199:, and other water bodies. Macroinvertebrate assemblages were significantly influenced by hydrological connectivity, with highly connected water bodies exhibiting more macroinvertebrate diversity than isolated water bodies, which tended to have less diverse assemblages and were predominated by a small number of taxa. Similar impacts have been seen in tropical ecosystems where flooding during the wet or monsoon season has led to an increase in migratory species proportions and changes in community assemblages. On a smaller scale, modifications to the flow regime that result in changes to the physical environment can boost habitat variety and, as a result, boost species diversity. Additionally, a highly varied environment might provide as a haven for species during times of stress like flooding or drought. Freshwater swamp forests contain soft, unstable, and anoxic soil due to their waterlogged condition, which may have influenced the evolution of unique root adaptations in these trees that resemble those seen in a real mangrove forest.
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247:. Fires of various intensities were used in southern Sumatra to burn down the swamp forest to make way for agriculture. There, a rich and complex environment was reduced to a habitat made up of uniform stands of fire-resistant Melaleuca L. species thickets as a result of widespread and frequent fires. Furthermore, improper management of these ecosystems through massive logging and agricultural conversion has resulted in serious deterioration and loss of ecological and biological diversity.
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Contrary to ombrotrophic swamp forests, which only absorb nutrients from rain, freshwater swamp forest soils are relatively nutrient-rich. In freshwater swamp forests, rain and changes in the water table result in the following deposition of nutrients and alluvial soils. Due to the nutrient-rich soils of freshwater swamp forests, wetland rice farming and oil palm plantations have become very prevalent in agriculture.
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Beyond these shared characteristics, however, the environment in freshwater swamp forests and other tropical rain forest formations can vary greatly. In inland, freshwater swamp forests, flooding is typically sporadic, irregular, or seasonal. The depth of the water also varies greatly, from a few
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Rain, rivers, and groundwater are all sources of water for freshwater swamp forests, whereas rain is the only source of water for peat swamp forests. The hue of the water in the freshwater swamp forest is typically an indication of the quantities of plant materials present in the water and soil.
186:
Within aquatic ecosystems, geomorphological, biological, and biogeomorphological processes and functions are significantly influenced by the flow of water. Flow significantly affects the geomorphology, affecting the spatial and temporal benthic community structure. Freshwater swamp forests are
170:. A forest that is frequently flooded with relatively fresh water rich in minerals is referred to as a freshwater swamp forest. Since tropical freshwater swamp forests are a subset of tropical rainforests, they share a number of environmental traits with other tropical rainforest formations.
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Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
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Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
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Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
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Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
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Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
1228:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
1144:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
1117:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
1008:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
990:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in
Singapore.
972:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore.
954:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore.
936:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore.
918:
Clews, E., Corlett, R. T., Ho, J. K. I., Koh, C. Y., Liong, S. Y., Memory, A., ... & Yeo, D. C. J. (2018). The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore.
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Clews, E., R. T. Corlett, J. K. I. Ho, C. Y. Koh, S. Y. Liong, A. Memory, S. J. Ramchunder et al. "The biological, ecological and conservation significance of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore."
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Poff, N.L., Allan, J.D., Bain, M.B., Karr, J.R., Prestegaard, K.L., Richter, B.D., Sparks, R.E. & Stromberg, J.C. (1997). The natural flow regime. BioScience 47(11): 769–784.
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Bunn, S.E. & Arthington, A.H. (2002). Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environ. Manage. 30(4): 492–507.
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Bunn, S.E. & Arthington, A.H. (2002). Basic principles and ecological consequences of altered flow regimes for aquatic biodiversity. Environ. Manage. 30(4): 492–507.
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243:, reptiles, and mammals. Birds are also abundant in these ecosystems. The flooded conditions can make these areas particularly important for fish breeding and
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Poff, N.L. & Allan, J.D. (1995). Functional organization of stream fish assemblages in relation to hydrological variability. Ecology 76(2): 606–627.
