991:
1132:
1116:
1088:
943:
959:
1553:
1486:
1920:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1031:
1072:
1752:
1584:
1537:
252:
1019:
1904:
1741:
426:
386:
346:
327:
306:
299:
1827:
1730:
180:
266:
526:
740:
241:
220:
213:
76:
62:
48:
721:
1444:
320:
227:
201:
173:
156:
128:
116:
88:
55:
1043:
419:
379:
187:
142:
102:
1936:
1525:
1007:
280:
234:
135:
109:
1792:
505:
194:
149:
95:
69:
519:
487:
1565:
473:
466:
459:
447:
407:
367:
313:
825:
433:
393:
353:
1340:
1144:
1333:
1326:
1319:
1312:
512:
498:
480:
400:
360:
259:
1305:
440:
339:
1801:
1451:
1298:
615:
1662:
273:
1458:
1836:
1187:
1671:
979:
1698:
1689:
1393:
1400:
1386:
1680:
697:, and not found in natively Egyptian ornaments. They are mostly dated to the early centuries of the Christian Era although medieval or even modern (early 20th century) origin cannot be ruled out with certainty, as the drawings are not mentioned in the extensive listings of graffiti at the temple compiled by
2079:
Furlong states that these engravings can date no earlier than 535 BCE and probably date to the 2nd and 4th century CE. His research is based on photographic evidence of Greek text, yet to be fully deciphered. The text is seen alongside the designs and the position close to the top of columns, which
1166:
Martha
Bartfeld, author of geometric art tutorial books, described her independent discovery of the design in 1968. Her original definition said, "This design consists of circles having a 1- radius, with each point of intersection serving as a new center. The design can be expanded
1087:
1071:
1182:, by creating multiple series of interlinking circles of the same diameter touching the previous circle's center. The second circle is centered at any point on the first circle. All following circles are centered on the intersection of two other circles.
1552:
1115:
990:
2379:
1536:
1919:
2455:, John Conway, Neil J. A. Sloane, Chapter 2, section 1.1, Covering space with overlapping circle. pp. 31-32. Figure 2.1 Covering the plane with circles (b) The more efficient or thinner covering in a hexagonal lattice.
942:
1030:
1903:
958:
1197:
The pattern can be extended outwards in concentric hexagonal rings of circles, as shown. The first row shows rings of circles. The second row shows a three-dimensional interpretation of a set of
1863:
form can be seen with circles that line up horizontally and vertically, while intersecting on their diagonals. The pattern appears slightly different when rotated on its diagonal, also called a
1583:
2334:
2368:
1018:
2080:
are greater than 4 meters in height. Furlong suggests the
Osirion was half filled with sand prior to the circles being drawn and therefore likely to have been well after the end of the
1131:
677:
The design becomes more widespread in the early centuries of the Common Era. One early example are five patterns of 19 overlapping circles drawn on the granite columns at the
1935:
2466:
Mesopotamian
Mathematics 2100-1600 BC: Technical Constants in Bureaucracy and Education (Oxford Editions of Cuneiform Texts), Eleanor Robson, Clarendon Press, 1999,
1564:
1006:
662:
The oldest known occurrence of the "overlapping circles" pattern is dated to the 7th or 6th century BCE, found on the threshold of the palace of
Assyrian king
1077:
Cup with mythological scenes, a sphinx frieze and the representation of a king vanquishing his enemies. Cypro-Archaic I (8th–7th centuries BC). From
Idalion,
852:
The pattern and modern name have propagated into wide range of usage in popular culture, in fashion, jewelry, tattoos and decorative products. The pattern in
2308:
2474:
2174:
Katz, Eugene A.; Jin, Bih-Yaw (August 2016). Huylebrouck, Dirk (ed.). "Fullerenes, Polyhedra, and
Chinese Guardian Lions". The Mathematical Tourist.
2344:
571:
Patterns of seven overlapping circles appear in historical artefacts from the 7th century BC onwards; they become a frequently used ornament in the
1209:
cube of spheres viewed from a diagonal axis. The third row shows the pattern completed with partial circle arcs within a set of completed circles.
