Fluoride - Knowledge (XXG)

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Approximately, 50% of absorbed fluoride is excreted renally with a twenty-four-hour period. The remainder can be retained in the oral cavity, and lower digestive tract. Fasting dramatically increases the rate of fluoride absorption to near 100%, from a 60% to 80% when taken with food. Per a 2013 study, it was found that consumption of one litre of tea a day, can potentially supply the daily recommended intake of 4 mg per day. Some lower quality brands can supply up to a 120% of this amount. Fasting can increase this to 150%. The study indicates that tea drinking communities are at an increased risk of

1400:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women ages 18 and older the AI is set at 2.9 mg/day (including pregnancy and lactation). For men, the value is 3.4 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.6 to 3.2 mg/day. These AIs are comparable to the U.S. AIs. The EFSA reviewed safety evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children). 683: 1248: 64: 1384:

typically matched to actual average consumption, with the assumption that there appears to be a need, and that need is met by what people consume. The current AI for women 19 years and older is 3.0 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). The AI for men is 4.0 mg/day. The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. The major known risk of

1762: 55: 1658:; this is mostly mild and is unlikely to represent any real effect on aesthetic appearance or on public health. Fluoride was known to enhance bone mineral density at the lumbar spine, but it was not effective for vertebral fractures and provoked more nonvertebral fractures. In areas that have naturally occurring high levels of fluoride in 1595:. The lethal dose for most adult humans is estimated at 5 to 10 g (which is equivalent to 32 to 64 mg elemental fluoride per kg body weight). A case of a fatal poisoning of an adult with 4 grams of sodium fluoride is documented, and a dose of 120 g sodium fluoride has been survived. For 969:

However, upon prolonged contact with moisture, soluble fluoride salts will decompose to their respective hydroxides or oxides, as the hydrogen fluoride escapes. Fluoride is distinct in this regard among the halides. The identity of the solvent can have a dramatic effect on the equilibrium shifting it

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Organofluorine compounds are pervasive. Many drugs, many polymers, refrigerants, and many inorganic compounds are made from fluoride-containing reagents. Often fluorides are converted to hydrogen fluoride, which is a major reagent and precursor to reagents. Hydrofluoric acid and its anhydrous form,

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The upper limit of fluoride intake from all sources (fluoridated water, food, beverages, fluoride dental products and dietary fluoride supplements) is set at 0.10 mg/kg/day for infants, toddlers, and children through to 8 years old. For older children and adults, who are no longer at risk for

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All vegetation contains some fluoride, which is absorbed from soil and water. Some plants concentrate fluoride from their environment more than others. All tea leaves contain fluoride; however, mature leaves contain as much as 10 to 20 times the fluoride levels of young leaves from the same plant.

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According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Dietary Reference Intakes, which is the "highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects" specify 10 mg/day for most people, corresponding to 10 L of fluoridated water with no risk. For young

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L.) is a known accumulator of fluorine compounds, released upon forming infusions such as the common beverage. The fluorine compounds decompose into products including fluoride ions. Fluoride is the most bioavailable form of fluorine, and as such, tea is potentially a vehicle for fluoride dosing.

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Around one-third of the human population drinks water from groundwater resources. Of this, about 10%, approximately 300 million people, obtain water from groundwater resources that are heavily contaminated with arsenic or fluoride. These trace elements derive mainly from minerals. Maps locating

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Yadav, Krishna Kumar; Kumar, Sandeep; Pham, Quoc Bao; Gupta, Neha; Rezania, Shahabaldin; Kamyab, Hesam; Yadav, Shalini; Vymazal, Jan; Kumar, Vinit; Tri, Doan Quang; Talaiekhozani, Amirreza; Prasad, Shiv; Reece, Lisa M.; Singh, Neeraja; Maurya, Pradip Kumar; Cho, Jinwoo (October 2019). "Fluoride

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this can be expected to be a significant source of fluoride, however fluoride is also naturally present in virtually all foods and beverages at a wide range of concentrations. The maximum safe daily consumption of fluoride is 10 mg/day for an adult (U.S.) or 7 mg/day (European Union).

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appears to be an increased risk of bacteria-caused tooth cavities. As for safety, the IOM sets tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fluoride the UL is 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as

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The U.S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated Adequate Intake (AI) was used instead. AIs are

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fluoride was synthesized that is the closest approximation of a thermodynamically stable and structurally characterized example of a "naked" fluoride source in an aprotic solvent (acetonitrile). The sterically demanding imidazolium cation stabilizes the discrete anions and protects them from

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For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes, the amount of a vitamin or mineral in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value (%DV). Although there is information to set Adequate Intake, fluoride does not have a Daily Value and is not required to be shown on food labels.

760:(well water) concentrations vary even more, depending on the presence of local fluoride-containing minerals. For example, natural levels of under 0.05 mg/L have been detected in parts of Canada but up to 8 mg/L in parts of China; in general levels rarely exceed 10 mg/litre 1156:, in the case where water fluoridation is in effect. Fluoride ion in low doses in the mouth reduces tooth decay. For this reason, it is used in toothpaste and water fluoridation. At much higher doses and frequent exposure, fluoride causes health complications and can be toxic. 2178:

Chandio, Tasawar Ali; Khan, Muhammad Nasiruddin; Muhammad, Maria Taj; Yalcinkaya, Ozcan; Wasim, Agha Arslan; Kayis, Ahmet Furkan (January 2021). "Fluoride and arsenic contamination in drinking water due to mining activities and its impact on local area population".

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to be "one of 10 great public health achievements of the 20th century". In some countries where large, centralized water systems are uncommon, fluoride is delivered to the populace by fluoridating table salt. For the method of action for cavity prevention, see

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Eawag (2015) Geogenic Contamination Handbook – Addressing Arsenic and Fluoride in Drinking Water. C.A. Johnson, A. Bretzler (Eds.), Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Duebendorf, Switzerland. (download:

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In 2024, a 300-page report by the National Institutes of Health linked flouridation of drinking water in the United States, in areas where levels are slightly more than twice the recommended limit, to lower IQ in developing children.