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443:. Although freshwater swamp forests are frequently found in wet climates, they can also be found in areas that are seasonally drier, such as west
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Freshwater swamp forests are a relatively understudied forest type in Southeast Asia, primarily because they are difficult to access and can
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centimeters to several meters. These physical factors affect the ecology of freshwater swamp forests, either singly or in combination.
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2017:
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1475:"Contribution of Nontimber Forest Products Earn to Livelihood in Rural Households and the Type of Use: A Systematic Review"
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1970:
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1436:"Agricultural conservation practices and wetland ecosystem services in the wetland-rich Piedmont-Coastal Plain region"
1380:"Agricultural conservation practices and wetland ecosystem services in the wetland-rich Piedmont-Coastal Plain region"
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263:(aerial roots) in mangroves for oxygen exchange. Some animals have adapted to life in these wet environments, like
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605:
529:
312:
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Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (2020-01-01), Schlesinger, William H.; Bernhardt, Emily S. (eds.),
315:(e.g., fruits, honey), and fish. Traditional agriculture may take place in the drier, elevated areas around the
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Corlett, R.T. (1986). The mangrove understory - some additional observations. J. Trop. Ecol. 20(1): 93–94.
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Giesen, Wim (2018), Finlayson, C. Max; Milton, G. Randy; Prentice, R. Crawford; Davidson, Nick C. (eds.),
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against flooding by absorbing excess water during heavy rains. They also filter water, helping to improve
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and provide habitat for a wide range of plant and animal species. They support numerous aquatic species,
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habitats. Peat swamp forests are swamp forests where waterlogged soils prevent woody debris from fully
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191:, with water levels that fluctuate throughout the year. They are often associated with slow-moving or
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415:. In Southeast Asia, they are found all over the region, frequently close to major rivers like the
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Pinedo-Vasquez, Miguel; Ruffino, Mauro L; Padoch, Christine; BrondĂzio, Eduardo S, eds. (2011).
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Hawes, E., & Smith, M. (2005). Riparian buffer zones: Functions and recommended widths.
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Freshwater swamp forests are globally important and often designated as protected areas or
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1565:"Ecology of Wetland Ecosystems: Water, Substrate, and Life | Learn Science at Scitable"
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and vegetation. These forests are typically found in low-lying areas, riverbanks, and
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111:, either permanently or seasonally. They normally occur along the lower reaches of
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227:. The tree canopy tends to be dense and can create a shaded environment beneath.
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Local communities often rely on freshwater swamp forests for resources such as
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Many plants in freshwater swamp forests have special adaptations to cope with
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Duke, Norman C.; Schmitt, Klaus (2014), Köhl, Michael; Pancel, Laslo (eds.),
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Duke, Norman C.; Schmitt, Klaus (2014), Köhl, Michael; Pancel, Laslo (eds.),
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1810:"Swamp Forest Ratargul : Amazon of Bangladesh ~ Beautiful Bangladesh"
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by trapping sediments and pollutants. These forests are crucial for
207:
The vegetation in freshwater swamp forests is adapted to survive in
1333:"The Relationship of Water Economy to Terrestrialism in Amphibians"
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2146:
2136:
2116:
2067:
2032:
2007:
1980:
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698:
581:
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224:
120:
112:
87:
1069:
The Wetland Book: II: Distribution, Description, and Conservation
498:, for example, have a tendency to draw more attention than other
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2042:
741:
507:
116:
3220:
2704:
2666:
1823:
3129:
3119:
1985:
1896:
29:
1590:"Agricultural use of wetlands: opportunities and limitations"
557:
Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests
1473:
Derebe, Binega; Alemu, Asmamaw; Asfaw, Zebene (2023-05-20).
1819:
383:, including rising sea levels, can further threaten these
211:
conditions. Common tree species include various types of
1796:"Swamp Forest - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1737:
IgapĂł (Black-water flooded forests) of the Amazon Basin
53:
1071:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 199–226,
3635:
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3405:
3343:
3233:
3150:
3015:
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2554:
2499:
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2412:
2381:
2328:
2300:
2260:
1864:
1857:
1588:Verhoeven, Jos T. A.; Setter, Tim L. (2009-08-21).
