993:
403:
982:
202:
31:
892:
617:
1012:. In the late empire the city was involved in the general crisis, also economic, of the empire. In the sixth century, with the Greek-Gothic wars and the Lombard conquest, the situation of general decline worsened, with the interruption of commercial traffic and the general impoverishment of the city. Between the sixth and the eighth century, probably, came into crisis even the urban structure of the city, with the demographic decline, the abandonment of the outer areas and the general and progressive degradation of all buildings and walls.
805:
499:
933:
425:. Historians agree in dating to 59 B.C. the foundation of the Roman colony of Florentia. The Liber Coloniarum attributes to a lex Iulia agris limitandis metiundis, wanted by Gaius Julius Caesar, the will to give birth to a new urban system in this part of the Arno valley, where it crossed the river at the height of Ponte Vecchio.
457:
As usual in the foundation of new settlements, the city and its surroundings were defined according to a precise plan that involved the urban layout and agricultural territory. The city followed the ideal rule of orientation according to the cardinal axes, while the surrounding territory was arranged
1276:
affronta il problema dell'origine di
Florentia, anche se in modo piuttosto contraddittorio, scrive: "...tengo per certo che non da quelli Romani che Sylla o altri aveva mandato a Fiesole, ma che nel luogo medesimo dove ora è Firenze fussi mandata una colonia che edificò questa città...", ma poi, più
1015:
Beginning in the eleventh century, new building growth left few vestiges of the past. The remains of the theater, the baths, the amphitheater and other buildings were incorporated into new buildings or used as foundations. The Forum Square was densely built up and later became part of the
837:
and beyond). The geometric regularity of the fields in the few areas not yet urbanized is a legacy of the vast Roman land reclamation, connected to the colony of
Florentia, which extended over the entire plain between Florence and Prato, reconnecting to the centuriation of Pistoriae
1235:
stampata a
Firenze nel 1589, ed in cui scrive: "... la fondazione della prima città di Firenze, della quale si è havuto in diversi tempi molte dubitazioni & opinioni differenti: perciocché alcuni hanno voluto, che già fusse fondata, e di abitanti ripiena, dal più antico
176:
In fact
Florentia has undergone the same lexical transition to modern Italian as flos-floris in "flower", becoming first Fiorenza (medieval Italian) and then Firenze. In foreign languages has remained a diction more faithful to the original Latin (for example Florence in
1524:, in V. D'Aquino – G. Guarducci – S. Nencetti – S. Valentini (edd.), Archeologia a Firenze: Città e Territorio: Atti del Workshop. Firenze, 12-13 Aprile 2013, “Archeologia a Firenze: città e territorio”, Oxford 2015, pp. 225–246.
149:
roots of the term were also sought. Semerano proposed that
Florence derived, with a typical paretimological reinterpretation, from a hypothetical birent or birenz with the meaning of "land between the waters, swampy" (in reference to the rivers
620:
Bas-relief found under the entrance of the
Gambrinus cinema representing a river divinity; this icon, which probably represents the Arno, was situated in a staircase which is believed to belong to the well coeval with the foundation of the
992:
943:
The oriental religions of a mysterious type because of the hold they had on the "vile people" worried the
Florentine patriciate, but the greatest danger was the influence that the religious leaders of Christianity had on the crowds.
741:
and as in many other cases in the cities of Roman origin, some fractions have taken their name from the distance, in Roman miles, from the city, in the case of
Florentia, in the north-west direction are found, from the third mile on
929:) and Christianity. These villages were however a suburb of the city, as the noble Guicciardini writes inhabited by vile people, the center of the city, however, was in the hands of patrician families linked to the old religion.
