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age (between 5 and 22 million years old) and capped by a carbonate rock composed primarily of the sessile vermetid gastropod
Petaloconchus sp. (a marine snail that cements its tubular shell to a hard surface, such as a rock or another shell). Previous to core sample studies in 2010 and 2011, the
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Florida Middle grounds were thought to have been formed by coral. However, new research indicates that the ridges likely formed as a series of shore-parallel sediment bars eventually capped and preserved by vermetid gastropods, or "worm snails."
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coral-reef complex that has bio-similarities to modern patch-reefs, and a species distribution that includes both
Carolinian and Caribbean components. The fish species are markedly tropical, with
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622:"Observations on Deep Marine Structures: Florida Middle Ground, Pulley Ridge, and Howell Hook from the DeepWorker submersible, sustainable seas expedition, 2000"
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The ridges consist of unconsolidated marine calcareous muddy sand, about 12 meters (40 feet) thick, overlying a weathered, fossiliferous limestone of
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In: Hallock and French (Eds). Diving for
Science...2000. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Scientific Diving Symposium. St Pete Beach, Florida
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503:"The Role of Vermetid Gastropods in the Development of the Florida Middle Ground, Northeast Gulf of Mexico"
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571:"The State of Coral Reed Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States: 2002"
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ledges and pinnacles that exceed 15 metres (49 feet) in some areas. The roughly 348
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538:"New Geologic Explanation for the Florida Middle Ground in the Gulf of Mexico"
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to evaluate the status of the reef. This research was conducted utilizing the
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location. In 2004, the wreck was identified by a team of divers led by
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477:"The Florida Middle Grounds: Habitat Area of Particular Concern"
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dominating the community that relies upon the existence of the
696:"Identity Crisis - Finding a Name for the Middlegrounds Wreck"
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These reefs consist of a series of both high and low relief
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Coleman, FC; Dennis, G; Jaap, Walter; Koenig, C; Reed, S.
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between 28° 10' and 28° 45' N and 084°00' and 084°25' W
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Center for
Coastal Monitoring and Assessment (2002).
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46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
322:coast and 160 kilometres (99 miles) northwest of
575:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
421:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
351:represents the northernmost scope of mid-shelf
632:. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013
419:In 2000, a research project was funded by the
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439:The "Middle grounds shipwreck" is a popular
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479:. Florida State University. Archived from
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106:Learn how and when to remove this message
630:American Academy of Underwater Sciences
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379:. Currently, there are 170 species of
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44:adding citations to reliable sources
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501:Reich, Christopher (2012-09-12).
135:, Florida Middle Ground, May 1977
294:are a reefs in the northeastern
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581:from the original on 2010-06-10
548:from the original on 2015-04-20
31:needs additional citations for
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664:Tomalin, Terry (2004-06-18).
536:Gibbons, Helen (2014-02-01).
197:Show map of the United States
507:Journal of Coastal Research
347:Today's middle ground reef
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133:Acanthochitona venezuelana
649:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
194:Location in United States
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55:"Florida Middle Grounds"
700:Advanced Diver Magazine
601:Cite journal requires
509:. Spring 2013: 46–57.
292:Florida Middle Grounds
121:Florida Middle Grounds
694:Barnette, Michael C.
246:28.45833°N 84.20833°W
702:(17). Archived from
670:St. Petersburg Times
40:improve this article
449:Michael C. Barnette
397:decapod crustaceans
387:, approximately 40
251:28.45833; -84.20833
242: /
169:Show map of Florida
515:10.2112/SI63-005.1
407:and 23 species of
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96:December 2009
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51:Find sources:
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708:. Retrieved
704:the original
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583:. Retrieved
550:. Retrieved
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485:. Retrieved
481:the original
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441:scuba diving
438:
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409:stony corals
377:Loop Current
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163:Location in
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38:Please help
33:verification
30:
542:Sound Waves
429:submersible
427:one person
405:echinoderms
401:polychaetes
365:stony coral
361:prehistoric
249: /
224:Coordinates
710:2010-12-30
680:2010-12-30
636:2010-12-30
585:2010-12-30
552:2015-04-22
487:2010-12-30
462:References
435:Recreation
369:gorgonians
359:. It is a
237:84°12′30″W
234:28°27′30″N
66:newspapers
523:129504619
353:octocoral
349:ecosystem
324:Tampa Bay
320:panhandle
312:limestone
306:Geography
725:Category
579:Archived
546:Archived
451:as the
415:Research
393:mollusks
213:Location
208:Location
453:tugboat
445:fishing
389:sponges
336:Miocene
330:Geology
300:Florida
272:Geology
262:Country
165:Florida
80:scholar
521:
456:Gwalia
373:sponge
371:, and
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519:S2CID
403:, 23
399:, 41
395:, 56
391:, 75
385:algae
87:JSTOR
73:books
651:link
607:help
443:and
381:fish
290:The
283:reef
278:Type
59:news
511:doi
42:by
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