1158:, the word "fluoroscopy" is widely understood to be a hypernym of all the earlier names for moving pictures taken with X-rays, both live and recorded. Also owing to technological convergence, radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy are now all digital imaging modes using X-rays with image-analysis software and easy data storage and retrieval. Just as movies, TV, and web videos are to a substantive extent no longer separate technologies, but only variations on common underlying digital themes, so, too, are the X-ray imaging modes, and indeed, the term "X-ray imaging" is the ultimate hypernym that unites all of them, even subsuming both fluoroscopy and
2723:
656:
1268:
1012:. Another group of techniques included various kinds of kymography, whose common theme was capturing recordings in a series of moments, with a concept similar to movie film, although not necessarily with movie-type playback; rather, the sequential images would be compared frame by frame (a distinction comparable to tile mode versus cine mode in today's CT terminology). Thus, electrokymography and roentgenkymography were among the early ways to record images from a simple fluoroscopic screen.
648:
612:
380:. Image Intensifiers are still being used to this day (2023) with many new models still using II (Image Intensifier) as its method of acquiring the image which is still popular due to lower cost compared to Flat Panel Detectors and there have been many debates on whether II or Flat Detector is more sensitive to X-Ray, which results in lower X-Ray Dosage used. (Depending upon what type of technology / panel is being used influences this answer greatly)
624:
636:
488:
4259:
796:
511:. This is normally as part of a double-contrast technique, using positive and negative contrast. Barium sulfate coats the walls of the digestive tract (positive contrast), which allows the shape of the digestive tract to be outlined as white or clear on an X-ray. Air may then be introduced (negative contrast), which looks black on the film. The barium meal is an example of a
431:
1230:. In addition to the cancer risk and other stochastic radiation effects, deterministic radiation effects have also been observed ranging from mild erythema, equivalent of a sunburn, to more serious burns. Radiation doses to the patient depend greatly both on the size of the patient and length of the procedure, with typical skin dose rates quoted as 20–50
1380:
reducing motion blurring. Contrast ratio is also improved over image intensifiers; flat-panel detectors are linear over a very wide latitude, whereas image intensifiers have a maximum contrast ratio of about 35:1. Spatial resolution is roughly equal, although an image intensifier operating in magnification mode may be slightly better than a flat panel.
1215:
2689:, titled "X-Ray Apparatus Having Means for Supplying An Alternating Square Wave Voltage to the X-Ray Tube", granted to Weighart on October 4, 1964, showing its patent application date as May 10, 1963 and at lines 1-6 of its column 4, also, noting James F. McNulty's earlier filed co-pending application for an essential component of invention
764:
of the feet. These concerns lead to the development of new guidelines, regulations and ultimately the practice's end by the early 1960s. Shoe salesmen and industry representatives sometimes defended their use, claiming that there was no evidence of harm, and that their use prevented harm to the feet caused by poorly-fitted shoes.
1453:
Most modern injected radiographic positive contrast media are iodine-based. Iodinated contrast comes in two forms - ionic and nonionic compounds. Nonionic contrast is significantly more expensive than ionic (about three to five times the cost), but nonionic contrast tends to be safer for the patient,
1057:
for fluoroscopic imaging have progressed: The original kind of fluoroscopy, and the common kind for its first half-century of existence, simply used none, because for most diagnosis and treatment, they were not essential. For those investigations that needed to be transmitted or recorded (such as for
1314:
phosphor is deposited directly on the photocathode of the intensifier tube. On a typical general-purpose system, the output image is approximately 10 times brighter than the input image. This brightness gain comprises a flux gain (amplification of photon number) and minification gain (concentration
1206:
were used in shoe stores, but their use was discontinued because it is no longer considered acceptable to use radiation exposure, however small the dose, for nonessential purposes. Much research has been directed toward reducing radiation exposure, and recent advances in fluoroscopy technology such
763:
that was used at shoe stores and department stores. Concerns regarding the impact of frequent or poorly controlled use were expressed in the late 1940s and 1950s. Issues raised by doctors and health professionals included the potential for burns to the skin, damage to bone, and abnormal development
689:
inside with a layer of fluorescent metal salt, attached to a funnel-shaped cardboard eyeshade which excluded room light with a viewing eyepiece which the user held up to his eye. The fluoroscopic image obtained in this way was quite faint. Even when finally improved and commercially introduced for
688:
screen fluorescing as a result of being exposed to what he would later call X-rays (algebraic x variable signifying "unknown"). Within months of this discovery, the first crude fluoroscopes were created. These experimental fluoroscopes were simply thin cardboard screens that had been coated on the
713:
screens produced brighter images. Edison, however, abandoned his research in 1903 because of the health hazards that accompanied the use of these early devices. Clarence Dally, a glass blower of lab equipment and tubes at Edison's laboratory was repeatedly exposed, developing radiation poisoning,
717:
During this infant commercial development, many incorrectly predicted that the moving images of fluoroscopy would completely replace roentgenographs (radiographic still image films), but the then superior diagnostic quality of the roentgenograph and their already alluded-to safety enhancement of
275:
software and data storage and retrieval. Compared to other x-ray imaging modalities the source projects from below leading to horizontally mirrored images, and in keeping with historical displays the grayscale remains inverted (radiodense objects such as bones are dark whereas traditionally they
1379:
The introduction of flat-panel detectors allows for the replacement of the image intensifier in fluoroscope design. Flat-panel detectors offer increased sensitivity to X-rays, so have the potential to reduce patient radiation dose. Temporal resolution is also improved over image intensifiers,
960:
As soon as X-rays (and their application of seeing inside the body) were discovered in the 1890s, both looking and recording were pursued. Both live moving images and recorded still images were available from the beginning with simple equipment; thus, both "looking with a fluorescent screen"
1174:, requires the potential risks from a procedure to be carefully balanced with the benefits of the procedure to the patient. Because the patient must be exposed to a continuous source of X-rays instead of a momentary pulse, a fluoroscopy procedure generally subjects a patient to a higher
2773:
697:
sit for a period in the darkened room where the imaging procedure was to be performed, to first accustom his eyes to increase their sensitivity to perceive the faint image. The placement of the radiologist behind the screen also resulted in significant dosing of the radiologist.
722:
via shorter exposure prevented this from occurring. Another factor was that plain films inherently offered recording of the image in a simple and inexpensive way, whereas recording and playback of fluoroscopy remained a more complex and expensive proposition for decades to come
1139:) for recording such a movie, in medical usage it refers to cineradiography or, in recent decades, to any digital imaging mode that produces cine-like moving images (for example, newer CT and MRI systems can put out to either cine mode or tile mode). Cineradiography records
415:) in that in both of these imaging mode families, the information conveyed by the variable attenuation of invisible electromagnetic radiation as it passes through tissues with various radiodensities is converted by an electronic sensor into an electric signal that is
251:
as well, to improve the image's visibility and make it available on a remote display screen. For many decades, fluoroscopy tended to produce live pictures that were not recorded, but since the 1960s, as technology improved, recording and playback became the norm.
1000:" (literally "recording/engraving movement") was coined for the new medium of visible-light moving pictures. Soon, several new words were coined for achieving moving radiographic pictures. This was often done either by filming a simple fluoroscopic screen with a
849:
and James F. McNulty (1929–2014) at
Automation Industries, Inc., then, in El Segundo, California produced on a fluoroscope the world's first image to be digitally generated in real-time, while developing a later commercialized portable apparatus for the onboard
593:
to check for hidden weapons or bombs. These machines use lower doses of radiation than medical fluoroscopy. The reason for higher doses in medical applications is that they are more demanding about tissue contrast, and for the same reason they sometimes require
1290:
in the 1950s allowed the image on the screen to be visible under normal lighting conditions, and provided the option of recording the images with a conventional camera. Subsequent improvements included the coupling of, at first, video cameras, and later,
1162:(4DCT), which is the newest form of moving pictures taken with X-rays. Many decades may pass before the earlier hyponyms fall into disuse, not the least because the day when 4D CT displaces all earlier forms of moving X-ray imaging may yet be distant.
