33:
509:
49:
831:. Because of scale buildup, plugging, or erosion, which affect FGD dependability and absorber efficiency, the trend is to use simple scrubbers such as spray towers instead of more complicated ones. The configuration of the tower may be vertical or horizontal, and flue gas can flow concurrently, countercurrently, or crosscurrently with respect to the liquid. The chief drawback of spray towers is that they require a higher liquid-to-gas ratio requirement for equivalent
970:). Lime is typically used on large coal- or oil-fired boilers as found in power plants, as it is very much less expensive than caustic soda. The problem is that it results in a slurry being circulated through the scrubber instead of a solution. This makes it harder on the equipment. A spray tower is typically used for this application. The use of lime results in a slurry of calcium sulfite (
1044:(or some other solute which does not undergo a chemical change during the extraction) from water to another phase. While a chemical change does occur during the extraction of the sulfur dioxide from the gas mixture, it is the case that the extraction equilibrium is shifted by changing the temperature rather than by the use of a chemical reagent.
289:(CAA) and it amendments have influenced implementation of FGD. In 2017, the revised PTC 40 Standard was published. This revised standard (PTC 40-2017) covers Dry and Regenerable FGD systems and provides a more detailed Uncertainty Analysis section. This standard is currently in use today by companies around the world.
1021:; this forms a sodium hydrogen sulfite solution. By heating this solution it is possible to reverse the reaction to form sulfur dioxide and the sodium sulfite solution. Since the sodium sulfite solution is not consumed, it is called a regenerative treatment. The application of this reaction is also known as the
1068:
is added to the gas. The Chendu power plant in China started up such a flue gas desulfurization unit on a 100 MW scale in 1998. The
Pomorzany power plant in Poland also started up a similar sized unit in 2003 and that plant removes both sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Both plants are reported to be
902:
A packed scrubber consists of a tower with packing material inside. This packing material can be in the shape of saddles, rings, or some highly specialized shapes designed to maximize the contact area between the dirty gas and liquid. Packed towers typically operate at much lower pressure drops than
878:
and fly ash, venturi scrubbers can be used. In fact, many of the industrial sodium-based throwaway systems are venturi scrubbers originally designed to remove particulate matter. These units were slightly modified to inject a sodium-based scrubbing liquor. Although removal of both particles and
867:
is a converging/diverging section of duct. The converging section accelerates the gas stream to high velocity. When the liquid stream is injected at the throat, which is the point of maximum velocity, the turbulence caused by the high gas velocity atomizes the liquid into small droplets, which
886:
in one vessel can be economic, the problems of high pressure drops and finding a scrubbing medium to remove heavy loadings of fly ash must be considered. However, in cases where the particle concentration is low, such as from oil-fired units, it can be more effective to remove particulate and
471:
in one scrubbing vessel. However, these systems experienced severe maintenance problems and low removal efficiency. In wet scrubbing systems, the flue gas normally passes first through a fly ash removal device, either an electrostatic precipitator or a baghouse, and then into the
304:, 11% in Japan, and 20% in various other countries. Approximately 79% of the units, representing about 199 gigawatts of capacity, were using lime or limestone wet scrubbing. About 18% (or 25 gigawatts) utilized spray-dry scrubbers or sorbent injection systems.
1219:
This elemental sulfur is then separated and finally recovered at the end of the process for further usage in, for example, agricultural products. Safety is one of the greatest benefits of this method, as the whole process takes place at
1506:
1138:
removal efficiencies (greater than 90%) are achieved by wet scrubbers and the lowest (less than 80%) by dry scrubbers. However, the newer designs for dry scrubbers are capable of achieving efficiencies in the order of 90%.
273:
opposite the City of London, operated until the stations closed in 1983 and 1981 respectively. Large-scale FGD units did not reappear at utilities until the 1970s, where most of the installations occurred in the
992:
Caustic soda is limited to smaller combustion units because it is more expensive than lime, but it has the advantage that it forms a solution rather than a slurry. This makes it easier to operate. It produces a
500:, or (2) using materials of construction and designs that allow equipment to withstand the corrosive conditions. Both alternatives are expensive. Engineers determine which method to use on a site-by-site basis.
324:) ensure that such systems are functioning correctly. If a scrubber system is not functioning properly (and the IMO procedures for such malfunctions are not adhered to), port States can sanction the ship. The
868:
creates the surface area necessary for mass transfer to take place. The higher the pressure drop in the venturi, the smaller the droplets and the higher the surface area. The penalty is in power consumption.