629:
and according to the most recent excavations date back to the period between 30 and 15 B.C. They were two meters thick on average and surrounded an area of about 20 hectares. Other Roman remains have been found under the nearby
764:
che ancora appariscono dagli edifici fatti da loro fanno certo inditio che è principii de la città fussino assai magnifici, maxime el Tempio di Marte e gli aqueducti fatti più per pompa e imitatione di Roma che per necessità
1035:), the Ghetto was demolished and with it the most important remains of the Capitol and the Forum disappeared. Of the findings made during this work, only cursory surveys were made and the evidence collected by the architect
560:
Dunque dovrem nei sempre rammentarci che qui Marte aveva altari ed incensi? Dove adesso giganteggia il quadrangolar
Campanile a lato della maestosa Cupola del Duomo, poco presso v'ebbe Gradivo il suo tempio che ancora vi
383:), which saw again the Etruscan municipalities confederated against Rome, the Etruscan-Roman city acquired more and more strategic value given its geographical position between the river and the hill. In the same year
402:
235:
settlements, which are evidenced by the burials of the eighth century BC found between 1892 and 1906 in the historic center, towards Via de 'Vecchietti and under today's ex-Gambrinus, in Piazza della
Repubblica.
482:, surrounded by the main public buildings and temples. During the centuries of the Empire in fact, the city was enriched with all those buildings and infrastructures that characterized Roman cities: an
323:
there was probably an Etruscan-Roman urban agglomeration which was the expansion towards the Arno of the Roman Fiesole in defense of the Etruscan bridge which crossed the Arno at the height of today's
1103:
have various origins and were mostly brought to the city between the nineteenth and twentieth century, with the exception of the materials collected in the so-called "courtyard of the Florentines".
825:
of the surrounding territory and in particular of the flat and presumably marshy area west of the city that was simultaneously reclaimed in order to obtain plots of land to be assigned to veteran
1542:
1537:
1240:
detto il libico per la toscana passando ci fondasse città, e rasciugasse l'acque dannose, e particolarmente aprisse il corso a l'acque stagnanti del fiume d'Arno, facendo la rottura della
714:, contiguous to today's city, but in Roman times a place of leisure and rest as can be seen from the discovery of villas and thermal complexes. But the most interesting evidence of Roman
641:
One of the few structures actually still recognizable in Roman brick is that of the Amphitheater, which was outside the castrum Caesar, in the current medieval district of Santa Croce.
593:
But more than anything else, the city extended eastwards, as shown by the foundations of civil buildings and remains of baths from the imperial period, discovered during excavations in
655:
Surrounded by a road that, appropriately, was called via Tórta since the Middle Ages, the amphitheater of Florentia was of medium size (about 20,000 seats, against 87. 000 of the
1000:
Between the first and second century the city was fully part of the vast and organized commercial system of the Roman Empire, thanks to the river port, which allowed trade with
294:
and the sea. From the findings found on the bottom of the Arno (stone slabs) we can deduce the size and type of the walkway: it was in fact in wood mounted on stone piers.
568:(he who goes) was one of the various names or attributes of the God Mars, but the same author-artist points to the Baptistery as the old Christianized pagan temple:
308:
Excavations have identified Roman civic buildings and a wall circle on the side of the 1333 wall, demolished during the 19th century destruction to make way for the
659:), perhaps to testify the meagreness of the local population, but perfectly recognizable in its load-bearing structures, even if here, as in other cases (e.g. the
833:(even if they are even more visible observing the editions up to the 50's, before the urban expansion attacked in a relevant way the plain between Florence and
1096:
1199:
670:
In the nineteenth century some of the names of the streets around Piazza della Repubblica were chosen on the basis of the Roman findings in the underground:
1277:
avanti ..."né dubiterei dire che questa colonia, mandata da Roma nel luogo proprio dove è ora Firenze, fussi più presto mandata da Sylla che da altri..."
898:
makes to destroy Florentia in 542 (in reality it was a medieval legend but in the historical reality Totila did not succeed at all to conquer Florentia).