1247:
of spheres in 3-dimensional space, viewed on the diagonal axis. There are more spheres than circles because some are overlapping in 2 dimensions.
1143:
731:
2158:
1212:
Expanding sets have 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127, etc. circles, and continuing ever larger hexagonal rings of circles. The number of circles is
1983:
1558:
Three offset copies of the minimal covering circle pattern (left most image) make the 7-circle pattern, like this red, green, blue version.
760:, the pattern is one of several arrangements of circles (others being used for fourfold or fivefold designs) used to construct grids for
1042:
2471:
1485:
2251:
1964:
1478:
1471:
1464:
2401:
712:
indicating points in churches anointed with holy water during a churches dedication also take the form of overlapping circles.
2120:
1751:
892:
features the 19 overlapping circles grid as the central part of its album cover. Teaser posters illustrating the cover art to
2290:
1910:
251:
1524:
2456:
997:
783:
1740:
1796:
The circle radius is the reciprocal of the square root of 2 times their separation (distance between their centers).
2549:
771:
761:
425:
385:
345:
1995:
1635:
1729:
326:
2534:
1721:
978:
305:
298:
1826:
663:
179:
1845:
1098:
618:
This pattern can be extended indefinitely, seen here with hexagonal rings of 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91 circles...
265:
739:
525:
1094:
240:
219:
212:
75:
61:
47:
1623:
as a plane intersection of a torus. The areas inside one circle and outside the other circle is called a
633:
Overlapping circles with similar geometrical constructions have been used infrequently in various of the
2213:
1508:
1443:
884:
770:. The resulting patterns however characteristically conceal the construction grid, presenting instead a
551:
319:
226:
200:
172:
155:
127:
115:
87:
54:
868:. Besides an occasional use in fashion, it is also used in the decorative arts. For example, the album
720:
418:
378:
186:
141:
101:
504:
1709:
911:
875:
764:. It is used to design patterns with 6- and 12-pointed stars as well as hexagons in the style called
709:
518:
279:
233:
134:
108:
1791:
1036:
19-circle: A window at the southern apsis of the church of
Preveli Monastery (Moni Preveli), Crete.
870:
794:
193:
148:
94:
68:
630:. It contains 6 circles intersecting at a point, with a 7th circle centered on that intersection.
486:
1624:
1620:
1500:
1179:
914:
in northern Italy since the 1990s. It resembles a pattern often found in that area on buildings.
897:
623:
555:
2428:
1867:
form because it can be seen as two square lattices with each centered on the gaps of the other.
1594:
472:
465:
458:
446:
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366:
312:
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432:
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2154:
2150:
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2016:
1756:
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813:
809:
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595:
497:
258:
2539:
2228:
2183:
1339:
1251:
969:
949:
904:
824:
2003:
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1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
511:
479:
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359:
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1643:
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1608:
1304:
1150:
705:
698:
634:
599:
439:
338:
936:
In the examples below the pattern has a hexagonal outline, and is further circumscribed.
667:
17:
637:
since ancient times. The pattern has found a wide range of usage in popular culture, in
614:
272:
2405:
2067:
2041:
1860:
1543:
1515:
1102:
565:
1835:
1661:
1450:
1297:
2528:
1745:
1612:
682:
678:
560:
2369:"Coldplay new album: Beyonce and Noel Gallagher to feature on A Head Full of Dreams"
1457:
2312:
1894:
1713:
1639:
1186:
1122:
845:
movement, and commonly attributed specifically to
Drunvalo Melchizedek in his book
572:
539:
2019:
1670:
1399:
1392:
1385:
782:
Patterns of seven overlapping circles are found on Roman mosaics, for example at
2042:"The "Flower of Life" and the Osirion – Facts are more interesting than Fantasy"
1959:
1769:
1504:
790:
757:
576:
1697:
1688:
2309:"Zaeem Jamal Launches New Collection on Board a Private Yacht in Dubai Marina"
2187:
1734:
1574:
584:
2518:
2509:
2282:
2261:
2024:
1879:
1647:
1171:
depending upon the number of times the odd-numbered points are marked off."
