270:
Troublesome
Armenian problem: Massacre and Deportation, or both combined. Talaat, Enver, and Jemal were fiends from hell itself." By this time, the deportations of the Armenians in Diyarbakir had already begun and there were mass arrests of Armenian men throughout the city. Smith described that during the arrests, many belongings were confiscated and sexual assaults towards women were rampant. Smith also remarked how the Armenian male population was disarmed and subjugated to torture:
415:
359:
317:, who visited the region in June 1915, Reshid had recently received a three-worded telegram from Talat Pasha to "Burn-Destroy-Kill," an order cited as official government approval of his persecution of the Christian population. Nesimi Bey and Sabit Bey, the governors of the districts of Lice and Sabit, respectively, are both suspected to have been assassinated under the express orders of Reshid for their opposition to the killings.
351:, a Christian missionary stationed in Kharpert. The telegraph requested help from him, since Smith and his wife were the only missionaries left in Diyarbakir. Riggs, who overheard of the massacres in Diyarbakir, immediately went to Diyarbakir and was greeted by Smith. Riggs noted that he was particularly relieved when he saw that Dr. Smith wasn't in immediate danger, since most of the massacres happened outside of Diyarbakir.
344:, which involves the beating the soles of a person's bare feet. One such patient, considered a "prominent Armenian", underwent seven hundred lashes to the soles of his feet. The man received heavy swelling around his feet and his skin, which had already contained numerous blisters, was visibly broken. Smith also treated an Armenian woman who was beaten in prison and had several bruises on her legs and arms.
275:
people had weapons in their houses in remembrance of the event of twenty years ago, but I feel positive that there was no idea of a general uprising. About the first of April a proclamation was posted demanding arms. Men were imprisoned right and left and tortured to make them confess the presence and place of concealments of arms. Some went mad under the torture.
354:
Riggs visited Smith's treatment center, which in reality was his own home. In his report to the ABCFM, Smith remarked that Henry H. Riggs was also a witness to the condition of his patients. In his memoirs, Riggs does relate his encounters with Smith's patients. Riggs also noted that Smith refused to
229:
By this time, his correspondence with relatives in the United States suggested that war was about to begin. In one letter, Smith noted that the conscription of
Armenians into the military caused much anxiety within the Armenian community while the Turks, on the other hand, were similarly dissatisfied
437:
In
January 1945, a doctor reported that the average loss of weight among male internees had been 53 pounds (24 kg) during the three years at Santo Tomas, 32.5 percent of average body weight (Forty percent loss of normal body weight will usually result in death). A month later, however, American
366:
Bessie Smith and Arthur left with Riggs to
Kharpert on 3 June and arrived two days later. On their way there, Bessie Smith's bag was searched by Turkish authorities and a code that was to be used in communication with her husband was confiscated. This involved use of innocent terms to describe such
279:
Mehmed Reshid would eventually be known for organizing the annihilation of the
Armenian communities of Diyarbekir, earning him the nickname the "butcher of Diyarbakir". He had persuaded himself that the native Armenian population was conspiring against the Ottoman state and he had accordingly drawn
274:
The vali was superseded early in March. By getting a large force of police and gendarmes the new vali succeeded in apprehending the larger part of these men. He soon started the imprisonment of prominent
Armenians using as justification the false statement that they were sheltering deserters. Most
269:
Floyd Smith managed to establish contact with the new governor in the first few weeks of his governorship. However, the governor then prohibited Smith from visiting him. Dr. Smith asserted, "Diyarbakir is an interior province with extremely few foreigners—an ideal setup to find out how to solve the
332:
During these events, Smith received many patients from throughout the province of
Diyarbakir who suffered from deportations, torture, and massacre. He compiled a list of all the patients he treated and provided details concerning each patient. In one such instance, on 21 May 1915, Smith received a
249:
When a typhus outbreak occurred in
Diyarbakir, Smith was assigned to treat the provincial governor, Hamdi Bey. By this time, Hamdi Bey had a tolerant view towards the local Armenian population. However, fearing that he might lose his post as governor due to his tolerance, he ordered the arrest of
139:. He wrote extensively about the treatment of his patients and provided detailed medical assessments of each of them. Smith later worked in the Philippines for nine years, and remained in there for another thirty years. During World War II, he was captured by Japanese forces and was held as a
336:
Despite the fact that
Turkish soldiers were guarding the village to prevent escapes, about twenty people managed to flee to Diyarbakir for safety and treatment. Smith reported that these patients suffered from bullet wounds, severed wrists, attempted decapitations, and sword and knife cuts.