269:, because the characteristic white vapour plumes would have aided location finding by enemy aircraft. The FGD plant at Battersea was recommissioned after the war and, together with FGD plant at the new
1510:
932:
are typically used when circulating a slurry (see below). The high speed of a venturi would cause erosion problems, while a packed tower would plug up if it tried to circulate a slurry.
316:) has adopted guidelines on the approval, installation and use of exhaust gas scrubbers (exhaust gas cleaning systems) on board ships to ensure compliance with the sulphur regulation of
496:. These gases are highly corrosive to any downstream equipment such as fans, ducts, and stacks. Two methods that may minimize corrosion are: (1) reheating the gases to above their
849:
systems has enabled high-efficiency treatment of FGD wastewater to meet EPA discharge limits. The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.
1845:
1080:
in a TV set. This device is called an accelerator. This is an example of a radiation chemistry process where the physical effects of radiation are used to process a substance.
436:. Sulfuric acid mist is often the cause of the blue haze that often appears as the flue gas plume dissipates. Increasingly, this problem is being addressed by the use of wet
1083:
The action of the electron beam is to promote the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur(VI) compounds. The ammonia reacts with the sulfur compounds thus formed to produce
296:
to 250 MW. As of around 1999 and 2000, FGD units were being used in 27 countries, and there were 678 FGD units operating at a total power plant capacity of about 229
1069:
operating successfully. However, the accelerator design principles and manufacturing quality need further improvement for continuous operation in industrial conditions.
238:
emissions. Shortly thereafter, a press campaign was launched against the erection of power plants within the confines of London. This outcry led to the imposition of
325:
1247:
261:. In 1935, an FGD system similar to that installed at Battersea went into service at Swansea Power Station. The third major FGD system was installed in 1938 at
489:
Another important design consideration associated with wet FGD systems is that the flue gas exiting the absorber is saturated with water and still contains some
1128:
Approximately 85% of the flue gas desulfurization units installed in the US are wet scrubbers, 12% are spray dry systems, and 3% are dry injection systems.
1440:, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, U.S., presented by Michael X. Jiang at the Coal-Tech 2000 International Conference, November 2000, Jakarta, Indonesia
841:
FGD scrubbers produce a scaling wastewater that requires treatment to meet U.S. federal discharge regulations. However, technological advancements in
1815:
1106:
Flue gas desulfurization scrubbers have been applied to combustion units firing coal and oil that range in size from 5 MW to 1,500 MW.
1820:
1114:, which has a capacity of over 2,000 MW. Dry scrubbers and spray scrubbers have generally been applied to units smaller than 300 MW.
910:
removal efficiency. The drawback is that they have a greater tendency to plug up if particles are present in excess in the exhaust air stream.
392:
can be formed is through catalysis by metals in the fuel. Such reaction is particularly true for heavy fuel oil, where a significant amount of
1653:
1763:
935:
Counter-current packed towers are infrequently used because they have a tendency to become plugged by collected particles or to scale when
197:
from boiler and furnace exhaust gases have been studied for over 150 years. Early ideas for flue gas desulfurization were established in
328:
also bestows port States with a right to regulate (and even ban) the use of open loop scrubber systems within ports and internal waters.
313:
1840:
1356:
1091:. In addition, it can be used to lower the nitrogen oxide content of the flue gas. This method has attained industrial plant scale.
625:
To partially offset the cost of the FGD installation, some designs, particularly dry sorbent injection systems, further oxidize the
1451:
1788:
827:
and residence time, a number of wet scrubber designs have been used, including spray towers, venturis, plate towers, and mobile
156:
Dry sorbent injection systems that introduce powdered hydrated lime (or other sorbent material) into exhaust ducts to eliminate
292:
As of June 1973, there were 42 FGD units in operation, 36 in Japan and 6 in the United States, ranging in capacity from 5
37:
928:
is the simplest type of scrubber. It consists of a tower with spray nozzles, which generate the droplets for surface contact.
1585:
1571:
1768:
1372:
Murray, Stephen (2019). "The politics and economics of technology: Bankside power station and the environment, 1945-81".
1029:
204:
With the construction of large-scale power plants in
England in the 1920s, the problems associated with large volumes of
1835:
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article including the removal of hydrogen chloride, sulfur trioxide, and other heavy metal particles such as mercury.