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Zupanek, Ž.; Tramšek, M.; Kokalj, A.; Tavčar, G. (2018). "Reactivity of VOF3 with N-Heterocyclic Carbene and Imidazolium Fluoride: Analysis of Ligand–VOF3 Bonding with Evidence of a Minute π Back-Donation of Fluoride".

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Daily intakes of fluoride can vary significantly according to the various sources of exposure. Values ranging from 0.46 to 3.6–5.4 mg/day have been reported in several studies (IPCS, 1984). In areas where water is

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Fluoride can be present in rain, with its concentration increasing significantly upon exposure to volcanic activity or atmospheric pollution derived from burning fossil fuels or other sorts of industry, particularly

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fluoride is another example. However, they all lack structural characterization in aprotic solvents. Because of their high basicity, many so-called naked fluoride sources are in fact bifluoride salts. In late 2016

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Derakhshani, R; Raoof, A; Mahvi, AH; Chatrouz, H (2020). "Similarities in the Fingerprints of Coal Mining Activities, High Ground Water Fluoride, and Dental Fluorosis in Zarand District, Kerman Province, Iran".

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is more dangerous than salts such as NaF because it is corrosive and volatile, and can result in fatal exposure through inhalation or upon contact with the skin; calcium gluconate gel is the usual antidote.

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Bennett, Brian K.; Harrison, Roger G.; Richmond, Thomas G. (1994). "Cobaltocenium Fluoride: A Novel Source of "Naked" Fluoride Formed by Carbon-Fluorine Bond Activation in a Saturated Perfluorocarbon".

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is also used non-systematically, to describe compounds which release fluoride upon dissolving. Hydrogen fluoride is itself an example of a non-systematic name of this nature. However, it is also a

1642:, sodium fluoride can cause pain in the legs and incomplete stress fractures when the doses are too high; it also irritates the stomach, sometimes so severely as to cause ulcers. Slow-release and 1584:

children the values are smaller, ranging from 0.7 mg/d to 2.2 mg/d for infants. Water and food sources of fluoride include community water fluoridation, seafood, tea, and gelatin.

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adopt the same structure. For compounds containing more than one fluoride per cation, the structures often deviate from those of the chlorides, as illustrated by the main fluoride mineral

1646:-coated versions of sodium fluoride do not have gastric side effects in any significant way, and have milder and less frequent complications in the bones. In the lower doses used for 6678: 733:

sources, as well as in rainwater, particularly in urban areas. Seawater fluoride levels are usually in the range of 0.86 to 1.4 mg/L, and average 1.1 mg/L (milligrams per

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Wang W, Cho HS, Kim R, et al. (2002). "Structural characterization of the reaction pathway in phosphoserine phosphatase: crystallographic "snapshots" of intermediate states".

948: 887:, and tends to remain as the fluoride ion rather than generating a substantial amount of hydrogen fluoride. That is, the following equilibrium favours the left-hand side in water: 3765:"Prevention and management of osteoporosis: consensus statements from the Scientific Advisory Board of the Osteoporosis Society of Canada. 7. Fluoride therapy for osteoporosis" 2484:

Schwesinger, Reinhard; Link, Reinhard; Wenzl, Peter; Kossek, Sebastian (2005). "Anhydrous Phosphazenium Fluorides as Sources for Extremely Reactive Fluoride Ions in Solution".

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Fluorides include compounds that contain ionic fluoride and those in which fluoride does not dissociate. The nomenclature does not distinguish these situations. For example,

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Alič, B.; Tramšek, M.; Kokalj, A.; Tavčar, G. (2017). "Discrete GeF5– Anion Structurally Characterized with a Readily Synthesized Imidazolium Based Naked Fluoride Reagent".

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Bellomo, Sergio; Aiuppa, Alessandro; D’Alessandro, Walter; Parello, Francesco (August 2007). "Environmental impact of magmatic fluorine emission in the Mt. Etna area".

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Salts containing fluoride are numerous and adopt myriad structures. Typically the fluoride anion is surrounded by four or six cations, as is typical for other halides.

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Alič, B.; Tavčar, G. (2016). "Reaction of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) with different HF sources and ratios – A free fluoride reagent based on imidazolium fluoride".

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Derakhshani, R; Tavallaie, M; Malek Mohammad, T; Abbasnejad, A; Haghdoost, A (2014). "Occurrence of fluoride in groundwater of Zarand region, Kerman province, Iran".

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Muriale L, Lee E, Genovese J, Trend S (1996). "Fatality due to acute fluoride poisoning following dermal contact with hydrofluoric acid in a palynology laboratory".

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show the efficacy of 500 ppm fluoride in toothpastes. However, no beneficial effect can be detected when more than one fluoride source is used for daily oral care.

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Haguenauer, D; Welch, V; Shea, B; Tugwell, P; Adachi, JD; Wells, G (2000). "Fluoride for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporotic fractures: a meta-analysis".

592:), whose salts are typically white or colorless. Fluoride salts typically have distinctive bitter tastes, and are odorless. Its salts and minerals are important 2319:

Arnesen, A.K.M.; Abrahamsen, G.; Sandvik, G.; Krogstad, T. (February 1995). "Aluminium-smelters and fluoride pollution of soil and soil solution in Norway".

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Aigueperse, Jean; Mollard, Paul; Devilliers, Didier; Chemla, Marius; Faron, Robert; Romano, René; Cuer, Jean Pierre (2000). "Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic".

1303:) are more commonly used additives, especially in the United States. The fluoridation of water is known to prevent tooth decay and is considered by the U.S. 322: 2389:

Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P (2008). "Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions".