1154:
789:
The design is found on one of the silver plaques of the Late Roman hoard of
689:, and a further five on column opposite the building. They are drawn in red
1716:
can be stereographically projected onto the plane as overlapping circles.
1024:
19-circle: Two symbols drawn in red ochre Temple of Osiris at Abydos, Egypt
587:. The name "Flower of Life" is given to the overlapping circles pattern in
2335:"Bring Me The Horizon: This album needs to be the one that lasts forever"
918:
889:
853:
798:
694:
603:
2485:
2121:"Witches' marks: public asked to seek ancient scratchings in buildings"
1571:
1542:
Two offset copies of the minimal covering circle pattern (left) make a
1106:
1049:
842:
832:
805:
693:
and some are very faint and difficult to distinguish. The patterns are
642:
638:
588:
1945:
1616:
1590:
1078:
1065:
In the examples below the pattern does not have a hexagonal outline.
1053:
671:
646:
598:
derived from the "seven overlapping circles" pattern, also known as "
547:
543:
917:
A seven-circle "Flower of Life" is also used in the coat of arms of
1929:
is constructed by from two sets of overlapping circles half-offset.
1831:
It can be seen as two half-offset square grids of tangent circles.
1012:
19-circle symbol with completed arcs and bounded by a larger circle
1942:
1875:
1840:
1806:
1518:
pattern, while three copies make the original triangular pattern.
766:
727:
690:
686:
613:
580:
29:
1507:
of 3 times their radius. Richard
Kershner showed in 1939 that no
1239:
These overlapping circles can also be seen as a projection of an
816:
explicitly discussed the mathematical proportions of the design.
2095:
1883:
1679:
1244:
1175:
626:
form, with circle radii equal to their separation is called a
575:
period, and survive into medieval artistic traditions both in
1878:, and is found on the walls of the 8th century Hindu temple
287:
1984:
Islamic Art and
Geometric Design: Activities for Learning
1511:
more efficiently than this hexagonal lattice arrangement.
882:
as the main feature of its album cover, whereas the album
841:
The name "Flower of Life" is modern, associated with the
1109:, China, showing the geometrical pattern on its surface.
2429:"The church of S.Egidio and the Sun of the Alps symbol"
2278:
CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Second Edition
1121:
Floor decoration from the northern Iraq palace of King
865:
793:(discovered 1961). It is later found as an ornament in
36:
2232:, foll. 307r–309v, 459r (dated between 1478 and 1519).
554:. Commonly, designs are based on circles centered on
1818:
1783:
1718:
1656:
704:Similar patterns were sometimes used in England as
2367:
2202:Der spätrömische Silberschatzfund von Kaiseraugst.
2246:. Santa Fe, NM: Mandalart Creations. p. 35.
1514:Two offset copies of this circle pattern makes a
2402:"Il significato del simbolo del Sole delle Alpi"
1913:, with 12 spheres in contact around every sphere
1650:. The center of the 3-circle figure is called a
1125:, visible in the Museum of Louvre, dated 645BC.
1577:stoneware glazed jar. Syria, 12th/13th century
1503:form is common, with circle separation as the
1764:The 7-circle pattern has also been called an
1630:The 3-circle figure resembles a depiction of
8:
2215:The Cosmati Pavements in Westminster Abbey.
996:7-circle: Mosaic floor from a bathhouse in
1509:arrangement of circles can cover the plane
1726:
1440:
1294:
708:to keep witches from entering buildings.
31:Example overlapping round circle figures
1249:
910:) symbol has been used as the emblem of
847:The Ancient Secret of the Flower of Life
823:
558:(with the simple, two circle form named
2404:(in Italian). Lega Nord. Archived from
2275:Weisstein, Eric W. (12 December 2002).
2000:A History of Art in Chaldæa and Assyria
1976:
1899:
1520:
1067:
938:
2244:How to Create Sacred Geometry Mandalas
1809:called a double wedding ring pattern.
610:Triangular grid of overlapping circles
2433:Storia di Confine – Valli di Natisone
1546:pattern, like this red, blue version.