413:
Uncertain is the date of the foundation of the colony of Florentia that over time has been variously attributed, apart from mythological references, to
845:
From the cartographic results it was possible to reconstruct the scheme of the centuriation as a whole, made up of squares of about 710 meters of side
458:
taking into account the hydraulic conformation, rotating the axes as convenient. From the aerial photos, even today, it is possible to distinguish the
757:
The medieval city did not immediately overlap the ancient Florentia, still in '400 Guicciardini testifies to the still visible remains of Florentia.
1557:
1100:
609:
had its seat there was probably the skene and towards Piazza della Signoria the steps for the public. Not far away, outside the walls, traces of a
955:
al Monte dedicated to him after his martyrdom occurred in the Amphitheater. Already in the 4th century there is a documented evidence of a bishop
876:
But the economic well-being inevitably attracted also the raids of the barbarian kings who raged in Italy: in 405 or 406 it was besieged by the
258:
The area was interested by a continuity of settlement also in the following epoch, since it assured the possibility of connection of the inner
575:
L'elegante tempio di Marte, ammirazione ancora dei presenti quantunque a fronte della mole sublime del Duomo, presenta i suoi lati ottagoni
338:
l'antico ponte de' Fiesolani, il quale era da Girone a Candegghi : e quella era l'antica e diritta strada e cammino da Roma a Fiesole
1112:
582:
The city, in the meantime was expanding in all directions, to the north in the religious area of the Temple of Mars and then the ancient
450:
471:
221:
1341:, 50 (per l'assedio di Radagaiso, che comunque non riuscì ad espugnare la città per l'arrivo di Stilicone); Procopio di Cesarea,
1221:
Della descrizione del regale apparato fatto nella nobile città di Firenze per la venuta, e per le nozze della serenissima madama
513:
non gente inutile e seditiosa ma uomini militari che con la virtù delle arme e felicità delle vittorie meritorono questi premii
631:
243:
because of the shorter distance between the two banks. Moreover, the position on the watershed between the confluence of the
42:
981:
910:
had become the state religion, but the affirmation of the Christian religion in Florentia was neither easy nor painless.
305:, for a certain period, crossed the Arno right in the Florentine area, perhaps in the area of the current Ponte Vecchio.
105:. In reality it is all much simpler, Florentia is a beneaugural name: "may you be florid", "city of floridity". Likewise
1367:
601:
below. On this natural slope the Romans had built the Theatre of the city (1st century A.D.), which emerges from under
891:
854:
521:, according to the military tradition, was naturally dedicated the main temple of the city always identified with the
201:
30:
917:, where lived a large community of oriental traders, especially Syrians, were the cradle of the new religions, both
1552:
1226:
616:
960:
282:), perhaps to control militarily such a strategic point that is located between the high course of the Arno, the
38:
610:
1402:
956:
635:
583:
119:
937:
1213:
862:
483:
138:
986:
376:
1567:
1258:
870:
479:
142:
675:
660:
1222:
1027:
With the Savoy arrangement of the Piazza del Mercato Vecchio, at the time of Florence as the capital of
971:
903:
626:
594:
267:
217:
146:
24:
316:
1084:
1036:
1021:
679:
671:
645:
320:
804:
498:
475:
1060:
459:
252:
1392:, (1584), Volume 1, a cura di Domenico Maria Manni, Società tipografica de'Classici italiani, 1808
93:
Legend attributes the origin of the name Florentia to Florio (a soldier killed on the spot) or to
1356:
La storia di Firenze tra tarda antichità e medioevo. Nuovi dati dallo scavo di via de' Castellani
1088:
948:
926:
834:
598:
467:
232:
1157:
773:
was caught up from the way Cassia and united it to the road net of the empire. In 285 AD, under
751:
1241:
361:
1572:
1547:
1385:
1162:
Firenze - La Nazione - Quotidiano di Firenze con le ultime notizie della Toscana e dell’Umbria
959:, even if a real diocesan organization in Florence was possible only a few decades later with
731:
502:
Representation of grape harvest and "oneraria ship" on a Roman relief reused in the Baptistery
463:
444:
392:
190:
98:
1345:, III,5 (per l'assedio di Totila, che anche in questo caso non riuscì ad espugnare la città).