1254:
generally have radiation-reducing systems such as pulsed rather than constant radiation, along with "last image hold", which "freezes" the screen and makes it available for examination without exposing the patient to unnecessary radiation.
292:
ones). In contrast, X-rays can penetrate a wider variety of objects (such as the human body), but they are invisible to the naked eye. To take advantage of the penetration for image-forming purposes, one must somehow convert the X-rays'
40:
1258:
Image intensifiers have been introduced that increase the brightness of the screen, so that the patient can be exposed to a lower dose of X-rays. Whilst this reduces the risk of ionisation occurring, it does not remove it entirely.
1038:" prefix to the words fluorography and fluoroscopy, with the words videofluorography and videofluoroscopy attested since 1960. In the 1970s, videotape moved from TV studios and medical imaging into the consumer market with
515:
swallowed to examine the upper digestive tract. While soluble barium compounds are very toxic, the insoluble barium sulfate is nontoxic because its low solubility prevents the body from absorbing it. Investigations of the
1454:
causing fewer allergic reactions and uncomfortable side effects such as hot sensations or flushing. Most imaging centers now use nonionic contrast exclusively, finding that the benefits to patients outweigh the expense.
297:
variations (which correspond to material contrast and thus image contrast) into a form that is visible. Classic film-based radiography achieves this by the variable chemical changes that the X-rays induce in the
2712:
U.S. Patent 3,289,000, titled "Means for
Separately Controlling the Filament Current and Voltage on a X-Ray Tube", granted to McNulty on November 29, 1966 and showing its patent application date as March 5,
383:
Nowadays, in all forms of digital X-ray imaging (radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT) the conversion of X-ray energy into visible light can be achieved by the same types of electronic sensors, such as
1241:(FDA) followed by an advisory to minimize further fluoroscopy-induced injuries. The problem of radiation injuries due to fluoroscopy has been further addressed in review articles in 2000 and 2010.
745:. The resulting red light from the goggles' filtration correctly sensitized the physician's eyes prior to the procedure, while still allowing him to receive enough light to function normally.
1383:
Flat-panel detectors are considerably more expensive to purchase and repair than image intensifiers, so their use adoption is primarily in specialties that require high-speed imaging, e.g.,
984:
The quest for recorded moving images, though, was a more complex challenge. In the 1890s, moving pictures of any kind (whether taken with visible light or with invisible radiation) were
1008:, or fluororadiography) or by taking serial radiographs rapidly to serve as the frames in a movie (cineradiography). Either way, the resulting film reel could be displayed by a
1248:
are not typical in standard fluoroscopic procedures. Most procedures sufficiently long in duration to produce radiation burns are part of necessary life-saving operations.
580:
In lumbar puncture, fluoroscopy helps to guide where the needles of the spinal tap can go, and may reduce the number of attempts required for a successful lumbar puncture.
705:
began investigating materials for ability to fluoresce when X-rayed, and by the turn of the century he had invented a fluoroscope with sufficient image intensity to be
663:
used prior to 1950 in shoe stores for testing the fit of shoes. A high-tech sales gimmick, these were phased out due to concerns about unnecessary radiation exposure.
1340:, when the X-rays interact with this piece, its energy is converted into a burst of visible light photons as they occur like this on the intensifying screen/monitor.
1151:
systems. Some of these decrease the frame rate, but also decrease the absorbed dose of radiation to the patient. As they improve, frame rates will likely increase.
3310:
2953:
822:
became obsolete as image intensifiers allowed the light produced by the fluorescent screen to be amplified and made visible in a lighted room. The addition of the
2746:
4442:
3933:
3617:
1469:). The latter is easily absorbed by the body and causes less spasm. It can also be injected into the blood, where air absolutely cannot due to the risk of an
4533:
3747:
1347:
is a thin metal layer, that is usually composed of caesium and antimony compounds that respond to stimulation by the light with the emission of the electron.
455:
In urology, fluoroscopy is used in retrograde pyelography and micturating cystourethrography to detect various abnormalities related to the urinary system.
3759:
2703:, see also this patent, titled "Fluoroscopy", referencing US Patent 3277302 to Weighart and detailing the fluoroscopy procedure for nondestructing testing.
4087:
949:
of all the aforementioned terms, which explains why it is the most commonly used and why the others are declining in usage. The profusion of names is an
408:
3359:
1354:
are located along the length of the tube and are responsible for the focusing of the electrons across the tube from the input to the output phosphor.
889:(CsI) screens and produce noise-limited images, ensuring that the minimal radiation dose results while still obtaining images of acceptable quality.
767:
Fluoroscopy was discontinued in shoe-fitting because the radiation exposure risk outweighed the trivial benefit. Only important applications such as
4195:
4548:
4295:
3725:
1497:. This temporal blurring has the effect of averaging frames together. While this helps reduce noise in images with stationary objects, it creates
2846:
Linet, Martha S.; Slovis, Thomas L.; Miller, Donald L.; Kleinerman, Ruth; Lee, Choonsik; Rajaraman, Preetha; de
Gonzalez, Amy Berrington (2012).
1094:
software, which not only helps to produce optimal image clarity and contrast, but also allows that result with a minimal radiation dose (because
4538:
4437:
1361:
is usually made up of cadmium sulfide crystals and is what records the arrival of the photoelectrons and normally results in 50–70 times gain.
562:
472:
3730:
3267:
1820:
1793:
1734:
1707:
1680:
1653:
1626:
4779:
4553:
3286:
1026:, it remained a live-only medium for a time. In the mid-1950s, a commercialized ability to capture the moving pictures of television onto
3571:
3142:
Wang, J.; Blackburn, T. J. (September 2000). "The AAPM/RSNA physics tutorial for residents: X-ray image intensifiers for fluoroscopy".
4123:
4002:
3742:
3651:
464:
3581:
267:, whereas fluoroscopy provided live moving pictures that were not stored. However, modern radiography, CT, and fluoroscopy now use
3010:"Public Health Advisory on Avoidance of Serious X-Ray-Induced skin Injuries to Patients During Fluoroscopically-Guided Procedures"
1334:
helps maintain the tube vacuum to allow control of the electron flow, but it has no actual functional part in the image formation.
4794:
4754:
3566:
3561:
3444:
3009:
476:
4614:
3646:
3629:
3317:
1591:
1365:
Image intensifiers are available with input diameters up to 45 cm, and a resolution of around two to three line pairs/mm.
1143:
fluoroscopic images of internal organs such as the heart taken during injection of contrast dye to better visualize regions of
427:
Fluoroscopy has become an important tool in medical imaging to render moving pictures during a surgery or any other procedure.
388:
826:
enabled viewing of the image on a monitor, allowing a radiologist to view the images in a separate room away from the risk of
4558:
4492:
4477:
4467:
4007:
3854:
3754:
3737:
570:
567:
Placement of a weighted feeding tube (e.g. Dobhoff) into the duodenum after previous attempts without fluoroscopy have failed
58:
1948:
1574:
4707:
4518:
4133:
3987:
3586:
3461:
3453:
3352:
1315:
of photons from a large input screen onto a small output screen) each of about 100. This level of gain is sufficient that
447:. In both of those, it is used to guide fracture reduction and in use in certain procedures that have extensive hardware.