370:
Rumors had circulated claiming that the
Armenians were planning to conduct an insurrection against the local government and that Floyd Smith was one of their agents. Smith believed that an Armenian close to him was forced to make such a claim in order to escape torture. Dr. Floyd Smith was
241:, the local British consulate in Diyarbakir entrusted Smith with the archives of the consulate. The archives were to be transferred to the American consulate for security purposes. However, Smith, along with a nurse, decided to burn the archives.
438:
forces liberated the camp in February 1945, but it was not until September that Santo Tomas finally closed and the last internees boarded a ship for the US or sought out places to live in Manila, almost completely destroyed in the
222:(today Gaziantep) located in the eastern provinces of the Empire. While in Aintab, Floyd and Bessie Smith had a child named Arthur. However, both Floyd and Bessie became gravely ill. After making a recovery, Floyd Smith moved to
261:
and fighting erupted at the border against Russia. In early spring of 1915, the Russians advanced successfully into Ottoman territory and the quick march of their army toward Diyarbakir, according to Turkish historian
333:
group of twenty patients who escaped the massacres of Karabash, a village near Diyarbakir. The village had a population of about seven hundred people, and consisted of a mixed population of Armenians and Assyrians.
434:. The camp housed more than 4,000 internees from January 1942 until February 1945. At Santo Tomas, he continued to treat various prisoners and saved the lives of dozens of internees, many of which were starved.
405:
He officially served with the Red Cross until 1927, but continued to run his own private medical practice. He then worked for the Insular lumber Company as an industrial doctor and worked around the country.
320:
Anywhere between 144,000 and 157,000 Armenians, Assyrians, and other Christians, or 87 to 95% of the province's Christian population, were killed or deported during Reshid's tenure as governor of Diyarbekir.
304:
uprisings in or at the border of the province required the application of drastic measures. The transgressional, offensive and impudent attitude of the Armenians was seriously endangering the honor of the
355:
leave his post as a doctor since his patients needed him. It was then decided that Dr. Smith's wife and their child Arthur should return with Riggs to Kharpert while Smith remained in Diyarbakir.
371:
subsequently expelled from Diyarbakir as a result of an official order from the governor. After his expulsion, the government confiscated the property of the ABCFM. Smith was then transferred to
398:. In 1922, Smith founded a hospital there that contained fifty beds. In late 1924, Bessie Smith died while giving birth to their fifth child. He remarried in 1925, to fellow American missionary
250:
many Armenians he believed would cause disturbances. Nevertheless, Hamdi Bey was still branded as someone who favored the Armenians and was subsequently removed from his post and replaced by
430:
where he and his Filipino friends were captured and taken in as a prisoner of war. For three years, Smith was then interned in various internment camps until he was ultimately relocated to
1165:
192:
394:
Floyd Smith volunteered to work for the Red Cross and briefly cared for Russian and Turkish soldiers in 1916. He was then sent to the Philippines in 1918 where he settled in
1145:
467:
97:
450:
After World War II, Smith briefly continued his medical practices in the Philippines. Eventually however, he settled in the United States in the late 1950s. He died in
309:
Over the next two months, the Armenians of the province were targeted in an extermination campaign through wholesale massacres and deportations. According to the
1140:
418:
Dr. Floyd Smith treated many male internees who, from malnourishment, lost an average of 53 pounds during the 37 months of their internment at Santo Tomas.
803:
Later, Reshid became infamous for organizing the extermination of the Armenians in the province of Diarbekir, receiving the nickname "kasap" (the butcher)
207:
where he remained there for six months in order to learn French. Smith then arrived in the Ottoman Empire in 1913 where he passed medical examinations in
1170:
1130:
1175:
1155:
1160:
1077:
382:
After a special passport was granted to them in August 1915, Floyd Smith along with his family settled in Beirut before being transferred to
423:
947:"Turkish atrocities" : statements of American missionaries on the destruction of Christian communities in Ottoman Turkey, 1915–1917
179:
31:
1150:
982:
721:
662:
766:
325:
1013:
955:
921:
796:
628:
1135:
266:, must have confirmed Reshid's "apocalyptic fear" of the Russians and perceptions that all Armenians were Russian spies.