1627:
437:
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1825:
136:
53:
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1022:
1198:
378:) when excess oxygen is present and gas temperatures are sufficiently high. At about 800 °C, formation of
175:
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and other products. The process by which this synthetic gypsum is created is also known as forced oxidation:
1111:
254:
1702:
1670:
1810:
1225:
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In spray drying and dry injection systems, the flue gas must first be cooled to about 10–20 °C above
1122:
1001:/bisulfite (depending on the pH), or sodium sulfate that must be disposed of. This is not a problem in a
270:
228:
32:
1830:
1320:
Biondo, S.J.; Marten, J.C. (October 1977). "A History of Flue Gas
Desulphurization Systems Since 1850".
842:
429:) mist that is very difficult to remove. Generally, about 1% of the sulfur dioxide will be converted to
286:
1407:
977:) that must be disposed of. Fortunately, calcium sulfite can be oxidized to produce by-product gypsum (
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from the flue gases after burning is to remove the sulfur from the fuel before or during combustion.
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is first reacted with the lime, and then the flue gas passes through a particulate control device.
48:
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is required or created in the process. The electron beam is generated by a device similar to the
321:
354:). Such conversion happens under normal conditions of temperature and of oxygen present in the
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in south Wales using the seawater process and works successfully on the 1,580 MW plant.
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and ambient temperature. This method has been developed by Paqell, a joint venture between
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venturi scrubbers and are therefore cheaper to operate. They also typically offer higher
17:
1293:"Flue Gas Desulfurization – FGD Wastewater Treatment | Compositech Filters Manufacturer"
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mill for example, where this can be a source of makeup chemicals to the recovery cycle.
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Power in Trust: The environmental history of the
Central Electricity Generating Board
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is offset by the carbonates in seawater pushing the carbonate equilibrium to release
588:
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from the flue gases are alkaline. The reaction taking place in wet scrubbing using a
526:, and, therefore, the typical sorbent slurries or other materials used to remove the
415:
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1684:(Suppl. 3). Warsaw, Poland: Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology: S17–S24.
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to avoid wet solids deposition on downstream equipment and plugging of baghouses.
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As explained above, alkaline sorbents are used for scrubbing flue gases to remove
1738:
1176:
For spray dry scrubbers smaller than 200 MW, the cost is $ 500 to $ 4,000 per ton
1778:
1494:
Comparative economics of advanced regenerable flue gas desulfurization processes
1101:
The information in this section was obtained from a US EPA published fact sheet.
929:
925:
919:
336:
82:, and from the emissions of other sulfur oxide emitting processes such as waste
1450:
Rubin, Edward S.; Yeh, Sonia; Hounshell, David A.; Taylor, Margaret R. (2004).
697:
is absorbed in the water, and when oxygen is added reacts to form sulfate ions
320:. Flag States must approve such systems and port States can (as part of their
108:
is being removed from flue gases by a variety of methods. Common methods used:
1467:
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For spray dry scrubbers larger than 200 MW, the cost is $ 150 to $ 300 per ton
1118:
1088:
1052:
A new, emerging flue gas desulfurization technology has been described by the
1002:
828:
41:
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343:
are burned, about 95 percent or more of the sulfur is generally converted to
1717:
1704:
Industrial Plant for Flue Gas
Treatment with High Power Electron Accelerator
1635:
Proceedings of the FNCA 2002 workshop on application of electron accelerator
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1061:
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940:
649:
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358:. However, there are circumstances under which such reaction may not occur.
297:
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upheld the claim of a landowner against the Barton
Electricity Works of the
120:
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For wet scrubbers smaller than 400 MW, the cost is $ 500 to $ 5,000 per ton
1586:"Lowering Cost and Waste in Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater Treatment"
1797:– national trade association representing emissions control manufacturers
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1194:
523:
393:
355:
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153:
removes sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulates from flue gases;
79:
1167:
For wet scrubbers larger than 400 MW, the cost is $ 200 to $ 500 per ton
265:. These three early large-scale FGD installations were suspended during
1718:"Air Pollution Control Technology Fact Sheet: Flue Gas Desulfurization"
1572:"Steam Electric Power Generating Effluent Guidelines – 2015 Final Rule"
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1065:
1028:
In some ways this can be thought of as being similar to the reversible
454:
411:
301:
198:
178:, flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) may remove 90 per cent or more of the
116:
339:
such as coal and oil can contain a significant amount of sulfur. When
223:
emissions problem did not receive much attention until 1929, when the
36:
Before flue gas desulfurization was installed, the emissions from the
1507:"Index of MEPC Resolutions and Guidelines related to MARPOL Annex VI"
1186:
645:
479:-absorber. However, in dry injection or spray drying operations, the
140:
1525:
International
Maritime Legislation on Air Pollution through UNCLOS
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adds lime to the fuel during combustion. The lime reacts with the
1041:
1037:
507:
279:
47:
31:
1452:"Experience curves for power plant emission control technologies"
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989:) which is marketable for use in the building products industry.