364:
Early radiologists would adapt their eyes to view the dim fluoroscopic images by sitting in darkened rooms, or by wearing
289:
865:
technology was reintroduced to fluoroscopy after development of improved detector systems. Modern improvements in screen
4683:
4656:
4457:
4244:
4178:
4110:
4100:
4078:
3849:
3817:
3448:
1238:
517:
412:
263:(X-ray CT) in that it generates images using X-rays. The original difference was that radiography fixed still images on
395:
that convey information that a computer can analyze, store, and output as images. As fluorescence is a special case of
4664:
4447:
4288:
3908:
3876:
3859:
4330:
2095:
2045:
1697:
1501:
for moving objects. Temporal blurring also complicates measurements of system performance for fluoroscopic systems.
345:) on the fluorescent screen. Images on the screen are produced as the unattenuated or mildly attenuated X-rays from
4528:
4502:
4462:
3982:
3717:
3457:
2195:
950:
2595:
2170:
2020:
4223:
3891:
3881:
2520:
2445:
2145:
1155:
260:
2800:
693:, the limited light produced from the fluorescent screens of the earliest commercial scopes necessitated that a
4699:
4262:
4213:
3992:
3871:
3844:
3605:
3390:
3345:
2570:
2470:
2320:
2295:
2270:
2120:
1227:
1208:
1203:
1147:, or to record motility in the body's gastrointestinal tract. The predigital technology is being replaced with
1087:
870:
760:
754:
660:
655:
307:
225:
68:
4406:
4386:
2645:
2495:
1898:
3074:"Fluoroscopically Guided Interventional Procedures: A Review of Radiation Effects on Patients' Skin and Hair"
2395:
1670:
4789:
4523:
4396:
4161:
3997:
3938:
3923:
3812:
3634:
3610:
2370:
1616:
1569:
1388:
1287:
1281:
1251:
807:
499:
Fluoroscopy can be used to examine the digestive system using a substance that is opaque to X-rays (usually
369:
244:
2620:
2420:
2345:
1923:
1643:
1199:
846:
784:
288:
by the naked eye (and thus forms images that people can look at), it does not penetrate most objects (only
4580:
4432:
4320:
4281:
4218:
4032:
3901:
3832:
3639:
2796:
1873:
1191:
946:
851:
819:
776:
730:
714:
later dying from an aggressive cancer. Edison himself damaged an eye in testing these early fluoroscopes.
365:
4715:
3896:
3827:
3693:
3576:
3495:
3402:
1494:
1481:
In addition to spatial blurring factors that plague all X-ray imaging devices, caused by such things as
1300:
1267:
1070:(at first only producing live output, but later using video tape recorders) appeared. Since the 1990s,
1019:
985:
734:
525:
647:
4815:
4764:
4691:
4452:
4360:
4239:
3928:
3866:
3688:
3243:
Huzaifa Oxford
Biomedical Engineer Follow. "Fluoroscopy Presentation." SlideShare, 1 September 2014,
1234:/min. Exposure times vary depending on the procedure being performed, ranging from minutes to hours.
954:
878:
815:
803:
350:
326:
3244:
3116:
1486:
243:
screen, between which a patient is placed. However, since the 1950s most fluoroscopes have included
4774:
4759:
4411:
4381:
4185:
4063:
3886:
3622:
3186:
2907:
1724:
1400:
1374:
1304:
1075:
1031:
842:
831:
574:
487:
384:
294:
4738:
4173:
4022:
4017:
3918:
3801:
3656:
3407:
3054:
2820:
1223:
1171:
1079:
827:
690:
1558:
678:
631:
screen, 1909. No radiation protection is used, as the dangers of X-rays were not yet recognised.
3257:
2096:"The most expensive shoe in the world is the shoe that doesn't fit - x-ray shoe fitting (1934)"
897:
Many names exist in the medical literature for moving pictures taken with X-rays. They include
611:
4629:
4543:
4325:
4012:
3977:
3972:
3913:
3661:
3510:
3321:
3263:
3231:
Murphy, Andrew. "Image
Intensifier: Radiology Reference Article." Radiopaedia Blog RSS, 2020,
3214:
3206:
3167:
3159:
3098:
3046:
2991:
2935:
2927:
2885:
2867:
2669:
1816:
1810:
1789:
1783:
1759:
1730:
1703:
1676:
1649:
1622:
1319:, due to the limited number of X-ray photons, is a significant factor limiting image quality.
1211:
and flat panel detectors, have resulted in much lower radiation doses than former procedures.
1095:
1005:
811:
710:
706:
468:
416:
299:
264:
213:
143:
to obtain real-time moving images of the interior of an object. In its primary application of
3232:
1642:
Rastinehad, Ardeshir R.; Siegel, David N.; Wood, Bradford J.; McClure, Timothy (2022-02-08).
4598:
4487:
3950:
3839:
3698:
3470:
3422:
3198:
3151:
3088:
3036:
2983:
2919:
2875:
2859:
1112:
1054:
623:
590:
443:
Fluoroscopy is used in various types of surgical procedure, such as orthopaedic surgery and
392:
330:
154:
100:
3202:
3155:
2968:
2923:
635:
4621:
4606:
4048:
3500:
3466:
3439:
3434:
3368:
2742:
1578:
1543:
1523:
1482:
1440:
1245:
1148:
1103:
1083:
1009:
862:
742:
738:
595:
504:
377:
268:
236:
144:
1538:
1518:
4784:
4648:
4574:
4482:
4472:
4190:
3073:
2987:
2880:
2847:
1835:
1462:
1311:
1292:
1091:
1071:
997:
886:
882:
874:
855:
719:
685:
533:
512:
500:
492:
272:
3041:
3024:
4809:
4769:
4340:
4304:
3822:
3791:
3779:
3774:
3532:
3427:
1316:
1175:
1027:
702:
3058:
2848:"Cancer Risks Associated with External Radiation From Diagnostic Imaging Procedures"
2752:
4401:
4335:
4205:
4058:
4053:
3960:
3784:
3769:
3703:
3072:
Balter, S.; Hopewell, J. W.; Miller, D. L.; Wagner, L. K.; Zelefsky, M. J. (2010).
1470:
1296:
1135:) in general usage refers to cinema (that is, a movie) or to certain film formats (
1067:
1059:
1023:
1001:
549:
537:
521:
404:
396:
346:
338:
303:
240:
3300:
2824:
1310:
Modern image intensifiers no longer use a separate fluorescent screen. Instead, a
974:
962:
858:. Square wave signals were detected on a fluorescent screen to create the image.
74:
4416:
4345:
4128:
3515:
3505:
3485:
3475:
3417:
3412:
3381:
1498:
1384:
1231:
1226:, fluoroscopic procedures pose a potential for increasing the patient's risk of
1187:
1183:
993:
989:
834:
beginning in 1956 allowed the TV images to be recorded and played back at will.
795:
772:
768:
694:
674:
640:
628:
555:
529:
342:
318:
256:
2296:"The Doctor Says: repeated x-ray shoe fittings may be injurious to feet (1952)"
1751:
1214:
1035:
970:
966:
507:), which is introduced into the digestive system either by swallowing or as an
311:
4497:
4355:
4350:
3764:
3527:
3522:
3490:
3332:
3327:
3093:
2699:
2685:
2245:
2220:
2070:
1970:
1848:
1436:
1179:
1140:
1063:
1039:
1015:
373:
322:
209:
201:
3210:
3163:
2931:
2871:
2545:
1995:
1307:
to permit recording of moving images and electronic storage of still images.
1237:
A study of radiation-induced skin injuries was performed in 1994 by the U.S.
992:" (literally "recording/engraving with light") was long since established as
4733:
4365:
4091:
4027:
3480:
1493:
range, fluoroscopic systems also experience temporal blurring due to system
1424:
1136:
1099:
1022:(1890s–1920s), but even after commercial TV began widespread adoption after
978:
866:
759:
More trivial uses of the technology emerged in the early 1920s, including a
400:
221:
3218:
3171:
3102:
3050:
2939:
2889:
1763:
17:
2995:
2321:"Dangers of X-ray machines for shoe fitting - The Physicians Forum (1949)"
4114:
1838:"Edison Fears Hidden Perils of the X Rays" Monday, August 3, 1903, page 1
1696:
Levine, Marc S.; Ramchandani, Parvati; Rubesin, Stephen E. (2012-01-26).