428:
The actual layout of the city and the centuriation of its territory dates back to the second
155:
1064:
747:
711:
565:
550:
518:
328:
182:
1055:
mentioned above, did not belong to Florentia, but was brought from Rome at the time of the
932:
1056:
602:
578:
che ovunque avesse spirato il vento dovesse stendersi il braccio ferreo del Dio guerriero.
530:
526:
186:
178:
159:
20:
490:), two baths, a theater and an amphitheater, built outside the walls, as was customary.
255:, gave the area a slightly higher altitude than the rest of the plain, probably marshy.
141:. The purely benaugural origin of the word Florentia has recently been confirmed by the
1562:
1076:
866:
723:
707:
664:
239:
The area where the city was built was probably the one where it was easier to ford the
57:
1531:
1407:
Rapporto del Regio Commissario, commendator Gamurrini (materiali dal tempio di Iside)
1072:
683:
487:
433:
432:, to be able to settle veterans by land allocation. It was built in the style of an
418:
384:
279:
81:
in 59 BC; however, the prevailing hypothesis dates the foundation of the city to the
78:
34:
371:
after 80 B.C., gave, probably, a new impulse to the settlement in the valley. After
1092:
907:
873:, for loading and unloading of goods in the area that is still called the Customs.
822:
353:
210:
130:
74:
62:
1508:
Lunga memoria della piana, L'area fiorentina dalla preistoria alla romanizzazione
951:(3rd century) was one of the most famous whose bones are buried in the church of
1052:
1032:
952:
947:
Florentia counted so the first martyrs of the city, the bishop of Syrian origin
830:
429:
881:
877:
774:
738:
522:
302:
271:
1515:
Libera città su fiume regale. Firenze e l'Arno dall'Antichità al Quattrocento
1063:
families. From Rome come the collection of ancient statues that decorate the
1004:. Archaeological excavations have documented, among other things, trade with
663:), the superimposition of medieval houses has closed the ancient arches (the
1048:
918:
826:
656:
613:(2nd century A.D.) were found, excavated between October and December 2008.
590:
traders within which developed the first nucleus of Christians in the city.
360:
won by the party of the latter who then provided the conquest of the colony
349:
324:
309:
298:
244:
125:
1494:
Le origini del Bel San Giovanni. Da tempio di Marte a battistero di Firenze
1462:
Florentia (Firenze). Regio VII - Etruria, Italia romana: Municipi e Colonie
1299:
857:, Florentia was a thriving city thanks to trade, the Arno, as testified by
829:. The traces of the centuriation are still visible, for example on the IGM
586:, south to the river and even beyond the Arno where he settled a colony of
1237:
967:
914:
809:
743:
727:
687:
606:
422:
407:
372:
283:
228:
216:
have been found in the area of the historical center of Florence between
113:
107:
102:
82:
70:
1080:
966:
With the continuation of foreign invasions, from the Byzantines to the
839:
798:
790:
719:
715:
644:
The first who made an in-depth study of this structure was the scholar
587:
380:
368:
263:
259:
248:
151:
134:
1418:
Pozzo praticabile presso le Terme e il Campidoglio nel foro Fiorentino
884:, and again in 542 by the same Ostrogoths this time commanded by king
625:
The foundations of the walls, with defensive towers, were found under
1068:
1017:
1009:
895:
885:
858:
794:
786:
782:
770:
388:
287:
213:
94:
162:
birent. The Etruscan name of the pre-Roman settlement is not known.