4057: 1059:. Few inorganic fluorides are soluble in water without undergoing significant hydrolysis. In terms of its reactivity, fluoride differs significantly from 1304: 604:. Fluoride is classified as a weak base since it only partially associates in solution, but concentrated fluoride is corrosive and can attack the skin. 2018: 3927: 694: 1091:) anion. Sources of true F anions are rare because the highly basic fluoride anion abstracts protons from many, even adventitious, sources. Relative 2521: 6355: 3491: 1217:. Formerly, it was mined, but now it is derived from hydrogen fluoride. Fluorite is used on a large scale to separate slag in steel-making. Mined 4157:

Nakagawa M, Matsuya S, Shiraishi T, Ohta M (1999). "Effect of fluoride concentration and pH on corrosion behavior of titanium for dental use".

3258:"BeF(3)(-) acts as a phosphate analog in proteins phosphorylated on aspartate: structure of a BeF(3)(-) complex with phosphoserine phosphatase" 3818: 3624: 3599: 3570: 3342: 2468: 424: 2769:

McDonagh M. S.; Whiting P. F.; Wilson P. M.; Sutton A. J.; Chestnutt I.; Cooper J.; Misso K.; Bradley M.; Treasure E.; Kleijnen J. (2000).

3517: 3056: 4252: 1775: 3367:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies" 3057:"Remineralization of initial carious lesions in deciduous enamel after application of dentifrices of different fluoride concentrations" 6348: 2354:

Wong MH, Fung KF, Carr HP (2003). "Aluminium and fluoride contents of tea, with emphasis on brick tea and their health implications".

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are worn when handling fluoride compounds. The hazards of solutions of fluoride salts depend on the concentration. In the presence of

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Levy, Steven M.; Guha-Chowdhury, Nupur (1999). "Total Fluoride Intake and Implications for Dietary Fluoride Supplementation".

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Chan, Laura; Mehra, Aradhana; Saikat, Sohel; Lynch, Paul (May 2013). "Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (

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in Earth's crust and is widely dispersed in nature, entirely in the form of fluorides. The vast majority is held in

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Abukurah AR, Moser AM Jr, Baird CL, Randall RE Jr, Setter JG, Blanke RV (1972). "Acute sodium fluoride poisoning".

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concentration in seawater is about 19 g/L. The low concentration of fluoride reflects the insolubility of the

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is also used in compositional IUPAC nomenclature which does not take the nature of bonding involved into account.

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Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V (2007). "Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults".

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Worldwide, 50 million people receive water from water supplies that naturally have close to the "optimal level".

6313: 6111: 6018: 5988: 5950: 5310: 5111: 4537: 1390: 1187: 235: 31: 5587: 3588: 2463:(1st English ed., by Nils Wiberg. ed.). San Diego, Calif. : Berlin: Academic Press, W. de Gruyter. 6025: 6011: 5104: 2076:"Fluoride in Drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality" 6296: 6266: 6213: 6206: 6191: 6184: 6177: 6148: 6071: 5942: 5935: 5822: 5760: 5732: 5302: 5209: 5154: 5133: 5125: 5096: 5082: 5059: 5052: 5021: 4915: 4774: 4245: 3934: 2999:

Walsh, Tanya; Worthington, Helen V.; Glenny, Anne-Marie; Marinho, Valeria Cc; Jeroncic, Ana (4 March 2019).

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for human health, necessary to prevent dental cavities, and to promote healthy bone growth. The tea plant (

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Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part II".

1280: 1137:, fluoride and hydrogen fluoride are equivalent. Fluorine, in the form of fluoride, is considered to be a 907: 400: 5776: 5725: 4642: 2694: 2265:

Smith, Frank A.; Hodge, Harold C.; Dinman, B. D. (9 January 2009). "Airborne fluorides and man: Part I".

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Gardner EJ, Ruxton CH, Leeds AR (2007). "Black tea—helpful or harmful? A review of the evidence".

1596: 998:, each Ca ion is surrounded by six Cl centers. The difluorides of the transition metals often adopt the 82: 20: 709:). Natural weathering of some kinds of rocks, as well as human activities, releases fluorides into the 241: 172: 2101:

contamination, health problems and remediation methods in Asian groundwater: A comprehensive review".

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In parts of Asia the groundwater can contain dangerously high levels of fluoride, leading to serious

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is the most common, are toxic, and have resulted in both accidental and self-inflicted deaths from

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dental fluorosis, the upper limit of fluoride is set at 10 mg/day regardless of weight.

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Rodríguez-Lado, L.; Sun, G.; Berg, M.; Zhang, Q.; Xue, H.; Zheng, Q.; Johnson, C.A. (2013).

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are also used as phosphatase inhibitors, since these compounds are structural mimics of the

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www.eawag.ch/en/research/humanwelfare/drinkingwater/wrq/geogenic-contamination-handbook/)

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Newbrun E (1996). "The fluoridation war: a scientific dispute or a religious argument?".

2045: 4108: 3273: 2332: 2243: 2192: 2114: 1247: 152: 6374: 4374: 3781: 3764: 3661: 3644: 3461: 3425:. Agricultural Research Service United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from 3198: 3171: 3033: 3000: 2977: 1696: 1663: 1592: 1103:, and a powerful nucleophile. Some quaternary ammonium salts of naked fluoride include 1064: 867: 714: 488: 382: 3741: 3234: 3147: 3099: 2367: 1552: 6662: 6371: 4885: 4132: 3697: 3292: 3257: 2797: 2770: 2519:

Haoran Sun & Stephen G. DiMagno (2005). "Anhydrous Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride".

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Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride

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The main uses of fluoride, in terms of volume, are in the production of cryolite, Na

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Fluoride salts and hydrofluoric acid are the main fluorides of industrial value.

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This article is about the fluoride ion. For a review of fluorine compounds, see

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name, is determined according to the additive nomenclature. However, the name

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In other locations the level of fluoride is very low, sometimes leading to

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such as rivers or lakes generally contains between 0.01 and 0.3 mg/L.

