63:
eighteen, and one for each remaining county. In 1930, the big counties of the time, containing
Florida’s largest cities, Jacksonville, Tampa, and Miami, had a combined population of 451,977, and had nine representatives and three senators. The four smallest counties had a combined of population of only 30,000, but had four representatives and three senators. This overrepresentation of rural, conservative areas led to increasing tension in twentieth-century Florida politics, as central and then south Florida grew. It was a major factor leading to the current
34:. It was Florida's fifth constitutional convention and restored the election of many public officials, reduced the salaries of the governor and other state officers, made the governor ineligible for reelection, abolished the office of lieutenant governor, and provided for a legislature of fixed numbers.
659:
It is not the
Governor's Cabinet. The Cabinet established under the 1885 Constitution consisted of independent officials elected on a statewide basis who, along with the governor, shared the executive authority of the state. Allen Morris' The Florida Handbook (1999-2000 ed.) at 5. It was not until
62:
The
Constitution was weighted in favor of counties. Each new county was entitled to one to three representatives according to population. Every ten years the lower house was automatically reconstructed on a basis of these members for each of the five largest counties, two members for each of the next
37:
The agreed-upon constitution added a residency requirement, forbade a second consecutive term for the office of governor, made the cabinet elected instead of appointed, and made many state and local offices elective. It also gave the legislature the option of requiring the payment of a
54:
The constitution ratified at the convention passed with a vote of 31,804 to 21,243. It was "the model" of
Florida's government until 1968 and "represented the regression to racial discrimination which was occurring throughout the South in the
42:
as a requirement for voting (Article VI, Section 8). This was a compromise between smaller "black belt" counties who wanted more offices elected and those from larger and more prosperous counties. The poll tax
673:"The Legislature shall have power to make the payment of the capitation tax a prerequisite for voting, and all such taxes received shall go into the school fund." Fla. Const. of 1885, art. VI, s.8
815:
1181:
51:
in schools was mandatory (Article XII, Section 12). The constitution also prohibited marriage between "a white person and a person of negro descent" (Article XVI, Section 24).
1135:
808:
1161:
1125:
789:
Journal of the proceedings of the
Constitutional Convention of the state of Florida: which convened at the Capitol, at Tallahassee, on Tuesday, June 9, 1885
801:
604:
1186:
883:
824:
22:, its fifth, was drawn up by the Constitutional Convention of 1885. The convention was held from June 9, 1885 until August 3, 1885 in
1176:
638:
1107:
1099:
664:
that the group of officers was officially designated as the
Cabinet. Allen Morris' The Florida Handbook (1981-1982 ed.) at 110.
752:
457:
1171:
1115:
1033:
998:
779:
695:
378:
243:
1073:
978:
938:
294:
106:
1038:
1028:
1023:
1003:
316:
280:
414:
1130:
953:
868:
216:
767:
Michael Gannon, The New
History of Florida (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1996), 263-264, 272, 275, 304.
1068:
988:
983:
858:
361:
307:
1078:
1043:
948:
923:
575:
211:
171:
166:
1156:
1063:
1013:
993:
968:
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943:
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853:
566:
533:
473:
418:
331:
262:
101:
92:
39:
556:
550:
1083:
1058:
963:
903:
878:
848:
838:
661:
513:
509:
500:
482:
452:
433:
409:
303:
298:
157:
129:
64:
580:
538:
1018:
973:
913:
888:
843:
505:
491:
469:
442:
388:
346:
271:
247:
202:
193:
147:
110:
83:
31:
429:
357:
285:
228:
1048:
928:
893:
544:
351:
342:
232:
529:
336:
97:
562:
448:
258:
237:
198:
162:
1166:
1120:
1053:
1008:
908:
599:
523:
478:
463:
405:
289:
252:
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153:
138:
125:
119:
23:
586:
496:
366:
276:
88:
79:
519:
393:
372:
222:
207:
180:
134:
764:
Charles W. Tebeau, A History of
Florida (Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1971), 288-290.