19:"Florentia" redirects here. For the former French municipality, see
348:
This agglomeration was perhaps an outpost built at the time of the
1397:
Notizie istoriche intorno al Parlagio ovvero Anfiteatro di Firenze
1028:
991:
980:
931:
890:
803:
699:
650:
Notizie istoriche intorno al Parlagio ovvero anfiteatro di Firenze
615:
497:
470:
and Via del Corso) which intersected at the height of the current
438:
414:
401:
357:
275:
200:
722:, with the theater almost intact and the baths, already from the
169:, as it was built between two rivers, which was later changed to
1270:
1158:"Perché Firenze si chiama così: la Crusca risponde - La Nazione"
1134:, in "Archeologia viva", XIII, n.s. 48, nov.-dic.1994, pp. 42-57
1005:
1001:
922:
506:
According to Guicciardini, the Romans who built Florentia were:
291:
240:
66:
821:
Like all Roman colonies, also for Florentia was performed the
703:
391:
to control the city of Fiesole because of the large number of
1051:
present in Florence today, apart from a few rare examples of
301:, the settlement of the ford probably grew, also because the
270:
of Fiesole made a stable crossing of the river with a wooden
1501:
Alle origini di Firenze. Dalla Preistoria alla città romana
861:, was a river still navigable and at the height of today's
1487:
La fortezza di Firenze e il suo territorio in epoca romana
869:) there were docks, more or less where today there is the
667:) and exploited all the spaces of the small amphitheater.
462:
oriented north–south (from Via Roma to the Arno), and the
406:
Baptistery, Roman sarcophagus representing the Hunting of
769:
Therefore, a city more and more important Florentia with
540:
I' fui de la città che nel Battista mutò il primo padrone
1087:
in front of the church of the same name, comes from the
682:(i.e. of Caput Aquae, the outlet of the aqueduct, which
73:
originated. According to tradition, it was built by the
1429:
Il Tempio di Marte e la Chiesa di S. Giovanni Battista
553:
in his 15th century Chronicle comments the following:
1354:
R. Francovich, F. Cantini, E. Scampoli, J. Bruttini,
698:
Towards the south Florentia bordered with an area of
525:, the change of the patron was also highlighted by
327:, already mentioned by medieval historians such as
278:, at the point where the Arno narrows (the area of
1543:Populated places established in the 1st century BC
1212:Particolarmente mirabolante è quella riportata da
1538:1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Empire
1244:: & alla città di Firenze desse principio..."
297:After the Roman expansion in Etruria and in the
165:Another theory was that it was named originally
996:Development of the city from I to XVIII century
762:
573:
558:
538:
511:
336:
1506:Martini F., Poggesi G., Sarti L. (a cura di),
375:'s coup, which ended tragically in 62 B.C. in
1274:
1264:
1255:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1083:. The city's other Roman obelisk, located in
605:and Palazzo Gondi. Where for a long time the
8:
726:, which were embellished under the emperors
1358:, in "Annali di storia di Firenze",II,2007.
1328:, in «Universo», XXVIII, 1948, pp. 361-368.
789:and was preferred to older towns like the
746:(and also Le Tre Pietre), Quarto, Quinto,
1451:Degli avanzi del teatro di Firenze romana
597:, but especially in the slope leading to
466:oriented east–west (the current path of
205:City model of Roman Florentia (Florence)
29:
1123:
706:, an area that still bears the name of
343:G. Villani Nuova Cronica Lib.II Cap. XX
1469:The Origin and Plain of Roman Florence
638:there is a stretch of the Via Cassia.
921:and the Egyptian cult of the goddess
632:Palazzo dell'Arte dei Giudici e Notai
319:in an easterly direction towards the
56:
7:
1113:List of cities founded by the Romans
977:Disappearance of the Roman Florentia
737:To the north of the city passed the
1440:Cenni topografici su Firenze romana
1390:Dell'origine della Città di Firenze
865:(others place the port in the next
686:by Giovanni Villani is assigned to
290:, and the low course that leads to
231:the Florentine area is affected by
1510:, Guida alla mostra, Firenze. 1999
1300:"A Structural Reading of Florence"
925:(a temple dedicated to her was in
101:, since it was founded during the
14:
1446:n.s. VI.1-5, 1909, pp. 94–99
985:Remains of the Roman Baths under
364:favorable to the party of Mario.