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due to its smaller radius/charge ratio. Its closest chemical relative is

1060: 987: 738: 702: 690: 627:, but are present only in trace quantities in bodies of water in nature. 624: 565: 466: 35: 2570: 2001:"Public Health Statement for Fluorides, Hydrogen Fluoride, and Fluorine" 6632: 6604: 6572: 6512: 6459: 6391: 2842: 1643: 593: 471: 250: 2534: 970:

to the right-hand side, greatly increasing the rate of decomposition.

6639: 6608: 6411: 1826:. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information. Identification. 1345: 999: 820: 781: 476: 163: 4226:

U.S. government site for checking status of local water fluoridation

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Research links high levels of fluoride in water to lower IQs in kids

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Organic and inorganic anions are produced from fluoride, including:

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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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Fluoride salts are commonly used in biological assay processing to

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fluoride, which does exist in aprotic solvents, is called "naked".

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of public water supplies to bring the level to around 0.7–1.2 ppm.

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National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) (2007).

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Source: Data taken from United States Department of Agriculture,

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Upon treatment with a standard acid, fluoride salts convert to

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A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation

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FLUORIDES - Environmental Health Criteria 227 : 1st draft

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Concentrated fluoride solutions are corrosive. Gloves made of

994:) where the Ca ions are surrounded by eight F centers. In CaCl 612: 561: 524: 457: 1891: 2941:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from 2044:

Liteplo, Dr R.; Gomes, R.; Howe, P.; Malcolm, Heath (2002).

1654:, which can alter the appearance of children's teeth during 1279:. Originally, sodium fluoride was used to fluoridate water; 643:

are not sources of fluoride ions under ordinary conditions.

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and industrial chemicals, mainly used in the production of

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The Merck Index, 12th edition, Merck & Co., Inc., 1996

2939:"Ten Great Public Health Achievements in the 20th Century" 2756:"Fluoride Free Toothpaste – Fluoride (Finally!) Explained" 4145: 1744:

used as an electrolyte in commercial secondary batteries.

1022:. With strong acids, it can be doubly protonated to give 4201:"Ammonium bifluoride in the glass industry - Chimex Ltd" 3388:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals

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Hausen, H.; Kärkkäinen, S.; Seppä, L. (February 2000).

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Concentrations in fresh water vary more significantly.

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is employed in the purification of uranium isotopes.

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Most fluoride salts dissolve to give the bifluoride (

910: 539: 518: 4093:"Groundwater arsenic contamination throughout China" 1903: 1897: 1888: 1618:

Treatment may involve oral administration of dilute

1063:

and other halides, and is more strongly solvated in

542: 530: 521: 23:. For the fluoride additive used in toothpaste, see 6603: 6550: 6497: 6449: 6401: 6381: 3981:"Fluoride Exposure: Neurodevelopment and Cognition" 3484:"Food Composition Databases: Food Search: Fluoride" 3170:Schenk G, Elliott TW, Leung E, et al. (2008). 1882: 1781:

Fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

536: 515: 3587: 1251:Fluoride is sold in tablets for cavity prevention. 942: 1483:Bottle, 750 mL (26 imp fl oz) 1225:) is a commodity chemical used in steel-making. 922: 921: 2873:Winston A. E.; Bhaskar S. N. (1 November 1998). 2021:. Government of British Columbia. Archived from 1626:to prevent further absorption, and injection of 262: 3590:Disposition of toxic drugs and chemicals in man 1911:is a possible pronunciation in British English. 1707:, which is corrosive, especially toward glass. 107: 2232:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 1930:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 1820:"Fluorides – PubChem Public Chemical Database" 725:Fluoride is naturally present in groundwater, 701:, the most commercially important of which is 6679:Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements 6356: 4246: 2294:CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 2267:CRC Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 2019:"Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Fluoride" 1630:to increase the calcium levels in the blood. 8: 3617:Environmental health criteria 227 (Fluoride) 2919:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2181:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 611:. In terms of charge and size, the fluoride 3381: 3379: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2159:. Congressional Research Service. p. 3 1687:potential problematic wells are available. 6363: 6349: 6341: 4253: 4239: 4231: 3563:Clinical toxicology of commercial products 3313: 3311: 3256:Cho H, Wang W, Kim R, et al. (2001). 2688: 2686: 1305:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 191: 42: 3859: 3780: 3660: 3561:Gosselin, RE; Smith RP; Hodge HC (1984). 3520:. United States Department of Agriculture 3291: 3281: 3197: 3187: 3146: 3088:Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 3032: 2841: 2796: 2771:"Systematic review of water fluoridation" 2069: 2067: 1133:is usually fully ionised to fluoride. In 932: 924: 916: 915: 914: 912: 911: 909: 282: 6316: 6306: 5046: 4836: 3638: 3636: 2559:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2522:Journal of the American Chemical Society 1515:Medium potato, 140 g (0.31 lb) 1424: 1312:. Fluoridation of water has its critics 1201:Production of metals and their compounds 898: 3492:United States Department of Agriculture 3005:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2875:"Caries prevention in the 21st century" 1811: 1682:Hazard maps for fluoride in groundwater 1543:1 large carrot, 72 g (2.5 oz) 1255:Fluoride-containing compounds, such as 1002:structure whereas the dichlorides have 327: 302: 240: 4282: 4261:Salts and covalent derivatives of the 3962: 3951: 3394:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006 2426:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2103:Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 1371:group and can act as analogues of the 1071:, since both have similar geometries. 5876: 2050:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1275:and in many products associated with 943:{\displaystyle {\ce {<<=>}}} 713:through what is sometimes called the 309:Key: KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 171: 151: 7: 4272: 3649:Canadian Medical Association Journal 1359:ion in these enzymes' active sites. 889: 873:In aqueous solution, fluoride has a 832: 3542:. U.S. National Library of Medicine 1776:Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances 1650:, the only clear adverse effect is 862:This neutralization reaction forms 253: 223: 3926:World Health Organization (2004). 3462:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1999.tb03272.x 3450:Journal of Public Health Dentistry 2978:10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02447.x 2966:Journal of Public Health Dentistry 1638:In the higher doses used to treat 1469:small box, 43 g (1.5 oz) 1352:phosphatases. Fluoride mimics the 784:can increase local fluoride levels 623:in several minerals, particularly 607:Fluoride is the simplest fluorine 14: 4005:Stone, William (23 August 2024). 3100:10.1034/j.1600-0528.2000.280104.x 1587:Soluble fluoride salts, of which 1263:are used in topical and systemic 883:value of 10.8. It is therefore a 693:is estimated to be the 13th-most 3763:Murray TM, Ste-Marie LG (1996). 3698:10.1001/jama.1972.03210070046014 2321:Science of the Total Environment 2252:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.013 1878: 1862:Longman pronunciation dictionary 1760: 1738:used in organometallic synthesis 1501:3 litres (0.79 US gal) 511: 4146:Groundwater Assessment Platform 2891:10.14219/jada.archive.1998.0104 2459:Wiberg; Holleman, A.F. (2001). 491:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 4221:Congressional Research Service 3017:10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3 2917:"Community Water Fluoridation" 2598:10.1016/j.jfluchem.2016.11.004 2152:Tiemann, Mary (5 April 2013). 1722:, used as an etchant for glass 1529:Chop, 170 g (6.0 oz) 1398:European Food Safety Authority 1316:Water fluoridation controversy 1197:, are particularly important. 1170:Biological aspects of fluorine 933: 917: 1: 3742:10.1016/S0003-4878(96)00010-5 3488:Agricultural Research Service 3235:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00324-8 3148:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)42179-0 2742:10.1016/j.foodres.2013.01.025 2661:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02377 2625:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01606 2486:Chemistry: A European Journal 2368:10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00385-5 1674:can be prevalent and severe. 1426:Examples of fluoride content 4171:10.1177/00220345990780091201 3928:"Fluoride in drinking-water" 3262:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2695:"Fluoride in Drinking-water" 2341:10.1016/0048-9697(95)04479-K 2123:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.045 1876:. According to this source, 1791:Fluoride selective electrode 1105:tetramethylammonium fluoride 619:ion. Fluoride ions occur on 3985:National Toxicology Program 3129:Nakai C, Thomas JA (1974). 2730:Food Research International 2700:. World Health Organization 2081:. World Health Organization 1313: 1109:tetrabutylammonium fluoride 974:Structure of fluoride salts 49: 6702: 5881: 4159:Journal of Dental Research 3885:Osteoporosis International 3645:"Acute Fluoride Poisoning" 2834:10.1177/154405910708600504 2201:10.1007/s11356-020-10575-9 2074:Fawell, J.K.; et al. 1801:Sodium monofluorophosphate 1571: 1553:National Nutrient Database 1261:sodium monofluorophosphate 1236: 1185: 1163: 29: 18: 5887: 5883: 4284: 4270: 4070:– via www.wcvb.com. 2728:L.): A UK based issue?". 2403:10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.039 2306:10.1080/10643387909381666 2279:10.1080/10643387709381665 1748:Trifluoromethanesulfonate 1703:, fluoride salts release 1550: 1499:Recommended daily intake, 1391:Dietary Reference Intakes 1293:sodium hexafluorosilicate 485: 449: 418:145.58 J/mol K (gaseous) 393: 335: 318: 293: 91: 81: 76: 48: 3643:Rabinowitch, IM (1945). 2789:10.1136/bmj.321.7265.855 1938:10.1002/14356007.a11_307 1188:Organofluorine chemistry 1182:Organofluorine chemistry 819:. It can combine with a 30:Not to be confused with 4117:10.1126/science.1237484 2776:British Medical Journal 2438:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602489 1841:. NIST. pp. 1–1951 1379:Dietary recommendations 1166:Fluorochemical industry 3961:Cite journal requires 3861:10.1038/sj.ebd.6400578 3283:10.1073/pnas.131213698 2498:10.1002/chem.200500838 1509:Baked potatoes, Russet 1455:1 cup, 240 g (8 fl oz) 1408:Estimated daily intake 1281:hexafluorosilicic acid 1252: 1129:At physiological pHs, 944: 815:Fluoride can act as a 687: 67: 58: 3897:10.1007/s001980070051 3319:Institute of Medicine 3189:10.1186/1472-6807-8-6 2972:(5 Spec No): 246–52. 1837:Chase, M. W. (1998). 1597:sodium fluorosilicate 1250: 945: 685: 66: 57: 21:Compounds of fluorine 2025:on 24 September 2015 1860:Wells, J.C. (2008). 1726:Tetrafluoroberyllate 1491:Municipal tap-water, 1271:. They are used for 1227:Uranium hexafluoride 908: 745:fluorides, e.g., CaF 668:preferred IUPAC name 646:The systematic name 641:carbon tetrafluoride 4109:2013Sci...341..866R 3586:Baselt, RC (2008). 3274:2001PNAS...98.8525C 2655:(21): 13866–13879. 2619:(16): 10070–10077. 2571:10.1021/ja00103a045 2565:(24): 11165–11166. 