487:
56:
48:
691:
267:
143:
1093:
788:
736:
399:
327:
783:
115:
646:
16:
Florida's
Constitution of 1885: Legal framework for Florida government from 1885 to 1968
321:
312:
44:
793:
1150:
683:
571:
438:
423:
27:
776:
384:
30:" Constitution of 1868", according to course literature from the
797:
773:"Florida's Constitution," New York Times, August 18, 1885, 11.
47:
African-Americans, and anyone else too poor to pay the tax.
770:"The Florida Convention," New York Times, June 18, 1885, 1.
628:"Rise And Fall of the Slave South," University of Virginia
688:
The
Magnificent Twelve: Florida's Black Junior Colleges
1106:
1092:
831:
712:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 65–66
690:, Winter Park, Florida, FOUR-G Publishers, 1994,
1182:Defunct state constitutions of the United States
735:Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924 by
809:
8:
75:Delegates included seven African Americans.
739:University of Alabama Press (1998) page 145
816:
802:
794:
710:Florida. A Guide to the Southernmost State
605:Florida Constitutional Convention of 1838
616:
639:"CHRONOLOGY OF FLORIDA'S CONSTITUTION"
624:
622:
620:
7:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
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1162:American constitutional conventions
825:State constitutions (United States)
26:"for the purpose of reforming the "
14:
708:Federal Writers Project (1939),
686:, Prologue to Walter L. Smith,
589:, 1st Vice President - Escambia
67:, which changed apportionment.
777:Full Text of 1885 Constitution
20:Florida's Constitution of 1885
1:
1187:Anti-black racism in Florida
753:Florida Constitution of 1885
662:Florida Constitution of 1968
219:- Duval, an African American
381:- Leon, an African American
339:, First Assistant Secretary
217:Thomas Van Renssalaer Gibbs
172:Simon Barclay Conover, M.D.
1203:
426:, President - 9th district
1177:Legal history of Florida
1126:Northern Mariana Islands
557:David Shelby Walker, Jr.
551:Burton Daniel Wadsworth
304:John Newton Krimminger
32:University of Virginia
1172:Government of Florida
581:Charles Cooper Wilson
539:John William Tompkins
526:, an African American
445:, an African American
150:, an African American
122:, an African American
660:the adoption of the
600:Florida Constitution
506:Thomas F. Swearingen
470:Robert Furman Rogers
65:Constitution of 1968
24:Tallahassee, Florida
1136:U.S. Virgin Islands
520:William F. Thompson
458:William H. Reynolds
430:John C. Pelot, M.D.
373:William Hall Milton
358:A. Douglas McKinnon
286:Joseph H. Humphries
229:Jonathan C. Greeley
181:James Wood Davidson
782:2013-01-28 at the
759:Additional sources
545:Samuel J. Turnbull
488:James Gamble Speer
352:James F. McClellan
343:Alex. L. McCaskill
57:Reconstruction era
49:Racial segregation
1144:
1143:
530:Joseph M. Tolbert
337:Daniel M. McAlpin
268:William A. Hocker
144:Henry W. Chandler
98:William A. Blount
1194:
1100:Washington, D.C.
1094:Federal district
818:
811:
804:
795:
740:
737:Canter Brown Jr.
733:
714:
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705:
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674:
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657:
651:
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645:. Archived from
635:
629:
626:
563:William T. Weeks
508:- 7th district (
449:Theodore Randell
400:William T. Orman
379:John W. Mitchell
328:Augustus Maxwell
259:Henry Clay Hicks
244:Robert Henderson
238:William F. Green
199:George P. Fowler
163:Thomas L. Clarke
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1157:1885 in Florida
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827:
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784:Wayback Machine
761:
749:
744:
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681:
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643:www.law.fsu.edu
637:
636:
632:
627:
618:
613:
596:
479:Norman T. Scott
464:John C. Richard
406:Henry L. Parker
324:- 22nd district
295:John B. Johnson
255:- 28th district
253:John R. Herndon
190:Henry H. Duncan
154:Thomas E. Clark
126:Lewis D. Carson
116:Wallace B. Carr
107:Daniel Campbell
73:
45:disenfranchised
17:
12:
11:
5:
1200:
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1116:American Samoa
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1034:South Carolina
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
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999:North Carolina
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991:
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747:External links
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649:on 2000-05-19.
