338:, the last Filipino revolutionary general to surrender, were the two major setbacks that precipitately turned the Leyte revolutionary command into the lone holdout in the Filipino nation's resistance against the American occupation. Impartial foreign observers at the time were appalled by the savagery of the mismatch and had estimated that the lives of more than million Filipinos had been wasted at the hands of the US military.
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well-equipped enemy. It was largely a hit-and-run strategy. The capture of
General Aguinaldo changed the long-range plan. Acting on orders from General Headquarters in connection with the need to speed up the pacification drive, General Mojica surrendered to the Americans on May 18, 1901. On the same date, he entrusted to Peñaranda the official papers and funds of the Jefatura.
262:(June 18, 1876 – September 3, 1938) was a Filipino educator, legislator and politician in the province of Leyte. He was also an officer of the revolutionary forces in Samar and Leyte who fought for Philippine independence against the Americans. During peacetime, Peñaranda ran for elections and won a seat representing the 3rd district of Leyte in the First
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In a public ceremony
Commandante Peñaranda addressed his officers and men and the Filipino nation at large. Commandante Peñaranda and his fellow soldiers then laid down their arms. Peñaranda's brief speech in Spanish was recorded in the Reseña de la Provincia de Leyte by historian-biographer Manuel
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At the First
Philippine Assembly, Peñaranda was a member of various committees including agriculture, Civil Service, Navigation, and Provincial and Municipal Governments. He authored and took a leading role in the proposed enactment of laws on agriculture, trade, public instruction, preservation of
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Peñaranda was elected by his peers to take over the premier revolutionary post in Leyte province. As
Commandante-en-Jefe or political-military chief, the 24-year-old Commandante Peñaranda understood clearly the burden of his command. He told his officers and men that the Leyte revolutionary command
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In the wake of pacification and the significant changes that came after it, such as the establishment of the First
Philippine Assembly (a unicameral legislature), Peñaranda ran for a seat in the Assembly and was elected representative of the Third District (now Second District) of Leyte in 1904.
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Before long, however, Leyte's role in the resistance movement intensified. The
Supreme General Command ordered General Vicente Lukban to focus his efforts on Samar and at the same time designated General Ambrosio Mojica as commander-in-chief of the Leyte Jefatura (Office of the Political-Military
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would hold fast to their commitment to continue the
Filipino struggle against the American occupation of the Philippines until the United States Congress fulfilled its promise to enact legislation guaranteeing autonomy to the Philippines and the right of the Filipino people to self-government.
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Noting the shortage of combatants in his fledgling army, General Mojica closed down all the schools in Leyte and conscripted the able-bodied male students and teachers, among them
Schoolmaster Peñaranda, to beef up his command. Mojica launched a guerilla campaign against the much-stronger and
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While they pressured their
Filipino facilitator to work overtime and hammer out with Peñaranda's negotiator a mutually acceptable written agreement regarding the promised US legislation, at the same time they dispatched licensed assassins and snipers to take down Peñaranda, a move the
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At 24, he was commander-in-chief of the Leyte revolutionary forces, by fate destined to articulate his command's firm resolve to hold fast to their commitment to continue the
Filipino resistance against the American occupation of the Philippines at the turn of the 19th century.
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On June 19, 1902, Commandante Peñaranda and his men were fetched from their mountain hideout by his trusted comrade Captain de Veyra with the written agreement in hand and together they went down and then rendezvoused with thousands of their comrades-in-arms.
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The Commander-in-chief's statement, otherwise known as the Peñaranda memorandum, was meant to remind the intruders that "superior people never make long visits." The Peñaranda memo didn't sit well with the Americans.
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Whatever new surprises General Lukban had mapped out against the American war machine, all came to nothing with his capture by an American special force in his mountain hideout in Samar on February 19, 1902.
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Peñaranda was married to Francisca Villasin, a native of Barugo with ancestral roots from Bantayan Island off Cebu. They had nine children, two boys and seven girls, one of whom died in her young years.