431:
362:
Emergency passport photograph dated 16 August 1915 of the Smith family following their expulsion from Ottoman Empire
263:
379:, the United States consul of Aleppo. He only able to meet with his wife and children outside of the country.
439:
167:
where he attained his medical degree in 1911. He served as an intern at the Iowa Methodist Hospital in
1125:
1120:
237:
in October 1914. During his time there he was unable to continue corresponding. With the outbreak of
620:
Massacres, resistance, protectors: muslim-christian relations in Eastern Anatolia during world war I
1098:
672:
451:
301:
164:
77:
1097:
Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2011), "From 'Patriotism' to Mass Murder: Dr. Mehmed Reşid (1873–1919)", in
296:
had been invaded by the enemy , deserters were transgressing, pillaging and robbing everywhere.
414:
1073:
978:
951:
917:
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792:
762:
758:
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573:
314:
310:
288:
My appointment to Diyarbekir coincided with a very delicate period of the war. Large parts of
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136:
750:
376:
358:
117:
684:
427:
399:
172:
140:
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348:
258:
208:
128:
109:
1114:
1040:
Captured: The Japanese Internment of American Civilians in the Philippines, 1941–1945
251:
160:
144:
751:
458:
on August 6, 1961, at the age of seventy-five and is buried at the Felton cemetery.
159:
to parents Arthur and Jane Smith. After attaining a Bachelor of Science degree from
156:
58:
972:
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907:
786:
711:
652:
618:
595:
561:
544:
328:
Bessie Smith, wife of Floyd Smith, prior to her departure from the United States
289:
238:
113:
108:(December 1, 1885 – August 6, 1961) was an American physician who served in the
788:
The first world war as remembered in the countries of the eastern mediterranean
178:
530:
455:
234:
168:
651:
Suny, edited by Ronald Grigor; Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (2011).
577:
1103:
A Question of Genocide: Armenians and Turks at the End of the Ottoman Empire
1070:
The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1950
341:
215:
132:
121:
30:
654:
A question of genocide Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire
223:
340:
Smith recounted that one of the more common torture techniques was the
324:
909:
Days of tragedy in Armenia: personal experiences in Harpoot, 1915–1917
560:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (February 1913).
383:
297:
293:
219:
204:
196:
623:(1st Gorgias Press ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias. p. 155.
594:
Joint Publication Committee of the United Church of Christ (1962).
257:
In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered World War I on the side of the
713:
Nearest East American millennialism and mission to the Middle East
413:
357:
323:
200:
177:
372:
284:." In his memoirs, Reshid recounted his first days as governor:
426:, when Japanese forces invaded the Philippines, Smith fled to
531:"Portrait of Bravery: The Life and Times of Dr. Floyd Smith"
226:(today Harput) where he united with other missionaries.
182:
Floyd Olin Smith prior to leaving to the Ottoman Empire
367:
things as "massacre", "tortures" and "imprisonments".
716:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p. 89.
375:
where he was imprisoned; his release was arranged by
1028:– via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
1000:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
193:
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions
1014:"Dr. Floyd Smith, Retired Medical Missionary, Dies"
950:. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Gomidas Institute. p. 92.
93:
85:
66:
40:
21:
468:Witnesses and testimonies of the Armenian genocide
191:Floyd Smith was sent to the Ottoman Empire by the
657:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 140.
347:In late May 1915, Smith had sent a telegraph to
286:
272:
549:. State University of Iowa. 1910. p. 464.
1166:Protestant missionaries in the Ottoman Empire
199:on 31 December 1912 and initially settled in
155:Floyd Smith was born on December 1, 1885, in
8:
163:in 1907, Smith continued his studies at the
524:
522:
520:
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1053:The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines
850:
500:
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488:
486:
484:
482:
29:
18:
1146:American prisoners of war in World War II
939:
937:
935:
933:
589:
587:
245:Treating victims of the Armenian genocide
1042:. Athens, GA: U of GA Press, 2000 p. 206
901:
899:
897:
895:
757:(pbk. ed.). London: Verso. p.
478:
89:Medical doctor and Christian missionary
1091:, New York, London: C. Scribner's Sons
874:
680:
670:
646:
644:
642:
640:
1055:. Manila: Bookmark, 1967, pp. 613–626
974:Armenian Genocide: A Complete History
886:
862:
838:
826:
814:
736:
697:
147:where he spent the rest of his life.