1434:Steven, Diane De; Lowrance, Richard (April 2011).
1378:Steven, Diane De; Lowrance, Richard (April 2011).
506:, which over time creates a thick layer of acidic
879:"ECOLOGY | Aquatic Habitats in Forest Ecosystems"
3760:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
658:freshwater swamp forests in Bangladesh and India
399:Globally, freshwater swamp forests are found in
1418:Eightmile River Wild and Scenic Study Committee
1273:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–24,
1171:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 1–24,
435:, as well as numerous smaller systems like the
2422:A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia
2968:Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems
2678:
2507:Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board
2432:Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type
1835:
1267:"Mangroves: Unusual Forests at the Seas Edge"
1165:"Mangroves: Unusual Forests at the Seas Edge"
8:
1065:"Tropical Freshwater Swamps (Mineral Soils)"
571:Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
470:, a seasonally flooded forest is known as a
351:and promote sustainable land use practices.
279:Freshwater swamp forests offer a variety of
3033:Freshwater environmental quality parameters
411:, with the largest areas being part of the
359:Freshwater swamp forests are vulnerable to
3349:
3230:
3217:
2715:
2701:
2685:
2671:
2663:
2446:
1861:
1842:
1828:
1820:
1479:International Journal of Forestry Research
1621:
1490:
672:Southwest Borneo freshwater swamp forests
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
271:skin that can absorb oxygen from water.
841:
640:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
323:and land conversion can threaten these
187:permanently or seasonally inundated by
151:A freshwater swamp forest is a type of
2527:Meadowview Biological Research Station
2459:Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands
339:due to their ecological significance.
166:where there is a consistent supply of
885:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 96–102,
235:Freshwater swamp forests are rich in
7:
1522:, Academic Press, pp. 249–291,
620:Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests
546:, Democratic Republic of the Congo).
3296:Oceanic physical-biological process
3158:List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)
2522:Irish Peatland Conservation Council
1331:Thorson, Thomas B. (January 1955).
687:Wathurana freshwater swamp forest (
678:Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests
1528:10.1016/b978-0-12-814608-8.00007-4
877:Martin-Smith, K. M. (2004-01-01),
662:Red River freshwater swamp forests
630:Irrawaddy freshwater swamp forests
395:Freshwater swamp forest ecoregions
27:Forest growing on an alluvial zone
25:
456:harbor diseases spread by insects
3729:
3728:
3716:
3702:
3334:
3006:
2823:Colored dissolved organic matter
2647:
2646:
2635:
1520:Biogeochemistry (Fourth Edition)
1516:"Chapter 7 - Wetland Ecosystems"
807:
524:Democratic Republic of the Congo
123:forests are found in a range of
34:
3168:Latin America and the Caribbean
2018:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1734:Myster, Randall W, ed. (2018).
1279:10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_129-1
1177:10.1007/978-3-642-41554-8_129-1
883:Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences
540:Western Congolian swamp forests
520:Eastern Congolian swamp forests
295:, playing a role in mitigating
3650:Ecological values of mangroves
3193:North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
891:10.1016/b0-12-145160-7/00024-7
1:
2542:Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust
2532:Society of Wetland Scientists
1108:70, no. Suppl 1 (2018): 9-31.