1490:
1432:
1428:
1195:
1144:
1050:, and those formats were also incorporated into medical video equipment.
780:
444:
354:
306:, in which certain materials convert X-ray energy (or other parts of the
3025:"Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional procedures"
1812:
Radiation
Protection: A Guide for Scientists, Regulators, and Physicians
434:
A fluoroscopy X-ray machine is a great asset during surgery for implants
430:
39:
4143:
3546:
2863:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1047:
229:
217:
197:
193:
84:
4138:
2806:
1563:
1447:
1443:(thorium dioxide) as an agent was rapidly stopped, as thorium causes
1404:
823:
810:
by
Westinghouse in the late 1940s in combination with closed circuit
682:
334:
248:
2121:""Yes, X-ray is the modern way to fit shoes!" advertisement (1938)"
1752:"Fluoroscopy Discography Assessment, Protocols, and Interpretation"
357:. While much of the energy given to the electrons is dissipated as
109:
4165:
3376:
3337:
2496:"Bill to ban x-ray machines in shoe stores hits snag, Ohio (1957)"
1444:
1266:
1213:
794:
668:
654:
646:
634:
622:
610:
508:
486:
429:
310:) into visible light. This use of fluorescent materials to make a
205:
140:
3245:
https://www.slideshare.net/HuzaifaOxford/fluoroscopy-presentation
2446:"X-ray shoe fitting stores required to register by July 1 (1953)"
4273:
1956:
1159:
358:
4277:
3341:
845:
were applied to fluoroscopy beginning in the early 1960s, when
463:
In cardiology, fluoroscopy is used for diagnostic angiography,
2146:"Your children need x-ray shoe fitting - advertisement (1941)"
1458:
1420:
1043:
881:
have allowed for increased image quality while minimizing the
166:
27:
Production of an image when X-rays strike a fluorescent screen
2371:"Frequently dangerous - X-ray shoe fitting care urged (1951)"
945:. Today, the word "fluoroscopy" is widely understood to be a
2471:"State to Enforce Ban on X-Ray Shoe Fitting Machines (1958)"
1618:
The
Radiology Technologist's Handbook to Surgical Procedures
1326:, five mini components make up this intensifier, which are:
1782:
Gangi, Afshin; Guth, Stephane; Guermazi, Ali (2010-06-29).
1127:
399:, digital X-ray imaging is conceptually similar to digital
181:
169:
127:
121:
3233:
https://radiopaedia.org/articles/image-intensifier?lang=us
1222:
Because fluoroscopy involves the use of X-rays, a form of
1202:
threshold for use. In the first half of the 20th century,
112:
1244:
While deterministic radiation effects are a possibility,
1121:
552:
is performed under fluoroscopic guidance at many centers.
1086:
servers have been used. Late-model fluoroscopes all use
3318:
Were those old shoe store fluoroscopes a health hazard?
2196:"X-Ray machines for shoe fitting kept in repair (1951)"
2171:"New X-Ray Shoe Machine Provides Better Fitting (1935)"
1034:) was developed. This soon led to the addition of the "
212:, for example, can be watched. This is useful for both
814:
of the 1950s allowed for brighter pictures and better
573:, an invasive diagnostic procedure for evaluation for
349:
tissues interact with atoms in the screen through the
3333:
2396:"Shoe shop x-rays to be supervised, Australia (1951)"
2271:"Warning to parents about x-ray shoe fittings (1957)"
1785:
1124:
1118:
178:
175:
172:
160:
118:
115:
103:
2646:"The Journal Letter Box - X-ray shoe fitting (1950)"
1726:
Peripheral Arterial Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment
1723:
Coffman, Jay D.; Eberhardt, Robert T. (2002-10-07).
184:
163:
124:
106:
4747:
4726:
4675:
4640:
4590:
4567:
4511:
4425:
4374:
4311:
4232:
4204:
4160:
4109:
4086:
4076:
4041:
3958:
3949:
3800:
3716:
3676:
3595:
3554:
3545:
3389:
3375:
2901:
2899:
1115:
1066:) were the medium. In the 1950s, analog electronic
806:revolutionized fluoroscopy. The development of the
643:
using a fluoroscope to find embedded bullets, 1917.
235:In its simplest form, a fluoroscope consists of an
157:
67:
57:
49:
32:
3185:Wang, Jihong; Blackburn, Timothy J. (2000-09-01).
2969:"Radiation-induced skin injuries from fluoroscopy"
2954:"Radiation-induced Skin Injuries from Fluoroscopy"
2621:"Waukegan bars shoe store x-rays, Illinois (1958)"
1098:can take tiny inputs from low radiation doses and
1004:(variously called fluorography, cinefluorography,
361:, a fraction of it is given off as visible light.
53:fluorography, cinefluorography, photofluorography.
677:can both be traced back to 8 November 1895, when
387:, which convert the X-ray energy into electrical
317:As the X-rays pass through the patient, they are
2908:"Fluoroscopy: Patient Radiation Exposure Issues"
2737:
2735:
2725:Google Ngram of the entire fluoroscopy word list
2596:"X-rays cause more radiation than H-bomb (1956)"
2046:"Arrow shoe store gets new x-ray machine (1937)"
204:of a patient, so that the pumping action of the
1758:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1323:
3187:"The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents"
2521:"Pennsylvania halts x-ray shoe fitting (1957)"
4443:Edison Gower-Bell Telephone Company of Europe
4289:
3353:
1975:Telegraph (Brisbane, Qld. : 1872 - 1947)
1899:"X-ray shoe fitting with foot-o-scope (1922)"
1699:Practical Fluoroscopy of the GI and GU Tracts
8:
2225:Brisbane Telegraph (Qld. : 1948 - 1954)
1020:under early development during these decades
969:) and "recording/engraving with radiation" (
2000:Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954)
1853:Warwick Daily News (Qld. : 1919 -1954)
681:, or in English script Roentgen, noticed a
376:enough to see without goggles under normal
4296:
4282:
4274:
4083:
3965:
3955:
3551:
3395:
3386:
3360:
3346:
3338:
1953:ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity
1949:"Shoe-Fitting Fluoroscope (ca. 1930-1940)"
1457:Negative radiographic contrast agents are
981:words—both words are attested since 1896.
38:
3092:
3040:
2879:
2805:, Oxford University Press, archived from
2021:"X-ray shoe fitting advertisement (1931)"
1788:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1729:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1675:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1399:A number of substances have been used as
302:, and classic fluoroscopy achieves it by
4196:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
885:to the patient. Modern fluoroscopes use
558:of the leg, heart, and cerebral vessels.
2748:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
2571:"Stricter X-Ray Control Drafted (1962)"
2550:Canberra Times (ACT : 1926 - 1995)
2075:Biz (Fairfield, NSW : 1928 - 1972)
1815:. La Editorial, UPR. pp. 121–122.
1750:Stretanski, Michael F.; Vu, Ly (2022),
1510:
1182:. Only important applications such as
473:implantable cardioverter defibrillators
4438:Edison and Swan Electric Light Company
3328:Fluoroscopy video in the medical field
3203:10.1148/radiographics.20.5.g00se181471
3156:10.1148/radiographics.20.5.g00se181471
2924:10.1148/radiographics.21.4.g01jl271033
2250:News (Adelaide, SA : 1923 - 1954)
2246:"X-ray shoe sets in S.A. 'controlled'"
1178:of radiation than an ordinary (still)
563:peripherally inserted central catheter
29:
3123:. Walter L. Robinson & Associates
2546:"Ban On Shoe X-ray Machines Resented"
1596:Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity
709:. Edison had quickly discovered that
419:and output as a visible-light image.