2461:Inorganic chemistry 2333:1995ScTEn.163...39A 2244:2007JVGR..165...87B 2193:2021ESPR...28.2355C 2115:2019EcoES.18209362Y 1824:The PubChem Project 1786:Fluoride deficiency 1742:Hexafluorophosphate 1731:Hexafluoroplatinate 1427: 1386:fluoride deficiency 1010:Inorganic chemistry 806:Chemical properties 737:). For comparison, 637:sulfur hexafluoride 377: g·mol 306:InChI=1S/FH/h1H/p-1 45: 3830:on 14 October 2009 3540:"Fluoride in diet" 3498:on 5 December 2018 3061:springermedizin.de 2879:J. Am. Dent. Assoc 2391:Food Chem. Toxicol 2356:Toxicology Letters 1672:skeletal fluorosis 1662:which is used for 1648:water fluoridation 1609:median lethal dose 1558:2014-03-01 at the 1449:Black tea (brewed) 1436:(mg per 1000g/ppm) 1425: 1365:aluminium fluoride 1361:Beryllium fluoride 1332:Laboratory reagent 1324:is in common use. 1273:water fluoridation 1253: 1243:Water fluoridation 1215:aluminium smelting 1154:skeletal fluorosis 940: 929: 791:aluminium smelters 688: 495:Infobox references 450:Related compounds 68: 59: 43: 6656: 6655: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6332: 4103:(6148): 866–868. 4007:"Flouride and IQ" 3842:Yeung CA (2008). 3820:978-1-86496-415-8 3626:978-92-4-157227-9 3601:978-0-9626523-7-0 3572:978-0-683-03632-9 3344:978-0-309-06403-3 2783:(7265): 855–859. 2726:Camellia sinensis 2535:10.1021/ja0440497 2470:978-0-12-352651-9 2007:. September 2003. 1736:Tetrafluoroborate 1711:Other derivatives 1705:hydrogen fluoride 1656:tooth development 1632:Hydrogen fluoride 1628:calcium gluconate 1620:calcium hydroxide 1574:Fluoride toxicity 1565: 1564: 1463:Raisins, seedless 1444:(mg per portion) 1375:of the reaction. 1233:Cavity prevention 1195:hydrogen fluoride 1144:Camellia sinensis 1131:hydrogen fluoride 1016:hydrogen fluoride 967: 966: 937: 864:hydrogen fluoride 860: 859: 686:Fluorite crystals 598:hydrogen fluoride 594:chemical reagents 503:Chemical compound 501: 500: 388:Hydrogen fluoride 133:Interactive image 72: 71: 6691: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6621: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6522: 6515: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6469: 6462: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6394: 6365: 6358: 6351: 6342: 6319: 6309: 6277: 6276: 6275: 5802: 5801: 5800: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5540: 5539: 5538: 5525: 5524: 5523: 5151: 5150: 5149: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5049: 4839: 4273: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4232: 4205: 4204: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4154: 4148: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4088: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4062:. 23 August 2024 4054: 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4031:Alltucker, Ken. 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3939: 3933:. Archived from 3932: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3863: 3848:Evid.-Based Dent 3839: 3837: 3835: 3829: 3823:. Archived from 3812: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3784: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3664: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3593: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494:. Archived from 3480: 3474: 3473: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3423:"Nutrient Lists" 3419: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3383: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3315: 3306: 3305: 3295: 3285: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3218: 3212: 3211: 3201: 3191: 3176:BMC Struct. Biol 3167: 3161: 3160: 3150: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3079: 3073: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3053: 3047: 3046: 3036: 2996: 2990: 2989: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2945:on 13 March 2016 2935: 2929: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2913: 2907: 2906: 2905:on 15 July 2012. 2901:. Archived from 2870: 2864: 2863: 2845: 2817: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2766: 2760: 2759: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2721: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2699: 2690: 2681: 2680: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2586:J. Fluorine Chem 2581: 2575: 2574: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2316: 2310: 2309: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2273:(1–4): 293–371. 2262: 2256: 2255: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2187:(2): 2355–2368. 2175: 2169: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2143: 2142: 2097: 2091: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2061: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2032: 2030: 2015: 2009: 2008: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1925: 1912: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1875: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1839:"Fluorine anion" 1834: 1828: 1827: 1816: 1796:Fluoride therapy 1770: 1765: 1764: 1763: 1652:dental fluorosis 1624:calcium chloride 1428: 1373:transition state 1340:the activity of 1319: 1310:Fluoride therapy 1265:fluoride therapy 1239:Fluoride therapy 1213:. It is used in 1121:polymerization. 1090: 1089: 1088: 1058: 1057: 1056: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1004:cadmium chloride 961: 952: 949: 947: 946: 941: 939: 938: 936: 931: 930: 928: 920: 913: 904: 903: 890: 854: 845: 840: 833: 826: 699:mineral deposits 695:abundant element 591: 590: 589: 581: 580: 579: 570:chemical formula 552: 551: 548: 547: 544: 541: 538: 533: 532: 529: 526: 523: 520: 517: 441: 414: 394:Thermochemistry 376: 375: 372: 357: 356: 355: 343:Chemical formula 286: 266: 255: 244: 227: 205:Gmelin Reference 195: 175: 155: 135: 111: 50: 46: 25:Fluoride therapy 6701: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6659: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6599: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6571: 6564: 6546: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6518: 6511: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6417: 6410: 6397: 6390: 6377: 6372:Monatomic anion 6369: 6339: 6334: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6285: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6240: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6219: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6202: 6197: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6161: 6159: 6154: 6152: 6144: 6139: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6115: 6110: 6108: 6100: 6095: 6093: 6085: 6075: 6070: 6068: 6060: 6055: 6053: 6045: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6007: 6002: 6000: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5954: 5946: 5941: 5939: 5934: 5932: 5924: 5919: 5917: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5894: 5826: 5815: 5799: 5796: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5764: 5758: 5756: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5623: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5602: 5597: 5595: 5590: 5586: 5584: 5576: 5571: 5569: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5555: 5550: 5548: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5505: 5503: 5498: 5496: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5474: 5469: 5467: 5459: 5454: 5452: 5447: 5445: 5437: 5429: 5421: 5410: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5365: 5360: 5358: 5353: 5351: 5346: 5344: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5256: 5248: 5243: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5229: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5175: 5173: 5165: 5160: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5058: 5056: 5051: 5048: 5044: 5039: 5029: 5024: 5010: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4955: 4953: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4914: 4912: 4904: 4899: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4868: 4861: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4847: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4823: 4815: 4810: 4808: 4803: 4801: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4780: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4743: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4707: 4705: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4665: 4660: 4646: 4640: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4610: 4605: 4603: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4553: 4549: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4515: 4507: 4502: 4495: 4477: 4470: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4449: 4444: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4378: 4373: 4371: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4345: 4337: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4292: 4266: 4259: 4213: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4075: 4065: 4063: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4041: 4039: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3960: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3940:on 4 March 2016 3937: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3882: 3881: 3877: 3841: 3833: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3810: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3762: 3761: 3757: 3730:Ann. Occup. Hyg 3727: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3642: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3482: 3481: 3477: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3345: 3317: 3316: 3309: 3268:(15): 8525–30. 