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removal. Attempts have been made to remove both the fly ash and
253:
The first major FGD unit at a utility was installed in 1931 at
1539:"Removal of Sulphur Dioxide from Flue Gases in Thermal Plants"
1707:
by A.G. Chmielewski, Warsaw
University of Technology, Poland.
1671:"Application of ionizing radiation to environment protection"
1496:, EPRI CS-1381, Electric Power Research Institute, March 1980
1278:"Dry Sorbent Injection Technology | Nox Control Systems"
1628:"Electron beam application in gas waste treatment in China"
958:. Depending on the application, the two most important are
1181:
Alternative methods of reducing sulfur dioxide emissions
300:. About 45% of the FGD capacity was in the U.S., 24% in
1794:
1779:
Alstom presentation to UN-ECE on air pollution control
1427:, Chemical Engineering/Deskbook Issue, 21 October 1974
555:) and may be expressed in the simplified dry form as:
1456:
International
Journal of Energy Technology and Policy
1048:
Gas-phase oxidation followed by reaction with ammonia
211:
from a single site began to concern the public. The
94:Since stringent environmental regulations limiting
1152:The capital, operating and maintenance costs per
1110:are spending £400 million installing FGD at
44:contained a significant amount of sulfur dioxide.
1322:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association
326:United Nations Convention on the Law Of the Sea
1537:Prasad, D.S.N.; et al. (April–June 2010).
1064:is fired into the flue gas at the same time as
648:) that can be of high enough quality to use in
101:emissions have been enacted in many countries,
86:, petroleum refineries, cement and lime kilns.
1248:Flue-gas emissions from fossil-fuel combustion
80:exhaust flue gases of fossil-fuel power plants
27:Technologies used in fossil-fuel power plants
8:
453:Most FGD systems employ two stages: one for
1846:Environmental impact of the energy industry
1637:. Beijing, China: INET Tsinghua University.
1739:"HIOPAQ Oil & Gas Process Description"
512:Schematic design of the absorber of an FGD
504:Scrubbing with an alkali solid or solution
67:) is a set of technologies used to remove
312:The International Maritime Organization (
133:scrubbing using similar sorbent slurries;
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1351:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 52.
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231:for damages to his land resulting from
1009:Scrubbing with sodium sulfite solution
580:Wet scrubbing can be conducted with a
1741:. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Paqell BV
1621:
1619:
1087:, which can be used as a nitrogenous
838:removal than other absorber designs.
7:
1060:technology where an intense beam of
683:A natural alkaline usable to absorb
1764:Schematic process flow of FGD plant
1523:Jesper Jarl Fanø (2019). Enforcing
1193:of fuel has been used for treating
403:is formed, it does not behave like
250:controls on all such power plants.
1651:Section of IAEA 2003 Annual Report
1163:removed (in 2001 US dollars) are:
819:Types of wet scrubbers used in FGD
143:in the form of commercial quality
25:
1795:Institute of Clean Air Companies
1669:Chmielewski, Andrzej G. (2005).
38:Four Corners Generating Station
1816:Pollution control technologies
1785:for dry, wet and seawater FGD)
1727:. EPA. 2003. EPA 452/F-03-034.
1334:10.1080/00022470.1977.10470518
1:
1821:Air pollution control systems
1552:(2). Jaipur, India: 328–334.
1386:10.1080/03058034.2019.1583454
943:scrubbing slurries are used.
385:is favored. Another way that
151:SNOX Flue gas desulfurization
127:, or seawater to scrub gases;
1613:about pilot plant in Poland.
1592:. Electric Power. March 2017
1017:by using a cold solution of
871:For simultaneous removal of
396:is present. In whatever way
332:Sulfuric acid mist formation
1725:Clean Air Technology Center
1408:"Clean Air Interstate Rule"
1297:www.compositech-filters.com
1185:An alternative to removing
438:electrostatic precipitators
115:using a slurry of alkaline
1872:
917:
856:
457:removal and the other for
410:in that it forms a liquid
1841:Environmental engineering
1468:10.1504/IJETP.2004.004587
1212:which become part of the
780:) is often used to scrub
367:can further oxidize into
137:Wet sulfuric acid process
56:scrubber (North Carolina)
54:G. G. Allen Steam Station
18:Flue-gas desulphurization
1656:21 February 2007 at the
1574:. EPA. 30 November 2018.