139:", is an imaging technique that uses
7:
4554:General Electric Research Laboratory
1271:Fluoroscopy room with control space.
627:Thoracic fluoroscopy using handheld
619:examining his hand with fluoroscope.
2852:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians
2421:"X-ray fitting time limited (1951)"
2346:"Danger from x-ray machines (1950)"
1971:"T. C. BEIRNE'S X-RAY SHOE FITTING"
1924:"X-ray shoe fitting machine (1923)"
1874:"X-ray shoe fitting, London (1921)"
1615:Anderson, Anthony C. (1999-12-15).
1218:Fluoroscopy burn from long exposure
741:of the eyes, previously studied by
465:percutaneous coronary interventions
80:
4003:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
2988:10.1148/radiographics.16.5.8888398
2906:Mahesh, Mahadevappa (2001-07-01).
737:in 1916 to address the problem of
25:
3256:Lewis, Robert Alan (1998-03-23).
3121:Fluoroscopic Radiation Management
2751:, Merriam-Webster, archived from
1104:differentiating signal from noise
477:cardiac resynchronization devices
314:is how fluoroscopy got its name.
4795:Thomas Alva Edison silver dollar
4755:Thomas Edison in popular culture
4549:Storage Battery Company Building
4258:
4257:
2125:The Central New Jersey Home News
1111:
1053:Thus, over time the cameras and
996:a still-image medium, the word "
153:
99:
4615:The Wizard of Evergreen Terrace
3760:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
3313:FDA Radiological Health Program
3259:Lewis' Dictionary of Toxicology
2670:"Electrons Now Brighten X Ray."
1648:. Springer Nature. p. 36.
1102:them while to some extent also
1078:, and storage of data to local
4493:Motion Picture Patents Company
4478:Edison Storage Battery Company
4468:Edison Portland Cement Company
4008:Radioactive iodine uptake test
1702:. Cambridge University Press.
1669:Kapoor, Amar S. (2012-12-06).
1544:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1524:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
977:) were immediately named with
724:
333:of the body, casting an X-ray
284:Although visible light can be
135:), informally referred to as "
1:
3988:Radionuclide ventriculography
3462:Lower gastrointestinal series
3454:Upper gastrointestinal series
3042:10.1016/S0146-6453(01)00004-5
2025:The Fresno Morning Republican
1352:electrostatic focusing lenses
1170:The use of X-rays, a form of
651:Thoracic fluoroscopy in 1940.
353:, giving their energy to the
4684:The Execution of Mary Stuart
4458:Edison Manufacturing Company
4179:Optical coherence tomography
4101:Myocardial perfusion imaging
3689:Dental panoramic radiography
2350:The Mason City Globe-Gazette
1239:Food and Drug Administration
861:From the late 1980s onward,
589:Fluoroscopy is also used in
483:Gastrointestinal fluoroscopy
4665:Tales from the Bully Pulpit
4448:Edison Illuminating Company
3262:. CRC Press. p. 1032.
2675:, August 1948, pp. 132-133.
830:. The commercialization of
495:exam taken via fluoroscopy.
368:. After the development of
321:by varying amounts as they
4832:
4503:Oriental Telephone Company
4463:Edison Ore-Milling Company
3983:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3458:Small-bowel follow-through
3012:. FDA. September 30, 1994.
2802:Oxford Dictionaries Online
2600:Marysville Journal-Tribune
2425:Marysville Journal-Tribune
1849:"X-Rays for Fitting Boots"
1372:
1279:
1082:or (more recently) secure
752:
673:Fluoroscopy's origins and
666:
639:Surgical operation during
290:translucent or transparent
255:Fluoroscopy is similar to
4657:Edison's Conquest of Mars
4534:Memorial Tower and Museum
4253:
4224:Dynamic angiothermography
3968:
3892:Abdominal ultrasonography
3398:
3301:Resources in your library
3117:"Last Image Hold Feature"
3094:10.1148/radiol.2542082312
1672:Interventional Cardiology
1592:"Red Goggles (ca. 1940s)"
1204:shoe-fitting fluoroscopes
1156:technological convergence
1109:Whereas the word "cine" (
725:discussed in detail below
591:airport security scanners
261:X-ray computed tomography
81:
37:
4539:National Historical Park
4331:Edison's Phonograph Doll
4214:Non-contact thermography
3993:Radionuclide angiography
3845:Doppler echocardiography
2627:. 1958-08-28. p. 19
2625:Mt. Vernon Register-News
2577:. 1962-12-22. p. 12
2477:. 1958-11-18. p. 14
2450:The Brooklyn Daily Eagle
2352:. 1950-12-14. p. 28
2327:. 1949-10-27. p. 23
2300:Mt. Vernon Register-News
2252:. 1951-04-27. p. 12
2202:. 1951-10-08. p. 12
2077:. 1955-07-27. p. 10
2027:. 1931-09-01. p. 22
1288:X-ray image intensifiers
1276:X-ray image intensifiers
1252:X-ray image intensifiers
1228:radiation-induced cancer
1209:digital image processing
1088:digital image processing
871:digital image processing
761:shoe-fitting fluoroscope
755:Shoe-fitting fluoroscope
661:shoe-fitting fluoroscope
370:X-ray image intensifiers
245:X-ray image intensifiers
226:interventional radiology
4790:Statue of Thomas Edison
4397:Incandescent light bulb
3998:Radioisotope renography
2652:. 1950-01-31. p. 4
2602:. 1956-10-24. p. 1
2552:. 1957-06-26. p. 4
2502:. 1957-04-16. p. 1
2452:. 1953-05-25. p. 3
2402:. 1951-02-28. p. 5
2377:. 1951-09-27. p. 9
2302:. 1952-04-17. p. 4
2227:. 1951-02-28. p. 7
2200:Panama City News-Herald
2177:. 1935-05-30. p. 8
2152:. 1941-07-09. p. 4
2127:. 1938-03-17. p. 3
2102:. 1934-09-20. p. 3
2052:. 1937-06-11. p. 4
2002:. 1928-07-15. p. 5
1977:. 1925-07-17. p. 8
1930:. 1923-04-04. p. 3
1905:. 1922-09-27. p. 9
1903:The Scranton Republican
1880:. 1921-07-03. p. 2
1855:. 1921-08-25. p. 4
1809:Shapiro, Jacob (2002).
1570:Oxford University Press
1389:cardiac catheterization
1282:X-ray image intensifier
1058:training or research),
808:X-ray image intensifier
417:processed by a computer
4581:Theodore Miller Edison
4498:Mine Safety Appliances
4433:Thomas A. Edison, Inc.
4321:List of Edison patents
4033:Gastric emptying study
1878:Democrat and Chronicle
1645:Interventional Urology
1439:compounds. The use of
1301:charge-coupled devices
1272:
1219:
1192:nondestructive testing
852:nondestructive testing
838:Digital electronic era
820:red adaptation goggles
800:
777:nondestructive testing
731:Red adaptation goggles
664:
652:
644:
632:
620:
615:Experimenter in 1890s
526:defecating proctograms
518:gastrointestinal tract
496:
435:
366:red adaptation goggles
220:and occurs in general
3694:X-ray motion analysis
3577:X-ray microtomography
3496:Hysterosalpingography
3403:Pneumoencephalography
3023:Valentin, J. (2000).
2967:Shope, T. B. (1996).
2826:What is a 4D CT Scan?