3255: 3254: 3250: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3141:(20): 6459–67. 3128: 3127: 3123: 3081: 3080: 3076: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3011:(3): CD007868. 2998: 2997: 2993: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2948: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2920: 2915: 2914: 2910: 2885:(11): 1579–87. 2872: 2871: 2867: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2758:. 27 June 2016. 2754: 2753: 2749: 2723: 2722: 2713: 2703: 2701: 2697: 2692: 2691: 2684: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2518: 2517: 2513: 2483: 2482: 2478: 2471: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2423: 2422: 2418: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2362:(1–2): 111–20. 2353: 2352: 2348: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2238:(1–2): 87–101. 2229: 2228: 2224: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2043: 2042: 2038: 2028: 2026: 2017: 2016: 2012: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1927: 1926: 1915: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1844: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1831: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1768:Medicine portal 1766: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1713: 1693: 1684: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1593:acute poisoning 1589:sodium fluoride 1581: 1576: 1570: 1560:Wayback Machine 1500: 1492: 1443: 1435: 1410: 1381: 1334: 1302: 1298: 1291:) and its salt 1290: 1286: 1267:for preventing 1257:sodium fluoride 1245: 1237:Main articles: 1235: 1224: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1190: 1184: 1176: 1162: 1127: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1082: 1080: 1077: 1065:protic solvents 1055: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1048: 1039: 1037: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1026: 1024: 1012: 997: 993: 984:sodium chloride 980:Sodium fluoride 976: 959: 950: 906: 905: 900: 895: 893: 881: 852: 838: 836: 824: 813: 808: 799: 766:health problems 748: 723: 708: 680: 633: 588: 586: 585: 584: 583: 578: 576: 575: 574: 572: 535: 514: 510: 504: 497: 492: 481: 460: 442: 439: 433: 429: 426: 425:Std enthalpy of 415: 412: 405: 402: 373: 370: 368: 354: 352: 351: 350: 348: 345: 331: 326: 325: 314: 311: 310: 307: 301: 300: 289: 269: 256: 230: 207: 198: 178: 158: 138: 125: 114: 101: 87: 39: 28: 17: 16:Ion of fluorine 12: 11: 5: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6687: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6661: 6660: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6643: 6636: 6629: 6622: 6614: 6612: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6559: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6516: 6508: 6506: 6495: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6463: 6455: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6436: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6405: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6387: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6370: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6330: 6327: 6324: 6321: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6279: 6272: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6193: 6186: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6164: 6157: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6078: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5884: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5852: 5849: 5846: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5782: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5745: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5680: 5676: 5668: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5611: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5520: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5378: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5356: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5323: 5316: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5185: 5178: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5156: 5146: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5117: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5019: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5000: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4871: 4863: 4859: 4852: 4845: 4841: 4828: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4776: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4612: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4590: 4583: 4576: 4569: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4451: 4447: 4436: 4432: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4350: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4260: 4258: 4257: 4250: 4243: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4212: 4211:External links 4209: 4207: 4206: 4192: 4165:(9): 1568–72. 4149: 4138: 4083: 4073: 4049: 4023: 3997: 3972: 3963:|journal= 3918: 3875: 3819: 3796: 3755: 3736:(6): 705–710. 3720: 3711: 3676: 3632: 3625: 3607: 3600: 3578: 3571: 3553: 3531: 3509: 3475: 3456:(4): 211–223. 3440: 3429:on 26 May 2014 3414: 3397: 3375: 3358: 3343: 3307: 3248: 3213: 3162: 3121: 3074: 3048: 2991: 2956: 2930: 2908: 2865: 2812: 2761: 2747: 2736:(2): 564–570. 2711: 2682: 2638: 2603: 2576: 2548: 2511: 2476: 2469: 2451: 2416: 2397:(3): 1055–61. 2381: 2346: 2327:(1–3): 39–53. 2311: 2284: 2257: 2222: 2170: 2144: 2092: 2063: 2057:978-9241572279 2056: 2036: 2010: 1992: 1973: 1953: 1947:978-3527306732 1946: 1913: 1870: 1852: 1829: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1712: 1709: 1697:nitrile rubber 1692: 1689: 1683: 1680: 1664:drinking water 1612: 1604: 1600: 1580: 1577: 1572:Main article: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1562: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1530: 1527: 1524: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1494: 1488: 1487: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1474: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1445: 1440: 1437: 1432: 1409: 1406: 1380: 1377: 1333: 1330: 1320:. Fluoridated 1300: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1234: 1231: 1222: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1186:Main article: 1183: 1180: 1161: 1158: 1126: 1123: 1097:Naked fluoride 1085: 1076: 1075:Naked fluoride 1073: 1053: 1038: 1029: 1011: 1008: 995: 991: 975: 972: 965: 964: 955: 953: 935: 927: 919: 879: 868:conjugate acid 858: 857: 848: 846: 812: 809: 807: 804: 798: 795: 786: 785: 779: 772: 769: 746: 743:alkaline earth 722: 719: 715:fluorine cycle 706: 679: 676: 632: 629: 615:resembles the 587: 582:(also written 577: 502: 499: 498: 493: 489:standard state 486: 483: 482: 480: 479: 474: 469: 463: 461: 455: 452: 451: 447: 446: 443: 437: 431: 423: 420: 419: 416: 410: 399: 396: 395: 391: 390: 385: 383:Conjugate acid 379: 378: 366: 360: 359: 353: 346: 341: 338: 337: 333: 332: 330: 329: 321: 320: 319: 316: 315: 313: 312: 308: 305: 304: 296: 295: 294: 291: 290: 288: 287: 279: 277: 271: 270: 268: 267: 259: 257: 249: 246: 245: 238: 232: 231: 229: 228: 220: 218: 212: 211: 208: 203: 200: 199: 197: 196: 188: 186: 180: 179: 177: 176: 168: 166: 160: 159: 157: 156: 148: 146: 140: 139: 137: 136: 128: 126: 119: 116: 115: 113: 112: 104: 102: 97: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 79: 78: 74: 73: 70: 69: 60: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6637: 6634: 6630: 6627: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6591: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6574: 6570: 6567: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556:Chalcogenides 6553: 6549: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6514: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6489: 6485: 6482: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6461: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6437: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6423: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6409: 6408: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6354: 6352: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6310: 6301: 6295: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6248: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6203: 