573:(Indonesia, Papua New Guinea)
387:by altering water levels and
343:efforts aim to protect these
3670:Marine conservation activism
3655:Fisheries and climate change
2157:Peatland, mire, and quagmire
1206:"Mangroves trees and shrubs"
881:, in Burley, Jeffery (ed.),
158:characterized by its unique
3665:Human impact on marine life
3542:Davidson Seamount § Ecology
2778:Aquatic population dynamics
2427:National Wetlands Inventory
1077:10.1007/978-94-007-4001-3_4
760:Orinoco Delta swamp forests
3776:
2512:Delta Waterfowl Foundation
1271:Tropical Forestry Handbook
1169:Tropical Forestry Handbook
864:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
850:"NatureServe Explorer 2.0"
313:non-timber forest products
3696:
3352:
3332:
3281:Marine primary production
3229:
3216:
3175:List of marine ecoregions
3004:
2714:
2700:
2630:
2449:
1746:10.1007/978-3-319-90122-0
1711:10.1007/978-94-007-0146-5
606:Borneo peat swamp forests
530:Niger Delta swamp forests
319:. However, unsustainable
107:which are inundated with
3527:Coastal biogeomorphology
3522:Marine coastal ecosystem
2491:Wetland indicator status
1308:"Trees of the Mangroves"
784:Paramaribo swamp forests
705:Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary
97:Freshwater swamp forests
48:may need to be rewritten
3435:Paradox of the plankton
3246:Diel vertical migration
3140:Freshwater swamp forest
2858:GIS and aquatic science
2706:General components and
2202:Freshwater swamp forest
1440:Ecological Applications
1384:Ecological Applications
363:and degradation due to
3261:Large marine ecosystem
2953:Shoaling and schooling
2537:Wetlands International
2308:List of wetland plants
1312:Trees of the Mangroves
601:
283:. They act as natural
115:and around freshwater
93:
3680:Marine protected area
3607:Salt pannes and pools
3382:Marine larval ecology
3357:Census of Marine Life
3241:Deep scattering layer
3198:San Francisco Estuary
3163:Africa and Madagascar
2988:Underwater camouflage
2768:Aquatic biomonitoring
2708:freshwater ecosystems
2182:Salt pannes and pools
1779:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1683:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1665:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1647:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1249:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1231:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1147:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1120:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1106:Gard. Bull. Singapore
1011:Gard. Bull. Singapore
993:Gard. Bull. Singapore
975:Gard. Bull. Singapore
957:Gard. Bull. Singapore
939:Gard. Bull. Singapore
921:Gard. Bull. Singapore
646:Ratargul Swamp Forest
587:Ratargul Swamp Forest
585:
544:Republic of the Congo
91:
3415:Marine bacteriophage
3377:Marine invertebrates
1492:10.1155/2023/9643290
642:(Malaysia, Thailand)
293:carbon sequestration
3291:Ocean fertilization
3100:Trophic state index
3058:Lake stratification
2788:Aquatic respiration
2642:Wetlands portal
2273:Constructed wetland
1858:Types and landforms
1349:1955Ecol...36..100T
754:Monte Alegre várzea
490:-inundated forest.
480:-inundated forest.
361:habitat destruction
3557:Intertidal wetland
3552:Intertidal ecology
3420:Marine prokaryotes
3362:Deep-sea community
3256:Iron fertilization
3179:Specific examples
3105:Upland and lowland
3023:Freshwater biology
2888:Microbial food web
2798:Aquatic toxicology
2741:Aquatic adaptation
2694:Aquatic ecosystems
2486:Salt marsh die-off
2404:Salt marsh dieback
2313:List of fen plants
2152:Palustrine wetland
2053:Intertidal wetland
2048:Interdunal wetland
1606:10.1093/aob/mcp172
774:Pantanos de Centla
602:
496:peat swamp forests
476:, and refers to a
281:ecosystem services
275:Ecosystem services
94:
3742:
3741:
3723:Oceans portal
3692:
3691:
3688:
3687:
3567:Hydrothermal vent
3503:
3502:
3392:Seashore wildlife
3223:Marine ecosystems
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
2978:Thermal pollution
2943:Ramsar Convention
2883:Microbial ecology
2843:Fisheries science
2783:Aquatic predation
2660:
2659:
2562:Aquatic ecosystem
2550:
2549:
2469:Ramsar Convention
2296:
2295:
2278:Converted wetland
2220:Peat swamp forest
2083:Inland salt marsh
1755:978-3-319-90121-3
1720:978-94-007-0145-8
1702:The Amazon Várzea
1537:978-0-12-814608-8
1452:10.1890/09-0231.1
1396:10.1890/09-0231.1
1288:978-3-642-41554-8
1186:978-3-642-41554-8
1086:978-94-007-4001-3
900:978-0-12-145160-8
831:(saltwater swamp)
578:South and SE Asia
379:for development.
