401:"Chaos"
4284:(DVD).
4179:17 July
4134:Bibcode
3623:557β558
3588:"Frodo"
3498:4905588
3477:Bibcode
3426:4905588
3405:Bibcode
3354:2689943
3124:Bibcode
3058:"Freud"
3010:112β113
2976:232β236
2947:17 July
2919:20 July
2863:17 July
2620:19 July
2481:4535501
2291:178β184
2179:503β514
2085:424β429
1588:535β539
1555:7743041
1534:Bibcode
1274:(DVD).
954:vacant
907:Wilkie
891:Goblin
860:Goblin
829:vacant
805:?β1975
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