1199:Fluidized bed combustion
1030:liquid–liquid extraction
1013:It is possible to scrub
271:Bankside B power station
176:coal-fired power station
61:Flue-gas desulfurization
1117:FGD has been fitted by
1112:Longannet power station
825:gas–liquid surface area
255:Battersea Power Station
170:from process emissions.
1226:Shell Global Solutions
1123:Aberthaw Power Station
843:ion-exchange membranes
513:
229:Manchester Corporation
57:
45:
1771:(includes a detailed
1347:Sheail, John (1991).
853:Venturi-rod scrubbers
511:
287:Clean Air Act of 1970
51:
35:
1783:process flow diagram
1773:process flow diagram
1513:on 18 November 2015.
1492:Beychok, Milton R.,
1420:Beychok, Milton R.,
1258:Wellman–Lord process
1222:atmospheric pressure
1191:Hydrodesulfurization
1095:Facts and statistics
1023:Wellman–Lord process
898:Packed bed scrubbers
263:Fulham Power Station
259:London Power Company
193:Methods of removing
1527:. Hart Publishing.
823:To promote maximum
185:in the flue gases.
1836:Chemical processes
1789:Flue Gas Treatment
1482:on 9 October 2014.
1374:The London Journal
544:) slurry produces
514:
322:port state control
58:
46:
1769:5000 MW FGD Plant
947:Scrubbing reagent
713:. The surplus of
690:is seawater. The
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559:
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549:
546:calcium sulfite
538:
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531:
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494:
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397:
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369:sulfur trioxide
365:
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334:
318:MARPOL Annex VI
310:
246:
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1758:External links
1756:
1753:
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1611:IAEA Factsheet
1603:
1577:
1563:
1529:
1516:
1498:
1485:
1462:(1–2): 52–69.
1442:
1429:
1423:
1422:Coping With SO
1413:
1399:
1364:
1357:
1339:
1328:(10): 948–61.
1309:
1283:
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1267:
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1108:Scottish Power
1104:
1103:
1096:
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1049:
1046:
1019:sodium sulfite
1015:sulfur dioxide
1010:
1007:
999:sodium sulfite
997:" solution of
984:
948:
945:
918:Main article:
915:
912:
899:
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857:Main article:
854:
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789:sodium sulfite
770:
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505:
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450:
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345:sulfur dioxide
333:
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309:
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244:
225:House of Lords
217:
195:sulfur dioxide
190:
187:
174:For a typical
172:
171:
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134:
128:
91:
88:
69:sulfur dioxide
26:
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1626:Haifeng, Wu.
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1380:(2): 113–32.
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1358:0-19-854673-4
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1197:before use.
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1074:radioactivity
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995:spent caustic
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589:hydrated lime
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557:
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487:
456:
448:
444:FGD chemistry
443:
441:
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417:
416:sulfuric acid
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276:United States
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201:around 1850.
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146:
145:sulfuric acid
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113:Wet scrubbing
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62:
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50:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
1831:Incineration
1743:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1712:
1703:
1698:
1681:
1677:
1664:
1634:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1589:
1580:
1566:
1549:
1545:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:the original
1501:
1493:
1488:
1480:the original
1459:
1455:
1445:
1437:
1432:
1421:
1416:
1410:. EPA. 2016.
1402:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1325:
1321:
1300:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1272:
1238:Incineration
1228:and Paques.