932:1, 7, and 19-circle hexagonal variant
7:
2453:Sphere Packings, Lattices and Groups
2068:"The Osirion and the Flower of Life"
1998:. Georges Perrot, Charles Chipiez,
1611:of the 2-circle figure is called a
1174:The pattern figure can be drawn by
804:High medieval examples include the
2486:Creating Square Grids from Circles
2119:Kennedy, Maev (October 31, 2016).
1776:Square grid of overlapping circles
1254:figures including partial circles
900:in the last week of October 2015.
602:" from its frequent use in alpine
25:
2366:Denham, Jess (November 6, 2015).
2218:Retrieved 14 September 2013.
1965:Uniform tiling symmetry mutations
1909:The square grid can be seen in a
948:Leonardo da Vinci's drawing from
879:
828:
2333:Cooper, Ed (February 25, 2013).
2285:(published 2002). p. 1079.
1934:
1918:
1902:
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1303:
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989:
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185:
178:
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154:
147:
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133:
126:
114:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
67:
60:
53:
46:
2382:from the original on 2022-05-24
2094:Murray, Margaret Alice (1904).
2002:, vol. 1, London 1884, S. 240,
1967:– pattern mutations in 3D space
1093:Ball held by the male Imperial
730:pattern that can be drawn with
2427:Ivano Dorboló (June 6, 2010).
2176:The Mathematical Intelligencer
1779:
1619:. Two circles are also called
797:, and still later in European
772:design of interlaced strapwork
628:seven overlapping circles grid
606:in the 17th and 18th century.
163:Centered square lattice forms
1:
2153:. pp. 22–23 and passim.
2097:The Osireion at Abydos London
2046:Egyptian Tour (David Furlong)
1927:five overlapping circles grid
1820:Centered square lattice form
1766:Islamic seven-circles pattern
896:were widely displayed on the
2505:"Circle-circle intersection"
2307:Zaman, Sana (May 14, 2013).
1658:
984:1-circle with completed arcs
801:of the early modern period.
492:
412:
372:
332:
292:
1911:face-centered cubic lattice
880:61 overlapping circles grid
594:Of special interest is the
452:
2566:
2147:Islamic Geometric Patterns
1843:design, from Owen Jones's
1788:
1417:
1257:
1137:Coffee cup (Germany, 2022)
837:(commercial product, 2013)
762:Islamic geometric patterns
538:is a geometric pattern of
2242:Bartfeld, Martha (2005).
2188:10.1007/s00283-016-9663-0
2040:Stewart, Malcolm (2008).
1948:(detail), Java, Indonesia
732:compass and straight edge
649:and decorative products.
286:
162:
35:
27:Kind of geometric pattern
18:Flower of Life (geometry)
2521:article from The Mystica
1941:Kawung or "Coffee Bean"
1722:stereographic projection
1597:, Tivoli, 2nd century AD
952:, between 1478 and 1519.
864:to contrast it from the
536:overlapping circles grid
2200:Hans Ulrich Instinsky:
1865:centered square lattice
1846:The Grammar of Ornament
1642:. Its interior makes a
1099:Gate of Supreme Harmony
903:The "Sun of the Alps" (
786:in the 1st century BC.
2204:Mainz 1971, plaque 85.
838:
835:, silver, ⌀ 27 mm
619:
288:triangular circle grid
1153:" emblem used by the
894:A Head Full of Dreams
885:A Head Full of Dreams
862:triangle wedding ring
827:
653:Cultural significance
617:
552:two-dimensional space
2145:Broug, Eric (2008).
1785:Square lattice form
912:Padanian nationalism
876:Bring Me the Horizon
858:diamond wedding ring
710:Consecration crosses
583:decorations) and in
2476:at books.google.com
2408:on January 12, 2014
2347:on October 23, 2015
1821:
1786:
1724:
1710:spherical polyhedra
1255:
829:19-circle with arcs
795:Gothic architecture
568:pattern of points.
32:
2519:The flower of life
2502:Weisstein, Eric W.
2017:Weisstein, Eric W.