2700:U.S. patent 3,482,093
2686:U.S. patent 3,277,302
2500:The Sandusky Register
2325:The Gazette and Daily
2150:The Wellsboro Gazette
2071:"X-RAY SHOE FITTINGS"
1566:UK English Dictionary
1270:
1217:
1072:digital video cameras
986:emerging technologies
847:Frederick G. Weighart
798:
791:Analog electronic era
735:Wilhelm Trendelenburg
675:radiography's origins
658:
650:
638:
626:
614:
490:
433:
4765:Pearl Street Station
4453:Edison Machine Works
4361:Quadruplex telegraph
4219:Contact thermography
3929:Emergency ultrasound
3867:Transcranial Doppler
3618:Abdominal and pelvis
2475:The Daily Advertiser
2375:The Orlando Sentinel
2275:Rocky Mount Telegram
2221:"SHOE X-RAY DANGERS"
1401:radiocontrast agents
1369:Flat-panel detectors
1305:active pixel sensors
1076:flat panel detectors
1062:using film (such as
988:. Because the word "
955:technological change
879:flat panel detectors
832:video tape recorders
816:radiation protection
669:X-ray § History
439:Surgical fluoroscopy
385:flat panel detectors
351:photoelectric effect
196:to see the internal
44:A modern fluoroscope
4775:Thomas Edison House
4760:War of the currents
4412:Thermionic emission
4407:Nickel–iron battery
4387:Edison–Lalande cell
4382:Consolidated Edison
4186:Confocal microscopy
4064:Indium-111 WBC scan
3887:Echoencephalography
3623:Virtual colonoscopy
2797:Oxford Dictionaries
1375:Flat panel detector
1160:four-dimensional CT
1032:video tape recorder
843:Digital electronics
787:threshold for use.
701:In the late 1890s,
575:intervertebral disc
280:Mechanism of action
228:, and image-guided
4739:Edisonian approach
4174:Optical tomography
4023:Dacryoscintigraphy
4018:Immunoscintigraphy
3657:Whole body imaging
3408:Dental radiography
3324:, 27 November 1987
3029:Annals of the ICRP
2864:10.3322/caac.21132
2821:UPMC Cancer Center
2527:. 1957. p. 10
2277:. 1957. p. 10
1577:2020-03-22 at the
1547:. Merriam-Webster.
1527:. Merriam-Webster.
1489:reabsorption, and
1273:
1224:ionizing radiation
1220:
1172:ionizing radiation
927:roentgenkymography
828:radiation exposure
804:Analog electronics
801:
749:X-ray shoe fitting
733:were developed by
691:diagnostic imaging
665:
653:
645:
633:
621:
544:Other medical uses
497:
436:
391:: small bursts of
372:, the images were
276:would be bright).
4803:
4802:
4708:A Night of Terror
4326:Carbon microphone
4271:
4270:
4233:Target conditions
4156:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4072:
4071:
4013:Bone scintigraphy
3978:Scintimammography
3973:Cholescintigraphy
3818:contrast-enhanced
3712:
3711:
3672:
3671:
3662:Full-body CT scan
3562:General operation
3541:
3540:
3511:Angiocardiography
3322:The Straight Dope
3287:Library resources
3269:978-1-56670-223-2
2777:videofluorography
2427:. 1951. p. 3
2050:Lancaster New Era
1822:978-0-674-00740-6
1795:978-3-540-49929-9
1736:978-1-59259-331-6
1709:978-1-107-00180-0
1682:978-1-4612-3534-7
1655:978-3-030-73565-4
1628:978-0-8493-1506-0
1286:The invention of
1194:, and scientific
1186:, bodily safety,
1096:signal processing
1006:photofluorography
939:videofluorography
923:electrokymography
915:fluororadiography
911:photofluorography
799:1950s fluoroscope
779:, and scientific
771:, bodily safety,
711:calcium tungstate
445:podiatric surgery
341:tissues (such as
208:or the motion of
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
4823:
4599:Young Tom Edison
4488:General Electric
4298:
4291:
4284:
4275:
4261:
4260:
4084:
3966:
3956:
3840:Echocardiography
3699:Hounsfield scale
3552:
3471:Cholecystography
3396:
3387:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3339:
3274:
3273:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3197:(5): 1471–1477.
3182:
3176:
3175:
3150:(5): 1471–1477.
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3096:
3078:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3044:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2982:(5): 1195–1199.
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2918:(4): 1033–1045.
2903:
2894:
2893:
2883:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2809:on May 16, 2001.
2793:
2787:
2786:
2781:videofluoroscopy
2775:Google Ngram of
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2650:Edmonton Journal
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2525:The Eugene Guard
2517:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2482:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2382:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2307:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2175:The Eugene Guard
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2100:Nashville Banner
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1770:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1515:
1477:Imaging concerns
1385:vascular imaging
1325:
1154:Today, owing to
1134:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
943:videofluoroscopy
907:cinefluorography
393:electric current
191:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
85:edit on Wikidata
77:
42:
30:
21:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4799:
4743:
4722:
4671:
4636:
4622:The Current War
4607:Edison, the Man
4586:
4563:
4507:
4421:
4370:
4313:
4307:
4302:
4272:
4267:
4249:
4228:
4200:
4148:
4134:PET mammography
4105:
4068:
4054:Gallium-67 scan
4049:Octreotide scan
4037:
3945:
3796:
3708:
3668:
3591:
3572:High-resolution
3537:
3501:Skeletal survey
3467:Cholangiography
3380:
3371:
3369:Medical imaging
3366:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3294:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3270:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3242:
3238:
3230:
3226:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2905:
2904:
2897:
2845:
2844:
2840:
2831:
2829:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2758:
2756:
2743:Merriam-Webster
2741:
2740:
2733:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2673:Popular Science
2668:
2664:
2655:
2653:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2575:The Daily Times
2569:
2568:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2505:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2430:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2393:
2389:
2380:
2378:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2305:
2303:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2280:
2278:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1996:"THE PEDOSCOPE"
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1766:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1629:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1579:Wayback Machine
1557:
1556:
1552:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1499:motion blurring
1483:Lubberts effect
1479:
1468:
1397:
1395:Contrast agents
1377:
1371:
1359:output phosphor
1293:digital cameras
1284:
1278:
1265:
1246:radiation burns
1168:
1166:Adverse effects
1149:digital imaging
1141:30-frame/second
1114:
1110:
1055:recording media
1010:movie projector
931:cineradiography
895:
863:digital imaging
840:
793:
757:
751:
743:Antoine Beclere
739:dark adaptation
679:Wilhelm Röntgen
671:
609:
604:
587:
561:Placement of a
546:
485:
461:
453:
441:
425:
282:
269:digital imaging
156:
152:
145:medical imaging
102:
98:
88:
73:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4829:
4827:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4785:Telephonoscope
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4730:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4712:
4704:
4696:
4688:
4679:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4669:
4661:
4653:
4649:The Future Eve
4644:
4642:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4626:
4618:
4611:
4603:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4578:
4575:Charles Edison
4571:
4569:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4559:Winter Estates
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4483:Edison Studios
4480:
4475:
4473:Edison Records
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4317:
4315:
4314:and inventions
4309:
4308:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4191:Endomicroscopy
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4170:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4120:
4118:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4095:
4081:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3969:
3963:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3863:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3722:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3464:
3451:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3314:
3304:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:External links
3279:
3276:
3275:
3268:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3177:
3134:
3108:
3087:(2): 326–341.