1188:History of the Florentine People
1176:Le origini della cultura europea
970:, the Roman Florentia declined.
1558:Roman towns and cities in Italy
648:who in 1746 published the book
1480:L'acquedotto romano di Firenze
1147:, in «Universo», XXVIII, 1948.
1101:National Archaeological Museum
785:, the northern Etruria and of
718:is the archaeological area of
448:, intersecting at the present
387:ordered the construction of a
54:Classical Latin pronunciation:
1:
1455:Atti della Società Colombaria
1326:La centuriazione di Florentia
1288:F.Castagnoli, op. cit., 1948.
1145:La centuriazione di Florentia
1130:De Marinis, G. Becattini M.,
1099:The Roman collections of the
1200:Museo dei Ragazzi, Florentia
23:. For the British ship, see
1225:moglie del serenissimo don
855:decline of the Roman Empire
812:found near via del Capaccio
436:with the main streets, the
133:. Even the ancient name of
37:with reconstruction of the
1591:
1475:1965, LV, pp. 122–140
1435:27, 1908, p. 182 sgg.
1261:che nel suo trattato delle
1229:terzo gran duca di Toscana
266:. It is probable that the
18:
1520:Francesco Maria Petrini,
1499:G. Capecchi (a cura di),
1275:
1256:
1234:
1211:
1473:Journal of Roman Studies
938:Church of Santa Reparata
636:church of Santa Felicita
584:church of Santa Reparata
129:in other regions of the
85:(between 30 and 15 BC).
1444:Illustratore Fiorentino
694:Surrounding territories
472:Piazza della Repubblica
451:Piazza della Repubblica
222:Piazza della Repubblica
1424:1893, pp. 493–496
1368:Cortile dei Fiorentini
1304:HEIA-FR - Architecture
1298:Caniggia, Gianfranco.
1265:
1259:Francesco Guicciardini
1220:
1214:Raffaello Gualtierotti
997:
989:
940:
899:
813:
767:
690:, general of Caesar).
622:
580:
563:
548:
515:
503:
410:
358:Lucius Cornelius Sulla
346:
206:
158:), connected with the
143:Accademia della Crusca
139:Florentia Illiberitana
58:[fɫoːˈrɛnti.a]
46:
1043:Roman art in Florence
995:
987:Torre della Pagliazza
984:
935:
894:
807:
661:amphitheater of Lucca
619:
595:Piazza della Signoria
501:
405:
218:Piazza della Signoria
204:
33:
25:Florentia (1821 ship)
1522:Florentia Ostrogota
1492:P. Degl'Iinnocenti,
1097:Grand Duke Cosimo I.
1085:Piazza Santa Trinita
871:Rowing Club Florence
710:, a municipality of
646:Domenico Maria Manni
545:Dante Inf. XIII, 143
478:of the city and the
1422:Notizie degli Scavi
1411:Notizie degli Scavi
1337:Paolino di Milano,
853:At the time of the
849:Christian Florentia
781:that is capital of
676:via del Campidoglio
137:, for example, was
79:Gaius Julius Caesar
1464:, I, 5, Roma. 1941
1223:Cristina di Lorena
1089:Baths of Caracalla
1047:Almost all of the
998:
990:
972:Categoria:Chiarire
941:
927:Piazza San Firenze
900:
863:Piazza de 'Giudici
814:
627:via del Proconsolo
623:
599:Piazza San Firenze
504:
411:
207:
47:
1553:Flora (mythology)
1413:1886, p. 177
1386:Vincenzo Borghini
1306:. HES-SO channels
1227:Ferdinando Medici
1132:Firenze ritrovata
779:Corrector Italiae
777:it was raised to
464:decumanus maximus
398:Colony foundation
367:The decadence of
262:with the city of
197:First settlements
1580:
1513:F. Salvestrini,
1370:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1343:De Bello Gothico
1335:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1231:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1186:Leonardo Bruni,
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1154:
1148:
1141:
1135:
1128:
1079:, including the
1065:Loggia dei Lanzi
748:Sesto Fiorentino
732:Septimus Severus
551:Lorenzo Ghiberti
546:
344:
329:Giovanni Villani
317:Piazza Donatello
189:or Florenţia in
60:
55:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1528:
1527:
1503:, Firenze 1996.