1819:
1784:
1719:
1702:Reuleaux triangle
1621:Villarceau circles
1501:triangular lattice
1250:
921:the space nation.
898:London Underground
839:
624:triangular lattice
620:
37:square circle grid
30:
2550:Religious symbols
2160:978-0-500-28721-7
2151:Thames and Hudson
2082:Ptolemaic dynasty
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1813:
1812:
1762:
1761:
1757:Icosidodecahedron
1712:with edges along
1706:
1705:
1652:reuleaux triangle
1530:19 circle example
1492:
1491:
1000:, 1st century BCE
966:Leonardo da Vinci
814:Leonardo da Vinci
810:Westminster Abbey
596:six petal rosette
532:
531:
16:(Redirected from
2557:
2515:
2514:
2488:
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2477:
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2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2371:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2343:. Archived from
2330:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2239:
2233:
2229:Codex Atlanticus
2225:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2066:Furlong, David.
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2020:"Flower of life"
2012:
2006:
1994:Louvre Inv.-Nr.
1992:
1986:
1981:
1938:
1922:
1906:
1889:It is called an
1838:
1829:
1822:
1803:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1725:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1675:Borromean rings
1673:
1664:
1657:
1603:Related concepts
1589:Black and white
1586:
1567:
1555:
1539:
1527:
1495:Other variations
1488:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1414:(image missing)
1411:(image missing)
1408:(image missing)
1405:(image missing)
1402:
1395:
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1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1256:
1189:
1146:
1134:
1118:
1090:
1074:
1061:Similar patterns
1048:19-circle: From
1045:
1033:
1021:
1009:
993:
981:
970:Codex Atlanticus
961:
950:Codex Atlanticus
945:
856:has been called
812:(13th century).
742:
723:
706:apotropaic marks
679:Temple of Osiris
528:
521:
514:
507:
500:
489:
482:
475:
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461:
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50:
33:
21:
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2535:Sacred geometry
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2375:The Independent
2365:
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2340:The Independent
2332:
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2240:
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2222:
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2195:
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2168:
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2144:
2143:
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2070:
2065:
2064:
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2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2004:(gutenberg.org)
1993:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1956:
1949:
1939:
1930:
1923:
1914:
1907:
1870:It is called a
1839:
1830:
1804:
1795:
1778:
1768:for its use in
1755:
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1733:
1701:
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1634:and is used in
1632:borromean rings
1605:
1598:
1595:Hadrian's Villa
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1151:Sun of the Alps
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908:Sole delle Alpi
836:
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780:
754:
753:
752:
751:
750:
749:, using pattern
745:Window cage at
743:
735:
734:
724:
699:Margaret Murray
664:Aššur-bāni-apli
660:
655:
635:decorative arts
612:
600:Sun of the Alps
28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
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2494:External links
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2472:978-0198152460
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747:Topkapı Palace
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566:square lattice
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808:pavements in
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38:
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19:
2508:
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2452:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2432:
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2406:the original
2396:
2384:. Retrieved
2373:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:the original
2338:
2328:
2316:. Retrieved
2313:Haute Living
2301:
2277:
2270:
2243:
2237:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2182:(3): 61–68.