7:
791:. Würzburg: Ergon-Verl. p. 52.
773:Resit Bey, the butcher of Diyarbakir
1072:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1141:Witnesses of the Armenian genocide
944:Barton, comp. by James L. (1998).
529:Aghjayan, George (28 April 2014).
280:up plans for the "solution of the
14:
1171:Protestant missionaries in Turkey
1131:People from Buchanan County, Iowa
1105:, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1176:20th-century American physicians
1156:American Protestant missionaries
424:Philippines campaign (1941–1942)
131:, Smith was a caretaker of many
98:Witness to the Armenian Genocide
1089:Four Years Beneath the Crescent
233:Smith was later transferred to
1161:People from Felton, California
739:, pp. 61–83, 88, 98, 106.
1:
214:After he was briefly sent to
171:. He married Bessie Heath in
1101:and Fatma Müge Göçek (ed.),
1020:. August 7, 1961. p. 10
1087:De Nogales, Rafael (1926),
971:Kevorkian, Raymond (2011).
785:Olaf Farschid, ed. (2006).
710:Kieser, Hans-Lukas (2010).
432:Santo Tomas Internment Camp
218:he was then transferred to
1192:
187:Work in the Ottoman Empire
1151:University of Iowa alumni
28:
906:Riggs, Henry H. (1997).
749:Anderson, Perry (2011).
562:"From Iowa to Diarbekir"
195:(ABCFM). He sailed from
135:who were victims of the
390:Work in the Philippines
127:During his time in the
419:
363:
329:
313:officer and mercenary
307:
277:
183:
1002:. 115–119: 159. 1925.
617:Gaunt, David (2006).
566:The Missionary Herald
417:
361:
327:
181:
143:. He returned to the
1136:Physicians from Iowa
1068:Üngör, Uğur (2011),
912:. Ann Arbor, Mich.:
600:United Church Herald
112:(1913–1917) and the
1051:Hartendorp, A.V.H.
1018:Santa Cruz Sentinel
175:on 4 October 1912.
1099:Ronald Grigor Suny
1038:Cogan, Frances B.
841:, pp. 55–106.
683:has generic name (
533:. Armenian Weekly.
420:
364:
330:
184:
165:University of Iowa
116:(1918–1927) under
78:Felton, California
1079:978-0-19-960360-2
998:"Annual Report".
914:Gomidas Institute
865:, pp. 72–73.
817:, pp. 63–64.
753:The new old world
315:Rafael de Nogales
282:Armenian question
252:Mehmed Reshid Bey
230:with the policy.
137:Armenian genocide
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440:Battle of Manila
377:Jesse B. Jackson
118:Near East Relief
106:Floyd Olin Smith
73:
55:December 1, 1885
54:
52:
45:Floyd Olin Smith
33:
19:
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977:. I.B. Tauris.
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851:De Nogales 1926
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400:Anna Isabel Fox
392:
264:Uğur Ümit Üngör
254:in March 1915.
247:
189:
173:Hopkinton, Iowa
153:
141:prisoner of war
81:
80:, United States
75:
71:
62:
61:, United States
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50:
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36:
24:
17:
16:American doctor
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5:
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984:978-0857730206
983:
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891:
879:
877:, p. 142.
867:
855:
853:, p. 147.
843:
831:
819:
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797:
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741:
729:
723:978-1439902240
722:
702:
700:, p. 106.
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664:978-0199781041
663:
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629:
609:
583:
552:
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477:
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472:
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396:Cagayan de Oro
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349:Henry H. Riggs
259:Central Powers
246:
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209:Constantinople
188:
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152:
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129:Ottoman Empire
110:Ottoman Empire
101:
100:
95:
94:Known for
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83:
82:
76:
74:(aged 75)
70:August 6, 1961
68:
64:
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26:
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889:, p. 85.
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835:
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829:, p. 63.
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768:9781844677214
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596:"Obituraries"
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428:Negros island
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402:(1890-1974).
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86:Occupation(s)
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79:
69:
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60:
43:
39:
35:Smith in 1918
32:
27:
20:
1102:
1088:
1069:
1062:Bibliography
1052:
1047:
1039:
1034:
1024:November 21,
1022:. Retrieved
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572:(2): 53–54.
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