193:meandering rivers
86:
85:
78:
58:lead layout guide
16:(Redirected from
3767:
3732:
3731:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3711:
3709:Lakes portal
3707:
3706:
3705:
3675:Marine pollution
3367:Deep-water coral
3350:
3338:
3271:Marine chemistry
3231:
3218:
3135:Freshwater marsh
3028:Freshwater biome
3010:
2726:Acoustic ecology
2716:
2702:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2622:Will-o'-the-wisp
2555:Related articles
2447:
2247:Whitewater river
2197:Coniferous swamp
2078:Freshwater marsh
1971:Clearwater river
1887:Blackwater river
1862:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1821:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1786:
1785:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1774:
1768:
1767:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1678:
1672:
1671:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1660:
1654:
1653:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1642:
1636:
1635:
1625:
1594:Annals of Botany
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1554:
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1511:
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1298:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1262:
1256:
1255:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1244:
1238:
1237:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1226:
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1202:
1196:
1195:
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1160:
1154:
1153:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1142:
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1126:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
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1018:
1017:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
1006:
1000:
999:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
988:
982:
981:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
970:
964:
963:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
952:
946:
945:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
934:
928:
927:(Suppl 1), 9-31.
916:
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908:
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874:
868:
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860:
854:
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846:
823:Coniferous swamp
817:
812:
811:
810:
565:Papua New Guinea
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
54:improve the lead
38:
37:
30:
21:
3775:
3774:
3770:
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3764:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3738:
3715:
3714:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3684:
3645:Coral bleaching
3631:
3612:Seagrass meadow
3509:Marine habitats
3499:
3473:Coral reef fish
3439:
3425:Marine protists
3401:
3339:
3330:
3301:Ocean turbidity
3276:Marine food web
3225:
3204:
3146:
3085:River ecosystem
3038:Freshwater fish
3011:
3002:
2808:Bioluminescence
2793:Aquatic science
2710:
2696:
2691:
2661:
2656:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2546:
2517:Ducks Unlimited
2495:
2454:Clean Water Act
2436:
2414:Classifications
2408:
2377:
2324:
2292:
2256:
2207:Mangrove forest
1853:
1848:
1818:
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1558:
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1548:
1538:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1446:(sp1): S3–S17.
1433:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1411:
1390:(sp1): S3–S17.
1377:
1376:
1372:
1357:10.2307/1931435
1330:
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1316:
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1301:
1293:
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862:
861:
857:
848:
847:
843:
838:
815:Wetlands portal
813:
808:
806:
803:
714:
695:Myristica swamp
580:
553:
516:
405:tropical Africa
397:
357:
337:Ramsar wetlands
333:
305:
277:
259:soils, such as
253:
233:
205:
184:
149:
101:flooded forests
82:
71:
65:
62:
51:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
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3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:
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3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:Saltwater fish
3460:
3458:Marine reptile
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3430:Marine viruses
3427:
3422:
3417:
3411:
3409:
3407:Microorganisms
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3397:Wild fisheries
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3311:Thorson's rule
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3266:Marine biology
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3165:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3125:Brackish marsh
3122:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3053:Lake ecosystem
3050:
3045:
3043:Hyporheic zone
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3005:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2893:Microbial loop
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2838:Eutrophication
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2818:Cascade effect
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2746:Aquatic animal
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2705:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2644:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Drainage basin
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2399:Paludification
2396:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2351:Sapric or muck
2348:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2329:Soil mechanics
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2073:Brackish marsh
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1868:
1866:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1815:
1801:
1787:
1769:
1754:
1726:
1719:
1691:
1673:
1655:
1637:
1600:(1): 155–163.
1580:
1569:www.nature.com
1556:
1536:
1506:
1465:
1426:
1409:
1370:
1343:(1): 100–116.