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Album histórico de la primera Asamblea filipina. Compilado por Anthony R. Tuohy. Fotografias y biografias reproducidas de "La revista filipina" suplemento español del The far eastern review
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Historian and writer Manuel Artigas of the Federalista Party who was born in Panalaron, Tacloban also ran for the same seat for the 3rd District of Leyte but Artigas lost to Peñaranda.
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Peñaranda and his personnel and a bodyguard of 60 crack riflemen had long moved quickly up the Baybay mountains and there had installed lookouts in well-concealed observation posts.
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Foreman, J., 1906, The Philippine Islands, A Political, Geographical, Ethnographical, Social and Commercial History of the Philippine Archipelago, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons
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They were especially on the watch out for American jungle fighters to wander into and get lost in the forest where they could live on its largesse for the rest of their days.
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Philippine sovereignty and protection of its territorial integrity, reduction of the budget, and the removal of unnecessary government agencies and bureaus.
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It was in point of fact the last stand of the all-but-ended Philippine resistance movement that began to unravel when its initiator and prime mover General
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Shortly thereafter General Lukban announced he was taking over command of the Leyte revolutionary forces. He designated Peñaranda as his assistant.
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had its beginning insofar as Peñaranda was concerned when he returned to Barugo after completing his studies in Manila.
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Album Histórico De La Primera Asamblea Filipina (Digital general collection of the University of Michigan)
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A street is named in Peñaranda's honor in his birthplace, Barugo, as well as in the neighboring town of
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Hon. Florentino Peñaranda, First Philippine Assembly Representative of the Third District of Leyte
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He studied at the Escuela Normal de San Francisco Xavier, a school ran by Spanish Jesuits in
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The last officer of Aguinaldo's Revolutionary army to surrender to American officers.
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Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Leyte (province)
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Peñaranda was born on June 18, 1876, in the town of Barugo, province of Leyte.
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Reseña de la provincia de Leyte : estudio histórico bio-bibliográfico
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465:. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library. p. 77
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Duties at the First Philippine Assembly or Philippine Legislature
486:"Looking Back: Heroes of the Philippines Resist U.S. Occupation"
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House of Representatives of the Republic of the Philippines
570:"Manuel Artigas y Cuerva (1866-1925) Historian and Scholar"
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Lukban's capture plus the earlier capitulation of General
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The saga of Leyte's little-known heroic stand in the
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233:in the islands of Samar and Leyte (1901 - 1902)
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650:Members of the Philippine Legislature
407:Peñaranda died on September 3, 1938.
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350:commander-in-chief had anticipated.
127:Captaincy General of the Philippines
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484:Peñaranda, Oscar (May 7, 2007).
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577:National Historical Institute
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630:People from Leyte (province)
542:Brak, Boris (August 2001).
531:. Manila: Cultura filipina.
437:. Manila. February 28, 2006
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199:Philippine Revolutionary
544:"The history of Baybay"
490:The James Logan Courier
457:Legislature, Philippine
314:Philippine-American War
289:Life as a Revolutionary
248:Philippine–American War
151:Philippine Commonwealth
204:Years of service
431:"Manila Observatory"
418:References and notes
260:Florentino Peñaranda
207:1899 - June 19, 1902
186:Educator, Legislator
82:Position established
22:Florentino Peñaranda
550:on January 10, 2017
496:on January 12, 2014
266:from 1907 to 1909.
264:Philippine Assembly
52:Philippine Assembly
625:Filipino educators
170:Francisca Villasin
386:Electoral history
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161:Nacionalista
138:(1938-09-03)
88:Succeeded by
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60:3rd district
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645:1938 deaths
640:1876 births
78:Preceded by
39: 1908
34:Peñaranda,
619:Categories
219:Lieutenant
183:Profession
112:1876-06-18
231:Commander
72:1907–1909
68:In office
527:(1914).
459:(2005).
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175:Children
307:Isabela
303:Palanan
225:Colonel
283:Manila
279:Ermita
167:Spouse
143:Barugo
119:Barugo
573:(PDF)
412:Tunga
147:Leyte
123:Leyte
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