6196: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6147: 6145: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6118: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6101: 6094: 6088: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6061: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6001: 5995: 5993: 5987: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5970: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5940: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5878: 5875: 5871: 5868: 5865: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5810: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5788: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5757: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5714: 5708: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5691: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5654: 5652: 5641: 5633: 5622: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5577: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5482: 5475: 5468: 5462: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5366: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5292: 5286: 5284: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5251: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5224: 5222: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5195: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5159: 5152: 5138: 5132: 5130: 5123: 5109: 5103: 5101: 5094: 5087: 5081: 5079: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5057: 5050: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5030: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5003: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4961: 4954: 4947: 4937: 4935: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4913: 4907: 4905: 4898: 4892: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4874: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4855: 4848: 4842: 4840: 4831: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4809: 4802: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4729: 4727: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4691: 4684: 4678: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4639: 4632: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4604: 4597: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4561: 4554: 4544: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4508: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4454: 4443: 4439: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4412: 4405: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4372: 4366: 4364: 4357: 4346: 4340: 4338: 4331: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4286: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4256: 4251: 4249: 4244: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4153: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4077: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4053: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3998: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3955: 3936: 3929: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3891:(9): 727–38. 3890: 3886: 3879: 3876: 3871: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3808: 3800: 3797: 3792: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3775:(7): 949–54. 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3756: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3721: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3622: 3618: 3615:IPCS (2002). 3611: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3582: 3579: 3574: 3568: 3564: 3557: 3554: 3541: 3535: 3532: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3444: 3441: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3340: 3336: 3335:10.17226/5776 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3314: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3252: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3229:(2): 421–31. 3228: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3166: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3135:J. Biol. Chem 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3075: 3062: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2995: 2992: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2957: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2918: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2720: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2696: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2580: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2549: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2529:(7): 2050–1. 2528: 2524: 2523: 2515: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2492:(2): 438–45. 2491: 2487: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2466: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2420: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2171: 2155: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2096: 2093: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2040: 2037: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1989:(2): 133–138. 1988: 1984: 1977: 1974: 1970:(2): 257–267. 1969: 1965: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1873: 1871:9781405881180 1867: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1821: 1815: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1799: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1616: 1610: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1575: 1567: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1495: 1493:(Fluoridated) 1490: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1457: 1454: 1451: 1448: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1392: 1387: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1326:Meta-analysis 1323: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1294: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1220: 1216: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1189: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1139:micronutrient 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1113:Cobaltocenium 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1047: 1043: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 989: 985: 981: 973: 971: 963: 956: 954: 925: 902: 892: 891: 888: 886: 882: 878: 871: 870:of fluoride. 869: 865: 856: 849: 847: 843: 835: 834: 831: 829: 822: 818: 810: 805: 803: 796: 794: 792: 783: 780: 777: 773: 770: 767: 763: 762: 761: 759: 755: 754:Surface water 750: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 720: 718: 716: 712: 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 677: 675: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 642: 638: 630: 628: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 605: 603: 602:fluorocarbons 599: 595: 571: 567: 563: 560: 556: 550: 508: 496: 490: 484: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 462: 459: 454: 453: 448: 444: 436: 428: 422: 421: 417: 409: 404: 398: 397: 392: 389: 386: 384: 381: 380: 367: 365: 362: 361: 347: 344: 340: 339: 334: 328: 324: 317: 303: 299: 292: 285: 281: 280: 278: 276: 273: 272: 265: 261: 260: 258: 252: 248: 247: 243: 239: 237: 234: 233: 226: 222: 221: 219: 217: 214: 213: 209: 206: 202: 201: 194: 190: 189: 187: 185: 182: 181: 174: 170: 169: 167: 165: 162: 161: 154: 150: 149: 147: 145: 142: 141: 134: 130: 129: 127: 123: 118: 117: 110: 106: 105: 103: 100: 96: 95: 90: 84: 80: 75: 65: 61: 56: 52: 51: 47: 41: 37: 33: 26: 22: 6684:Nephrotoxins 6618: 4262: 4195: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4141: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4076: 4064:. Retrieved 4058: 4052: 4040:. Retrieved 4036: 4026: 4014:. Retrieved 4010: 4000: 3988:. Retrieved 3984: 3975: 3954:cite journal 3942:. Retrieved 3935:the original 3921: 3888: 3884: 3878: 3854:(2): 39–43. 3851: 3847: 3832:. Retrieved 3825:the original 3806: 3799: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3714: 3692:(7): 816–7. 3689: 3685: 3679: 3655:(4): 345–9. 3652: 3648: 3616: 3610: 3589: 3581: 3562: 3556: 3544:. Retrieved 3534: 3522:. Retrieved 3512: 3500:. Retrieved 3496:the original 3478: 3453: 3449: 3443: 3431:. Retrieved 3427:the original 3417: 3400: 3387: 3361: 3326: 3265: 3261: 3251: 3226: 3223:J. Mol. Biol 3222: 3216: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3138: 3134: 3124: 3094:(1): 26–34. 3091: 3087: 3077: 3065:. Retrieved 3060: 3051: 3008: 3004: 2994: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2947:. Retrieved 2943:the original 2933: 2921:. Retrieved 2911: 2903:the original 2882: 2878: 2868: 2828:(5): 410–5. 2825: 2822:J. Dent. Res 2821: 2815: 2780: 2774: 2764: 2750: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2702:. 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