1323:
1299:
1287:
1257:
1239:
1221:
1197:
1185:
1155:
1137:
1128:
1110:
1097:
1085:
1055:
1046:
1037:
1028:
1019:
1001:
983:
965:
947:
929:
911:
899:
869:
855:
840:
839:
837:
834:
833:
832:
829:Mangrove swamp
826:
819:
818:
802:
799:
798:
797:
791:
781:
771:
757:
751:
745:
734:Iquitos várzea
731:
725:
720:igapĂł forest (
713:
710:
709:
708:
702:
692:
685:
675:
669:
659:
653:
643:
637:
627:
617:
579:
576:
575:
574:
568:
552:
549:
548:
547:
537:
527:
515:
512:
401:Southeast Asia
396:
393:
381:Climate change
356:
353:
332:
329:
304:
301:
297:climate change
276:
273:
261:pneumatophores
252:
249:
232:
229:
204:
201:
183:
180:
148:
145:
92:Flooded forest
84:
83:
43:The article's
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Flooded forest
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3735:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Sponge ground
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Marine biomes
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3506:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Demersal fish
3481:
3479:
3478:Deep-sea fish
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3453:Marine mammal
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:Trophic level
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:Sediment trap
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Phytoplankton
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2773:Aquatic plant
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2736:Anoxic waters
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2653:
2645:
2643:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:Riparian zone
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2500:Organizations
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2380:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2356:Tropical peat
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Várzea forest
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1927:Polygonal bog
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1833:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1811:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1730:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1290:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1198:
1188:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
984:
980:
976:
969:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
944:
940:
933:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
902:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
870:
865:
859:
856:
851:
845:
842:
835:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
805:
800:
795:
792:
789:
785:
782:
779:
775:
772:
769:
765:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
748:Marajó várzea
746:
743:
739:
735:
732:
729:
728:Gurupa várzea
726:
723:
719:
716:
715:
711:
706:
703:
700:
696:
693:
690:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
670:
667:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
631:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
612:, Indonesia,
611:
607:
604:
603:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
577:
572:
569:
566:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
545:
541:
538:
535:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
517:
513:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:
479:
475:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:South America
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
354:
352:
350:
346:
342:
338:
330:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
290:
289:water quality
286:
282:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
230:
228:
226:
222:
218:
215:, palms, and
214:
210:
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
181:
179:
175:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
154:
146:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:climate zones
122:
119:. Freshwater
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
90:
80:
77:
69:
59:
56:and read the
55:
49:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3637:Conservation
3488:Pelagic fish
3468:Coastal fish
3372:Marine fungi
3139:
3110:Water garden
2993:Water column
2938:Productivity
2913:Pelagic zone
2873:Macrobenthos
2863:Hydrobiology
2833:Ecohydrology
2587:List of bogs
2442:Conservation
2373:Ombrotrophic
2317:
2288:Water-meadow
2212:
2201:
2023:Grass valley
2013:Flood-meadow
1976:Cypress dome
1907:Cataract bog
1882:Beach meadow
1804:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1772:
1736:
1729:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1597:
1593:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1549:, retrieved
1519:
1509:
1485:: e9643290.