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587:James E. Yonge
584:
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560:
559:- 8th district
554:
548:
542:
536:
527:
517:
503:
497:James B. Stone
494:
485:
476:
467:
461:
455:
446:
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427:
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403:
402:- 5th district
397:
391:
382:
376:
370:
367:Hugh E. Miller
364:
355:
349:
340:
334:
325:
322:Austin S. Mann
319:
313:John T. Lesley
310:
301:
292:
283:
277:Samuel E. Hope
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256:
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241:
240:- 4th district
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214:
205:
196:
187:
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132:
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113:
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89:Thomas N. Bell
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80:Henry C. Baker
72:
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1074:West Virginia
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979:New Hampshire
977:
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957:
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950:
947:
945:
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939:Massachusetts
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920:
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910:
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684:Leroy Collins
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579:
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572:John Westcott
570:
568:
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531:
528:
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507:
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502:
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477:
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431:
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407:
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398:
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394:B.F. Oliveros
392:
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386:
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365:
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353:
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260:
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239:
236:
234:
230:
227:
224:
223:James D. Goss
221:
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208:F. B. Genovar
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135:Syd L. Carter
133:
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127:
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103:
99:
96:
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68:
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60:
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52:
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41:
35:
33:
29:
25:
21:
1131:Puerto Rico
1039:South Dakota
1029:Rhode Island
1024:Pennsylvania
1004:North Dakota
709:
703:
687:
678:
669:
655:
647:the original
642:
633:
439:Samuel Petty
424:Samuel Pasco
415:John Parsons
317:Hillsborough
281:Hillsborough
74:
61:
53:
36:
19:
18:
1167:Florida law
1108:Territories
954:Mississippi
869:Connecticut
547:- Jefferson
460:, Secretary
396:- St. Johns
1151:Categories
1069:Washington
989:New Mexico
984:New Jersey
859:California
696:1885066015
611:References
541:- Columbia
466:- Bradford
362:Washington
308:Santa Rosa
1079:Wisconsin
1044:Tennessee
949:Minnesota
924:Louisiana
698:, p. xvi.
682:Governor
576:St. Johns
553:- Madison
385:John Neel
375:- Jackson
354:- Jackson
212:St. Johns
167:Jefferson
71:Delegates
59:period."
28:Carpetbag
1064:Virginia
1014:Oklahoma
994:New York
969:Nebraska
959:Missouri
944:Michigan
934:Maryland
919:Kentucky
899:Illinois
874:Delaware
864:Colorado
854:Arkansas
780:Archived
594:See also
567:Bradford
534:Columbia
474:Suwannee
419:Hernando
369:- Marion
332:Escambia
263:Franklin
225:- Marion
102:Escambia
93:Hamilton
40:poll tax
1084:Wyoming
1059:Vermont
964:Montana
904:Indiana
884:Georgia
879:Florida
849:Arizona
839:Alabama
514:Liberty
510:Wakulla
501:Calhoun
483:Gadsden
453:Madison
434:Manatee
410:Brevard
299:Alachua
158:Jackson
130:Liberty
1019:Oregon
974:Nevada
914:Kansas
889:Hawaii
844:Alaska
832:States
694:
583:- Polk
492:Orange
443:Nassau
389:Holmes
347:Walton
272:Sumter
248:Taylor
203:Putnam
194:Sumter
148:Marion
111:Walton
84:Nassau
1049:Texas
929:Maine
894:Idaho
233:Duval
55:post-
1121:Guam
1054:Utah
1009:Ohio
909:Iowa
692:ISBN
524:Leon
290:Polk
185:Dade
176:Leon
139:Levy
120:Leon
1153::
718:^
641:.
619:^
574:-
565:-
532:-
522:-
499:-
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481:-
472:-
451:-
441:-
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417:-
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109:-
100:-
91:-
82:-
817:e
810:t
803:v
516:)
512:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.