3064:
3015:
3001:
2959:
2945:
2895:
2838:
2812:
2788:
2765:
2731:
2715:
2705:
2691:
2677:
2662:
2637:
2612:
2587:
2562:
2537:
2512:
2487:
2462:
2437:
2412:
2387:
2362:
2337:
2312:
2287:
2262:
2237:
2212:
2187:
2162:
2137:
2112:
2087:
2062:
2037:
2012:
1987:
1962:
1940:
1928:El Paso Herald
1915:
1890:
1865:
1840:
1836:New York World
1828:
1821:
1801:
1794:
1774:
1742:
1735:
1715:
1708:
1688:
1681:
1661:
1654:
1634:
1627:
1607:
1583:
1550:
1530:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1487:K-fluorescence
1478:
1475:
1466:
1463:carbon dioxide
1396:
1393:
1373:Main article:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1341:
1338:Input phosphor
1335:
1332:glass envelope
1312:caesium iodide
1280:Main article:
1277:
1274:
1264:
1261:
1167:
1164:
1092:image analysis
998:cinematography
957:, as follows:
894:
891:
887:caesium iodide
883:radiation dose
875:image analysis
856:naval aircraft
839:
836:
792:
789:
753:Main article:
750:
747:
720:radiation dose
707:commercialized
686:platinocyanide
608:
605:
603:
600:
596:contrast media
586:
583:
582:
581:
578:
568:
565:
559:
553:
545:
542:
513:contrast agent
501:barium sulfate
493:barium swallow
484:
481:
460:
457:
452:
449:
440:
437:
424:
421:
329:the different
281:
278:
273:image analysis
90:
89:
82:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4828:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Edison Museum
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4589:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4510:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4341:Etheric force
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4306:
4305:Thomas Edison
4299:
4294:
4292:
4287:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4276:
4264:
4256:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4075:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3872:Intravascular
3870:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3792:Synthetic MRI
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3582:Electron beam
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3533:Orbital x-ray
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3428:Bronchography
3426:
3425:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3280:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:RadioGraphics
3188:
3181:
3178:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3144:Radiographics
3138:
3135:
3122:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:Radiographics
2970:
2963:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2912:RadioGraphics
2909:
2902:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2858:(2): 75–100.
2857:
2853:
2849:
2842:
2839:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2755:on 2020-10-10
2754:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2719:
2716:
2709:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2666:
2663:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2638:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2613:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2488:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2388:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2322:
2316:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2291:
2288:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2113:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1929:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1866:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1621:. CRC Press.
1620:
1619:
1611:
1608:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1559:"fluoroscope"
1554:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1539:"fluoroscope"
1534:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:"fluoroscopy"
1514:
1511:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1368:
1366:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1320:
1318:
1317:quantum noise
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:image sensors
1294:
1289:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1176:absorbed dose
1173:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:video cameras
1065:
1061:
1060:movie cameras
1056:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:magnetic tape
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
848:
844:
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
797:
790:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
765:
762:
756:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
726:
721:
715:
712:
708:
704:
703:Thomas Edison
699:
696:
692:
687:
684:
680:
676:
670:
662:
657:
649:
642:
637:
630:
625:
618:
613:
606:
601:
599:
597:
592:
584:
579:
576:
572:
569:
566:
564:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:
543:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:barium enemas
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
494:
489:
482:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
458:
456:
450:
448:
446:
438:
432:
428:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
378:ambient light
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
312:viewing scope
309:
305:
301:
296:
291:
287:
279:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
189:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
96:
86:
76:
72:
70:
66:
62:
60:
56:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4780:Edison Hotel
4714:
4706:
4700:Frankenstein
4698:
4690:
4682:
4663:
4655:
4647:
4628:
4620:
4605:
4597:
4529:Depot Museum
4402:Movie camera
4391:
4375:Advancements
4336:Edison screw
4240:Acute stroke
4206:Thermography
3961:scintigraphy
3951:Radionuclide
3939:pre-hospital
3785:Tractography
3704:Radiodensity
3683:
3606:calcium scan
3567:Quantitative
3291:
3258:
3251:
3239:
3227:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3120:
3111:
3084:
3080:
3067:
3032:
3028:
3018:
3004:
2979:
2975:
2962:
2948:
2915:
2911:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2830:, retrieved
2825:
2815:
2807:the original
2801:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2757:, retrieved
2753:the original
2747:
2724:
2718:
2708:
2694:
2680:
2672:
2665:
2654:. Retrieved
2649:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2624:
2615:
2604:. Retrieved
2599:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2574:
2565:
2554:. Retrieved
2549:
2540:
2529:. Retrieved
2524:
2515:
2504:. Retrieved
2499:
2490:
2479:. Retrieved
2474:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2449:
2440:
2429:. Retrieved
2424:
2415:
2404:. Retrieved
2399:
2390:
2379:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2354:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2329:. Retrieved
2324:
2315:
2304:. Retrieved
2299:
2290:
2279:. Retrieved
2274:
2265:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2240:
2229:. Retrieved
2224:
2215:
2204:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2179:. Retrieved
2174:
2165:
2154:. Retrieved
2149:
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2104:. Retrieved
2099:
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2074:
2065:
2054:. Retrieved
2049:
2040:
2029:. Retrieved
2024:
2015:
2004:. Retrieved
1999:
1990:
1979:. Retrieved
1974:
1965:
1952:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1927:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1902:
1893:
1882:. Retrieved
1877:
1868:
1857:. Retrieved
1852:
1843:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1777:
1767:, retrieved
1755:
1745:
1725:
1718:
1698:
1691:
1671:
1664:
1644:
1637:
1617:
1610:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:
1586:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1533:
1522:
1513:
1480:
1471:air embolism
1456:
1452:
1403:, including
1398:
1382:
1378:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:photocathode
1344:
1337:
1331:
1321:
1309:
1285:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1221:
1200:risk-benefit
1169:
1153:
1108:
1052:
1024:World War II
1014:
1002:movie camera
983:
959:
953:artifact of
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:fluorography
902:
898:
896:
860:
841:
802:
785:risk-benefit
766:
758:
729:
716:
700:
672:
616:
588:
550:Liver biopsy
538:enteroclysis
530:barium meals
505:gastrografin
498:
462:
454:
442:
426:
405:scintigraphy
397:luminescence
382:
363:
323:pass through
316:
304:fluorescence
285:
283:
254:
237:X-ray source
234:
148:
136:
94:
93:
4816:Fluoroscopy
4676:Productions
4524:Black Maria
4417:Ticker tape
4392:Fluoroscopy
4346:Kinetoscope
4312:Discoveries
4129:Cardiac PET
3902:renal tract
3877:Gynecologic
3809:Techniques
3780:restriction
3755:Angiography
3738:Neurography
3684:Fluoroscopy
3630:Angiography
3611:angiography
3555:Techniques:
3516:Aortography
3506:Angiography
3486:Cystography
3476:Mammography
3418:Myelography
3413:Sialography
3382:radiography
3311:Fluoroscopy
3292:fluoroscopy
3035:(2): 7–67.
1322:Within the
1188:food safety
1184:health care
990:photography
899:fluoroscopy
773:food safety
769:health care
695:radiologist
641:World War I
629:fluorescent
617:(top right)
571:Discography
556:Angiography
423:Medical use
347:radiolucent
343:bone tissue
327:reflect off
257:radiography
241:fluorescent
192:) allows a
149:fluoroscope
95:Fluoroscopy
50:Other names
33:Fluoroscopy
18:Fluoroscope
4641:Literature
4544:State Park
4519:Birthplace
4356:Phonomotor
4351:Phonograph
4042:Full body:
3828:endoscopic
3802:Ultrasound
3731:functional
3528:Lymphogram
3523:Venography
3491:Arthrogram
2832:2015-02-14
2759:2015-02-14
2656:2020-11-26
2631:2017-11-05
2606:2017-11-05
2581:2017-11-05
2556:2017-11-05
2531:2017-11-05
2506:2017-11-05
2481:2020-11-26
2456:2017-11-05
2431:2017-11-05
2406:2017-11-05
2381:2020-11-26
2356:2017-11-05
2331:2020-11-26
2306:2017-11-05
2281:2017-11-05
2256:2017-11-05
2231:2017-11-05
2206:2017-11-05
2181:2017-11-05
2156:2017-11-05
2131:2020-11-26
2106:2020-11-26
2081:2017-11-05
2056:2020-11-26
2031:2020-11-26
2006:2017-11-05
1981:2017-11-05
1934:2017-11-05
1909:2017-11-05
1884:2017-11-05
1859:2020-11-27
1769:2022-03-21
1756:StatPearls
1601:2022-03-23
1505:References
1437:lanthanide
1180:radiograph
1064:16 mm film
1040:home video
1016:Television
919:kymography
812:TV cameras
667:See also:
585:Other uses
577:pathology.