1482:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1311:
1302:
1292:, retrieved
1270:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1213:. Retrieved
1209:
1200:
1190:, retrieved
1168:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1105:
1100:
1090:, retrieved
1068:
1058:
1049:
1040:
1031:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1004:
996:
992:
986:
978:
974:
968:
960:
956:
950:
942:
938:
932:
924:
920:
914:
904:, retrieved
882:
872:
858:
844:
794:Purus várzea
481:
472:
464:Amazon Basin
453:
413:Amazon basin
398:
365:urbanization
358:
341:Conservation
334:
331:Conservation
317:swamp forest
306:
278:
254:
237:biodiversity
234:
231:Biodiversity
206:
185:
176:
172:
150:
100:
96:
95:
72:
66:January 2024
63:
52:Please help
47:
45:lead section
3622:Sponge reef
3597:Rocky shore
3592:Oyster reef
3562:Kelp forest
3445:Vertebrates
3345:Marine life
3321:Viral shunt
3286:Marine snow
3188:Maharashtra
3095:Stream pool
2998:Zooplankton
2918:Photic zone
2878:Meiobenthos
2731:Algal bloom
2612:Telmatology
2607:River delta
2474:Ramsar site
2464:Marsh organ
2363:Hydric soil
2242:Vernal pool
2225:Shrub swamp
2093:Tidal marsh
1922:Plateau bog
1912:Coastal bog
1902:Blanket bog
1210:www.fao.org
674:(Indonesia)
551:Australasia
504:decomposing
421:Chao Phraya
369:agriculture
349:degradation
257:waterlogged
251:Adaptations
219:trees like
209:waterlogged
197:oxbow lakes
164:floodplains
137:subtropical
3749:Categories
3602:Salt marsh
3537:Coral reef
3326:Whale fall
3306:Photophore
3183:Everglades
3151:Ecoregions
3090:Stream bed
3063:Macrophyte
3016:Freshwater
2848:Food chain
2761:Water bird
2572:Bog butter
2268:Bog garden
2261:Artificial
2232:Wet meadow
2098:High marsh
2088:Salt marsh
1991:Fen-meadow
1959:Alder carr
1942:Upland bog
1937:String bog
1932:Raised bog
1574:2023-10-05
1551:2023-10-05
1317:2023-10-04
1294:2023-10-04
1215:2023-10-04
1192:2023-10-04
1092:2023-10-04
906:2023-10-04
836:References
740:, Brazil,
684:, Vietnam)
656:Sundarbans
650:Bangladesh
599:Bangladesh
591:Gowainghat
514:Afrotropic
488:blackwater
486:refers to
478:whitewater
460:mosquitoes
458:, such as
445:New Guinea
439:rivers in
385:ecosystems
345:ecosystems
325:ecosystems
265:amphibians
241:amphibians
189:freshwater
168:freshwater
147:Appearance
109:freshwater
3627:Tide pool
3532:Cold seep
3316:Upwelling
3080:Rheotaxis
3073:Fish pond
3048:Limnology
2973:Substrate
2958:Siltation
2828:Dead zone
2394:Hydrosere
2382:Processes
2368:Marsh gas
2213:Myristica
2103:Low marsh
1917:Kermi bog
1892:Bofedales
1872:Backswamp
1614:1095-8290
1546:241274254
1501:1687-9368
1460:1051-0761
1404:1051-0761
786:(Guyana,
768:Venezuela
712:Neotropic
689:Sri Lanka
561:Indonesia
462:. In the
449:east Java
425:Irrawaddy
303:Human use
269:permeable
213:mangroves
182:Hydrology
160:hydrology
156:ecosystem
133:temperate
3734:Category
3660:HERMIONE
3577:Mangrove
3387:Seagrass
2933:Pleuston
2928:Plankton
2908:Particle
2853:Food web
2652:Category
2582:Bog-wood
2577:Bog iron
2567:Bog body
2389:Halosere
2341:Histosol
2336:Acrotelm
2319:Sphagnum
2177:Reed bed
2122:Moorland
2001:Rich fen
1996:Poor fen
1851:Wetlands
1764:53046359
1632:19700447
801:See also
796:(Brazil)
788:Suriname
756:(Brazil)
750:(Brazil)
730:(Brazil)
682:Cambodia
624:Thailand
614:Malaysia
492:Mangrove
429:Thailand
389:salinity
377:drainage
245:spawning
221:mahogany
217:hardwood
141:tropical
131:through
3587:Mudflat
3547:Estuary
3517:Bay mud
3495:Seabird
3251:f-ratio
3234:General
3115:Wetland
2903:Neuston
2868:Hypoxia
2813:Biomass
2803:Benthos
2719:General
2617:Turbary
2597:Estuary
2172:Pothole
2162:Pocosin
2127:Mudflat
1966:Ciénega
1949:Callows
1865:Natural
1623:2794053
1424:, 2005.