1457:, Firenze. 1924
1427:D. Fraschetti,
1403:G. F. Gamurrini
1378:
1373:
1366:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1336:
1332:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1266:Cose Fiorentine
1257:Tra i primi da
1254:
1250:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1142:
1138:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1109:
1045:
1037:Corinto Corinti
1031:(the so-called
1022:Mercato Vecchio
979:
913:The suburbs of
851:
819:
696:
680:via di Capaccio
672:via delle Terme
603:Palazzo Vecchio
547:
544:
496:
494:Roman buildings
400:
345:
342:
321:Affrico torrent
199:
173:("flowering").
91:
83:Augustan period
53:
28:
21:Florentia, Jura
17:
12:
11:
5:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1517:, Firenze 2005
1511:
1504:
1497:
1496:, Firenze 1994
1490:
1489:, Firenze 1991
1483:
1482:, Firenze 1973
1476:
1465:
1458:
1447:
1436:
1425:
1416:L. A. Milani,
1414:
1400:
1399:, Firenze 1746
1393:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1360:
1347:
1330:
1324:F.Castagnoli,
1317:
1290:
1281:
1248:
1203:
1192:
1179:
1167:
1149:
1143:F.Castagnoli,
1136:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1091:, a gift from
1077:Boboli Gardens
1069:Uffizi Gallery
1044:
1041:
978:
975:
867:piazza Mentana
850:
847:
818:
815:
724:Republican era
708:Bagno a Ripoli
695:
692:
611:Temple of Isis
542:
495:
492:
399:
396:
340:
198:
195:
90:
87:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1586:
1585:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Julius Caesar
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:F. Chiostri,
1477:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:Arte e Storia
1430:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:D. M. Manni,
1394:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Vita Ambrosii
1334:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1291:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1196:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:G. Semerano:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1073:Palazzo Pitti
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
994:
988:
983:
976:
974:
973:
969:
964:
963:(337 - 417).
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
939:
936:Floor of the
934:
930:
928:
924:
920:
916:
911:
909:
905:
897:
893:
889:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
843:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
816:
811:
806:
802:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
766:
761:
758:
755:
753:
749:
745:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
704:thermal baths
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
684:Nuova Cronica
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
642:
639:
637:
633:
628:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
589:
585:
579:
577:
572:
569:
567:
562:
557:
554:
552:
541:
537:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
514:
510:
507:
500:
493:
491:
489:
488:Monte Morello
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
460:cardo massimo
455:
453:
452:
447:
446:
441:
440:
435:
431:
426:
424:
420:
419:Julius Caesar
416:
409:
404:
397:
395:
394:
393:catilinarians
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
339:
335:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:From today's
313:
311:
306:
304:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:Ponte Vecchio
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
256:
254:
250:
247:of the Arno,
246:
242:
237:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
215:
212:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
185:, Florenz in
184:
180:
174:
172:
168:
163:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
100:
96:
88:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
51:
44:
40:
39:Roman theatre
36:
35:Plastic model
32:
26:
22:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1461:
1460:Maetzke G.,
1454:
1450:
1449:Corinti C.,
1443:
1439:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1376:Bibliography
1363:
1355:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1325:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1293:
1284:
1251:
1206:
1195:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1161:
1152:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1126:
1093:Pope Pius IV
1046:
1026:
1014:
999:
965:
946:
942:
912:
908:Christianity
901:
875:
852:
844:
823:centuriation
820:
817:Centuriation
778:
768:
763:
759:
756:
736:
697:
669:
654:
649:
643:
640:
634:. Under the
624:
592:
581:
576:
574:
570:
564:
559:
555:
549:
539:
535:
516:
512:
508:
505:
474:seat of the
456:
449:
443:
437:
427:
412:
366:
354:Gaius Marius
347:
337:
333:
314:
307:
296:
257:
238:
226:
208:
175:
170:
166:
164:
124:
118:
112:
106:
92:
49:
48:
45:of Florentia
43:amphitheatre
1467:Hardie C.,
1438:A. Guerri,
1033:Risanamento
953:San Miniato
904:Constantine
831:cartography
827:legionaries
517:To the god
480:Campidoglio
468:Via Strozzi
430:triumvirate
245:tributaries
69:from which
67:Arno valley
1532:Categories
1485:E. Mensi,
1310:24 January
1119:References
1053:sarcophagi
961:San Zanobi
878:Ostrogoths
808:Statue of
775:Diocletian
752:Settimello
739:Via Cassia
523:Baptistery
303:Via Cassia
272:footbridge
233:Villanovan
211:Copper Age
209:Traces of
63:Roman city
16:Roman city
1242:Gonfolina
1049:Roman art
1020:, around
882:Radagaiso
657:Colosseum
445:decumanus
434:army camp
362:fiesolana
350:civil war
325:Rovezzano
310:ring road
299:Po Valley
276:ferryboat
268:Etruscans
227:With the
171:Florentia
126:Pollentia
114:Piacentia
89:Etymology
50:Florentia
1573:Augustus
1548:Florence
1382:Discorsi
1216:nel suo,
1107:See also
1075:and the
968:Lombards
915:Oltrarno
810:Hercules
744:Terzolle
728:Claudius
665:fornices
607:Tribunal
566:Gradivus
543:—
484:aqueduct
442:and the
423:Augustus
408:Meleager
377:Pistoria
373:Catilina
352:between
341:—
284:Valdarno
229:Iron Age
191:Romanian
167:Fluentia
160:Akkadian
147:Etruscan
120:Valentia
108:Potentia
103:Floralia
97:, or to
71:Florence
61:) was a
1081:obelisk
949:Miniato
919:Mithras
840:Pistoia
799:Perugia
791:Fiesole
771:Adriano
720:Fiesole
716:Etruria
712:Chianti
688:Macrino
561:esiste.
531:Inferno
529:in the
389:castrum
381:Pistoia
369:Fiesole
264:Fiesole
260:Etruria
253:Affrico
249:Mugnone
214:burials
183:English
156:Affrico
152:Mugnone
135:Granada
95:flowers
75:legions
65:in the
1238:Ercole
1190:I.1, 3
1067:, the
1061:Lorena
1057:Medici
1018:Ghetto
1010:Africa
957:Felice
896:Totila
886:Totila
859:Strabo
795:Arezzo
787:umbria
783:Tuscia
760:
700:villas
588:Syrian
571:
556:
536:
509:
486:(from
385:Caesar
334:
288:Arezzo
187:German
179:French
131:Empire
1563:Sulla
1453:, in
1442:, in
1431:, in
1420:, in
1409:, in
1029:Italy
902:With
835:Campi
621:city.
527:Dante
476:Forum
439:cardo
415:Sulla
274:or a
99:Flora
1312:2022
1271:1441
1059:and
1008:and
1006:Gaul
1002:Pisa
923:Isis
797:and
750:and
730:and
702:and
519:Mars
421:and
356:and
292:Pisa
251:and
241:Arno
220:and
181:and
154:and
41:and
1384:di
1095:to
880:of
842:).
454:.
286:of
193:).
77:of
1534::
1471:,
1405:,
1388:,
1302:.
1273:)
1232:,
1160:.
1071:,
1039:.
1024:.
906:,
888:.
801:.
793:,
754:.
734:.
678:,
674:,
652:.
533::
417:,
331:.
312:.
224:.
145:.
123:,
117:,
111:,
1314:.
1269:(
1164:.
838:(
379:(
52:(
27:.
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