469:pacemakers
459:Cardiology
339:radiopaque
319:attenuated
210:swallowing
59:ICD-10-PCS
4734:Edisonade
4716:Kidnapped
4512:Monuments
4366:Tasimeter
4245:Pregnancy
4124:Brain PET
4092:gamma ray
4028:DMSA scan
3882:Obstetric
3775:diffusion
3770:Sequences
3748:perfusion
3640:Pulmonary
3587:Cone beam
3481:Pyelogram
3211:0271-5333
3164:0271-5333
3081:Radiology
2932:0271-5333
2872:0007-9235
1425:zirconium
1263:Equipment
1198:meet the
1137:cine film
1018:also was
994:connoting
979:Neo-Latin
951:idiomatic
893:Etymology
867:phosphors
783:meet the
607:Early era
403:imaging (
401:gamma ray
355:electrons
295:intensity
222:radiology
214:diagnosis
198:structure
4810:Category
4692:The Kiss
4617:" (1998)
4426:Ventures
4263:Category
4115:positron
3635:Coronary
3219:10992034
3172:10992034
3127:April 3,
3103:20093507
3059:70923586
3051:11459599
2940:11452079
2890:22307864
1764:34283485
1575:Archived
1491:electron
1433:tungsten
1429:tantalum
1299:such as
1196:research
1145:stenosis
1030:(with a
947:hypernym
781:research
534:swallows
520:include
308:spectrum
202:function
4748:Related
4162:Optical
4144:PET-MRI
3924:Carotid
3919:Scrotal
3813:doppler
3743:Cardiac
3652:Thyroid
3596:Targets
3547:CT scan
2996:8888398
2881:3548988
2400:The Age
1495:latency
1417:thorium
1413:caesium
1409:bismuth
1100:amplify
1080:servers
1048:Betamax
975:-graphy
963:fluoro-
659:Adrian
602:History
451:Urology
389:signals
337:of the
331:tissues
249:cameras
230:surgery
218:therapy
194:surgeon
75:D005471
4719:(1917)
4711:(1911)
4703:(1910)
4695:(1896)
4687:(1895)
4668:(2004)
4660:(1898)
4652:(1886)
4633:(2020)
4625:(2017)
4610:(1940)
4602:(1940)
4568:Family
4139:PET-CT
3914:Breast
3909:Rectal
3833:duplex
3765:Breast
3602:Heart
3289:about
3266:
3217:
3209:
3170:
3162:
3101:
3057:
3049:
2994:
2956:. FDA.
2938:
2930:
2888:
2878:
2870:
1819:
1792:
1762:
1733:
1706:
1679:
1652:
1625:
1572:. n.d.
1564:Lexico
1448:cancer
1441:thoria
1435:, and
1405:silver
1295:using
1036:video-
971:radio-
967:-scopy
941:, and
877:, and
824:camera
818:. The
718:lower
683:barium
536:, and
475:, and
411:, and
374:bright
335:shadow
239:and a
141:X-rays
137:fluoro
4727:Terms
4630:Tesla
4591:Films
4583:(son)
4577:(son)
4166:Laser
4088:SPECT
3897:renal
3726:Brain
3677:Other
3377:X-ray
3320:" at
3077:(PDF)
3055:S2CID
2972:(PDF)
1445:liver
1084:cloud
509:enema
409:SPECT
271:with
206:heart
83:[
3934:FAST
3647:Head
3264:ISBN
3215:PMID
3207:ISSN
3168:PMID
3160:ISSN
3129:2010
3099:PMID
3047:PMID
2992:PMID
2936:PMID
2928:ISSN
2886:PMID
2868:ISSN
2779:and
2713:1963
1957:ORAU
1817:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1760:PMID
1731:ISBN
1704:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1650:ISBN
1623:ISBN
1461:and
1387:and
1357:The
1350:The
1343:The
1330:The
1324:XRII
1090:and
1046:and
1042:via
935:cine
532:and
359:heat
300:film
286:seen
265:film
259:and
247:and
216:and
200:and
147:, a
110:ʊəˈr
69:MeSH
4111:PET
4079:ECT
4077:3D/
3959:2D/
3860:ICE
3855:TEE
3850:TTE
3718:MRI
3449:DXR
3445:DXA
3440:KUB
3435:AXR
3423:CXR
3199:doi
3152:doi
3089:doi
3085:254
3037:doi
2984:doi
2920:doi
2876:PMC
2860:doi
1473:.
1465:(CO
1459:air
1421:tin
1303:or
1232:mGy
1207:as
1106:).
1044:VHS
937:),
929:),
854:of
727:).
503:or
479:).
467:, (
413:PET
325:or
167:ʊər
63:B?1
4812::
4117:):
4094:):
3823:3D
3391:2D
3213:.
3205:.
3195:20
3193:.
3189:.
3166:.
3158:.
3148:20
3146:.
3119:.
3097:.
3083:.
3079:.
3053:.
3045:.
3033:30
3031:.
3027:.
2990:.
2980:16
2978:.
2974:.
2934:.
2926:.
2916:21
2914:.
2910:.
2898:^
2884:.
2874:.
2866:.
2856:62
2854:.
2850:.
2823:,
2799:,
2745:,
2734:^
2648:.
2623:.
2598:.
2573:.
2548:.
2523:.
2498:.
2473:.
2448:.
2423:.
2398:.
2373:.
2348:.
2323:.
2298:.
2273:.
2248:.
2223:.
2198:.
2173:.
2148:.
2123:.
2098:.
2073:.
2048:.
2023:.
1998:.
1973:.
1955:.
1951:.
1926:.
1901:.
1876:.
1851:.
1754:,
1594:.
1568:.
1561:.
1541:.
1521:.
1485:,
1450:.
1431:,
1427:,
1423:,
1419:,
1415:,
1411:,
1407:,
1391:.
1190:,
1074:,
973:+
965:+
925:,
917:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
873:,
869:,
775:,
598:.
540:.
528:,
524:,
491:A
471:,
407:,
232:.
224:,
182:oʊ
4613:"
4297:e
4290:t
4283:v
4164:/
4113:(
4090:(
3469:/
3460:/
3456:/
3447:/
3379:/
3361:e
3354:t
3347:v
3316:"
3272:.
3221:.
3201::
3174:.
3154::
3131:.
3105:.
3091::
3061:.
3039::
2998:.
2986::
2942:.
2922::
2892:.
2862::
2835:.
2785:.
2762:.
2728:.
2659:.
2634:.
2609:.
2584:.
2559:.
2534:.
2509:.
2484:.
2459:.
2434:.
2409:.
2384:.
2359:.
2334:.
2309:.
2284:.
2259:.
2234:.
2209:.
2184:.
2159:.
2134:.
2109:.
2084:.
2059:.
2034:.
2009:.
1984:.
1959:.
1937:.
1912:.
1887:.
1862:.
1825:.
1798:.
1739:.
1712:.
1685:.
1658:.
1631:.
1604:.
1581:.
1467:2
1131:/
1128:i
1125:n
1122:ɪ
1119:s
1116:ˈ
1113:/
961:(
933:(
921:(
723:(
188:/
185:p
179:k
176:s
173:ˌ
170:ə
164:l
161:f
158:ˈ
155:/
151:(
131:/
128:i
125:p
122:ə
119:k
116:s
113:ɒ
107:l
104:f
101:/
97:(
87:]
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