1365:1931435
1345:Bibcode
1337:Ecology
738:Bolivia
707:(India)
666:Vietnam
634:Myanmar
534:Nigeria
500:wetland
433:Myanmar
373:logging
355:Threats
321:logging
285:buffers
153:wetland
127:, from
105:forests
3755:Swamps
3572:Lagoon
2898:Nekton
2756:Mammal
2751:Insect
2187:Slough
2142:Pakihi
2132:Muskeg
2058:Kettle
2028:Guelta
1762:
1752:
1717:
1630:
1620:
1612:
1544:
1534:
1499:
1458:
1402:
1363:
1285:
1183:
1083:
897:
825:forest
778:Mexico
764:Guyana
722:Brazil
718:CantĂŁo
610:Brunei
595:Sylhet
473:várzea
468:Brazil
437:Sedili
423:, and
417:Mekong
407:, and
375:, and
309:timber
129:boreal
113:rivers
103:, are
2963:Spawn
2283:Swale
2252:Yaéré
2215:swamp
2192:Swamp
2147:Palsa
2137:Oasis
2117:Misse
2068:Marsh
2038:IgapĂł
2033:Hamun
2008:Flark
1981:Dambo
1877:Bayou
1760:S2CID
1542:S2CID
1361:JSTOR
699:India
483:IgapĂł
441:Johor
347:from
267:with
225:ebony
203:Flora
121:swamp
117:lakes
99:, or
3068:Pond
2479:List
2346:Peat
2301:Life
2167:Pond
2112:Mere
2063:Lagg
2043:Ings
1954:Carr
1750:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1628:PMID
1610:ISSN
1532:ISBN
1497:ISSN
1483:2023
1456:ISSN
1400:ISSN
1283:ISBN
1181:ISBN
1081:ISBN
895:ISBN
742:Peru
508:peat
494:and
447:and
431:and
223:and
135:and
3130:Fen
3120:Bog
1986:Fen
1897:Bog
1742:doi
1707:doi
1618:PMC
1602:doi
1598:105
1524:doi
1487:doi
1448:doi
1392:doi
1353:doi
1275:doi
1173:doi
1073:doi
887:doi
589:in
466:of
427:in
139:to
3751::
1783:70
1781:,
1758:.
1748:.
1740:.
1713:.
1705:.
1687:70
1685:,
1669:70
1667:,
1651:70
1649:,
1626:.
1616:.
1608:.
1596:.
1592:.
1567:.
1540:,
1530:,
1518:,
1495:.
1481:.
1477:.
1454:.
1444:21
1442:.
1438:.
1422:15
1420:,
1398:.
1388:21
1386:.
1382:.
1359:.
1351:.
1341:36
1339:.
1335:.
1310:.
1281:,
1269:,
1253:70
1251:,
1235:70
1233:,
1208:.
1179:,
1167:,
1151:70
1149:,
1124:70
1122:,
1079:,
1067:,
1015:70
1013:,
997:70
995:,
979:70
977:,
961:70
959:,
943:70
941:,
925:70
923:,
893:,
766:,
597:,
593:,
563:,
510:.
451:.
419:,
403:,
391:.
371:,
367:,
327:.
311:,
299:.
195:,
143:.
2686:e
2679:t
2672:v
1843:e
1836:t
1829:v
1812:.
1798:.
1766:.
1744::
1723:.
1709::
1634:.
1604::
1577:.
1526::
1503:.
1489::
1462:.
1450::
1406:.
1394::
1367:.
1355::
1347::
1320:.
1277::
1218:.
1175::
1075::
889::
866:.
852:.
790:)
780:)
776:(
770:)
762:(
744:)
736:(
724:)
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697:(
691:)
680:(
668:)
664:(
652:)
648:(
636:)
632:(
626:)
622:(
616:)
608:(
567:)
559:(
542:(
536:)
532:(
526:)
522:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
60:.
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