2179:
2175:
2169:
2146:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2125:The Guardian
2124:
2114:
2102:. Retrieved
2100:. p. 35
2096:
2089:
2071:. Retrieved
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2023:
2010:
1999:
1990:
1979:
1926:
1925:The related
1895:Mesopotamian
1890:
1888:
1872:Kawung motif
1871:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1844:
1807:quilt design
1765:
1763:
1707:
1629:
1606:
1593:pavement at
1513:
1498:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1193:Progressions
1184:
1173:
1169:ad infinitum
1168:
1165:
1162:Construction
1123:Ashurbanipal
1064:
972:, fol. 307v)
935:
928:
916:
907:
902:
893:
883:
869:
861:
857:
851:
846:
840:
820:Modern usage
803:
788:
781:
765:
755:
703:
676:
670:(now in the
668:Dur Šarrukin
661:
632:
627:
621:
593:
573:Roman Empire
570:
564:) or on the
559:
546:of an equal
535:
533:
2438:November 9,
2412:December 1,
2386:November 8,
2351:November 8,
2318:November 9,
2130:October 31,
2104:November 4,
2073:November 8,
2051:November 8,
1960:Knot theory
1770:Islamic art
1607:The center
1570:Example on
1505:square root
964:Drawing by
871:Sempiternal
791:Kaiseraugst
758:Islamic art
577:Islamic art
2529:Categories
2292:1420035223
1972:References
1891:Apsamikkum
1735:Octahedron
1693:Triquetra
1575:Raqqa ware
1377:343-sphere
1372:216-sphere
1367:125-sphere
1291:(343-216)
1286:(216-125)
888:(2015) by
874:(2013) by
585:Gothic art
2510:MathWorld
2283:CRC Press
2025:MathWorld
1880:Prambanan
1648:triquetra
1644:unicursal
1437:+84 arcs
1434:+72 arcs
1431:+60 arcs
1428:+48 arcs
1425:+36 arcs
1422:+24 arcs
1419:+12 arcs
1362:64-sphere
1357:27-sphere
1284:91-circle
1281:(125-64)
1279:61-circle
1274:37-circle
1269:19-circle
1155:Lega Nord
878:uses the
701:in 1904.
658:Near East
556:triangles
540:repeating
2545:Patterns
2380:Archived
2262:70293628
1996:AO 19915
1954:See also
1841:Egyptian
1499:Another
1379:(7×7×7)
1374:(6×6×6)
1369:(5×5×5)
1364:(4×4×4)
1359:(3×3×3)
1354:(2×2×2)
1352:8-sphere
1349:(1×1×1)
1347:1-sphere
1276:(64-27)
1264:7-circle
1259:1-circle
919:Asgardia
890:Coldplay
854:quilting
849:(1999).
799:folk art
695:graffiti
604:folk art
2540:Circles
1849:(1856)
1638:theory
1615:, from
1572:Ayyubid
1271:(27-8)
1261:
1252:Rosette
1236:-1)+1.
1220:-1) = 3
1180:compass
1107:Beijing
1097:at the
1050:Ephesus
925:Gallery
905:Italian
843:New Age
833:Pendant
806:Cosmati
647:tattoos
643:jewelry
639:fashion
589:New Age
544:circles
2470:
2289:
2260:
2250:
2157:
1946:sarong
1617:Euclid
1591:mosaic
1266:(8-1)
1243:-unit
1228:+1 = 3
1079:Cyprus
1054:Turkey
778:Europe
683:Abydos
672:Louvre
548:radius
2305:E.g.
1943:Batik
1876:batik
1708:Some
1636:3-set
767:girih
728:girih
691:ochre
687:Egypt
581:girih
2468:ISBN
2440:2015
2414:2014
2388:2015
2353:2015
2320:2015
2287:ISBN
2258:OCLC
2248:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2132:2016
2106:2015
2075:2015
2053:2015
1884:Java
1859:The
1625:lune
1609:lens
1245:cube
1178:and
622:The
2184:doi
1882:in
1176:pen
860:or
756:In
681:in
674:).
666:in
550:in
534:An
454:19
294:1+
208:13
43:1+
2531::
2507:.
2431:.
2378:.
2372:.
2337:.
2311:.
2281:.
2256:.
2180:38
2178:.
2149:.
2123:.
2044:.
2022:.
1886:.
1805:A
1772:.
1654:.
1627:.
1224:-3
1216:-(
1105:,
1101:,
1052:,
774:.
726:A
685:,
645:,
641:,
414:7
374:4
334:3
168:5
123:9
83:4
2513:.
2442:.
2416:.
2390:.
2355:.
2322:.
2295:.
2264:.
2190:.
2186::
2163:.
2134:.
2108:.
2084:.
2077:.
2055:.
2028:.
1241:n
1234:n
1232:(
1230:n
1226:n
1222:n
1218:n
1214:n
1207:n
1205:×
1203:n
1201:×
1199:n
1149:"
1081:.
968:(
579:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