1218:
1184:
1151:
1141:
1131:The highest
1130:
1127:
1116:
1105:
1100:
1082:
1078:electron gun
1071:
1051:
1027:
1012:
991:
968:caustic soda
950:
934:
930:Spray towers
923:
914:Spray towers
901:
870:
862:
840:
822:
787:, producing
774:caustic soda
772:In industry
771:
682:
624:
621:(M = Ca, Mg)
579:
515:
488:
452:
360:
341:fossil fuels
337:Fossil fuels
335:
311:
308:FGD on ships
291:
284:
267:World War II
252:
203:
192:
173:
93:
84:incineration
64:
60:
59:
29:
926:spray tower
920:spray tower
829:packed beds
257:, owned by
139:recovering
1805:Categories
1781:(includes
1678:Nukleonika
1264:References
1147:saturation
1119:RWE npower
1089:fertilizer
1056:. It is a
1003:kraft pulp
449:Principles
119:, usually
42:New Mexico
1690:0029-5922
1590:Power Mag
1558:0976-0083
1394:159395306
1195:fuel oils
1154:short ton
1144:adiabatic
1062:electrons
1058:radiation
1034:inert gas
941:limestone
797:NaOH + SO
709:and free
650:wallboard
542:limestone
498:dew point
414:known as
298:gigawatts
131:Spray-dry
121:limestone
1654:Archived
1476:28265636
1302:30 March
1243:Scrubber
1232:See also
1210:sulfates
1208:to form
1036:such as
983:·2H
764:O + CO
737:O + O →H
674:·2H
670:→ 2 CaSO
638:·2H
524:acid gas
394:vanadium
356:flue gas
1745:10 June
1596:6 April
1066:ammonia
760:+ H → H
666:O + O
455:fly ash
412:aerosol
302:Germany
199:England
189:History
117:sorbent
90:Methods
78:) from
1856:Sulfur
1688:
1556:
1474:
1392:
1355:
1187:sulfur
1032:of an
646:gypsum
593:Mg(OH)
591:) and
582:Ca(OH)
568:→ CaSO
522:is an
141:sulfur
1721:(PDF)
1674:(PDF)
1631:(PDF)
1542:(PDF)
1472:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1042:radon
1038:xenon
724:gas:
611:→CaSO
603:M(OH)
280:Japan
1747:2019
1686:ISSN
1598:2017
1554:ISSN
1353:ISBN
1304:2018
1054:IAEA
979:CaSO
972:CaSO
962:and
960:lime
937:lime
845:and
801:→ Na
778:NaOH
658:CaSO
634:CaSO
627:CaSO
607:+ SO
572:+ CO
560:CaCO
550:CaSO
535:CaCO
285:The
278:and
163:and
125:lime
52:The
1464:doi
1382:doi
1330:doi
1214:ash
1156:of
1121:at
1072:No
1040:or
939:or
751:HCO
733:+ H
662:+ H
615:+ H
564:+SO
314:IMO
123:or
65:FGD
40:in
1807::
1723:.
1682:50
1680:.
1676:.
1643:^
1633:.
1618:^
1588:.
1548:.
1544:.
1470:.
1458:.
1454:.
1388:.
1378:44
1376:.
1326:27
1324:.
1312:^
1295:.
1216:.
1203:SO
1158:SO
1133:SO
1025:.
953:SO
924:A
905:SO
889:SO
881:SO
873:SO
863:A
833:SO
809:+H
805:SO
795:2
791::
782:SO
741:SO
729:SO
719:CO
702:2−
699:SO
692:SO
685:SO
656:2
598::
528:SO
517:SO
491:SO
481:SO
474:SO
466:SO
459:SO
440:.
431:SO
424:SO
405:SO
398:SO
387:SO
380:SO
373:SO
362:SO
349:SO
294:MW
282:.
240:SO
233:SO
213:SO
206:SO
180:SO
165:SO
158:SO
103:SO
96:SO
73:SO
1775:)
1749:.
1692:.
1600:.
1560:.
1550:3
1466::
1460:2
1424:2
1396:.
1384::
1361:.
1336:.
1332::
1306:.
1280:.
1205:2
1160:2
1135:2
993:"
987:O
985:2
981:4
974:3
955:2
907:2
891:2
883:2
875:2
835:2
813:O
811:2
807:3
803:2
799:2
784:2
776:(
766:2
762:2
757:3
754:−
743:4
739:2
735:2
731:2
721:2
715:H
711:H
705:4
694:2
687:2
678:O
676:2
672:4
668:2
664:2
660:3
644:(
642:O
640:2
636:4
629:3
619:O
617:2
613:3
609:2
605:2
595:2
587:(
584:2
574:2
570:3
566:2
562:3
552:3
548:(
540:(
537:3
530:2
519:2
493:2
483:2
476:2
468:2
461:2
433:3
426:4
422:2
420:H
418:(
407:2
400:3
389:3
382:3
375:3
371:(
364:2
351:2
347:(
245:2
235:2
218:2
208:2
182:2
167:3
160:2
147:;
105:2
98:2
75:2
71:(
63:(
20:)
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